Здесь представлены краткие справки по фонетике и грамматике
пиджинов и креолей,
взятые с проекта глобальной этимологической базы данных "Вавилонская башня" Сергея Старостина.
Эти сведения будут затем размещаться в словарных разделах этих языков.
Всего здесь представлено X креольских языковых систем, распределённых по семьям:
Типообзоры африканских креолов и пиджинов
Типообзоры австронезийских креолов и пиджинов
Типообзоры индейских креолов и пиджинов
Типообзоры индийских креолов и пиджинов
Типообзоры креолов и пиджинов на основе английского языка
Типообзоры креолов и пиджинов на основе французского языка
Типообзоры креолов и пиджинов на основе испанского языка
Типообзоры креолов и пиджинов на основе португальского языка
Типообзоры креолов и пиджинов на основе голландского языка
Типообзоры креолов и пиджинов на основе немецкого языка
Типообзоры смешанных креолов и пиджинов на основе европейских языков
Типологические обзоры австронезийских креолов и пиджинов
Number: 5732
Language: Bazaar Malay
Location: Malaysia
Classification: Malay-Based Creole
Consonant system:
Number: 5733
Language: Hiri Motu
Alternate Name: Police Motu
Location: SE PNG (Central)
Population: 20,000
Classification: Motu-Based Pidgin
Dictionary: Brett, R. R. 1962. A Dictionary of Police Motu. Port Moresby: SIL.
Grammar: Chatterton, P. 1972. Hiri Motu (Police Motu). Port Moresby: Unevangelized Fields Mission Press.
TextBooks: Wurm, S. A. and J. B. Harris. 1963. Police Motu. PL 81.
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
s h
v
m n
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: v s h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: r
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: ei ai oi eu au ou
Syllable: (C)V
Noun
Number: s [p]
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num
Prep/Post: POST
Comments: Police Motu is a pigin based on Motu, and is widely spoken in the southern half of PNG. In recent years, however, its use as a lingua franca has been encroached upon by the growing popularity of Melanesian Pidgin English.
Краткие типологические обзоры африканских креолов и пиджинов
Number: 5687
Language: Asian Swahili
Location: Kenya
Classification: Swahili-Based Creole
Consonant system:
Number: 5688
Language: Fanagolo
Alternate Name: Piki
Location: South Africa
Population: 200,000
Classification: Zulu-Based Pidgin
Grammar: GD: Bold, J. D. 1971. Dictionary, Phrase-Book and Grammar of Fanagalo. Johannesburg: Hugh Keartland.
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
č
ɡ̌
f s h
v z
m n
l ɬ
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s z h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Clicks: / || !
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: ai ej au oi ou
Syllable: mˈ nˈ
Stress: penult
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 1
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Comments: Fanagalo is a pidgin based on Zulu, used as a lingua franca in Southern Africa.
Типологические обзоры индейских креолов и пиджинов
Number: 5734
Language: Chinook Jargon
Location: Washington
Population: 50
Classification: Chinook-Based Pidgin
Other Sources:
Grant, Rena V. 1945. "Chinook Jargon," IJAL 11, 225-33.
Thomason, Sarah Grey. 1983. "Chinook Jargon in Areal and Historical Context," Lg 59, 820-70.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷq qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
b d ɡ
ts tsʔ tlʔ č (čʔ)
s š x xʷ χ χʷ
m n (ŋ)
l ɬ
r
Stops: p pʔ b t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ tlʔ č (čʔ)
Fricatives: s š x xʷ χ χʷ
Nasals: m n (ŋ)
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Stress: phonemic, but mostly word initial
Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Comments: "A pidgin used as a lingua franca from northern California to southern Alaska. Based on Chinook, but with Nootka, French and English as major donor languages." Voegelin & Voegelin, p. 116.
Типологические обзоры индийских креолов и пиджинов
Number: 5731
Language: Naga Pidgin
Location: NE India (Assam)
Classification: Assamese-Based Creole
Other Sources: Sreedhar, M. V. 1976. "Standardization of Naga Pidgin," AL 18, 371-9.
Consonant system:
p ph t th k kh
b b̤ d d̤ ɡ ɡ̤
č čh
ɡ̌ (ɡ̤̌)
s š h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p ph b b̤ t th d d̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤
Affricates: č čh ɡ̌ (ɡ̤̌)
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Noun
Number: s p
Syntax: SOV AN DN NUM-N D+A+N
Prep/Post: POST
Типологические обзоры креолов и пиджинов на основе английского языка
Number: 5689
Language: Sea Island Creole
Alternate Name: Gulla
Location: Georgia (Sea Island)
Classification: English-Based Creole
Other Sources: AL 6:8
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kp
b d ɡ ɡb
ts
dz
f s š šʔ h
v z
m n ñ
l
r
Stops: p pʔ b t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ kp ɡb
Affricates: ts dz
Fricatives: f v s z š šʔ h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e ǝ o
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ĩ ẽ ã ũ
Number: 5690
Language: Guyanese
Location: Guyana
Classification: English-Based Creole
Consonant system:
Number: 5691
Language: Western Caribbean Creole
Alternate Name: Jamaican Creole
Location: Jamaica
Population: 1.5 million
Classification: English-Based Creole
Dictionary: Cassidy, F. G. and R. G. Le Page, eds. 1967. Dictionary of Jamaican English. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
č
ɡ̌
f s š h
v z
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s z š h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: ī ā ū
Diphthongs: ai ie uo ou au
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3PH 6
P=plain, H=non=human
Syntax: SVO AN GN DN/ND NUM-N POSS-N Num+A+N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 5693
Language: Krio
Location: Sierra Leone
Population: 70,000
Classification: English-Based Creole
Other Sources: AL 6:8
Consonant system:
ph th kh (kph)
b d ɡ (ɡb)
čh
ɡ̌
f s š
v z ž
m n (ñ) ŋ (ŋm)
l
r
Stops: ph b th d kh ɡ (kph) (ɡb)
Affricates: čh ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s z š ž
Nasals: m n (ñ) ŋ (ŋm)
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: (ı̃) (ɛ̃) (ã) (ũ) (ɔ̃)
Tones: hi lo
Stress: phonemic
Number: 5694
Language: Wescos
Location: Cameroons
Classification: English-Based Creole
Consonant system:
Number: 5695
Language: Djuka
Alternate Name: Aucaan, Ndyuka
Location: Surinam
Classification: English-Based Creole
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 5696
Language: Djuka
Location: E Surinam
Population: 21,000
Classification: English-Based Creole
Dictionary: Huttar, George L. 1972. "A Comparative Word List for Djuka, " in LOG, 12-21.
Other Sources: Huttar, George L. and Mary L. Huttar. 1972. "Notes on Djuka Phonology," in LOG, 1-11.
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
f s h
m n
l
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: diphthonɡs
Syllable: (C)(G)V(N) Nˈ
Tones: hi lo
Number: 5697
Language: Saramaccan
Location: C Surinam
Population: 22,000
Classification: English-Based Creole
Other Sources:
Voorhoeve, Jan. 1961. "Le ton et la grammaire dans le saramaccan," Word 17, 146-63.
Grimes, Joseph E. and Naomi Glock. 1970. "A Saramaccan Narrative Pattern," Lg 46, 408-25.
Rountree, S. Catherine. 1972. "The Phonological Structure of Stems in Saramaccan," in LOG, 22-34.
Glock, Naomi. 1972. "Clause and Sentence in Saramaccan," JAL 11, 45-61.
AL 6:8
Consonant system:
p t c k kp
b mb d nd ɟ ñɟ ɡ ŋɡ ɡb
f s h
v z
m n ñ
l
Stops: p b mb t d nd c ɟ ñɟ k ɡ ŋɡ kp ɡb
Fricatives: f v s z h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Modified Vowels: ɛ ɔ are 'bright'; e o are 'muffled'
Syllable: (C)V(N)
Tones: hi lo
Stress: non-phonemic
Articles: def
Syntax: SVO AN NG NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 5698
Language: Sranan
Location: Surinam
Population: 80,000
Classification: English-Based Creole
Other Sources:
Voorhoeve, Jan. 1962. Sranan Syntax. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Echteld, J. J. M. 1962. The English Words in Sranan. Groningen: J. B. Wotters.
AL 6:8
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
f s š (h)
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: f s š (h)
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: ē ō ā ō
Nasal Vowels: ṽ ?
Diphthongs: ai oi ui ei au ou
Stress: penultimate
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
4=5
Syntax: SVO AN GN ND NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 5699
Language: Pitcairnese
Location: Pitcairn Island
Classification: English-Based Creole
Consonant system:
Number: 5700
Language: Hawaiian Creole
Location: Hawaii
Classification: English-Based Creole
Consonant system:
Number: 5701
Language: Roper River Creole
Alternate Name: Kriol
Location: Australia
Classification: English-Based Creole
Other Sources: E
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 5702
Language: Torres Strait Creole
Alternate Name: Australian Pidgin
Location: N Australia
Population: 23,000
Classification: English-Based Creole
Consonant system:
Number: 5703
Language: Tok Pisin
Alternate Name: Melanesian Pidgin
Location: Papua New Guinea
Population: 500,000
Classification: English-Based Pidgin
Grammar: DG: Mihalic, Francis. 1971. The Jacaranda Dictionary and Grammar of Melanesian Pidgin. Milton, Australia: Jacaranda Press.
TextBooks: Dutton, T. E. 1973. Conversational New Guinea Pidgin. PL D12.
Other Sources:
AL 6:8
Woolford, Ellen B. 1979. Aspects of Tok Pisin Grammar. PL B66.
Consonant system:
(p) t k
b d ɡ
ɡ̌
ɸ (f) s h
v
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: (p) b t d k ɡ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: ɸ (f) v s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: ai au oi
Типологические обзоры креолов и пиджинов на основе французского языка
Number: 5692
Language: Lesser Antillean Creole
Location: St. Lucia
Classification: French-Based Creole
Consonant system:
Number: 5709
Language: French Creole
Dialect: Louisiana
Location: Louisiana
Population: 7.8 million
Classification: French-Based Creole
Grammar: Conwell, Marilyn T. and Alphonse Juilland. 1963. Louisiana French Grammar. The Hague : Mouton.
Other Sources: Morgan, Raleigh, Jr. 1959. "Structural Sketch of Saint Martin Creole," AL 1:8, 20-24.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
č
ɡ̌
f s̪ š h
v z̪ ž
m n̪ ñ
l̪
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ o
ɛ ɔ
a ɑ
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɑ
Nasal Vowels: ɛ̃ ɔ̃ ɑ̃
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
č
ɡ̌
f s̪ š
v z̪ ž ɣ
m n̪ ñ
l̪
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž ɣ
Nasals: m n̪ ñ
Laterals: l̪
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i (y) u
e (ø) o
ɛ (œ) ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i (y) e (ø) ɛ (œ)
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ẽ ã õ
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 1
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG ND NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 5711
Language: French Creole
Dialect: Guyana
Location: Guyana
Population: 7.8 million
Classification: French-Based Creole
Grammar: Fauquenoy, Marguerite Saint Jacques. 1972. Analyse structurale du créole guyanais. Paris: Klincksieck.
Other Sources: Corne, Chris. 1971. "Le patois créole français de la Guyane (St-Laurent-du-Maroni): Esquisse de grammaire," Te Reo 14, 81-103.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
č
ɡ̌
f s š
v z ž
m n̪ ñ
l̪
ʁ
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s z š ž
Nasals: m n̪ ñ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: ʁ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i (y) u
e (ø) o
ɛ (œ) ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i (y) e (ø) ɛ (œ)
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ẽ ã õ
Classification: French-Based Creole
Dictionary: Chaudenson, Robert. 1974. Le lexique du parler créole de la Réunion.
Other Sources:
Corne, Chris. 1969. "Les dialectes créoles français de Maurice et des Seychelles, Esquisse de phonologie, suivie de textes," Te Reo 12, 48-63.
Corne, Chris. 1977. "Notes on Seychelles Creole Phonology," Te Reo 20, 95-110.
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
f s
v z
m n ñ ŋ
l
ʁ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: f v s z
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ʁ
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ẽ ã õ
Stress: final
Demonstratives: 1
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA/AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 5713
Language: French Creole
Alternate Name: Tay Boi
Dialect: Vietnam
Location: Vietnam
Population: 7.8 million (extinct)
Classification: French-Based Creole
Other Sources: Liem, Nguyen Dang. 1979. "Cases and Verbs in Pidgin French (Tay Boi)," in PL A57, 217-46.
Consonant system:
t̪ k
b d̪
f s̪ š
ɣ
m n̪ ñ
l̪
ṛ
Stops: b t̪ d̪ k
Fricatives: f s̪ š ɣ
Nasals: m n̪ ñ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: ṛ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ ɤ o
ɛ ɐ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ a
Back Vowels: u o ɤ ɔ
Tones: hi-lev hi-ris lo-lev mid-ris lo-ris
Syntax: SVO
Типологические обзоры креолов и пиджинов на основе испанского языка
Number: 5714
Language: Bamboo Spanish
Location: Philippines (Davao)
Population: few
Classification: Spanish-Based Creole
Consonant system:
Number: 5715
Language: Chavacano
Dialect: Davaueño
Location: SE Philippines (SE Mindanao)
Population: 293,000 (3,000)
Classification: Spanish-Based Creole
Other Sources: AL 6:8
Consonant system:
p t k
b d g
č
s š h
m n ñ
l ʎ
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l ʎ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Stress: phonemic
Number: 5716
Language: Chavacano
Dialect: Ermitaño
Location: NC Philippines (S Luzon)
Population: 293,000 (nearly extinct)
Classification: Spanish-Based Creole
Other Sources: AL 6:8
Consonant system:
p t k
b d g
č
s š h
m n ñ
l ʎ
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l ʎ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Stress: phonemic
Number: 5717
Language: Chavacano
Dialect: Zamboangueño
Location: S Philippines (W Mindanao)
Population: 293,000 (155,000)
Classification: Spanish-Based Creole
Other Sources: AL 6:8
Consonant system:
p t k
b d g
č
s š h
m n ñ
l ʎ
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l ʎ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Stress: phonemic
Number: 5718
Language: Chavacano
Dialect: Caviteño
Location: NC Philippines (S Luzon)
Population: 293,000 (29,000)
Classification: Spanish-Based Creole
Other Sources: AL 6:8
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
č
s š h
m n ñ
l ʎ
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l ʎ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Stress: phonemic
Number: 5719
Language: Palenquero
Location: Colombia
Classification: Spanish-Based Creole
Consonant system:
Типологические обзоры креолов и пиджинов на основе португальского языка
Number: 5720
Language: Indo-Portuguese
Location: Sri Lanka
Classification: Portuguese-Based Creole
Other Sources:
Smith, Ian Russell. 1978. "Sri Lanka Creole Portuguese," IJDL 7, 248-406.
Smith, Ian. 1979. "Substrata vs. Universals in the Formation of Sri Lanka Portuguese," in PL A57, 183-200.
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
č
ɡ̌
f s
z
m n ñ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s z
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ o
æ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i e æ
Central Vowels: ǝ
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ǣ ā ū ō ɔ̄
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)
Stress: on final syllable if closed; otherwise penult
Noun
Number: s p
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3mf 6
politeness: 2 3 5 6 have (1) plain and (2) honorific forms
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5721
Language: Macanese
Location: Macao
Population: 4,000
Classification: Portuguese-Based Creole
Consonant system:
Number: 5722
Language: Malacca Creole
Location: Malaysia
Classification: Portuguese-Based Creole
Dictionary: Hancock, Ian F. 1973. "Malacca Creole Portuguese: A Brief Transformational Outline," Te Reo 16, 23-44.
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
č
ɡ̌
f s (š)
z
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s z (š)
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: ai au eu iu oi ia iǝ ua ue uǝ
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 5723
Language: Timor Pidgin
Location: Timor Lorosae
Population: extinct
Classification: Portuguese-Based Pidgin
Consonant system:
Number: 5724
Language: Crioulo
Location: Guinea-Bissau
Population: 159,000
Classification: Portuguese-Based Creole
Consonant system:
Number: 5725
Language: Crioulo
Dialect: São Tomé
Location: São Tomé e Prı́ncipe
Population: 159,000 (8,000)
Classification: Portuguese-Based Creole
Consonant system:
Number: 5726
Language: Crioulo
Location: Senegal
Population: 159,000 (46,000)
Classification: Portuguese-Based Creole
Other Sources: Doneux, J. L. n.d. Les systèmes phonologiques des langues de Casamance. Dakar: Centre de Linguistique Appliqué.
Consonant system:
p t c k
b d ɟ ɡ
f s
(v) (z)
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ
Fricatives: f (v) s (z)
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃
Number: 5727
Language: Fa d'Ambu
Alternate Name: Annobonesa
Location: Equatorial Guinea (Annobon Is)
Population: 1,800
Classification: Portuguese-Based Creole
Grammar: Barrena, Natalio. 1957. Gramatica annobonesa. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas.
Consonant system:
p t k
b mb d nd ɡ
č
f s š x (h)
v z ž
m n ñ
l
(r)
Stops: p b mb t d nd k ɡ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: f v s z š ž x (h)
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (r)
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i u
ʋ
e ǝ o
ɛ
a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o
Long Vowels: ē ā
Nasal Vowels: ã
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 5728
Language: Papiamento
Location: Indonesia
Population: 200,000
Classification: Portuguese-Based Creole
Dictionary: Hassell, E. A. 1953. English-Papiamento, Papiamento-English Dictionary. Aruba, Netherlands West Indies: The Lago Oil and Transport Co.
Consonant system:
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA(AN) GN/NG DND
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 5729
Language: Cafundo Creole
Location: Brazil
Classification: Portuguese-Based Creole
Consonant system:
Типологические обзоры креолов и пиджинов на основе голландского языка