Слова алтайского праязыка (*M)

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Здесь представлен реконструированный словарный фонд праалтайского языка, начинающийся на фонему *M- (X корней). из общеалтайской этимологической БД проекта "Вавилонская башня" Московской школы компаративистики.

Proto-Altaic: *ma

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a negative particle

Russian Meaning: отрицательная частица

Turkic: *-ma-

Tungus-Manchu: *-me

Korean: *mō-t

Japanese: *-ma-

Comments: ОСНЯ 2, 57. A monosyllabic root, but, unlike the 1st p. pron. or the accusative particle, it did not undergo denasalization in PA. This may be explained by the fact that it was in most cases already incorporated into the verbal form as a suffix. It is interesting to note Mong. *büi, *bu 'neg. particle' - which may be originally the same morpheme, but functioning as a separate word and thus subject to the rule *mV > *bV.

Proto-Altaic: *m[a]bči

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: worm, insect

Russian Meaning: червь, насекомое

Mongolian: *meče

Tungus-Manchu: *ma[b]ši-

Japanese: *músí

Comments: In Turkic cf. *bȫnček 'insect' (Az. miček, Turkm. mȫǯek etc.) - if not, as usually thought, a contraction < *bȫgen-ček (see under *bi̯ūgi).

Proto-Altaic: *máč`à

Meaning: to fast, hunger

Russian Meaning: поститься, голодать

Turkic: *bAča-

Mongolian: *mačag

Tungus-Manchu: *maču-

Japanese: *mátúr-

Comments: Mong. mačag cannot be < Turk., despite EDT 293, Clark 1980, 43; it is also difficult to suppose Man. mačixi (especially the verb maču-) < Mong. mačag. The root thus seems to be reconstructable for PA, with the meaning approx. "to fast, hunger with religious purposes".

Proto-Altaic: *máč`V̀

Meaning: target

Russian Meaning: цель, мишень

Korean: *màč-

Japanese: *mátua

Comments: Martin 229; it is not quite clear whether PJ *mat- 'wait' belongs here as well (or rather to *mude 'finally' q. v.). A Kor.-Jpn. isogloss; cf. perhaps Mong. *möči 'edge' (if not = *möči 'limb').

Proto-Altaic: *maja

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to miss, fail, bad luck

Russian Meaning: не удаваться, неудача

Turkic: *bAńɨ-

Mongolian: *maɣu

Tungus-Manchu: *maja-

Comments: A Western isogloss. ОСНЯ 3, 50-51; Дыбо 13. PT *bańɨ- regularly < *majɨ- (with nasalization not lost completely, but shifted to the *-j-).

Proto-Altaic: *maji

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: protecting spirit

Russian Meaning: дух-покровитель

Turkic: *baj ( ~ -ń)

Tungus-Manchu: *maji-n

Japanese: *mi

Comments: ОСНЯ 3, 51. An interesting common Altaic religious term (although within Turkic it is rather hard to distinguish from *bāj 'rich' < *bēǯu q. v.).

Proto-Altaic: *màjŋì

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: temple, forehead, ear

Russian Meaning: висок, лоб, ухо

Turkic: *bejŋi

Mongolian: *maŋlai

Japanese: *mìmì

Comments: Лексика 195-196.

Proto-Altaic: *májŋV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: go-between

Russian Meaning: посредник, сват

Tungus-Manchu: *maŋa

Korean: *mjǝ̀nɨ́rí

Japanese: *mániák-

Comments: An Eastern isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *majV

Meaning: fat

Russian Meaning: жир

Turkic: *bań

Mongolian: *majaɣa

Tungus-Manchu: *majā

Comments: A Western isogloss. Turkic has a normal transfer of nasalization to *-j-.

Proto-Altaic: *mak`é

Meaning: to be deceived, perplexed

Russian Meaning: быть растерянным, обманутым

Mongolian: *mek(e)-

Tungus-Manchu: *maka-

Korean: *mǝ̀k-

Japanese: *mǝnka-r-

Comments: Cf. *mék`a.

Proto-Altaic: *ma[k`]o

Meaning: to wind, twist, bend

Russian Meaning: вить, крутить, гнуть

Mongolian: *makiji-

Tungus-Manchu: *makti-

Korean: *mằi-

Comments: Cf. *múk`e. Loss of *-k`- in Kor. is unclear.

Proto-Altaic: *mála

Meaning: far, rare

Russian Meaning: далекий, редкий

Tungus-Manchu: *mali-

Korean: *mǝ̄r-

Japanese: *márá

Comments: Whitman 1985, 128, 192, 238. An Eastern isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *máĺe

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: wild cat

Russian Meaning: дикий кот

Turkic: *bɨńĺ(ɨk)

Mongolian: *malur

Tungus-Manchu: *mala-

Japanese: *músásà(m)pì

Comments: In Jpn. -u- is irregular (*-ǝ- would be expected); this is probably a distortion in a long word. Turkic, as in a number of other cases, preserves here some traces of nasalization.

Proto-Altaic: *male

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: honey, plant oil

Russian Meaning: мед, растительное масло

Turkic: *bạl

Mongolian: *milaɣa-

Tungus-Manchu: *mala

Comments: A Western isogloss; but cf. perhaps moro- in Jpn. moro-mi 'undistilled sake, soy sauce', moro-haku 'distilled sake'.

Proto-Altaic: *màli

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: stick, cudgel

Russian Meaning: палка, дубина

Turkic: *baltu

Mongolian: *milaɣa

Tungus-Manchu: *mala

Korean: *már

Comments: Cf. also modern Kor. moru 'anvil', moru-čhä 'hammer' (although the vocalism is not quite clear < *maru?). Turk. *baltu 'axe' > Mong. balta (whence Evk. balta etc.), see Doerfer 1, 199, Щербак 1997, 104. Both Iranian and Akkadian origins of Turk. *baltu (see Poppe 1953, Menges 1953) seem improbable and its Altaic origin quite possible.

Proto-Altaic: *màlt`e

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to bend, twist

Russian Meaning: гнуть, изгибать

Mongolian: *möltür- / *multur-

Tungus-Manchu: *maltu-

Japanese: *mǝ̀ntì-

Comments: A derivative *màlt`e-rV is reflected in PM *möltü-r- / *multu-r- and PJ *mǝ̀ntì-r-.

Proto-Altaic: *mált`u

Meaning: to dig, bury

Russian Meaning: копать, хоронить

Turkic: *baĺtar (?)

Mongolian: *malta-

Tungus-Manchu: *malta-

Korean: *mùt-

Japanese: *úntú-m- ( < *múntú-m-)

Comments: Poppe 1966, 196, Doerfer MT 61, Rozycki 155 regard the TM form as borrowed from Mong., which is not excluded (although dubious). The Karakh. word may belong here if its original meaning was 'digging instrument' ( > 'cutting instrument' > 'sickle'), but on the whole it is rather dubious, because of the unique cluster -št- (violating Helimski's rule). The Jpn. form reflects a frequent confusion between *mV- and *V- in front of the following nasal. {AD: from Turkic rather *mal- 'immerse'}

Proto-Altaic: *màlù

Meaning: room

Russian Meaning: комната

Tungus-Manchu: *malu

Korean: *maru

Japanese: *mùruà

Comments: An Eastern isogloss. See SKE 139 (Kor.-Tung.), Martin 232 (Jpn.-Kor.).

Proto-Altaic: *mana

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: many, big

Russian Meaning: много, большой

Turkic: *bạnɨ- ~ *bonɨ-

Mongolian: *mandu- / *mantu-

Tungus-Manchu: *mani

Korean: *mān(h)-

Japanese: *manai-

Comments: Ozawa 27-28 (Jap-Mong.); МССНЯ 348, Martin 249, АПиПЯЯ 26, 276.

Proto-Altaic: *mána (~-o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to learn, try

Russian Meaning: учиться, стараться

Tungus-Manchu: *man-dū-

Japanese: *máná(m)p-

Comments: A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss. Not quite reliable, since the Jpn. word is usually derived < *mána- 'imitating, similarity' (v. sub *méŋa); but a confusion of two originally different root was possible in Japanese.

Proto-Altaic: *mànč`u ( ~ -i̯a-)

Meaning: swaddling-clothes

Russian Meaning: пеленки

Mongolian: *mančuj

Japanese: *mùtù-kí

Comments: A Mong.-Jpn. isogloss. It is interesting to note PT *beĺčük 'cradle' - perhaps < *benčük, under the influence of *bele- 'to swaddle'.

Proto-Altaic: *măndo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of elk

Russian Meaning: вид лося

Turkic: *botu

Mongolian: *manǯi

Tungus-Manchu: *manda-ksa

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *mańu(k`V)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of fish

Russian Meaning: вид рыбы

Turkic: *bańak-

Mongolian: *munig

Tungus-Manchu: *māńgu / *mańma

Korean: *mǝ̀ijùkí

Japanese: *mùná(n)kí

Comments: Cf. also Kalm. manǯǝ(g) zaɣǝsn 'Plötze; Kaulbarsch' (KW 255, 256); WMong. montuwqai, Khalkha montōxoi 'a k. of fish', maj 'herring'. Like in many other fish names, there are phonetic problems, probably due to interdialectal borrowing.

Proto-Altaic: *maŋga (~-o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: big, strong

Russian Meaning: большой, сильный

Tungus-Manchu: *maŋga

Japanese: *manki-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 113, 280. A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss (within Jpn. preserved only in the Ryukyu dialects, where it is the basic word for 'big'). Cf. perhaps Khak., Oyr. maŋ 'success, luck' (if not < OUygh. (Suv.) maŋal < Sanskr. maŋgala). In TM a possible derivative is *maŋ(g)ī 'giant; evil spirit' (ТМС 1, 530) - which brings us to Mong. maŋgus id. (which, despite Doerfer MT 39, can hardly be the source of Tungus words).

Proto-Altaic: *m[a]ŋi

Meaning: cicada, a k. of insect

Russian Meaning: цикада, вид насекомого

Turkic: *bAŋɨŕ (~-s)

Tungus-Manchu: *mana-

Korean: *mằijàmí

Japanese: *mìmìnsúkù

Comments: Some irregularities are due to the root semantics.

Proto-Altaic: *maŋi ( ~ *meŋa)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: joy

Russian Meaning: радость

Turkic: *beŋi

Mongolian: *maɣa-

Comments: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *màra (~-ŕ-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to refuse, quarrel

Russian Meaning: отказываться, ссориться

Mongolian: *margu-

Tungus-Manchu: *mari-

Korean: *mār-

Japanese: *màtuàp-

Comments: SKE 138-139, PKE 103, Menges 1984, 277. Despite Doerfer MT 144, hardly borrowed in TM < Mong. In Turk. the root has probably merged with *boŕ- / *buŕ- 'damage, oppress' (cf. also *burul- ~ *borul- 'to be angry', ЭСТЯ 2, 269). The Korean form may be alternatively compared with Mong. melǯe- 'to refuse, refrain'.

Proto-Altaic: *máro (~-ŕ-)

Meaning: to roll, bend

Russian Meaning: вертеть, гнуть

Mongolian: *marija-, mirija-

Tungus-Manchu: *mari-

Korean: *mằr-

Japanese: *mát(u)áp-

Comments: The Mong. form is somewhat dubious semantically ('creep up' < 'coil up'?); otherwise the root seems quite reliable.

Proto-Altaic: *maru ( ~ -ŕ-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: heap, crowd, many

Russian Meaning: толпа, куча, множество

Tungus-Manchu: *mar(b)u

Korean: *muri, *múr

Japanese: *mǝ́rǝ́, *múrá

Comments: Martin 229, Whitman 1985, 127, 194, 239, SKE 153, АПиПЯЯ 279. An Eastern isogloss. In MKor. cf. also mɨrɨs 'all, in general'. In Jpn. low tone would be expected; high tone here was probably induced by the similar *mǝ́r- 'to heap up' (see under *mi̯ólo), which also influenced the vowel in *mǝ́rǝ́.

Proto-Altaic: *mása

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: more, stronger

Russian Meaning: больше, сильнее

Turkic: *bAsa

Mongolian: *masi

Tungus-Manchu: *masi

Japanese: *más-

Comments: EAS 79, KW 257. TM may be borrowed from Mong. (see Doerfer MT 144).

Proto-Altaic: *mā̀li

Meaning: disease, wound

Russian Meaning: болезнь, рана

Turkic: *bAlɨg

Mongolian: *milan

Tungus-Manchu: *māl-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *mā́ńa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: paw, hand

Russian Meaning: лапа, кисть руки

Turkic: *bĀń-

Tungus-Manchu: *mańa

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss; cf. perhaps also Mong. (dalnɨ) majā 'шейка лопатки'.

Proto-Altaic: *mā́n[u]

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: useless, insufficient

Russian Meaning: бесполезный, недостаточный

Turkic: *būn

Tungus-Manchu: *mana-

Japanese: *múná-si-

Comments: Cf. *mùne, *múnu. Turkic *-ū- is irregular here (*bān would be expected).

Proto-Altaic: *mā́ro

Meaning: sand, stony earth, marsh

Russian Meaning: песок, каменистая почва, болото

Turkic: *bōr

Mongolian: *mara-

Tungus-Manchu: *mar-

Korean: *mòr'ái

Japanese: *mana-n-kua

Comments: SKE 151 (Turk.-Kor.), АПиПЯЯ 288. In MKor. cf. also a reduplicated form: màmằrằ- 'rough, stony (ground)'. The Jpn. form must be explained as a result of nasal assimilation (*mana- < *mara-n-); but cf. for Jpn. *mana-n-kua alternatively Mong. *maŋka 'long sandy hill' (MGCD 481).

Proto-Altaic: *mébo ( ~ -p-)

Meaning: to shamanize, dance

Russian Meaning: камлать, танцевать

Tungus-Manchu: *mebu-

Japanese: *máp-

Comments: A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *meju

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to shake, sway

Russian Meaning: трясти, махать

Turkic: *bań-

Mongolian: *maji-

Tungus-Manchu: *mej-

Korean: *mūi- / *mùi'ú-

Japanese: {*mui 'fan, winnow'}

Comments: See SKE 144, ТМС 1, 564, ОСНЯ 3, 45-47, Дыбо 12. Turkic has a normal transfer of nasalization (*bań- < *maj-).

Proto-Altaic: *mĕ̀ko

Meaning: to pull out

Russian Meaning: вытаскивать

Tungus-Manchu: *meK(u)-

Korean: *mắi-

Japanese: *mǝ̀k-

Comments: An Eastern isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *mék`à

Meaning: to be in a bad position

Russian Meaning: быть в затруднительном положении

Mongolian: *mak-

Tungus-Manchu: *meK-

Korean: *màk-

Japanese: *máká-

Comments: Martin 226. Cf. *mak`é.

Proto-Altaic: *mék`ù

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: meat; part of body

Russian Meaning: мясо; часть тела

Mongolian: *mikan

Tungus-Manchu: *meKile

Japanese: *múkúrua

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 294.

Proto-Altaic: *mĕ̀ĺba ( ~ -p-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to stir up

Russian Meaning: помешивать

Tungus-Manchu: *melbi-

Japanese: *mànsì-(p)-

Comments: A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss. Phonetically the match is precise; as for the meaning, one has to suppose a rather frequent development *'row' > 'stir up' > 'mix'.

Proto-Altaic: *melo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of fish

Russian Meaning: вид рыбы

Turkic: *bẹl

Tungus-Manchu: *melu

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *mĕlu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of berry

Russian Meaning: вид ягоды

Turkic: *bẹleĺ

Mongolian: *mojil-

Tungus-Manchu: *m[e]likte

Comments: Дыбо 11. A Western isogloss. Note traces of nasalization preserved in PT (one could reconstruct *benleĺ or *belenĺ). Mong *mojil- regularly < *molil- ( = *beleĺ).

Proto-Altaic: *mèl[ú]

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to become stale, overripe, wither

Russian Meaning: становиться затхлым, загустевать, увядать

Tungus-Manchu: *mel-me- ?

Korean: *mằrằ-

Japanese: *mùrá-

Comments: Korean has a "verbal" low tone. Basically a Kor.-Jpn. isogloss; the TM parallel is much more problematic (poorly attested and semantically distant).

Proto-Altaic: *mĕ́ĺǯu ( ~ -a)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: head

Russian Meaning: голова

Turkic: *baĺč

Mongolian: *malǯa-, *melǯe-

Tungus-Manchu: *meli-mu

Korean: *mǝ̀rí

Comments: EAS 109, SKE 146, АПиПЯЯ 31-32, 282, Мудрак Дисс. 90, Лексика 194. Doerfer's (TMN 2, 253) criticism is short ("unklar"). On possible traces in Jpn. see under *k`ŏjli. An unsuccessful attempt of refuting the etymology was undertaken by Vovin 2000, who argues that the attested Old Korean form is 麻帝 MC mạ-tìej [ma-te]. However, it is most probable that MC -t- was used here just to transcribe Korean -r- (since Middle Chinese, as well known, lacked r-). Anyway, it is hardly possible to make any decisions on the basis of very inadequate and scanty Kirim transcriptions.

Proto-Altaic: *ménč`o ( ~ *mi̯ónč`a, -nč-)

Meaning: first of all

Russian Meaning: прежде всего

Korean: *mònčjǝ́(i)

Japanese: *mántù

Comments: Martin 248. A Kor.-Jpn. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *meń[o]

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: dwelling place, village

Russian Meaning: жилище, деревня

Mongolian: *maji-kan

Tungus-Manchu: *mēne-

Korean: *mằńằrh

Japanese: *múrà

Comments: The Kor.-Jpn. form is a derivative in *-rV (*-lV). The Tungus form fits very well semantically, but raises some phonetic doubts: vowel length and the quality of -n- (instead *-ń-) do not correspond to other languages. Cf. perhaps Turk. (Oyr.) man 'fence' (VEWT 325). See Vovin 1993, 257.

Proto-Altaic: *ménrV

Meaning: garlic, onion

Russian Meaning: чеснок, лук

Mongolian: *maŋgir, *maŋgina

Tungus-Manchu: *meŋgu-

Korean: *mànắr

Japanese: *mìrà

Comments: SKE 140, Poppe 35, Lee 24, 26, 28. Low tone in Jpn. is probably due to contraction. Cf. also Old Koguryo *maiš 'garlic' (thus in Miller 1979, 15; Lee reads *mail).

Proto-Altaic: *méŋa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: shape, face

Russian Meaning: форма, лицо

Turkic: *bEŋiŕ

Mongolian: *maji-kaj

Japanese: *mána-i

Comments: For the same semantic relationship cf. PA *mi̯at`i.

Proto-Altaic: *mĕŋa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to run, trot

Russian Meaning: бежать, идти рысью

Turkic: *baŋ

Mongolian: *meŋde-

Tungus-Manchu: *meŋ-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *meŋe ( ~ -i, -a)

Meaning: mole, scar

Russian Meaning: родинка, шрам

Turkic: *beŋ

Mongolian: *meŋge

Korean: *mǝŋ

Comments: KW 261. Despite TMN 1, 512, Щербак 1997, 129 Mong. is hardly < Turkic (final vowel is unexplained). {Cf. PAA *m[ua]n 'boil, pimple'}

Proto-Altaic: *méŋu

Meaning: whole

Russian Meaning: сам; тело

Mongolian: *men-dü

Tungus-Manchu: *meŋde-

Japanese: *mú-i

Comments: KW 261, SKE 151, Martin 226, АПиПЯЯ 69, 280. The Japanese meaning was partially influenced by the root *mḕnò q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *méra

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of berry

Russian Meaning: вид ягоды

Turkic: *bürü-lgen

Mongolian: *maril

Tungus-Manchu: *m[e]rVŋV

Korean: *mǝ̀r'úi

Comments: ОСНЯ 2, 44, Дыбо 11. Turk. *bürü-lgen < *berü-lgen with labial attraction.

Proto-Altaic: *méru (~-ŕ-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: spot

Russian Meaning: пятно

Mongolian: *merije- / *marija-

Tungus-Manchu: *merī-

Japanese: *múrá

Comments: Poppe 35, АПиПЯЯ 74. Turk. *beŕe 'to ornament' (ЭСТЯ 2, 105-106) would be a good match; but it may be in fact a crasis < *bedŕe (see *pédá).

Proto-Altaic: *mésV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: wild apple, grape

Russian Meaning: дикая яблоня, виноград

Tungus-Manchu: *mes(k)u-

Korean: *mǝ̀s

Comments: A Tung.-Kor. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *mèto

Meaning: to ask

Russian Meaning: спрашивать

Mongolian: *möči-

Tungus-Manchu: *mete-

Korean: *mūd-

Japanese: *mǝ̀tǝ̀-ma-

Comments: Should be kept distinct from *m[i̯u]ti 'to know, believe' (although contaminations were possible).

Proto-Altaic: *mét`i(-rkV)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: bird's crop or navel; pudenda

Russian Meaning: птичий зоб или пупок; гениталии

Turkic: *böteke

Tungus-Manchu: *motoka

Korean: *mǝ̀rtǝ̀kǝ́n

Japanese: *mitua

Comments: The initial vowel correspondence is not quite clear (probably secondary labialization in PT).

Proto-Altaic: *mét`ò

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: most

Russian Meaning: самый

Mongolian: *-med

Korean: *mằt

Japanese: *mǝ́tǝ̀-mǝ̀

Comments: SKE 142, EAS 79, Martin 247. Cf. also similar forms (maybe specialized usages of the same root): MKor. mātā̆i / mátắi 'top', Jpn. maT- 'emphatic prefix'; Evk. mātālīkān 'up to the top', moton 'even'.

Proto-Altaic: *mḗča

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: monkey

Russian Meaning: обезьяна

Turkic: *bĒčin

Mongolian: *mečin

Japanese: *masi

Comments: Ozawa 98-99, Лексика 168. The Jpn. parallel shows that, despite Clark 1980, 43, there is no need for assuming Mong. < Turk. (which is difficult because of *m-, but still possible; the Mong. variant bečin is certainly < Turkic).

Proto-Altaic: *mḗmV

Meaning: female breast; foster-mother

Russian Meaning: женская грудь; кормилица

Turkic: *mēme (*bēme)

Mongolian: *mömü

Tungus-Manchu: *meme

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 281. An obvious "nursery" Western isogloss, thus the PA antiquity is dubious.

Proto-Altaic: *mḕnò

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: self, body

Russian Meaning: сам, сущность, тело

Turkic: *bu(-n) (?)

Mongolian: *mön

Tungus-Manchu: *mēn

Korean: *móm

Japanese: *mǝ̀nǝ̀

Comments: The Turkic form may belong here if it represents a secondary development *bu(-n) 'this' < *bun 'self'; the vocalism, however, speaks against the comparison (*bạ(-n) would be expected). The root reveals contaminations with *méŋu 'whole' q. v. Illich-Svitych (ОСНЯ 2, 70) compares the Turk.-Mong. stem with PKartv. *m(a)-, PU *mū / *mō etc.

Proto-Altaic: *mìlt`e ( ~ -i)

Meaning: full, fill

Russian Meaning: полный, наполнять

Mongolian: *melteji-

Tungus-Manchu: *milte-

Japanese: *mìt-

Comments: KW 260, АПиПЯЯ 111, 278. The root is very similar to *mi̯ólo 'full, fill' and may indeed be derived: *mi̯ol-t`i. Such an explanation, however, would involve a metatony in Japanese and borrowing in TM (milte- < Mong. melte-), so we prefer to separate the two roots for the time being.

Proto-Altaic: *mińa ( ~ -o, -u)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of grass

Russian Meaning: вид травы

Turkic: *bɨńan

Korean: *mìnàrí

Comments: A Turk.-Kor. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *míŋa ( ~ -o, -u)

Meaning: large number, thousand

Russian Meaning: большое число, тысяча

Turkic: *bɨŋ

Mongolian: *miŋgan

Comments: EAS 78, Владимирцов 324, Poppe 72. A Turk.-Mong. isogloss, but the Mong. form can hardly be explained as borrowed from Turkic, despite TMN 4, 33, Щербак 1997, 107. Cf. perhaps MKor. màńắn 'forty' < 'big number'?

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯ač`e

Meaning: to move, climb

Russian Meaning: двигаться, лезть

Mongolian: *mača-

Tungus-Manchu: *miči-

Korean: *mìčhɨ́-

Comments: One of common Altaic motion verbs.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯àga

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: glory, praise

Russian Meaning: слава, хвала

Turkic: *bAgatur

Mongolian: *magta-

Tungus-Manchu: *m[ia]g-

Korean: *mār

Japanese: *màwǝ̀-s-

Comments: Kor. *mār < *maga-r.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯ăk`ó

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: illness, stomach sickness

Russian Meaning: болезнь, желудочное заболевание

Turkic: *b(i)ăk

Mongolian: *mekeji-

Tungus-Manchu: *muxa-

Japanese: *manka

Comments: The TM-Mong. match suggests that the original meaning was 'stomach sickness', with a later development into a more general 'sickness, disease' and 'misfortune, bad (circumstabces)' elsewhere.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯ák`ù

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: neck

Russian Meaning: шея

Turkic: *bAkan

Tungus-Manchu: *muKa

Korean: *mòk

Japanese: *múk-

Comments: SKE 150, Martin 233.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯ak`u

Meaning: fur

Russian Meaning: мех

Mongolian: *makalaj

Tungus-Manchu: *muKa

Japanese: *muku

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯àĺà

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to measure, measure

Russian Meaning: мерить, мера

Mongolian: *malu

Tungus-Manchu: *miali-

Korean: *már

Japanese: *màsù

Comments: SKE 138, Martin 236, Miller 1976, 350-351, АПиПЯЯ 69. A completely regular match. It is interesting to note Karakh. (EDT 379) bašɣan 'a large fish weighing between 100 and 50 raṭls' (MK), used as a simile for the head-man of a tribe - although the word may, of course, be derived from baš 'head' (as suggested in EDT) - and thus unrelated to the present root.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯ali(-k`V)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: bright, to shine

Russian Meaning: светлый, светить

Turkic: *bAlk-

Mongolian: *mel-

Tungus-Manchu: *mia(l)-

Korean: *mằrk-

Comments: SKE 139.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯alu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of evergreen tree

Russian Meaning: вид вечнозеленого дерева

Turkic: *bAla- (?)

Mongolian: *majila-su

Tungus-Manchu: *molari

Japanese: *murua

Comments: Mong. majila- < *mali-la.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯àrà ( ~ -ŕ-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: male, mature

Russian Meaning: самец, матерый

Tungus-Manchu: {*mi(a)rē-}

Japanese: *màrà

Comments: A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss. Note also several possible matches in Bur.: morgo 'male bear', murā 'male, mature', mergeser '3 y.-old pig'.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯at`è

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to bend

Russian Meaning: сгибать

Mongolian: *mata-

Tungus-Manchu: *mita-

Japanese: *mǝtǝr-

Comments: Correspondences are regular, and the etymology seems quite reliable.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯at`i

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: head skin, face

Russian Meaning: кожа на голове, лицо

Turkic: *bĕt

Mongolian: *metü

Tungus-Manchu: *miata

Comments: EAS 79, KW 262, Лексика 207-208. A Western isogloss. The Jpn. cognates present problems. Ozawa 292-293 compares OJ mod(w)ok(j)i 'resembling, similar', which is quite irregular vocalically. It is interesting to note MJ mitai id. (used exactly in the same suffixed position and being phonetically quite a good match for Mong. metü etc., but attested late and usually analysed (folk-etymologically?) as a desiderative form of mi- 'to see'.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯ā́k`o

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: frog

Russian Meaning: лягушка

Turkic: *b(i)āka

Mongolian: *mekelej, *melekej

Tungus-Manchu: *moKo(lV)-

Korean: *mǝ̀kùrí

Comments: SKE 144, Лексика 180. An unmistakable match is PT *b(i)āka : MKor. mǝ̀kùrí. The Mong. forms may belong here if we assume the archaic nature of the Kalm. form (meklɛ̄), with innovations elsewhere. In TM one has to suppose a secondary shift of

Meaning: 'toad' > 'small creature' (bat, chipmunk).

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯ā́ni

Meaning: to be confused, hesitate

Russian Meaning: смущаться, колебаться

Turkic: *bȫn

Mongolian: *men-

Tungus-Manchu: *mian-

Korean: *mɨ̀ńɨ́i-

Comments: Vocalism is not quite certain: in Turk. one has to suppose a secondary labialization: *bȫn < *bēn; in Kor. - vowel assimilation in a long wordform (*mɨ̀ńɨ́i- < *mằńi-), as well as secondary palatalization *-n- > *-ń-.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯ā̀sò

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a cutting or grinding tool

Russian Meaning: орудие для резания или перетирания

Mongolian: *mese

Tungus-Manchu: *mōsa

Japanese: *màsà-

Comments: Cf. also Orok masāri `axe' (probably < Jpn.).

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯oje

Meaning: to hate, dislike

Russian Meaning: ненавидеть, не любить

Mongolian: *mejeɣe-

Tungus-Manchu: *mujē-

Korean: *mùi-

Comments: SKE 153, ТМС 1, 551.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯ójńi ( ~ -n-)

Meaning: to become overripe, rot

Russian Meaning: переспевать, сгнивать

Turkic: *bAńɨl

Tungus-Manchu: *munī-

Korean: *mằi-b-

Japanese: *mínǝ́-r-

Comments: Medial *-j- has to be reconstructed to account for the secondary palatalization in Turkic and for the -i-reflex in Korean.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯ŏjo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to be mislead, mad

Russian Meaning: сбиваться с пути, сходить с ума

Turkic: *boj-

Tungus-Manchu: *mija-

Korean: *mì-čhi-

Japanese: *maju(a)-

Comments: SKE 149.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯ók`[ú]

Meaning: to bow

Russian Meaning: гнуться, кланяться

Turkic: *bok-

Mongolian: *meküji-

Tungus-Manchu: *miaxu-

Japanese: *mánká-

Comments: ТМС 1, 536. The parallel seems plausible, although in Jpn. one would rather expect -u-.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯óle

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to present, gift

Russian Meaning: дарить, подарок

Turkic: *bẹlek

Mongolian: *melǯe-

Tungus-Manchu: *mula-

Korean: *mūr-

Japanese: *mǝ́ráp-, *mǝr-

Comments: The basic meaning of the root is "to present (or obtain) a gift"; a metaphorical change "present a gift > condescend > pity" must have occurred in TM.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯olk`o

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to creep, slide

Russian Meaning: ползти, скользить

Mongolian: *mölki-

Tungus-Manchu: *milkü- / *mirkü-

Japanese: *mǝkǝ-jǝp- (~-ua-)

Comments: Poppe 36.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯ólo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: full, to fill, thick

Russian Meaning: полный, наполнять, толстый

Turkic: *bol

Mongolian: *mel- / *möl-

Tungus-Manchu: *mila-

Korean: *mīr-

Japanese: *mǝ́r-

Comments: Note traces of nasalization in Turkic (should one reconstruct *bonl?). Cf. also *mìlt`e.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯óńde

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: hare

Russian Meaning: заяц

Turkic: *bAńɨ-

Mongolian: *möndele

Tungus-Manchu: *mundu-kān

Japanese: *mǝ́m-

Comments: The root (containing a rare cluster *-ńd-) must have denoted a small wild animal, most probably a hare. It occurs with various suffixes; a common formation may be Chuv. mulgaś < *bańɨ-l-(kač) = PM *mönde-le < *mi̯óńde-lV.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯óńù

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: heart; breast

Russian Meaning: сердце; грудь

Tungus-Manchu: *miańam

Korean: *mằńằm

Japanese: *múnà-i

Comments: An Eastern isogloss. See SKE 136, EAS 79, Whitman 1985, 202, 237, АПиПЯЯ 48, 290, Robbeets 2000, 103. The MKor. variant njǝm- in njǝ̀m-thòŋ 'heart' (which Lee 1958, 115 attempts to compare separately with Manchu ńaman), is most probably just a contraction in a compound < *mằńằm-thòŋ. {If the original meaning was 'front, protruding point', cf. perhaps Mong. mondaɣa, monduɣ 'high ground, mountains, peaks', Bur. mundarga 'woodless rocky summit', whence Manchu muŋGa 'hill, burial mound' ?}

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯oŋe

Meaning: red, blood-red

Russian Meaning: красный, кроваво-красный

Mongolian: *min-či- / *men-te- (?)

Tungus-Manchu: *muŋsi

Japanese: *mǝmi ( ~ -ua-)

Comments: Since the Mong. reflex is somewhat dubious, basically a Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯ore

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to hurt, damage, wound

Russian Meaning: вредить, ранить

Turkic: *bert-

Mongolian: *mer

Tungus-Manchu: *mur-dul-

Japanese: *miar- ( ~ *mair-)

Comments: The Jpn. parallel is not quite certain, both semantically and phonetically; if it really belongs here it might demand a reconstruction *mi̯ojre.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯óre ( ~ -ŕ-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to long, show affection

Russian Meaning: стремиться, чувствовать влечение

Mongolian: *mereji-

Tungus-Manchu: *mur-

Japanese: *mútú-m-

Comments: One of the common Altaic verbs of emotion.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯óri

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: road, track; to follow

Russian Meaning: дорога, след; преследовать

Turkic: *bar-

Mongolian: *mör

Korean: *mōr-

Japanese: *mítí

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 89, 277.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯ót`i

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: joint

Russian Meaning: сустав

Mongolian: *möči

Korean: *mằtằi

Comments: A Mong.-Kor. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯ot`ì ( ~ -u-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: land

Russian Meaning: земля, суша

Korean: *mut

Japanese: *mita ( ~ -u-)

Comments: A Kor.-Jpn. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯údu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: dragon

Russian Meaning: дракон

Tungus-Manchu: *muduri

Korean: *mìrɨ́

Japanese: *múi ( ~ *mǝ́i)

Comments: Whitman 1985, 61, 239 (Kor.-Jpn.); see also the discussion in Miller 2000. An interesting Eastern isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯úkč`[à]

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of hammer

Russian Meaning: вид молотка

Tungus-Manchu: *mukča

Korean: *màčhí

Japanese: *mútì

Comments: An Eastern isogloss. Cf. perhaps also Turk. *bɨčkak 'knife' (if re-analysed semantically on analogy with *bɨč- 'cut'). The vowel reflex in Jpn. points to a variant *mi̯ukč`o (or mi̯ukč`u).

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯uktu ( ~ -i)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: stump, horn foundation

Russian Meaning: пень, основание рогов

Mongolian: *mugǯi-

Tungus-Manchu: *mugde-ke

Korean: *mìth

Comments: The old deriving stem is perhaps preserved in Mong. muqur, moɣutur 'blunt, hornless', MMong. muɣular id., Khalkha moxo-, Kalm. muxǝ- 'to make blunt' etc. (whence numerous TM forms, see ТМС 1, 552-553). Some of them (especially suffixless forms or forms with -l-, like Evk. muku- 'to become blunt', Sol. moxō 'blunt', Evn. muk- 'to chop off') may actually be genuine, see Poppe 55. In Mong. cf. also the fronted variant mökü 'blunt' (KW 265).

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯uĺi

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: ignorant

Russian Meaning: глупый, неумелый

Mongolian: *mulgu-

Tungus-Manchu: *mul-(di-)

Korean: *mòrắ-

Japanese: *misu-

Comments: Jpn. -s- (even in the absence of Turkic forms) points to PA *-ĺ- here.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯ùní ( ~ -o-)

Meaning: a k. of skin or cloth

Russian Meaning: вид шкуры или одежды

Tungus-Manchu: *mune-

Japanese: *mìnǝ́

Comments: A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss. Cf. perhaps MMong. (HY) minda-sun, WMong. mindasu(n), Khalkha ḿandas 'floss-silk, silk thread'.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯uŋo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: suffering

Russian Meaning: мучение

Turkic: *buŋ

Mongolian: *muŋ

Tungus-Manchu: *miŋnī- ( ~ -ü-)

Japanese: *munkua-

Comments: Владимирцов 350, Poppe 71. Mong. may be < Turk. The root seems to be different from *mùne q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯urgu

Meaning: wheat

Russian Meaning: пшеница

Tungus-Manchu: *murgi

Korean: *mírh

Japanese: *mùnkí

Comments: Martin 251, АПиПЯЯ 69. An Eastern isogloss; but cf. also Turk. *bogu- ( < *borgu- ?) in *bogu-daj > *bugdaj (ЭСТЯ 2, 232-234, Лексика 461, Chuv. pъʷri 'полба'; borrowed in Mong. buɣudaj, see Щербак 1997, 110, Hung. búza 'wheat', see MNTESz 398; not < Chin., despite Joki 1963, 106, Menges 1984, 285), *boguŕ 'хлеб в зерне', *bogur-sak > Mong. Kh. bōrcog 'вид печенья'. Cf. also Bur. murā 'flour'.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯uŕu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to press, damage

Russian Meaning: давить, вредить

Turkic: *buŕ- / *boŕ-

Tungus-Manchu: *muru-

Korean: *mīr-

Comments: See also notes to *bùro.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯usi

Meaning: a k. of flour

Russian Meaning: вид муки

Mongolian: *musi

Tungus-Manchu: *musi

Korean: *mìsí

Japanese: *mìsǝ́

Comments: Kor. and Jpn. have a tone mismatch, so borrowing is not excluded; a borrowing in Mong. < Man. or vice versa is also possible (see Rozycki 160, proposing Mong. > Manchu).

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯úsu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to bind, strand

Russian Meaning: связывать, скручивать

Mongolian: *musgi-

Korean: *mɨsk-

Japanese: *músú(m)p-

Comments: Martin 227. ? Cf. Man. maselaqu 'loops, trap' (ТМС 1, 533).

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯usu ( ~ -a, *mi̯osi)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to smile

Russian Meaning: улыбаться

Mongolian: *misije-

Tungus-Manchu: *musim-

Comments: ТМС 1, 561. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *m[i̯u]ti

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to know, believe

Russian Meaning: знать, верить

Turkic: *büt-

Mongolian: *mede-

Tungus-Manchu: *mute-

Korean: *mìt-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 15, 294. See SKE 149, EAS 149. Mong. *mede- is perhaps < *möde- with secondary delabialization.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯ū̀jre

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: shoulder

Russian Meaning: плечо

Mongolian: *mörü

Tungus-Manchu: *mǖre

Korean: *mǝ̄i-

Japanese: *mǝ̀t-

Comments: Poppe 35, ТМС 1, 538, SKE 145, Колесникова 1972а, 91-92, АПиПЯЯ 291, Дыбо 308, Rozycki 156. The cluster *-jr- accounts for Kor. -i- (but note that in TM it may be perhaps reconstructed directly: a reconstruction *mūjre is also possible).

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯ūko

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: snake

Russian Meaning: змея

Turkic: *böke

Mongolian: *mogaji

Tungus-Manchu: *mǖkǖ

Korean: *mǝk-

Japanese: *múkátai ( ~ -tia)

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 36, 293, Лексика 180. The Mong.-Tung. match is precise; other reflexes present bigger or lesser problems, possibly of tabooistic nature. PJ has irregular tone (but cf. the accentuation in Kyoto, pointing to *mùká-); in PT one would rather expect a back vowel; the Kor. word is analysed as "ink-snake" (which is probably a folk-etymology).

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯ū́ĺi

Meaning: ice, hail

Russian Meaning: лед, град

Turkic: *bū(n)ŕ

Mongolian: *möl-sü, *möl-dür

Korean: *múrúi

Japanese: *mínsǝ́-rá-

Comments: EAS 79, SKE 155, Poppe 35, 138. The Turkic form presents biggest problems: it must be explained as a result of dissimilation and contraction - *bū(n)ŕ (cf. obvious traces of nasalization in reflexes) < *būĺ(V)ŕ < *mi̯ū́ĺi-ŕV or even *mi̯ūĺi-dVŕV (cf. Mong. *möldür, Evk. melder-); early loss of *-i- would then also account for the back vowel reflex. All other forms are more or less plausibly united under the protoform *mi̯ū́ĺi.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯ū̀nǯù

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of {} badger

Russian Meaning: вид барсука

Mongolian: *minǯi

Tungus-Manchu: *mō[nǯ]ika

Japanese: *mùnsìnà

Comments: The root contains a rare cluster -nǯ- (with not quite clear reflexes in TM); nevertheless, the etymology seems probable.

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯ū̀ri

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: water

Russian Meaning: вода

Mongolian: *mören

Tungus-Manchu: *mū

Korean: *mɨ́r

Japanese: *mí(-n-tú)

Comments: EAS 79, 147, KW 267, Poppe 35, Lee 1958, 115, Martin 246, ОСНЯ 2, 61, Murayama 1962, 109, Menges 1984, 277-278, АПиПЯЯ 28-29, 69, 86, 278, Rozycki 160. Turkic has preserved the root only within the archaic compound *jag-mur 'rain'. Tone in Jpn. is irregular (probably because of reduction and the position within a compound; suffixless *mi is also attested in OJ, but its accent is unknown); loss of resonant presupposes a suffixed form: *mí < *mi̯ū̀r(i)-gV (cf. Manchu mū-ke).

Proto-Altaic: *m[ī́]ro

Meaning: arrow

Russian Meaning: стрела

Turkic: *bǖri

Mongolian: *merge-n

Tungus-Manchu: *m[i]rV

Comments: A Western isogloss. Vocalism is somewhat uncertain.

Proto-Altaic: *módè ( ~ -u-, -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: bend, circle

Russian Meaning: извилина, круг

Tungus-Manchu: *moda-

Korean: *mùd-Vph > *mùrVph

Japanese: *mǝ́tǝ́-pǝr-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 296. An Eastern isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *móju

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: all, whole

Russian Meaning: весь, целый

Tungus-Manchu: *muja-

Korean: *măin

Japanese: *múina

Comments: An Eastern isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *mŏ̀k`a ( ~ -u-, -k-)

Meaning: to sow, scatter

Russian Meaning: сеять, разбрасывать

Tungus-Manchu: *moK-

Japanese: *màk-

Comments: A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *mók`ì

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: old, aged

Russian Meaning: старый, пожилой

Turkic: *bük-tel- (~ö) (?)

Mongolian: *mökü-

Tungus-Manchu: *muxu-

Korean: *muk-

Japanese: *múkási

Comments: Martin 247, Дыбо 13, ТМС 1, 566.

Proto-Altaic: *mŏk`V

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: dirt

Russian Meaning: грязь

Turkic: *bok

Mongolian: *moki-

Tungus-Manchu: {*mux-}

Korean: *muk

Comments: Дыбо 10.

Proto-Altaic: *mola ( ~ -u-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: blunt, short

Russian Meaning: тупой, короткий

Mongolian: *moli-

Tungus-Manchu: *melu- ~ *mulu-

Japanese: *marV- (?)

Comments: The Jpn. parallel is somewhat dubious (a local Ryukyu word, and the semantic match is not quite convincing).

Proto-Altaic: *móĺe

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to bite, gnaw

Russian Meaning: грызть, глодать

Mongolian: *mölǯi-

Tungus-Manchu: *mul-

Korean: *mɨ̀r-

Japanese: *músír-

Comments: SKE 154, ОСНЯ 2, 70; Ozawa 296-297; АПиПЯЯ 295.

Proto-Altaic: *mòle

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: sick, weak

Russian Meaning: больной, слабый

Turkic: *bül-

Tungus-Manchu: *mul-

Korean: *mɨră-

Japanese: *mǝ̀rǝ̀-

Comments: Martin 242 (Jpn.-Kor.)

Proto-Altaic: *mólu

Meaning: ridge, corner

Russian Meaning: конек (крыши), угол

Turkic: *bul-

Tungus-Manchu: *mulu

Korean: *mằrằ

Japanese: *múná-i

Comments: Lee 1958, 115 (Kor.-TM), Whitman 1985, 183, 237 (Kor.-Jpn.). Despite SKE 139, hardly a loan in Manchu from Kor. In Jpn. we have to assume *múná < *mura-n (cf. Turk. buluŋ); in Turkic - a secondary narrowing (*buluŋ < *boluŋ).

Proto-Altaic: *mónŋo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to knead, press, stroke

Russian Meaning: мять, жать, гладить

Turkic: *boŋ

Mongolian: *mun-

Tungus-Manchu: *monŋi-

Korean: *mằn-čí-

Japanese: *mǝ́m- (~-uá-)

Comments: SKE 144, Lee 1958, 114, Лексика 383.

Proto-Altaic: *mórV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: horse

Russian Meaning: лошадь

Turkic: *bura (?)

Mongolian: *mori

Tungus-Manchu: *murin

Korean: *mằr

Comments: EAS 79, 141. Somewhat dubious as a PA etymon: the Turkic reflex is questionable, the Tungus forms may be borrowed from Mong., see TMN 1, 507-508, Doerfer MT 25, Rozycki 159 (although the vocalism is not quite satisfactory for a loan); however, the Kor. word is hard to explain as a Mong. borrowing.

Proto-Altaic: *mṓč`a ( ~ -u, -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: edge, end

Russian Meaning: край, конец

Turkic: *būč-gak, -mak

Tungus-Manchu: *muč-

Korean: *mằčh-

Comments: EAS 79, АПиПЯЯ 76, Дыбо 13.

Proto-Altaic: *mṓjńo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: neck

Russian Meaning: шея

Turkic: *bōjn

Mongolian: *mundaɣa

Tungus-Manchu: *moń-ga-n, *moń-pen

Korean: *mjǝ-k

Japanese: *nǝmpV

Comments: EAS 98, Poppe 34, 67 (Turk.-Tung.), АПиПЯЯ 53, 280, Дыбо 5, Лексика 234. In Japanese, unfortunately, only Ryukyu forms are attested, which probably underwent an influence of the PJ root *nǝmp- 'to stretch, lengthen'; still, the origin of the Ryukyu stem from this PA root seems probable. The Kor. form is morphologically = PT *bojnak < *mojńo-k`V; cf. also MKor. mǝ̀ŋ-'ǝ́i 'yoke, harness' with preservation of nasal. The TM form also reflects velar suffixation (*mojn-ga-).

Proto-Altaic: *mṓli

Meaning: to cut into pieces

Russian Meaning: резать на куски

Turkic: *bȫl-

Mongolian: *möli-

Tungus-Manchu: *m[o]l-

Korean: *mằrằ-

Comments: PKE 108. In Kor. one has to suppose vocalic assimilation *mằrằ- < *mòrằ- (cf. similarly *k`ṓli).

Proto-Altaic: *mṓńe ( ~ -o)

Meaning: a k. of fruit

Russian Meaning: вид плода

Turkic: *bōń-

Mongolian: *mono-su

Tungus-Manchu: *moja- (-ń-?)

Japanese: *mǝ́mǝ́ ( ~ -ua-)

Comments: EAS 123-124, Poppe 36, Мудрак Дисс. 75.

Proto-Altaic: *mṓŋi ( ~ -e)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: round

Russian Meaning: круглый

Turkic: *bōn-čok

Mongolian: *möɣer

Tungus-Manchu: *muŋu-, *muŋbu-

Korean: *mūŋ-

Comments: OJ mapa-r- 'turn round' may belong here if it goes back to < *moŋ-bV (cf. Tungus forms), although the vocalism is not quite right; cf. also Mong. (dissimilation?) bömbüger 'round', see EAS 116.

Proto-Altaic: *mṑro

Meaning: a k. of weed

Russian Meaning: вид травы

Tungus-Manchu: *mōr-

Korean: *mắr

Japanese: *mǝ̀ (~*muà)

Comments: Whitman 1985, 144, 155, 237. An Eastern isogloss. In Turk. cf. perhaps Oyr., Shor parga 'weed' (which would require a modification of the PA form to *mi̯àro). The loss of resonant in Jpn. presupposes a suffixed form like *mòr(o)-gV (cf. the Turkic parallels) or *mòr(o)-ŋV (cf. Evk. moriŋa).

Proto-Altaic: *múbè

Meaning: blunt, hornless, hairless

Russian Meaning: тупой, безрогий, безволосый

Mongolian: *müjide

Tungus-Manchu: *mub-(up)-

Korean: *mǝ̄bi- / mɨ̀bi-

Japanese: *mápí-rǝ(n)ka-

Comments: The Jpn. word is traditionally analysed as 'totally spread' - most probably a folk-etymological reanalysis; note the obvious semantic parallel between MJ mafiroge- and MKor mǝi-was-.

Proto-Altaic: *mùč`e

Meaning: branch (of a pine, conifer)

Russian Meaning: ветка (хвойного дерева)

Mongolian: *möčir

Tungus-Manchu: *muči-kta

Japanese: *màtú

Comments: Колесникова 1972а, 94; АПиПЯЯ 76.

Proto-Altaic: *mude

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: soon, finally

Russian Meaning: скоро, наконец

Mongolian: *mödü

Tungus-Manchu: *mudan

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss; cf. perhaps also PJ *mat- 'to wait', *mata 'again'. Ramstedt (SKE 142) compares the Tung. form with Kor. mačhida 'to end, finish' (Ramstedt: mătčhida), but MKor. has always -č- or -s- in this verb (mằč-tá, mằs-tá), see *mṓč`a.

Proto-Altaic: *múgdà

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: bank, earth

Russian Meaning: земля; место

Turkic: *bodun

Mongolian: *muǯi

Tungus-Manchu: *megdī / *mugdī

Korean: *màt(h)

Japanese: *mátì

Comments: EAS 78-79, Whitman 1985, 171, 237, АПиПЯЯ 279. The hypothesis of borrowing in Korean from Tibetan (SKE 137) is untenable. The Turkic form may be alternatively derived from *bod 'body', in which case it may be unrelated to other forms above.

Proto-Altaic: *mùgdó ( ~ *mògdé)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to coil, turn round

Russian Meaning: извиваться, поворачиваться

Mongolian: *muǯi-, *moǯi-

Tungus-Manchu: *mugdi-

Korean: *mɨ̀rɨ̀-

Japanese: *mǝ̀ntǝ̀r-

Comments: Kor. has a usual verbal low tone.

Proto-Altaic: *mújŋi

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: horn; cartilage, tendon

Russian Meaning: рог; хрящ, сухожилие

Turkic: *bujŋuŕ (*büjŋüŕ)

Mongolian: *möɣer-sü (-ŋ-)

Tungus-Manchu: *muŋi

Korean: *mɨ̀i'ìm

Comments: EAS 120, Poppe 73, KW 268, VEWT 347b (but PTM *mǖre 'shoulder' is not related); ТМС 1, 557 (Tung.-Mong.); АПиПЯЯ 282, Лексика 148.

Proto-Altaic: *mujre

Meaning: a bird of prey

Russian Meaning: вид хищной птицы

Turkic: *bürküt

Tungus-Manchu: *muri

Korean: *māi

Comments: The cluster *-jr- is reconstructed to account for the loss of *-r- in Korean.

Proto-Altaic: *múk`è

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to wrap, tie up

Russian Meaning: заворачивать, завязывать

Mongolian: *muku-

Tungus-Manchu: *muK-

Korean: *moka-

Japanese: *mák-

Comments: Cf. *ma[k`]o.

Proto-Altaic: *m[ù]k`è

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to suck

Russian Meaning: сосать

Turkic: *bök-

Mongolian: *meke

Tungus-Manchu: *muKu-

Korean: *mǝ̀k-

Japanese: *màkà-nàp-

Comments: PKE 109, Lee 1958, 115, АПиПЯЯ 295, Дыбо 14. Korean has a verbal low tone; delabialization in Mong. (*möke or *müke would be expected) is not quite clear (cf. the same process in *mede- < *mi̯uti).

Proto-Altaic: *mŭ̀k`V́ ( ~ -o-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: mole

Russian Meaning: крот

Tungus-Manchu: *muktu-

Japanese: *mǝnkura / *munkura

Comments: A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *mula

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of deer

Russian Meaning: вид оленя

Turkic: *bulan

Mongolian: *maral

Tungus-Manchu: *mul-

Comments: Дыбо 8, Лексика 154. A Western isogloss. Mong. *maral regularly < *mala-r.

Proto-Altaic: *muma ( ~ *mema)

Meaning: a k. of small wild animal

Russian Meaning: вид мелкого дикого животного

Mongolian: *mamu-wna

Tungus-Manchu: *mume- / *meme-

Japanese: *mami

Comments: An expressive root; one of many common Altaic words for small animals.

Proto-Altaic: *mùńa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to guard, graze

Russian Meaning: охранять, пасти

Mongolian: *mana-

Tungus-Manchu: *mun-di-

Korean: *mòńí-

Japanese: *màmuà-r-

Comments: Korean has a verbal low tone; an old derivative is probably MKor. màńắr 'office' ( > Man. mejren etc.).

Proto-Altaic: *mùne

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: defect, lack

Russian Meaning: недостаток, отсутствие

Turkic: *bün

Mongolian: *mun-du-

Japanese: *màntù-

Comments: Cf. *mā́n[u], *múnu - the roots are sometimes difficult to distinguish. Cf. also Evk. modu 'greedy, miserly' (ТМС 1, 542).

Proto-Altaic: *múnŋa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: mist, rain

Russian Meaning: туман, дождь

Turkic: *bunar

Mongolian: *maŋ-

Tungus-Manchu: *meŋ- / *muŋ-

Korean: *mah

Comments: Kor. mah < *maŋh (just like *kahi < *kaŋhi etc.).

Proto-Altaic: *múnu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: wrong, mad, uneasy

Russian Meaning: неправильный, безумный, нелегкий

Turkic: *bun-

Mongolian: *mun-

Tungus-Manchu: *moŋ-nV- (*mon-ŋV-)

Japanese: *múntú-ká-

Comments: KW 268, Poppe 35, ОСНЯ 3, 53. Lee 1958, 114 cites also a MKor. mǝŋthǝŋ'i 'stupid', which we were unable to locate (but Manchu mentu-χun with which he compares it, is probably < Mong. meŋde-ɣe-, see *mĕŋa).

Proto-Altaic: *muŋĺe

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: angle

Russian Meaning: угол

Turkic: *büŋüĺ

Tungus-Manchu: *moŋla

Japanese: *masu-

Comments: An interesting Turk.-TM-Jpn. match; the meaning in TM probably reflects an intermediate stage "angle between the index finger and thumb". {Cf. Wmo mujilaŋ 'короткие и широкие рога'?}.

Proto-Altaic: *múra

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: round; turn, return

Russian Meaning: круглый; поворачиваться, возвращаться

Turkic: *bur(a)-

Mongolian: *murui

Tungus-Manchu: *murV-

Korean: *muri

Japanese: *márǝ́

Comments: Poppe 36, ОСНЯ 2, 74-75, АПиПЯЯ 93, 278 (however, Kor. mɨrɨ- - rather to *mùgdó q. v.).

Proto-Altaic: *mùsi

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: steam, spirit

Russian Meaning: пар, дух

Turkic: *bus

Mongolian: *mösü(n)

Tungus-Manchu: *musun

Japanese: *mùs-

Comments: For PT *bus cf. alternatively PTM *bušu- 'drizzle' (ТМС 1, 117).

Proto-Altaic: *mŭ́t`ì

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to complete, gather together

Russian Meaning: завершать, собирать вместе

Turkic: *büt-

Mongolian: *möči-

Tungus-Manchu: *mute-

Korean: *mòt-

Japanese: *muta

Comments: EAS 58, АПиПЯЯ 27, 70, 86, 274, Дыбо 13. Doerfer (TMN 2, 208) is hardly right in criticizing the Turk.-Tung. match : it is quite satisfactory both phonetically and semantically.

Proto-Altaic: *mūga

Meaning: bonfire

Russian Meaning: костер

Mongolian: *maj

Tungus-Manchu: *mōgdi

Japanese: *mákí

Comments: Somewhat dubious because of a possible alternative etymology of the Japanese word and because of tonal discrepancy between TM and Japanese.

Proto-Altaic: *mū̀jV

Meaning: to cut, tear

Russian Meaning: резать, рвать

Tungus-Manchu: *mǖ- (*mūj-)

Korean: *mɨ́i-

Comments: A Tung.-Kor. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *mū̀k`é

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of fish

Russian Meaning: вид рыбы

Mongolian: *mök-

Tungus-Manchu: *mōk-

Japanese: *mànkúrúa

Comments: Cf. also Kor. mik:uri 'амурский вьюн'.

Proto-Altaic: *mūk`o ( ~ -u)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: male

Russian Meaning: самец

Turkic: *būka

Mongolian: *mok-

Tungus-Manchu: *muxa- / *muxe-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *mūńa(kV)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of deer

Russian Meaning: вид оленя

Turkic: *buńgak

Tungus-Manchu: *mōń(i)ka-

Japanese: *manaka

Comments: Лексика 153. The Jpn. form is traditionally analysed as resp. prefix mana- + ka 'deer', which may be a folk etymology in the light of external evidence; otherwise the root is a Turk.-TM isogloss. Cf. Mong. (Khalkha) dial. mundu 'female deer', Tuva mɨndɨ, Tof. mundučaq id. - see Аникин, 142. According to Helimski and Anikin, the Turkic forms are borrowed from Southern Samoyedic, and Mongolian < Turkic; but the S.-Sam. word has no Uralic etymology, while Mong. mundu - if not for its poor attestation - could be a regular reflex of PA *mūńa, and a possible source both for the Turkic (Tuva-Tof.) and the Samoyedic forms.

Proto-Altaic: *mū́ro

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: tree, forest

Russian Meaning: дерево, лес

Mongolian: *mo-du ( < *mor-du)

Tungus-Manchu: *mō

Korean: *mōi(h), *mòró

Japanese: *mǝ́rí

Comments: EAS 79, KW 263, Poppe 35, Martin 237, АПиПЯЯ 33-34, 69, 292; SKE 150, Doerfer MT 24. The parallel form *mōi in Kor. presupposes a suffixed form *mōr-jV(-gV) (?).

Proto-Altaic: *mū̀sV ( ~ -ō-, -i̯ō-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: swamp, pond

Russian Meaning: болото, пруд

Tungus-Manchu: *mūsa

Korean: *mós

Comments: See SKE 152. A Tung.-Kor. isogloss; cf. perhaps also Chuv. pozъ 'well' ( < *bos-).

Proto-Altaic: *mV́

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: an interrogative root

Russian Meaning: вопросительная основа

Turkic: *-mi

Mongolian: *-mu, -mi

Korean: *mɨ̀

Japanese: *mǝ́-si

Comments: SKE 147, АПиПЯЯ 297. Cf. perhaps also Evk. mu 'or' (in interrogative sentences) (Титов 1926, 94). Further Nostratic parallels of this grammaticalized interrogative stem see in ОСНЯ 2, 66-8.

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