Слова алтайского праязыка (*B)

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Здесь представлен реконструированный словарный фонд праалтайского языка, начинающийся на фонему *B- (X корней) из общеалтайской этимологической БД проекта "Вавилонская башня" Московской школы компаративистики.

Proto-Altaic: *bădo

Meaning: a k. of bird (quail, dun-bird)

Russian Meaning: вид птицы (перепелка, нырок)

Turkic: *budur-

Mongolian: *bödüne

Tungus-Manchu: *badara

Comments: Лексика 174. A Western isogloss. Mong. *bödüne is a result of assimilation < *bedüne.

Proto-Altaic: *bagu

Meaning: white, grey

Russian Meaning: белый, серый

Mongolian: *buɣurul

Tungus-Manchu: *bag-

Korean: *pùhɨ́i-

Comments: Note Karakh. (MK, hap. leg.) bögrül 'a horse or sheep with white flanks' (EDT 328-329) - although the vocalism in this form is not clear.

Proto-Altaic: *bắja

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: happiness, joy

Russian Meaning: счастье, радость

Turkic: *bAj-ra-m/k, bAj-ga

Mongolian: *bajar

Tungus-Manchu: *baj-li

Japanese: *bái-m-

Comments: Turk. *bAj-ra- = Mong. *bajar = OJ we-ra- < PA *bắja-rV- (it is interesting to note the double suffixation in PT *bAj-ra-k = OJ we-ra-k-).

Proto-Altaic: *baja ( ~ -i̯a-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: place, to be located

Russian Meaning: место, находиться

Mongolian: *baji-

Tungus-Manchu: *bia, -gun

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss (cf. also notes under *bi̯ogo).

Proto-Altaic: *băjV

Meaning: rock

Russian Meaning: скала, холм

Turkic: *bAjɨr

Mongolian: *baji-ča

Tungus-Manchu: *baj-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *bằka

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to look, watch

Russian Meaning: смотреть

Turkic: *bạk-

Tungus-Manchu: *baKa-

Korean: *pò-

Japanese: *bàkàr-

Comments: The root should be distinguished from *pḗk`o q. v. The etymology in SKE 204, linking the Kor. form with the Jpn. and TM accusative marker, is hardly credible. Kor. has a "verbal" low tone.

Proto-Altaic: *bằká ( ~ -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to divide

Russian Meaning: делить

Tungus-Manchu: *baK-

Japanese: *bàká-

Comments: A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *báku ( ~ -a)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: pole, pillar

Russian Meaning: столб, балка

Turkic: *bakna ( ~ -g-)

Mongolian: *bagana

Tungus-Manchu: *baksa

Korean: *pò

Comments: KW 29, Doerfer MT 101. The Turkic and Mong. words are very similar, but quite different semantically, so one can hardly suppose a loan.

Proto-Altaic: *băkV

Meaning: knucklebone

Russian Meaning: бабка, щиколотка

Turkic: *bakań

Mongolian: *bagul- / *bugul-

Tungus-Manchu: *baK-

Comments: Дыбо 310; Лексика 287. A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *balu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: sable

Russian Meaning: соболь

Mongolian: *bulagan

Tungus-Manchu: *bali-

Japanese: *puruki

Comments: Ozawa 314-315. Despite obvious similarity, the etymology raises some problems. The MJpn. furuki is said to be an animal breeding in Korea, but no Korean match is available. R. A. Miller's hypothesis that furuki was borrowed from Mongolian, seems rather far-fetched (no early Mong.-Jpn. contacts have been noticed so far), so we prefer to regard the word as genuine until some further evidence becomes available. Rather complicated is the attribution of PT *albuga (VEWT 16): Khak. albɨɣa 'sable', Oyr. albaɣa 'sable; game' (Баск. Леб. 137). Cf. also alda 'game' (Баск. Туба 101, Яимова 109-110 albaga, albaa, alabuga (= "perch"). This may be al (al perü 'wild wolf') + bulgan, bulɨq 'sable' (< Mong.; see Потанин 1881, Очерки Северозападной Монголии, p. 139), see ibid. aldɨq 'sable'. The word is obviously tabooistic and folk-etymologically analysed as "red ox", but may also be a distortion of the original *baluga (cf. the external evidence). On the other hand, one may note the resemblance of the Turkic word with Mong. elbeŋkü 'racoon', see KW 207 ( > Evk. elbiɣe, elbiŋē, Man. elbixe, ТМС 2, 445).

Proto-Altaic: *bằlu

Meaning: early, ancient

Russian Meaning: ранний, древний

Turkic: *baldɨr

Tungus-Manchu: *bala-

Japanese: *pùrù-

Comments: Лексика 72 (but the Turkic root should be divided and Mong. *boli- attributed rather to *pŭ́lo 'old, ancient - although the two roots may have converged in Mong.).

Proto-Altaic: *băŋk`i

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to kick

Russian Meaning: пинать, лягать

Turkic: *böŋk-

Tungus-Manchu: *baŋ-sala-

Comments: An expressive Turk.-Tung. isogloss, with secondary vowel labialization in Turkic.

Proto-Altaic: *bằŕ[i]

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: wide, thick

Russian Meaning: широкий, толстый

Turkic: *bAŕɨk

Mongolian: *bar-

Tungus-Manchu: *baru-n

Korean: *pắr

Japanese: *pìrǝ̀-

Comments: Whitman 1985, 193, 210 (Kor.-Jpn.). The vowel reflex in Korean is irregular, which leaves a possibility of Kor. *pắr and Jpn. *pìrǝ̀ 'fathom' going back to a different root (reconstructable as *Piari or *Piali); the coincidence of *pìrǝ̀ 'fathom' and *pìrǝ̀- 'wide, broad' in Jpn. must be in that case secondary.

Proto-Altaic: *baŕV

Meaning: opposite, inimical

Russian Meaning: противоположный, враждебный

Turkic: *bAŕ

Mongolian: *bar-lug

Tungus-Manchu: *bargi-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *bási

Meaning: payment, loan

Russian Meaning: плата, заем

Turkic: *basɨg

Tungus-Manchu: *basa-

Korean: *pskūi'í-, pskú-

Japanese: *písák-

Comments: ТМС 1, 76 (TM-Turk.). Korean has a usual vowel loss between a stop and a fricative (*psku- < *pis(i)-ku or *pǝs(i)-ku). Note the velar suffixation in Turkic, Korean and Jpn.

Proto-Altaic: *bašo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to run, drive

Russian Meaning: бежать, гнать

Mongolian: *bisi-ɣu, *busi-ɣu

Tungus-Manchu: *baša-

Japanese: *basi-r-

Comments: Cf. *pasi.

Proto-Altaic: *bằtò

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of plant (for making ropes)

Russian Meaning: вид растения (для изготовления веревок)

Turkic: *buta-

Tungus-Manchu: *batu-kin

Japanese: *bàtà

Comments: The root evidently denoted some k. of plant used for making ropes or yarn. Note however that the Turkic reflex is poorly attested and not quite reliable; in PTM a reconstruction *bartu-kin is also possible (and perhaps preferable). The PA form should thus perhaps be changed to *bằrtò - a Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *bằt`í

Meaning: dirt

Russian Meaning: грязь

Turkic: *bat-

Mongolian: *bat-ga

Tungus-Manchu: *batu-n

Korean: *ptắi

Japanese: *pìntì

Comments: Whitman 1985, 141, 181, 213. Korean has a usual reduction: *ptắi < *pitắi.

Proto-Altaic: *bằǯá

Meaning: early

Russian Meaning: рано, ранний

Turkic: *bAja

Tungus-Manchu: *baǯi-

Japanese: *pàjá-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 77, Дыбо 11, Лексика 83-84. PJ has an irregular devoicing here (or should one think about a secondary assimilative voicing *baǯi < *paǯi in PTM? In that case PA *pàǯa should be reconstructed).

Proto-Altaic: *bā́

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to bind

Russian Meaning: связывать

Turkic: *b(i)ā-

Tungus-Manchu: *ba-

Korean: *pa

Japanese: *bǝ́

Comments: EAS 57, SKE 179, Martin 228, ОСНЯ 1, 172, АПиПЯЯ 68. One of the few common Altaic monosyllabic roots. Mong. *baɣu- 'to bind' is probably < Turk. (Щербак 1997, 103). Doerfer's (TMN 2, 254) criticism is unacceptable ("unklar, da kor. Nominalstamm, tü. Verbalstamm").

Proto-Altaic: *bā́č`V ( ~ *p-, -č-)

Meaning: sister

Russian Meaning: сестра

Turkic: *bāča-

Mongolian: *bača-gan

Comments: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. Manchu baša 'wife's younger sister' is isolated and most probably < Mong. (see ТМС 78, Rozycki 26).

Proto-Altaic: *bā̀dì

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: face, colour

Russian Meaning: лицо, цвет

Turkic: *bEd-le

Tungus-Manchu: *bāda

Japanese: *pítápi ( / *pìtàpi)

Comments: Contaminations were possible: cf. *pédá, *pắdà.

Proto-Altaic: *bāku ( ~ -k`-)

Meaning: small cattle

Russian Meaning: мелкий скот

Turkic: *bākana

Mongolian: *bog

Comments: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. Some Turkic forms meaning 'lamb, baby' may actually also continue PA *bèka q. v. Cf. also Evk. (Titov) baxana 'he-goat' ( < unattested Yak.?).

Proto-Altaic: *bā̀k`a ( ~ -k-)

Meaning: to slide, sweep

Russian Meaning: скользить, мести

Tungus-Manchu: *bāKa- / *bāKu-

Japanese: *pàk-

Comments: A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *bā̀k`ù

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a sharp instrument

Russian Meaning: острое орудие, инструмент

Turkic: *bokursɨ

Mongolian: *baki

Tungus-Manchu: *bāgba

Japanese: *pukusi

Comments: PT *bokursɨ probably < *bakursɨ (with a vowel narrowing in the first syllable of a trisyllabic word); PTM *bāgba < *bāk-ba through assimilation. Note a remarkable similarity of the Turkic and Japanese derivation. Cf. other similar roots: *p`i̯ùgV, *pŏ̀k`è, *p`ū̀ge, *p`àgò.

Proto-Altaic: *bāla

Meaning: child, young

Russian Meaning: ребенок, молодой

Turkic: *bāla, *bāldɨŕ

Mongolian: *balčir

Tungus-Manchu: *baldi-

Japanese: *bàràpa(i)

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 289. Jpn. low tone (or Turkic length) is irregular. The Western languages all reflect a common derivative *bāl(a)-tV.

Proto-Altaic: *bā́ra

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: goods, to possess, earn

Russian Meaning: имущество, обладать, зарабатывать

Turkic: *bār

Mongolian: *bari-

Tungus-Manchu: *bara-

Korean: *pǝ̄r-

Comments: KW 38, VEWT 62, ТМС 1,73, АПиПЯЯ 287, Лексика 326-327; ОСНЯ 1, 175, 176. Doerfer (MT 239) tries to argue ("Die Quantitätsverhältnisse weichen ganz ab"), but the phonetic match is quite regular (Turk. long : TM short).

Proto-Altaic: *bāŕa ( ~ -o)

Meaning: to rejoice, be proud

Russian Meaning: радоваться, гордиться

Turkic: *bAŕ-

Mongolian: *bar-da-

Tungus-Manchu: *bāra-či-

Japanese: *báráp-

Comments: Not quite secure, because of tone incongruence. Jpn. could have merged the roots *bāŕa 'rejoice' and *bĕŕa 'peace'.

Proto-Altaic: *bā̀rì

Meaning: right, straight, direct

Russian Meaning: правый, прямой

Turkic: *bEr-

Mongolian: *baraɣun

Tungus-Manchu: *bāru

Korean: *pàrằ-

Japanese: *pìtà

Comments: EAS 57, SKE 191, Poppe 21. "Verbal" low tone in Korean. Doerfer (TMN 1, 207) attempts to dismantle Ramstedt's comparison (Tung.-Kor.-Mong.) by preferring Ramstedt's own earlier (KW 35) derivation of Mong. baraɣun 'right; West' < bara- 'to end' - which is evidently much weaker semantically.

Proto-Altaic: *bā̀ri

Meaning: a k. of cloth

Russian Meaning: вид ткани

Turkic: *bẹr

Mongolian: *baraɣa

Tungus-Manchu: *bārga-

Korean: *pār

Comments: Mongolian and TM reflect a suffixed form *bā̀ri-ga.

Proto-Altaic: *bĕ́

Meaning: bait

Russian Meaning: приманка, наживка

Turkic: *beŋ

Tungus-Manchu: *be

Japanese: *bái ( ~ biá)

Comments: Miller 1985a, 78. An interesting monosyllabic root (TM evidence indicates that Turk. -ŋ is suffixed). {Cf. PAN *baŋi 'bait'}

Proto-Altaic: *bĕ̀dù

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: thick, large

Russian Meaning: толстый, крупный

Turkic: *bEdü-k

Mongolian: *bediɣün, *büdüɣün

Tungus-Manchu: *burgu-

Korean: *pɨ̀rɨ̀-

Japanese: *pùtuà-

Comments: Gombocz 1905, KW 66, Poppe 53 (Turk.-Mong.), Martin 243-244, АПиПЯЯ 16, 68, 72, 280, Дыбо 12. Verbal low tone in Kor. Doerfer's (TMN 1, 235; 4, 275) criticism of the Turk.-Mong. match ("lautgesetzlich nicht vergleichbar;...passen im Vokalismus nicht...") is incorrect, because *-e- is well reconstructable for Proto-Mongolian. PTM *burgu is a contraction < *bedu-rgu (a similar phonetic development cf. in PTM *xürgü 'tail' < *k`i̯udo-rgV). In Kor. one would expect *pùrɨ̀-; the attested pɨ̀rɨ̀- is an obvious result of vocalic assimilation.

Proto-Altaic: *begV

Meaning: a k. of ferment

Russian Meaning: закваска, вид фермента

Turkic: *bEgni

Mongolian: *beɣe-

Tungus-Manchu: *bege

Comments: A Western isogloss; not quite reliable.

Proto-Altaic: *bĕ̀je

Meaning: man; self, body

Russian Meaning: человек; сам, тело

Mongolian: *beje

Tungus-Manchu: *beje

Japanese: *bǝ̀

Comments: EAS 57, 98, KW 47, Владимирцов 261, Poppe 66, АПиПЯЯ 79, 105, 276.

Proto-Altaic: *béjo

Meaning: an ungulate animal

Russian Meaning: копытное животное

Turkic: *bEje

Mongolian: *baji-ta-su

Tungus-Manchu: *bejū-

Japanese: *bí ( ~ *bǝ́i)

Comments: The root denotes any ungulate in TM; in other languages we observe a specialization of meaning ("mare", "horse", "cow" in Turk.-Mong., "pig" in Jpn.).

Proto-Altaic: *bèka

Meaning: young

Russian Meaning: молодой

Mongolian: *baga

Tungus-Manchu: *bekte-

Japanese: *bàkà-

Comments: A Mong.-Jpn. isogloss. See Ozawa 300-301, Miller 1985, 143. On possible Turkic parallels see Лексика 390 (also under *bāku).

Proto-Altaic: *bek`ú

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of fish

Russian Meaning: вид рыбы

Turkic: *bEkre

Mongolian: *bekir

Tungus-Manchu: *beKe

Korean: *pok

Japanese: *punku

Comments:

Proto-Altaic: *bèli

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to be acquainted, assist, employ

Russian Meaning: быть знакомым, помогать, использовать

Turkic: *bil-

Mongolian: *bele-

Tungus-Manchu: *bele-

Korean: *pɨ́rí-

Comments: EAS 106, Poppe 21, 76, Doerfer MT 78. Cf. also Kor. paraǯi 'aid, assistance'. The reason for narrowing *bel- > *bil- in PT is unclear; cf. *bel- in the more archaic *bel-gü 'sign'.

Proto-Altaic: *bĕ̀ló

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: pale

Russian Meaning: бледный

Mongolian: *balaj

Tungus-Manchu: *beli

Korean: *pằrk-

Japanese: *pàrá-

Comments: Martin 227 (Kor.-Jpn.). Jpn. has an irregular p-.

Proto-Altaic: *belV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: hysterics, panic, mourning

Russian Meaning: истерика, паника, траур

Turkic: *bEliŋ

Mongolian: *belbe-

Tungus-Manchu: *beli(n)

Comments: ТМС 1, 124 (TM-Turk.). A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *beńa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: red clay, dirt

Russian Meaning: красная глина, грязь

Turkic: *bAńak

Tungus-Manchu: *beŋ-ge-

Japanese: *pání

Comments: If the Negidal form belongs here, it may reflect, together with PT *bAńak, a common derivative *beńa-kV.

Proto-Altaic: *bĕŕa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: peace

Russian Meaning: мир

Turkic: *bAŕ- / *bAr-

Mongolian: *berele-

Tungus-Manchu: *bere

Comments: A Western isogloss. The Mong. word is usually analysed as 'to behave like a daughter-in-law' (see e.g. KW 42, L 99), which may be a folk-etymology (in view of the external evidence).

Proto-Altaic: *bĕ̀ré

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: daughter-in-law

Russian Meaning: невестка, младшая свойственница

Mongolian: *beri-

Tungus-Manchu: *bener

Japanese: *bǝ̀tǝ́-

Comments: For TM one has to suppose a resonant metathesis: *bener < *bere-n.

Proto-Altaic: *bétà / *pédà

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: sea, ford

Russian Meaning: море, брод

Tungus-Manchu: *pedē-

Korean: *pàtá-h, *pàdắr

Japanese: *bátá

Comments: An Eastern isogloss, with a peculiar variation of laryngeal features. Cf. perhaps Mong. bide- (? L 108: bitü-) 'to wander' (for semantics cf. Russ. брод 'ford' - бродить 'wander').

Proto-Altaic: *bēle ( ~ -i)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: waist, lap

Russian Meaning: талия, передняя часть бедер

Turkic: *bẹ̄l(k)

Mongolian: *belkeɣü

Tungus-Manchu: *belge

Comments: Poppe 76, Дыбо 306, Мудрак Дисс. 69, Лексика 269. A Western isogloss. Doerfer (TMN 2, 416) cannot say anything but "kaum dürfte das Wort auf ein "altaisches" *belke zurückgehen". Cf. also WMong. beldüge, Kalm. böldǝgn 'die Weichen' (KW 56).

Proto-Altaic: *bēǯu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: numerous, great

Russian Meaning: многочисленный, громадный

Turkic: *bāj, -tak

Mongolian: *buǯa-

Tungus-Manchu: *beǯun

Japanese: *piji(n)ta- ( ~ pui-)

Comments: Note the common derivative *bēǯu-tV (-t`V) reflected in PT *bāj-ta-k and PJ *piji-(n)ta-.

Proto-Altaic: *bĭ̀

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: I, 1st person pronoun

Russian Meaning: я, мест. 1-го лица

Turkic: *bẹ-

Mongolian: *bi, *min-; *ba, *man-

Tungus-Manchu: *bi; *bue, *mü-n-

Korean: *úrí

Japanese: *bà-

Comments: EAS 79, Владимирцов 357, ОСНЯ 2, 55-56, 63-66, JOAL 157, АПиПЯЯ 57, 68, 104-105, 276. An alternation *bi / *mi-ne- (sing.) ; *ba / *mi̯u-n- (plur.) should be reconstructed. Korean has undergone an irregular (dialectal) loss of *b- (*úrí < *bú-rí).

Proto-Altaic: *bíju

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to be, sit

Russian Meaning: быть, сидеть

Mongolian: *büji- ( < *bijü-)

Tungus-Manchu: *bi-

Japanese: *b(u)í-

Comments: EAS 57, Poppe 112, Ozawa 304-307, ОСНЯ 1, 184, Murayama 1962, 109, АПиПЯЯ 68, 111, 280. Cf. perhaps MKor. ì- 'to be' (with loss of *b-, like in *uri 'we')?

Proto-Altaic: *bilč`i

Meaning: to mix, knead

Russian Meaning: месить, замешивать

Turkic: *biĺči-

Mongolian: *bilča-

Tungus-Manchu: *bilča-

Korean: *pìč-

Japanese: *písípǝ́

Comments: SKE 202, Miller 1970, 129.

Proto-Altaic: *bĭli

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: wrist

Russian Meaning: запястье

Turkic: *bilek

Mongolian: *beɣelej

Tungus-Manchu: *bile-n

Comments: A Western isogloss. Mong. beɣelej < *bejelej < *bele-lej. See EAS 109, Колесникова 1972а, 97-98, Дыбо 311, Лексика 250. Doerfer's (MT 240) attempt to refute the TM form by reconstructing *biglēn is quite artificial: forms like Ul. gileptu(n) go back to a quite separate root (see *gilu).

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯aga ( ~ -i) ?

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: moon, brilliance

Russian Meaning: луна, свет

Tungus-Manchu: *biaga

Comments: An isolated TM form.

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯alge

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: throat, to swallow

Russian Meaning: глотка, глотать

Mongolian: *balgu-

Tungus-Manchu: *bilga

Comments: KW 31, ОСНЯ 1, 173. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ắĺmi

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: knee, ankle

Russian Meaning: колено, бабка

Turkic: *bAĺmak

Mongolian: *belberkej

Tungus-Manchu: *bialebki

Korean: *parmak (~ -ă-)

Japanese: *pínsá

Comments: SKE 186 (Kor.-Turk.); Дыбо 1989a (Mong-TM). For a different treatment see ОСНЯ III 67-69 (cf. *pằlgà below).

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ălu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: dirt, mud

Russian Meaning: грязь

Turkic: *bạl-

Mongolian: *bul-

Tungus-Manchu: *bul-

Korean: *piro

Japanese: *pu-

Comments: KW 30, ОСНЯ 1, 185, Martin 247. Jpn. *pu (attested only within a compound) reflects a contraction < *bi̯ăl(u)-gu; Kor. piro < *pjǝro (with a frequent variation *jǝ / i).

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯are

Meaning: to build, construct

Russian Meaning: строить

Turkic: *b(i)ar-k

Mongolian: *bari-

Tungus-Manchu: *biri-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ási

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: penthouse, decking

Russian Meaning: тент, покрытие

Turkic: *bAs-tɨrma

Tungus-Manchu: *bi(a)sere-

Japanese: *písásí

Comments: The root is similar to *pi̯óso 'stairway, step' (q. v.), but should be strictly distinguished.

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ā́ĺča

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: harm, wound

Russian Meaning: вред, повреждение, рана

Turkic: *biāĺč

Mongolian: *bilčawu

Tungus-Manchu: *bial-

Japanese: *bánsá-pápí

Comments: Мудрак Дисс. 90, 194.

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ŏ̀ga

Meaning: place

Russian Meaning: место

Mongolian: *baɣu-

Tungus-Manchu: *buga

Korean: *pá

Japanese: *bà

Comments: KW 40, Lee 1958, 106, АПиПЯЯ 81, Menges 1984, 282-283, ТМС 1, 101. In PA it is somewhat difficult (but probably necessary) to distinguish between *bi̯òga 'place', *baja 'to be located' and *bi̯ogo 'open place' q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ŏ̀gi

Meaning: to be cold, freeze

Russian Meaning: замерзать, остывать, зябнуть

Mongolian: *beɣe-re-

Tungus-Manchu: *bog(i)- / *begi-

Japanese: *pìja-, *pì

Comments: EAS 91, KW 44, Poppe 60, АПиПЯЯ 69, 106, 280. Despite Doerfer MT 20, TM cannot be borrowed < Mong.

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ogo

Meaning: place, open place

Russian Meaning: место, открытое место

Mongolian: *buji-

Tungus-Manchu: *biga

Japanese: *pía

Comments: The root is somewhat difficult to distinguish from *baja q. v. (and in Jpn., indeed, the two roots could have merged - with additional mixture with *p`āji 'part' q. v.). Jpn. *pia must be a contraction < *pǝja (*puja).

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ŏ́k`à(rV) ( ~ *p-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: dirt, patina

Russian Meaning: грязь, налет

Turkic: *bakɨr

Mongolian: *boki(r)

Japanese: *pǝ́kǝ́rí

Comments: Лексика 406. Jpn. *-ǝ- in the first syllable is irregular, due to assimilation or bad compatibility of *a (which would be expected) and *ǝ.

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ŏla

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: end (of a branch etc.)

Russian Meaning: конец (ветки, палки и т. п.)

Turkic: *bAldak

Mongolian: *bol- / *bul-

Tungus-Manchu: *bule

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ŏla

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of bush, spiraea

Russian Meaning: вид кустарника, spiraea

Turkic: *bạl-gɨn

Mongolian: *balčirgana, *baldargana

Tungus-Manchu: *boloka

Korean: *pùrò

Japanese: *bàrà(m)pì

Comments: KW 31. Tone correspondence between Korean and Japanese is irregular.

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ŏ́li

Meaning: arm muscles

Russian Meaning: мышцы рук

Turkic: *b(i)altɨr

Mongolian: *bul-čiŋ, *bul-čir-

Tungus-Manchu: *bola-n

Korean: *pằrh

Japanese: *píntì

Comments: Дыбо 313, Лексика 284. Martin 247, Whitman 210. The vocalism in Mong. *bul-či- is probably influenced by the descriptive root bul- (bult-, buld-, bült- etc.) 'to be swollen, swell', see *pi̯óla. Note that PT, Mong. and Jpn. reflect a common derivative *bi̯ol-t`i- (*bi̯oli-t`V-).

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ólò

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: time, agree upon time

Russian Meaning: время, срок

Mongolian: *bolǯu-

Tungus-Manchu: *bila-

Japanese: *bǝ́rì

Comments: Mong. *bolǯu- > Evk. bolǯo etc., see Poppe 1966, 192, Doerfer MT 101; bolǯal 'appointed time' > Chag. bolǯal etc., see ЭСТЯ 2, 188-189, Щербак 1997, 200).

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯olo

Meaning: all, completely

Russian Meaning: весь, целиком

Turkic: *bile (bula)

Mongolian: *bul-tu

Tungus-Manchu: *bil-

Comments: A Western isogloss; in the front row variant *bile Turkic reveals a secondary delabialization < *büle. {? Cf. PE *ǝluq-na- 'all, whole'}

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ònV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of predator

Russian Meaning: вид хищного животного

Turkic: *bAnu

Tungus-Manchu: *bońa

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. Palatalized *-ń- in TM is a secondary assimilation result. The root must have denoted some wild predator. It is tempting to compare similar forms in Mong. and Jpn., denoting some (mythical?) aquatic predator: PJ *bàni 'crocodile', WMong. (БАМРС) banuqai 'a rare aquatic creature, dwelling in water during daytime and on the shore during nighttime' - but the semantic change seems too far-fetched.

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯or[a]

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: color, shape

Russian Meaning: цвет, форма

Turkic: *bArɨk (??)

Mongolian: *baraɣa

Tungus-Manchu: *borkan

Japanese: *púrí

Comments: The Turkic match is rather weak (see notes above), but otherwise the etymology seems quite credible.

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯óro ( ~ -ŕ-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: bank, rift

Russian Meaning: берег, ущелье, стремнина

Mongolian: *borgija

Tungus-Manchu: *bir[u]-kan

Korean: *pìrǝ́

Comments: Lee 1958, 106 (TM-Kor.).

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ŏ́ŕu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: calf, lamb

Russian Meaning: теленок, ягненок

Turkic: *buŕagu

Mongolian: *biraɣu

Tungus-Manchu: *biaru

Korean: *puruk

Japanese: *pítú-nsí

Comments: KW 69, Владимирцов 361, Poppe 21, 81, Новикова 1972, 117. In Jpn. we have to assume a secondary vocalic development in a long word: *pútí-(u)si > *pítú(n)si (the word is most probably a compound with *úsí 'cow' in the second part, cf. the Korean match).

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯òsá

Meaning: field, mountain slope

Russian Meaning: поле, склон горы

Turkic: *basɨg

Tungus-Manchu: *bosoga

Japanese: *bàsái

Comments: The original meaning may be reconstructed as "vegetation on a mountain slope". All forms reflect a suffixed shape *bi̯òsa-gi (-ga).

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ŏ́t`è

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to cover

Russian Meaning: покрывать

Turkic: *bạt-

Mongolian: *büte-, *büteɣe-

Japanese: *pútá

Comments: The front vowel in Mong. is not quite regular here: *but- would be normally expected.

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ṓr[é]

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: give; take, collect

Russian Meaning: давать; брать, собирать

Turkic: *bēr-

Tungus-Manchu: *bū-

Japanese: *pírí-p-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 282. The root seems quite secure, but reveals a variation of the vocalic reflex in the 2d syllable: *bi̯ṓre ( > Turk., TM), *bi̯ṓri- ( > Jpn.).

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯udi

Meaning: a k. of weed, pigweed

Russian Meaning: вид сорной травы, амарант

Mongolian: *budurgana

Korean: *pìrăm

Japanese: *pìjú

Comments: Martin 238, Whitman 213. Despite the tone discrepancy, the Kor.-Jpn. parallel is still very convincing.

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯údò ( ~ p-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: cold, fog

Russian Meaning: холод, туман

Turkic: *bud-

Mongolian: *budaŋ

Japanese: *pújù

Comments: A diphthong has to be reconstructed because of the *-j-reflex in Jpn.; cf. also Orok pidul- 'to freeze completely' (of a river) (ТМС 2, 37).

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ùdo ( ~ -u)

Meaning: gruel, paste; to swell in water

Russian Meaning: каша, клейкая масса; разбухать в воде

Turkic: *botka

Mongolian: *budaɣa

Korean: *pɨ̄d-, *pɨ́dVh

Japanese: *pùjàkà-

Comments: Cf. perhaps also Man. buǯu- 'to cook': the form may go back to PTM *büdigu-. MKor. phɨ́r < *pɨ́rh < *pɨ́rVh < *pɨ́dVh (with an early vowel reduction, which explains the reflex -r as originally intervocalic).

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯udu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: down, feather, curly

Russian Meaning: пух, перо, курчавый

Turkic: *bɨdɨk (*bɨdńɨk)

Mongolian: *buǯi- / *boǯi-

Tungus-Manchu: *bodu-

Japanese: *pí-n-kai

Comments: KW 58, Владимирцов 174, Poppe 21, 53, Лексика 224. Despite Лексика 223, Turk. *budra 'curls' (ЭСТЯ 2, 245) very probably represents the same root as *bɨdɨk 'moustache' and also belongs here. Jpn. *pí- should be regarded as an early contraction < *bi̯uj- < *bi̯udu.

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯úga

Meaning: wheel, pommel of a saddle

Russian Meaning: колесо, лука седла

Mongolian: *büɣü-rge

Korean: *pàhói

Japanese: *bà

Comments: Martin 246. Low tone in Jpn. is probably due to contraction. In Mong. one has to assume *büɣü-rge < *biɣe-r-gü. Cf. Manchu faχun 'rim of a wheel' ( < Kor.?).

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ŭ́ge

Meaning: rock, hill

Russian Meaning: холм, горка

Turkic: *bögür

Mongolian: *böɣerüg

Tungus-Manchu: *bug-

Korean: *pàhói

Japanese: *bǝ

Comments: Cf. *bū̀k`e, *pā̀ko.

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ugu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: joint

Russian Meaning: сустав

Turkic: *bogum

Mongolian: *bog-tu

Tungus-Manchu: *bog-

Japanese: *pu

Comments: KW 53, ЭСТЯ 2, 171; Дыбо 309, Лексика 260.

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ùjlu ( ~ -i)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: blood

Russian Meaning: кровь

Mongolian: *bülüŋ

Tungus-Manchu: *boldu-

Korean: *píh

Comments: Medial *-jl- is reconstructed to account for loss of *-l- in Kor. (-h should be regarded as a suffix, as in a number of other cases).

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ujri

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: well, spring

Russian Meaning: колодец, источник

Mongolian: *bürü-dü

Tungus-Manchu: *bira

Korean: *ù-

Japanese: *bì

Comments: Whitman 1985, 139, 245 (Kor.-Jpn.). Loss of final resonant in Kor. makes us reconstruct the medial -j-, which also explains several other phenomena: *-i-vowel in PTM (-u- would be expected after a labial); *b- in PJ (*p- would be expected before i). Korean has also lost the initial *b-, as in some other cases; cf. in this respect the interesting Old Koguryo and Silla forms: Old Koguryo *wöl, Silla *ŏl (see Miller 1979, 9). Jpn. *bì < *bi̯ujr(i)-gV.

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯uk`e

Meaning: vessel; gourd

Russian Meaning: сосуд; тыква

Tungus-Manchu: *buKu-

Korean: *pàk

Japanese: *pùkù(m)pái ( ~ -ia)

Comments: Martin 232. An Eastern isogloss. In Kor. the root could contaminate with *p`ágò (q. v.), which can explain the prosodic irregularity.

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ŭ̀k`í

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to bow, bend

Russian Meaning: гнуть(ся)

Turkic: *bük-

Mongolian: *bök-

Tungus-Manchu: *buk-

Japanese: *pìnkàm-

Comments: EAS 147, KW 55, Poppe 56, ОСНЯ 1, 191. Despite Doerfer MT 56, TM is hardly borrowed from Mong., and (despite TMN 2, 352) the Turk. and Mong. forms are certainly related. Cf. also Turk. *bok- 'to cross (legs), bend (knees)' (VEWT 79, EDT 311), WMong. boki- (KW 49) 'to bend', reflecting a back-row variant of the same root. Part of the Mongolian (*bög-) and TM forms seem to go back to a variant *bi̯ŭ̀ki.

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ule

Meaning: wick

Russian Meaning: фитиль

Turkic: *bilik

Tungus-Manchu: *bulin

Comments: ТМС 1, 108. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ŭ́le

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to rub, whet

Russian Meaning: тереть, растирать, точить

Turkic: *bile-

Mongolian: *büle-

Tungus-Manchu: *bula

Korean: *pjǝ̀ró

Comments: Turk. *bile- is usually derived from *bij 'edge' (q. v.) which is hardly the case (*bijle- cannot be reconstructed).

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ŭ̀lò

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to soak, gush forth

Russian Meaning: мокнуть, мочить, бить ключом

Turkic: *bulak

Mongolian: *bul(ka)-, *bilka-

Tungus-Manchu: *b[ü]lkü-

Korean: *purɨ- ( ~ -ɨ-)

Japanese: *pùrǝ̀ ( ~ -ua)

Comments: ТМС 1, 108 (TM-Mong.). An expressive root with difficult reconstruction. The two variants in Mong. and TM are probably due to interdialectal borrowing, but direct borrowing from Mong. into TM is hard to justify: the meanings are not in mutual correlation (Mong. bilka- is 'overflow', while bilki- in TM is 'to wet, moisten'; Mong. bulka- is 'to dip, rinse', while TM bulku- is 'to splash'). The Korean reflex is not quite certain (Martin KED 836 considers pulli- to be a factitive of pūd- 'swell' - which is, however, somewhat questionable).

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ura

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to abandon, lose

Russian Meaning: покидать, терять

Turkic: *bɨrak-

Tungus-Manchu: *burī-

Korean: *pǝ̄ri- / *pằrí-

Japanese: *párà-p- / *pàrá-p-

Comments: SKE 184, 192, Martin 243. The Jpn. form is dubious because of irregular devoicing and somewhat aberrant semantics; cf. also an odd variation between *pằr- and *pǝ̄r- in Kor., suggesting that we may be dealing with more than one root here: one of them could have also resulted in Mong. bara- 'to end, finish'. Turkic has a peculiar disyllabic structure and Ramstedt may be right in suggesting an old compound; for the second part cf. *ek- `to sow' < `to throw' (v. sub *p`èk`a).

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ure

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: flea

Russian Meaning: блоха

Turkic: *bürče / *bürge

Mongolian: *bürge

Korean: *pjǝ̀rók

Comments: KW 71, SKE 198, ОСНЯ 2, 99-100, Лексика 183. In Turkic one would rather expect *bir-: this variant is indeed reflected in most Oghuz languages; others may have reintroduced -ü- under Mongolian influence.

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯uri

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: one

Russian Meaning: один

Turkic: *bir

Mongolian: *büri

Korean: *pìrɨ́-

Japanese: *pitǝ

Comments: KW 67, Martin 238, АПиПЯЯ 73, 99, 277. Doerfer (TMN 2, 384) doubts Ramstedt's Turk.-Mong. comparison for phonetic reasons, which is hardly justified: Turkic frequently reveals a secondary delabialization -ir-, -il- < *-ür-, *-ül- (especially after labials).

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ùsí ( ~ p-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to hide

Russian Meaning: прятать(ся)

Turkic: *bus-

Korean: *pskɨ́-

Japanese: *pìsǝ́-ka

Comments: Korean has a usual loss of narrow vowel between a stop and a fricative. The back row in PT is not quite regular (*büs- would be expected). It might be better to reconstruct *biso ( > Turk. *bɨs-, with a subsequent labial assimilation > *bus-). In TM cf. perhaps Nan. busĩ 'rodents' stores' (ТМС 1, 115).

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ūgi

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of insect

Russian Meaning: вид насекомого

Turkic: *bȫg

Mongolian: *böɣe-sü

Tungus-Manchu: *bugu-tuna

Japanese: *pìwǝ̀-musi

Comments: KW 57, VEWT 82-3, АПиПЯЯ 294, Лексика 184. The Jpn. tone seems to contradict Turkic length (but is not sufficiently well attested).

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ū̀k`a ( ~ -u)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: side (of body), thigh

Russian Meaning: бок, бедро

Turkic: *bɨkɨn

Mongolian: *bokaɣur

Tungus-Manchu: *bōKan

Comments: Дыбо 6, Лексика 280. A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *bī́re

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of predator

Russian Meaning: вид хищника

Turkic: *bȫrü

Mongolian: *ber-

Tungus-Manchu: *birin

Comments: A Western isogloss. KW 42, Лексика 160. In Turk. one has to suppose a secondary assimilation < *bērü.

Proto-Altaic: *bòdà

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: body; intestines, belly

Russian Meaning: тело; внутренности, живот

Turkic: *bod

Mongolian: *boda

Japanese: *bàtà

Comments: EAS 57, Poppe 21, 53, KW 48, VEWT 77, АПиПЯЯ 279, Лексика 266. Despite TMN 2, 360, Mong. is hardly borrowed from Turk.

Proto-Altaic: *bŏ́dé

Meaning: to jump, trot

Russian Meaning: прыгать, скакать

Turkic: *büdi-

Mongolian: *büdüri-

Tungus-Manchu: *buduri-

Korean: *ptùi-

Japanese: *bǝ́ntǝ́r-

Comments: Korean demonstrates a frequent vowel loss between two stops. Note that Mong., TM and Jpn. reflect a common derived stem *bode-rV-.

Proto-Altaic: *bodi ( ~ -e)

Meaning: a k. of platform

Russian Meaning: вид платформы

Turkic: *böd

Tungus-Manchu: *bedu- / *budu-

Korean: *ptǝ́i (?)

Comments: Basically a Turk.-Tung. isogloss; the Kor. word may belong here if it is not derived from ptɨ́- 'to float' (q. v.). If the parallel is correct, then most TM languages have a secondary shift u > e after a labial (a very frequent phenomenon there).

Proto-Altaic: *bŏga ( ~ -u, -o)

Meaning: pregnant (of animals); to bear a bastard or miscarry

Russian Meaning: беременная (о животных); рожать до срока или вне брака

Turkic: *bogaŕ

Mongolian: *boɣo-

Tungus-Manchu: *bogī-

Korean: *pằi-

Comments: EAS 57, АПиПЯЯ 295. Doerfer's attempt (TMN 2, 348) to refute the Turk.-Tung. parallel for semantic reasons is unsuccessful. The meaning 'slave' in Mong. and Tung. is obviously derived < 'bastard', 'illegal child' (derivation < *boɣo- 'bind' and attempt to derive the TM words for 'slave' < Mong. in Poppe 1972, 96 is unsuccessful). The Kor. word has been secondarily associated with pắi 'belly' (see under {*p`ḕjló}).

Proto-Altaic: *bŏ́gdu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to paint, variegated

Russian Meaning: красить, пестрый, пятно

Turkic: *bodo-

Mongolian: *budu-

Tungus-Manchu: *bugdi

Japanese: *púti

Comments: KW 57. Mong. may be < Turk. (see Щербак 1997, 107).

Proto-Altaic: *bògé

Meaning: wizard, holy

Russian Meaning: мудрец, святой

Turkic: *bögü

Mongolian: *bogda

Tungus-Manchu: *bugu-ča

Japanese: *bǝ̀nkám-

Comments: One of common Altaic religious terms.

Proto-Altaic: *bojĺe

Meaning: empty, meagre

Russian Meaning: пустой, свободный, постный (очищенный)

Turkic: *boĺ

Tungus-Manchu: *bol-

Korean: *pɨi-

Comments: Medial *-j- is reconstructed to account for the loss of *-ĺ- in Korean. Phonetically a good match would be PJ *bǝsa-na- 'small, young (of children)', but the semantics raises some doubt here. Ramstedt (SKE 186) compares Turk. boš with Mong. bulgu 'free, broad' > Kirgh. buluk- 'to try to free smb.'; but we have not found either word in accessible sources.

Proto-Altaic: *bójĺo

Meaning: to learn, be attentive

Russian Meaning: учить(ся), быть внимательным

Turkic: *boĺgu-

Mongolian: *bolgu-ɣa-

Korean: *pằihó-

Japanese: *bǝ́sí-pa-

Comments: Street 1980, 287 compares the PT form with Mong. bolba-sun 'trained, educated, mature' (possibly also related as a suffixed form). Medial *-j- should be reconstructed to account for loss of *-ĺ- in Korean.

Proto-Altaic: *bóju

Meaning: esteem

Russian Meaning: уважение

Turkic: *bujur-

Mongolian: *boj

Tungus-Manchu: *buje-

Korean: *pằi-hắ-

Japanese: *úja / *bíjá

Comments: Originally we related to this root Mong. beile 'prince of the 3d rank' which is usually considered to be borrowed from Manchu beile id. (cf. also Mong. beise = Man. beise 'prince of the 4th rank'). Both words are rather loans from some third language, perhaps Kitan (and cf. also the Old Bulgarian rank bojla) and may be ultimately related to PT *beg which itself is either < Chinese or < Iranian (see Шервашидзе 1989); but Mong. boji 'care' seems to be a more satisfactory comparison. Both semantically and phonetically the etymology seems quite plausible (except perhaps for the variant -i- vowel in Old Japanese, possibly conditioned by the following -j-).

Proto-Altaic: *bŏ̀kà

Meaning: rib, breast bone

Russian Meaning: ребро, грудная кость

Turkic: *bokana

Mongolian: *bogoni

Tungus-Manchu: *boka-

Japanese: *bàkì

Comments: KW 49, Дыбо 5, Лексика 275-276. The Jpn. word could also go back to *bi̯ū̀k`a, but in that case it would rather have a *p-.

Proto-Altaic: *bŏ́ke

Meaning: to lie in ambush

Russian Meaning: сидеть в засаде, нападать

Turkic: *buk-

Mongolian: *büg-

Tungus-Manchu: *bokan-

Japanese: *bǝ́ká-s-

Comments: KW 66.

Proto-Altaic: *bŏ̀ku

Meaning: throat, Adam's apple

Russian Meaning: горло, кадык

Turkic: *boguŕ (/*bokuŕ)

Mongolian: *bagalǯaɣur

Tungus-Manchu: *bukse

Japanese: *pùkùm-

Comments: KW 28, Дыбо 5, Лексика 231-232. In Mong. the vocalism was influenced by a similar root (Mong. *bakaɣu, *bakalaɣur < *pŭ́k`a q. v.); a remnant of the original root vocalism may be seen in WMong. boɣaɣu 'crop, goitre' (coexisting with baqaɣu) - however, the latter form may as well be a Turkism < Turk. *bokak.

Proto-Altaic: *boĺe

Meaning: an indirect relative

Russian Meaning: родственник по браку

Turkic: *böĺük

Mongolian: *büli

Tungus-Manchu: *bulu-

Comments: Tekin 1979, 129-130. A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *bŏĺi

Meaning: a k. of cedar, pine

Russian Meaning: вид кедра, сосны

Turkic: *böĺ

Mongolian: *bujil- / *büjil-

Tungus-Manchu: *bolgikta

Japanese: *pusi

Comments: Дыбо 11. Mong. *bujil- is a regular dissimilation < *bulil-.

Proto-Altaic: *bóra ( ~ -ŕ-)

Meaning: to divide

Russian Meaning: разделять

Tungus-Manchu: *borī-

Korean: *pǝ̄rí-

Japanese: *bár-

Comments: Martin 243. An Eastern isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *borso(k`V)

Meaning: badger

Russian Meaning: барсук

Turkic: *borsuk, *borsmuk

Mongolian: *borki

Korean: *ùsɨ̀rk

Japanese: *bǝ̀sákí, *ùsákí

Comments: The meaning in Jpn. ('hare') is probably a result of contamination with *t`ŏ̀gsu-k`V 'hare' (which should have normally yielded PJ *tusaki); this could also explain the tonal discrepancy between Jpn. and Kor. Korean, as in several other cases, has a loss *b- > *0-; cf. Old Koguryo *wus(i)kam 'rabbit' (see Miller 1979, 10). All languages reflect a trisyllabic form *borso-k`V, with an original diminutive suffix. Loss of -s- in Mong. is somewhat strange; cf. perhaps alternatively TM *barka-na 'bear's cub' > Evk. barka-na, barka-čan, Neg. bajkana, Ud. bakana (ТМС 1, 75).

Proto-Altaic: *bŏ́ru (~ -a,-o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: dust; smoke, whirlwind

Russian Meaning: пыль; дым, вихрь

Turkic: *bur-uk

Mongolian: *bur-gi- / *bür-gi-

Tungus-Manchu: *bure-ki

Korean: *pằrằ-m

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 288. See ТМС 1, 113 (Mong.-Tung.); despite ОСНЯ 1, 188 the TM root is hardly related to Turk. *bōr (on which see *mā́ro) and to Mong. bur 'dirty, dark'. The Korean root belongs rather here than to Manchu fara- 'to dry' (SKE 191).

Proto-Altaic: *boŕV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: grey

Russian Meaning: серый

Turkic: *boŕ

Mongolian: *boro

Comments: KW 51, Владимирцов 361, Poppe 20, 81, ОСНЯ 1, 183. A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. Despite TMN 2, 335, Щербак 1997, 109, Mong. cannot be borrowed from Turkic.

Proto-Altaic: *bŏ̀t`é

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to bind

Russian Meaning: связывать

Mongolian: *büči

Tungus-Manchu: *botā-

Korean: *pɨ̀th-

Japanese: *pǝ̀ntǝ̀k-

Comments: Cf. *pŭ̀ti 'quilt, weave' and *p`út`à 'thread, yarn': the roots are sometimes hard to distinguish.

Proto-Altaic: *bṑki ( ~ -e)

Meaning: to stop up

Russian Meaning: затыкать, задерживать

Turkic: *bök-

Mongolian: *bögle-

Tungus-Manchu: *bōk-

Comments: EAS 58, KW 54, Poppe 58, 59 (Turk.-Mong.). A Western isogloss. The root is quite well attested in Turkic and borrowing is highly improbable, so Doerfer's (TMN 1, 229) skepticism seems ungrounded. A slight problem is the variation of *-k- and *-g- in Turkic, probably assimilative in this case (*bök- should be the original variant).

Proto-Altaic: *bṓlo ( ~ -e)

Meaning: to be

Russian Meaning: быть

Turkic: *bōl-

Mongolian: *bol-

Japanese: *bǝ́r-

Comments: KW 50, Poppe 99, Miller 1981, 851, Street 1985, 639, АПиПЯЯ 68. Doerfer (TMN 2, 358), quite fantastically, links also TM *ō- (what about "Lautgesätze"?) : "altes indoeur. Lw. : *u̯ol- 'wollen'" (isn't this "Omnikomparatismus"?).

Proto-Altaic: *bṓrk`i

Meaning: to cover, cover

Russian Meaning: покрывать, покрытие

Turkic: *bȫrk

Mongolian: *bürkü-

Japanese: *púk-

Comments: Cf. *bū̀ri (with possible contaminations).

Proto-Altaic: *buč`o ( ~ -o-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to dry on fire, under the sun

Russian Meaning: сушить на огне, под солнцем

Mongolian: *bučal-

Tungus-Manchu: *bučī-

Korean: *pčōi-

Japanese: *pǝ̀tǝ̀-pǝr-

Comments: Korean has a usual loss of narrow vowel between a stop and an affricate. Cf. also Kor. č:i- 'to steam, cook' (SKE 32).

Proto-Altaic: *buda

Meaning: to attach, follow, accompany

Russian Meaning: прикреплять, следовать, сопровождать

Turkic: *bodu-

Tungus-Manchu: *boda-

Korean: *pǝ̄t

Comments: A rather usual case of secondary nominalizing in Korean (cf. pa 'rope' < *bā́ 'to bind' etc.).

Proto-Altaic: *bùjre

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: wrong, bad

Russian Meaning: неправильный, плохой

Mongolian: *buruɣu

Korean: *ōi-

Japanese: *bàrǝ̀-

Comments: In TM cf. perhaps Evn. bēruw- 'to slander' (ТМС 1, 127). Medial *-j- should be reconstructed to account for the loss of *-r- in Korean; the Korean word may belong here if it is another case of *b- > 0-, like in úrí 'we' < *bĭ̀-ŕV, ì- 'to be' < *bíju, ù- 'well' < *bi̯ujri, ùsɨ̀rk 'badger' < *borso-k`V.

Proto-Altaic: *bŭ̀kà

Meaning: chain, rim

Russian Meaning: цепь, обод

Turkic: *bukagu

Mongolian: *bugu-

Tungus-Manchu: *boKi-

Japanese: *bàkù

Comments: Дыбо 226 (Turc-Mong-TM).

Proto-Altaic: *bŭkrV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: pea, nut, cone

Russian Meaning: горох, орех, шишка

Turkic: *burčak

Mongolian: *buɣurčag

Tungus-Manchu: *boKari, *boKa-kta

Korean: *phắs

Comments: Дыбо 10, AKE 15, EAS 58. Phonetically a rather complicated case because of the rare medial cluster *-kr- with non-standard reflexes. Turkic, Mongolian and probably Korean reflect a suffixed form *bukrV-č`V (MKor. phắs = *phắč < *bukVr-č`V); medial -k- in the cluster had disappeared in PT and yielded -ɣ- in Mong. Another derivative from the same root may be the Turk.-Mong. name of various kinds of berries: PT *bögürtlen 'blackberry' etc., Mong. *böɣerel(ǯi)gene 'raspberry etc.' (KW 56).

Proto-Altaic: *buk`V

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to doubt, be stupid

Russian Meaning: сомневаться, быть глупым

Mongolian: *bukinid-

Tungus-Manchu: *buK-

Korean: *puki

Comments: One of the many verbs of emotion reconstructed for PA; cf. *pū̀go, and perhaps Mod. Jpn. baka 'fool' (with expressive b-).

Proto-Altaic: *bŭ́li

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to stir, shake, smear

Russian Meaning: трясти, помешивать, мазать

Turkic: *bulga-

Mongolian: *büli-

Tungus-Manchu: *bul-

Japanese: *púr-

Comments: See EAS 57-58, 106.

Proto-Altaic: *bŭ̀ĺì ( ~ -o-)

Meaning: joint, sinew

Russian Meaning: сустав, сухожилие

Mongolian: *büli-ken

Tungus-Manchu: *bul-

Japanese: *pùsì

Comments: Дыбо 311, Лексика 250-251. {? Cf. PE *uɫiɣ- 'sinew from backbone'}

Proto-Altaic: *bŭ̀ĺo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to pity, be sad

Russian Meaning: жалеть, печалиться

Tungus-Manchu: *bulī-

Korean: *pɨ̀rǝ́-

Japanese: *bǝ̀sì-

Comments: Korean has a verbal low tone. An Eastern isogloss, but cf. *bū́ĺa : the two roots are very similar and their reflexes could have been mixed in Turk. and Mong. (which also has a form bulara- (БАМРС) 'to be exhausted, tired').

Proto-Altaic: *bŭlu ( ~ -a, -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: cloud

Russian Meaning: облако

Turkic: *bulut (*bulɨt)

Tungus-Manchu: *bol-

Comments: A Turk.-TM isogloss. A Nostratic etymology (Ural. *pilwe et al.) see in \X<1.2>ОСНЯ\x 1, 179-180.

Proto-Altaic: *bŭlV

Meaning: to grab, find

Russian Meaning: хватать, находить

Turkic: *bul-

Mongolian: *buliɣa-

Tungus-Manchu: *bule-

Comments: KW 59, VEWT 87. A Western isogloss. In Turkic `find' obviously < `grab, capture', the original meaning being well preserved in PT *bulun `captive, prisoner' (EDT 343).

Proto-Altaic: *bulV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: ice, jelly-like substance

Russian Meaning: лед, желеобразное вещество

Turkic: *bul-

Tungus-Manchu: *belu / *bul-

Comments: A Turk.-TM isogloss. ? Cf. Karakh. buldunɨ (MK) 'a k. of milk dish' ( = Evk. buldumna, - if the original meaning was "congeal").

Proto-Altaic: *bŭrdV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: beard

Russian Meaning: борода

Turkic: *burut

Mongolian: *burǯi-

Tungus-Manchu: *burgakta (/*gurgakta)

Comments: Лексика 224. A Western isogloss. TM reflects an early assimilation (*burda-kta > *burga-kta) - the process which went on and led to a further assimilation *burga-kta > *gurga-kta in some dialects.

Proto-Altaic: *bŭri ( ~ -ŕ-, -o-, -e)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to die, perish

Russian Meaning: умирать, погибать

Mongolian: *bür-il-

Tungus-Manchu: *bu(r)-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 290, ТМС 1, 99. A Mong-Tung. isogloss. TM demonstrates an exceptional case of loss of *-r- (recoverable in some forms of the paradigm) after an original short vowel, so the root may have been monosyllabic (*bur) in PA.

Proto-Altaic: *bùro ( ~ -o-, -ŕ-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to break, crush

Russian Meaning: ломать

Mongolian: *burči-

Tungus-Manchu: *bur-

Japanese: *bǝ̀r-

Comments: A reconstruction of *-ŕ- is also possible; in the latter case Turkic could have merged the root with *buŕ- < *mi̯uŕu q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *bŭsi ( ~ -o-, -e)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: kidney {}

Russian Meaning: почка {}

Turkic: *bögse(k) < *bös-ge(k)

Mongolian: *büse

Tungus-Manchu: *bosa-kta

Comments: A Western isogloss - but cf. also MKor. khòŋ-phắs 'kidney' (khòŋ 'bean'), where phắs is also folk-etymologically analysed as 'bean', but may in fact continue the same Altaic root.

Proto-Altaic: *bŭ̀té

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: itch, scab

Russian Meaning: чесотка, зуд, сыпь

Turkic: *büt-

Mongolian: *bodu(ɣa)

Tungus-Manchu: *butu-

Japanese: *pàtákài

Comments: PJ has irregular devoicing *b- > p- here. Turkic forms may belong here if they are not a specialized semantic development of *büt- 'to finish, end' (a secondary merger is possible).

Proto-Altaic: *bŭ̀t`ù ( ~ -o-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to beat, break

Russian Meaning: бить, ломать

Mongolian: *buta-

Tungus-Manchu: *bute-, *butekte-

Korean: *putɨ'ič-

Japanese: *pùt-

Comments: Poppe 21, 101; Martin 233.

Proto-Altaic: *bū́gà

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: heat, steam

Russian Meaning: жар, пар

Turkic: *būg

Mongolian: *baɣa-gi-

Tungus-Manchu: *bugar

Japanese: *bák-

Comments: Martin 226 compares the Jpn. form with Kor. pagɨl-, but PA *-g- could not have been preserved in Korean. The latter should be rather derived from PA *p`ó[k]u 'swell' q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *bū́ktV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: leg, thigh

Russian Meaning: нога, бедро

Turkic: *būt

Tungus-Manchu: *begdi / *bugdi

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 289, Лексика 282. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *bū̀k`e ( ~ -i)

Meaning: hill, mound

Russian Meaning: холм, гора

Turkic: *bük

Mongolian: *buka

Tungus-Manchu: *būKa

Korean: *puk ( ~ -ɨ-)

Comments: SKE 208, Дыбо 11. Cf. *bi̯ŭ́ge, *pā̀ko. Jpn. *bǝ́ká is rather to be derived from PA *úk`e q. v. (although contaminations were possible).

Proto-Altaic: *bū́ĺa

Meaning: confusion, fright

Russian Meaning: замешательство, испуг

Turkic: *būĺ-

Mongolian: *bala-

Tungus-Manchu: *bolga-

Japanese: *básúr-

Comments: Despite Poppe 75, the Tungus root has nothing to do with Mong. bulga 'confusion, uprise' (a probable Turkic loanword, see under *bŭ́li). Cf. *bŭ̀ĺo.

Proto-Altaic: *bū̀ŋe

Meaning: to howl

Russian Meaning: выть

Turkic: *böŋre-

Mongolian: *büŋsi-, *büɣüre-

Tungus-Manchu: *būni-

Japanese: *bàmià-k- ( ~ -ai-)

Comments: Poppe 35, 73. An onomatopaeic root, but widely represented and (except for secondary fronting *būŋi- > *būni- in TM) with quite regular correspondences.

Proto-Altaic: *bū̀ri ( ~ -i̯ū-, -e)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to cover, shade

Russian Meaning: закрывать, заслонять

Turkic: *bürü-

Mongolian: *bürü-

Tungus-Manchu: *bū-

Comments: KW 68, Poppe 111, ОСНЯ 1, 192. A Western isogloss - but Mong. is hardly borrowed from Turk., despite Щербак 1997, 111. Cf. *bṓrk`i.

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