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Здесь представлен реконструированный словарный фонд праалтайского языка, начинающийся на фонему *č- (136 корней). из общеалтайской этимологической БД проекта "Вавилонская башня" Московской школы компаративистики.

Секции: *Č | *Č`

Лексика праалтайского языка с *Č

Proto-Altaic: *čằbà ( ~ -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: sack

Russian Meaning: мешок

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯaPku

Korean: *čar

Japanese: *tàpàra

Comments: An Eastern isogloss. Kor. *čàr is a contraction < *čawar < *čabar.

Proto-Altaic: *čabV

Meaning: helmet, headgear

Russian Meaning: шлем, головной убор

Mongolian: *daɣulga

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯabuka

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *čágo

Meaning: a k. of small predator

Russian Meaning: вид мелкого хищника

Turkic: *ToK- (?)

Mongolian: *ǯeɣe-ken

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯagari

Comments: A Western isogloss. Initial ǯ- in Mong. is irregular (one should expect either *deɣe-ken or *čiɣe-ken: cf. in this respect the interesting WMong. form čöge-büri ( < *čiɣö-büri ?) 'jackal'); this may be due to an interaction with Turk. *jēbke (see under *zīpe-kV).

Proto-Altaic: *čălù

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of broad-leaved plant

Russian Meaning: вид лиственного растения

Turkic: *dal

Mongolian: *daldawu

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯali-kta

Korean: *čùr-kí

Japanese: *tùrù

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 13, 77, 288, Дыбо 10. Jpn. and / or Kor. can be also compared with TM *čuru- 'willow, poplar' (ТМС 2, 417); this could explain the tonal discrepancy between Jpn. and Kor.

Proto-Altaic: *čalu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: wave, to overflow

Russian Meaning: волна, затоплять

Turkic: *dal-g-

Mongolian: *dolgi-

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯal-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *čamu

Meaning: a k. of tree

Russian Meaning: вид лиственного дерева

Mongolian: *dom

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯamu

Japanese: *tum(u)i

Comments: Cf. *ńam(ń)ekt`V (partial contaminations were possible). WMong. ǯamur 'fruit of sweet-briar (eglantine)' (L 1033) is most probably a Manchu loanword.

Proto-Altaic: *čaŋgu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: gift, loan

Russian Meaning: дар, одалживание

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯaŋ(g)-

Japanese: *tu(n)ku-

Comments: A Tungus-Japanese isogloss; not quite secure because of sparse attestation in TM.

Proto-Altaic: *čărikV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of foliage tree

Russian Meaning: вид лиственного дерева

Turkic: *dẹrek

Mongolian: *čirgaj

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯarikta

Comments: A Western isogloss. Closed *ẹ in PT is not quite clear: perhaps a secondary narrowing in a disyllabic structure.

Proto-Altaic: *čā́kte

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: pine, larch

Russian Meaning: сосна, лиственница

Turkic: *Tɨ̄t

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯagda

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss; the PT form, despite Helimski 1995, is hardly < Sam.

Proto-Altaic: *čā́lo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: full, fill

Russian Meaning: полный, наполнять

Turkic: *dōl-

Mongolian: *del-

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯalu(-m)

Korean: *čăra-

Japanese: *tár-

Comments: Martin 243, JOAL 133-137, Miller 1981, 853, 858, 863; 1986, 195-196, АПиПЯЯ 13, 45-46, 75, 282, Дыбо 12.

Proto-Altaic: *čā̀ma

Meaning: to hesitate, argue

Russian Meaning: сомневаться, спорить

Mongolian: *dam-

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯām-

Japanese: *tàmiàrap- ( ~ -ai-)

Comments: One of the suffixed forms - *čā̀ma-rV- (TM *ǯāmV-ra-) or *čā̀ma-lV- (Mong. *dam-la-) may be reflected in PJ *tàmià-ra-; the diphthong -ia- ( ~ -ai-) may, however, suggest a more complex origin of the Japanese form.

Proto-Altaic: *čĕk`a

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to repeat, again, always

Russian Meaning: повторять; всегда, снова

Turkic: *d(i)akɨ

Mongolian: *daki-

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯeki

Japanese: *tǝkǝ

Comments: Gombocz 1905, 278, KW 73, Владимирцов 319. Mong. is hardly < Turk., despite Щербак 1997, 153. Jpn. *tǝkǝ- < *takǝ because of the incompatibility of *a and *ǝ in PJ.

Proto-Altaic: *čĕ́lV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of small animal

Russian Meaning: вид небольшого животного

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯele-kī

Korean: *čār

Japanese: *tái ( ~ -ia)

Comments: An Eastern isogloss. The Jpn. form reflects a suffixed formation *čĕl(V)-gV.

Proto-Altaic: *čḕlV

Meaning: to split, hole, crack

Russian Meaning: расщеплять, дыра, щель

Turkic: *dil-

Mongolian: *čilüɣe

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯēlge

Comments: KW 444, Владимирцов 183, Poppe 16 (Turk.-Mong.). A Western isogloss. The root was originally verbal (cf. PT); Mong. and TM reflect a velar derivative *čḕlV-gV. Despite Doerfer's (TMN 2, 554) criticism the comparison still seems valid (although the narrowing *e > i in PT is not quite clear). Miller (1985b, 207) cites a MJ tir- 'cut in narrow strips' which would be a nice match, but we were unable to identify the source of the word.

Proto-Altaic: *čikŕo

Meaning: firm, strong

Russian Meaning: крепкий, сильный

Turkic: *Tɨgra- / *Tɨgɨŕ

Mongolian: *čiɣirag

Tungus-Manchu: *diktu ( ~ ǯ-)

Korean: *čirk-

Japanese: *tíkàrà

Comments: Владимирцов 199, Poppe 15, Ozawa 121-123, JOAL 99, Miller 1985, 144-145. Mong. may be < Turk. (see Щербак 1997, 156), but not necessarily.

Proto-Altaic: *číńo

Meaning: power, ability

Russian Meaning: сила, способность

Turkic: *dɨŋ

Mongolian: *čineɣe

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯiŋ

Korean: *čɨ̄ń-

Japanese: *tíná-m-

Comments: Владимирцов 172. The Korean form speaks in favour of reconstructing palatal *-ń-; Turkic and Tungus reveal a secondary -ŋ- resulting from a suffixed form *číń(o)-gV ( = Mong. *čineɣe).

Proto-Altaic: *čĭŋV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to listen, consider

Russian Meaning: слушать, соображать

Turkic: *dɨŋla- / *diŋle-

Mongolian: *čiŋla-

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯiŋ-

Comments: Владимирцов 172. A Western isogloss. Mong. can be < Turk., see Щербак 1997, 156.

Proto-Altaic: *čipV ( ~ -b-)

Meaning: slow, sluggish

Russian Meaning: медленный, медлительный

Mongolian: *čibda-

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯibge

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *či̯adu ( ~ *či̯oda)

Meaning: a k. of ungulate animal

Russian Meaning: вид копытного животного

Turkic: *T(i)adun

Mongolian: *dudura-

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯudura

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *či̯ā́tu ( ~ *t-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: sweet, taste

Russian Meaning: сладкий, вкус

Turkic: *dāt

Mongolian: *dadu-

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯutī

Comments: See АПиПЯЯ 13, 14. A Western isogloss. The Turkic forms (where both the meanings 'to taste' and 'to get accustomed (*to taste)' are represented), provide a good link between TM *ǯutī- 'sweet' and Mong. *dadu- 'to get accustomed'. See also notes to *dasa.

Proto-Altaic: *či̯obe ( ~ *t-)

Meaning: ten

Russian Meaning: десять

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯuba-n

Japanese: *tǝwǝ

Comments: JOAL 84. A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *či̯obeŕV ( ~-i̯abu-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: salt; bitter, acid

Russian Meaning: соль; горький, кислый

Turkic: *dūŕ

Mongolian: *dabusu

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯujar-

Korean: *čjǝ̄r-

Japanese: *túrá-

Comments: Владимирцов 258, АПиПЯЯ 13, 19, 49-50, 70, 285, Дыбо 11. Mong. dabu-su regularly < *dabur-su; borrowing in Mong. < Turk. is absolutely improbable, despite Щербак 1997, 160. The Turk.-Mong. parallel is an old etymology (starting with Pelliot 1935, 231) which Doerfer (TMN 2, 510-511) tries in vain to refute. A small problem is the preservation of *-b- (one should rather expect *daɣu(r)-sun in Mong.), which should be probably explained by an old assimilation *či̯obeŕV- > *či̯opeŕV in pre-PM. For Jpn. one has to assume a rather universal semantic change 'bitter' > 'hard, unbearable'. Cf. perhaps also MKor. čùijǝ̀mí 'vinegar dregs'.

Proto-Altaic: *či̯ŏge

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to give, exchange

Russian Meaning: давать, обменивать

Turkic: *dẹg-

Mongolian: *düji-

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯugē-

Korean: *čù-

Japanese: *tai ( ~ *tia)

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 13 (with a different Mong. parallel). Mong. *düji- has a secondary narrowing < *döji-; the early PJ form must have been *tǝjV, with a subsequent contraction.

Proto-Altaic: *či̯oke

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of small animal (squirrel, otter)

Russian Meaning: вид мелкого животного (белка, выдра)

Turkic: *dEgiŋ

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯuku-n

Korean: *čúi

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 14, Дыбо 7, Лексика 165. Voicing of -k- in PT must be due to early assimilation.

Proto-Altaic: *či̯òlú ( ~ t-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: ice, hail

Russian Meaning: лед, град

Turkic: *dolu

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯalka

Japanese: *tùrárá

Comments: Vocalism is not quite clear: in TM one would expect *ǯial-, but the existing forms point rather to *ǯal- (note, however, that TM *-ia- and -a- tend to get confused after affricates).

Proto-Altaic: *či̯ùmi

Meaning: thousand

Russian Meaning: тысяча

Turkic: *Tümen

Korean: *čɨ́mɨ́n

Japanese: *ti

Comments: SKE 38. Despite TMN 2, 641 the Turk.-Kor. parallel seems quite acceptable. Jpn. *ti reflects a suffixed form *či̯um(i)-gV.

Proto-Altaic: *či̯uŕi

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: even, straight

Russian Meaning: ровный, прямой

Turkic: *düŕ

Mongolian: *čir-

Korean: *čɨ̀rɨ̀-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 13. The Mong. reflex is not quite certain: it is attested only in Kalm. and not quite satisfactory vocalically. The root is phonetically very close to *či̯úŕu 'string', and was obviously liable to contaminations (in particular, Jpn. *túrá 'row' may actually continue either root).

Proto-Altaic: *či̯úŕu

Meaning: string, to string

Russian Meaning: веревка, нанизывать на веревку

Turkic: *diŕ-

Mongolian: *dürü-

Korean: *čur-

Japanese: *túrá

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 14, 77. Cf. also *či̯uŕi (with some contaminations possible).

Proto-Altaic: *či̯ŭru ( ~ -a)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to scratch

Russian Meaning: царапать, скрести

Turkic: *dɨrŋa-k

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯurū-, *ǯura-n

Korean: *čūr

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 281,13; Дыбо 311-312, 323-324. Despite Doerfer MT 77, the TM forms are hardly borrowed from Mong. ǯiru-, which happens to have a quite different origin (see *ńi̯ăŕe). Cf. also *č`iŕV.

Proto-Altaic: *či̯ū́nu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: blood; spirit, breath

Russian Meaning: кровь; дух, дыхание

Turkic: *dɨ̄n

Mongolian: *čisu

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯun-

Japanese: *tí

Comments: Ozawa 120-121, АПиПЯЯ 72, 92, 274. The Jpn. form may reflect a contraction of the suffixed *či̯ū́n(u)-gV, but since loss of *-n- is not attested elsewhere, one cannot exclude a monosyllabic reconstruction *či̯ū, with a suffix *-n added in Turkic and TM. Cf. also Mong. *činar 'quality, image' (see Владимирцов 172, Poppe 15, 69; in VEWT 478 and KW 441 considered to be borrowed < Uygh. tɨnar).

Proto-Altaic: *čŏĺe

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: front, front part

Russian Meaning: перед, передняя часть

Turkic: *döĺ

Mongolian: *döli

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯule

Korean: *čɨrǝ

Comments: KW 98 (Turk.-Mong.), SKE 35 (Kor.-Tung.), АПиПЯЯ 289.

Proto-Altaic: *čṓtakV ( ~ -ukV)

Meaning: pulp, mushroom; lip

Russian Meaning: мякоть, гриб; губа

Turkic: *dōtak

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯudakta / *ǯedukte

Comments: Лексика 226. An interesting Turk.-Tung. isogloss: phonetically quite regular except secondary (assimilatory) voicing -t- > -d- in TM.

Proto-Altaic: *čŭ̀ra

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to stand

Russian Meaning: стоять

Turkic: *dur-

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯur-

Korean: *čàrí

Japanese: *tàt-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 101, 277. Korean has a "verbal" low tone, showing that the noun is a deverbative (although the original verb is not attested).

Proto-Altaic: *čúrka ( ~ -i̯o-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: swift stream, current

Russian Meaning: быстрый поток, течение

Turkic: {*duruk 'clear, transparent (of water)'}

Mongolian: *dargil

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯurku

Japanese: *tákí, *tanki-t-

Comments: Ozawa 119-120, 241-242 (Jpn.-Mong.). A good common Altaic landscape term.

Лексика праалтайского языка с *Č`

Proto-Altaic: *č`a

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: that, beyond, not very far

Russian Meaning: тот (не очень дальний)

Mongolian: *ča-

Tungus-Manchu: *čā-

Korean: *čǝ̀

Comments: KW 423, Poppe 26, Rozycki 43. Hardly a loanword in TM < Mong., despite Doerfer MT 20.

Proto-Altaic: *č`abo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to pinch

Russian Meaning: щипать

Mongolian: *čibka

Tungus-Manchu: *čaba-

Korean: *čūb-

Comments: Cf. *č`íp`u.

Proto-Altaic: *č`abu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: army, war

Russian Meaning: войско, война

Turkic: *čAbuĺ(č)

Mongolian: *čaɣur

Tungus-Manchu: *čabu-ka

Japanese: *tupa-

Comments: Владимирцов 209.

Proto-Altaic: *č`adVbV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: scorpion, viper

Russian Meaning: скорпион, ядовитая змея

Turkic: *čAd(b)an

Japanese: *tatipi

Comments: A Turk.-Jpn. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *č`[a]ge

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of plant (reed) and its bast

Russian Meaning: вид растения (тростника) и его кора

Turkic: *čɨg (~-ɨ̄-)

Mongolian: *čaɣal-su

Korean: *čjòhắi

Comments: PKE 39 (Kor.-Mong.). The meaning 'paper' in Mong. and Kor. must be derived from original '(reed) bast, bark'. Labialized -o- (as well as the source of modern -ŋ-) in Kor. is not quite clear.

Proto-Altaic: *č`aju ( ~ -e-)

Meaning: resin, juice

Russian Meaning: смола, сок

Turkic: *čAjɨr

Korean: *čɨ̀r-

Japanese: *tuju

Comments: Kor. *čɨ̀r- (with contraction) = Turk. *čAjɨr. Cf. perhaps also WMong. čei-dem, Kalm. čīdm, cīdm 'water mixed with kumis' (although this may be a derivative of čeji- 'white, whitish').

Proto-Altaic: *č`ằjǯV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: breast

Russian Meaning: грудь

Turkic: *čičig (/*čɨčɨg)

Mongolian: *čeɣeǯi

Tungus-Manchu: *ča(i)ǯa-n

Korean: *čjǝ́č

Japanese: *tì, *tìtí

Comments: Martin 227, Lee 1958, 107, АПиПЯЯ 32-33, 76, 88, 279. An expressive reduplicated root, but no doubt common Altaic. Because of its structure, liable to assimilations (*č`ằjǯV > *ǯằjǯV or *č`ằjč`V).

Proto-Altaic: *č`áko

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: many; be full, enough

Russian Meaning: много; быть полным, достаточным

Turkic: *čok

Tungus-Manchu: *čak

Korean: *čhắ-

Japanese: *tákú-páp-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 283. The comparison of PT *čok with Sino-Kor. čjok (SKE 39, AKE 7, EAS 63) should be, of course, rejected; on the other hand, the comparison of Kor. čhă- (a regular reduction < *čăhă-) with Mong. čad-, čas- in SKE 46 cannot explain the aspiration of č- in Korean. See further МССНЯ, 331.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ak`a

Meaning: to wrap, tie

Russian Meaning: заворачивать, привязывать

Turkic: *čak-

Tungus-Manchu: *čaK-

Korean: *čhằ-

Japanese: *ta(n)k-

Comments: Дыбо 15. Korean has a frequent vowel reduction between a stop and a fricative (*čhă- < *čǝhă-).

Proto-Altaic: *č`ak`e

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: forearm

Russian Meaning: предплечье

Turkic: *čɨkan(ak)

Tungus-Manchu: *čaxan

Korean: *čjàkái-

Comments: Дыбо 311, Лексика 250. A reconstruction *č`ajk`e is not excluded because of the Korean form; this is perhaps the reason for *-x- in TM (where in this context one would rather expect *čakan).

Proto-Altaic: *č`ăk`i

Meaning: a k. of insect

Russian Meaning: вид насекомого

Turkic: *čekü-rtke

Mongolian: *čoku

Tungus-Manchu: *čaKu- ( ~ š-)

Comments: A Western isogloss. Note a labial vowel in the second syllable which in this case must be reflecting suffixation (*č`ăk`i-bV-); Mong. *čoku < *čaku with a frequent secondary vowel assimilation.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ak`V

Meaning: section, prop (in a building)

Russian Meaning: перегородка, подпорка (в здании)

Mongolian: *čaku

Tungus-Manchu: *čaKi-

Korean: *čhái

Comments: Korean has a frequent vowel loss between *č`- and *-k-.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ali

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: membrane, bark

Russian Meaning: кожица, кора

Turkic: *čEl(p)-

Tungus-Manchu: *čalban

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *č`àlù

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: sharp, to cut

Russian Meaning: острый, резать

Turkic: *čal-

Mongolian: *čali

Tungus-Manchu: *čal-

Japanese: *tùrù(n)kì

Comments: KW 420, ОСНЯ 1, 196-197. KW 420, ОСНЯ 1, 196-197. The Jpn. form can be alternatively compared with PTM *dargi 'harpoon'.

Proto-Altaic: *č`amo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to suffer hardships

Russian Meaning: претерпевать лишения

Turkic: *čAm

Mongolian: *čima-

Tungus-Manchu: *čamu-li-

Korean: *čắmh-

Japanese: *tamar-

Comments: The Kor. form reflects an earlier *čămh- < *čam(o)-g-, with a velar suffix (cf. the Mong. form). The root is sufficiently attested in Mong. and Kor.; but the Turkic forms may have a borrowed origin, the TM and Jpn. forms are attested worse, so the archaic nature of the root is somewhat dubious.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ámo ( ~ -e-)

Meaning: a k. of tree

Russian Meaning: вид дерева

Turkic: *čAm

Mongolian: *čöme-sü ?

Korean: *čămh

Japanese: *támú-kui

Comments: SKE 47. It is worth noting that the Korean word also means 'sesame' or 'anise' (in compounds, see KED 1570, 1571): this may be in fact a merger with the reflex of PA *č`i̯umu 'seed, cone' (q. v.).

Proto-Altaic: *č`àńè ( ~ *č-, -e-)

Meaning: building

Russian Meaning: здание

Korean: *čáń

Japanese: *tǝ̀nǝ̀

Comments: A Kor.-Jpn. isogloss. Cf. perhaps also Dag. čēn 'town' (Тод. Даг. 181).

Proto-Altaic: *č`aŋo

Meaning: people, gathering

Russian Meaning: народ, собрание

Mongolian: *čiɣul-

Tungus-Manchu: *čaŋit

Korean: *č(j)ōŋ

Japanese: *tami

Comments: Jpn. and Mong. suggest that the original meaning was "people, public gathering"; in TM and Kor. the root shifted the meaning to "foreign people" > (TM) "enemies, robbers", (Kor.) "slave(s)".

Proto-Altaic: *č`ăp`a ( ~ -u, -i)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to chop, hit

Russian Meaning: рубить, бить

Turkic: *čap-

Mongolian: *čabči-

Tungus-Manchu: *čapka

Korean: *čak-

Comments: KW 437, ОСНЯ 1, 201. Mong. is hardly borrowed from Turk., despite Щербак 1997, 112. Several subgroups reflect a PA derivative *č`ap`(V)-k`V (PT *čapkɨ = PTM *čapka = Kor. *čak- ( < *čapk-)).

Proto-Altaic: *č`ăp`a ( ~ -u, -i)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: glue, clay

Russian Meaning: клей, глина

Turkic: *čap-

Mongolian: *čabaɣ(u)

Tungus-Manchu: *čapa

Comments: KW 423. A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ap`i ( ~ *č`ep`a)

Meaning: a k. of horned animal

Russian Meaning: вид рогатого животного

Turkic: *čepiĺ

Mongolian: *čaɣa

Comments: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. There are alternatives: the Mong. form can be compared with Evk. čenekū, čeŋek 'reindeer' (ТМС 2, 421), while the Turkic may be compared with Evk. čubukī, čē̂wakūn 'mountain ram' (ТМС 2, 410). On the whole, a rather obscure case: cf. Хелимский 2000, 286 on a possibility of the Mongolian word being borrowed < Sam.

Proto-Altaic: *č`are ( ~ -ŕ-, -o)

Meaning: bare, barefooted

Russian Meaning: голый, босой

Mongolian: *čira-ma

Tungus-Manchu: *čara-ku

Comments: A Tung.-Mong. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *č`àro

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to cut off, tear off

Russian Meaning: отрезать, отрывать

Turkic: *čar

Tungus-Manchu: *čari-

Korean: *čărɨ-

Japanese: *tàt-

Comments: Martin 229, АПиПЯЯ 76, ОСНЯ 1, 209. The Japanese form may be alternatively derived from PA *t`at`V q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ăǯV

Meaning: cheek, cheekbone

Russian Meaning: щека, скула

Turkic: *čAj-na-

Mongolian: *ǯaǯi-

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯaǯi-

Comments: Дыбо 5, Лексика 220. A Western isogloss. In Mong. and TM one has to presume an early assimilation (*ǯaǯi- < *čaǯi-).

Proto-Altaic: *č`ā́bu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: sound, fame

Russian Meaning: звук, слава

Turkic: *č(i)āb

Mongolian: *čuw

Tungus-Manchu: *čab-

Comments: Владимирцов 256, Poppe 44; despite Щербак 1997, 193, not borrowed in Turk. < Mong. A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ā́jV ( ~ -ē-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: sand, sandbar

Russian Meaning: песок

Turkic: *čāj

Mongolian: *čeɣel

Comments: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. Not quite reliable because of scarce attestation in Turkic (the form may actually have an Iranian origin).

Proto-Altaic: *č`ā̀ki

Meaning: a k. of coniferous tree

Russian Meaning: вид хвойного дерева

Turkic: *čEket

Mongolian: *čigör-

Tungus-Manchu: *čāK-

Comments: EAS 63. A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ā́mro

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of small animal

Russian Meaning: вид мелкого животного

Turkic: *čārba- (*čārma-)

Mongolian: *čindaga

Tungus-Manchu: *čamduk-

Comments: Дыбо 8, Лексика 166. A Western isogloss, with a specific development of the medial cluster *-mr-.

Proto-Altaic: *č`éč`í

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to press, squeeze

Russian Meaning: давить, сжимать

Tungus-Manchu: *čeče-re-

Korean: *čìčɨ́r-

Japanese: *tíntí-

Comments: An Eastern isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *č`eč`u

Meaning: flower

Russian Meaning: цветок

Turkic: *čeček

Japanese: *tutu(n)si

Comments: A Turk.-Jpn. isogloss; not quite reliable. Cf. *č`[i]č`V: one cannot exclude that this is the same expressive root (*'sprout'), with some irregular developments.

Proto-Altaic: *č`egV(nV)

Meaning: a k. of insect

Russian Meaning: вид насекомого

Mongolian: *čeɣV- / *čiɣV-

Tungus-Manchu: *čegene-

Korean: *čìnǝ́i

Comments: The TM and Kor. forms reflect a common *-n-suffixation.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ĕ́k`à ( ~ -i̯a-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to strike fire

Russian Meaning: высекать огонь

Turkic: *č(i)ak-

Mongolian: *čaki-

Tungus-Manchu: *či(K)u- ( ~ -e-)

Korean: *čhắ-

Japanese: *ták-

Comments: KW 420, 424, Poppe 26, JOAL 99. Korean has a frequent vowel reduction between a stop and a fricative. Mong. is hardly borrowed from Turk., despite Щербак 1997, 112 (TMN 3, 82: "Onomatopoetica").

Proto-Altaic: *č`èk`ù ( ~ *č`i̯ok`e, -k-)

Meaning: handle

Russian Meaning: ручка, рукоять

Turkic: *čEkük / *čEküč

Korean: *čhái

Japanese: *tùkà

Comments: Korean has a usual vowel loss between a stop and a fricative.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ek`V

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: part of shoulder close to neck

Russian Meaning: часть плеча около шеи

Turkic: *čekn

Mongolian: *čekerej

Comments: Дыбо 308; Дыбо 130-131, Лексика 238-239 (but Evk. čeke 'throat, palate' should rather be derived < *šek`a q. v.): A Turk.-Mong. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ep`à

Meaning: rag

Russian Meaning: тряпка

Turkic: *čepürek

Mongolian: *čoɣu-da-

Korean: *čapa- ( ~ -ă-)

Japanese: *tapai

Comments: Mong. *čoɣu-da- - with a secondary (usual) labialization < *čaɣu-da-. Cf. also *č`i̯op`a, from which this root is sometimes difficult to distinguish.

Proto-Altaic: *č`era ( ~ -o)

Meaning: snow, to freeze

Russian Meaning: снег, замерзать

Turkic: *čar-

Mongolian: *čar

Comments: KW 422. A Turk.-Mong. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ḗbV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: branch, forked branch; staff

Russian Meaning: ветка, разветвление; посох

Turkic: *čĀb-

Mongolian: *čib-

Tungus-Manchu: *čebu-(gan)

Comments: A Western isogloss. Cf. also *č`ipV, *č`ī́p`a.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ēk`V

Meaning: a k. of cloth

Russian Meaning: вид ткани, одежды

Turkic: *čĒk-

Mongolian: *čegedeg

Tungus-Manchu: *čeKe

Korean: *čjǝ́k-

Comments: KW 426, SKE 27. A cultural term, but borrowing (either in Mong. < Turk. or in Manchu < Mong.) is hardly possible. The Kor. form is somewhat dubious (tone does not correspond to Turkic; perhaps we should regard it as an old loan < Manchu; if it is not, a reconstruction *č`ējk`V is possible). Mong. -g- speaks in favour of PA *-k-, but may be a result of assimilation (before -deg, like *ogo-da-su < *oko-da-su), thus (on Korean evidence) more probable is the reconstruction of *k`.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ḗp`u

Meaning: ulcer, furuncle

Russian Meaning: нарыв, прыщ

Turkic: *čɨ̄pgan

Mongolian: *čijigan

Tungus-Manchu: *čepe

Korean: *čjūpók

Comments: Poppe 26 (Turc-Mong). Mong. cannot be borrowed < Turk. In PT a secondary vowel narrowing has occurred (probably *čɨ̄pgan < *čạ̄pɨgan); otherwise correspondences are quite regular. Note velar suffixation reflected in PT, Mong. and Kor. (PA *č`ēp`u-ka-).

Proto-Altaic: *č`ibe

Meaning: to twist, turn

Russian Meaning: крутиться, извиваться

Turkic: *čebir-

Mongolian: *čüw

Tungus-Manchu: *čib-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 287. A Western isogloss; Mong. *čüw < *čiw with secondary assimilative labialization. The PA nature of the root is somewhat dubious because of its expressive meaning and the isolatedness of Evenki forms.

Proto-Altaic: *č`[i]č`V

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: spout, prick, penis

Russian Meaning: носик, шип, penis

Mongolian: *čiči-

Tungus-Manchu: *čiču

Korean: *čā̆či

Comments: SKE 25 (Kor.-Tung.). An expressive word with not quite secure vocalic correspondences (cf. also in

Turkic: Uzb. čụčɔq 'penis' (of a child) = Kirgh. čüčök 'острица, брань по поводу детей', Khal. čučo 'pee' (in childr. language); cf. also *č`eč`u 'flower'.

Proto-Altaic: *č`iju

Meaning: wet, moisture

Russian Meaning: влажный, влага

Turkic: *čɨj-ɨk

Mongolian: *čiɣig

Tungus-Manchu: *čikpa-

Korean: *čī-n, *čhuk-

Japanese: *tuju

Comments: EAS 64, KW 443, Лексика 39. A PA derivative *č`iju-k`V is reflected in PT *čɨjɨk = Mong. čiɣig = PTM *čik- = Kor. *čhuk-. Also here probably Kor. čhú-m 'phlegm'. In Japanese (perhaps also in Korean) there is some confusion of this root with *č`aju 'resin, tar' q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ika ( ~ -u)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to stamp, ram; stamped path

Russian Meaning: утаптывать, набивать; утоптанная тропа

Turkic: *čɨgɨr

Mongolian: *čig

Tungus-Manchu: *čiKi-

Comments: A Western isogloss. Mong. > Tung. (Evk. čigǯan, čigle- etc.), see ТМС 2, 389 (perhaps also Nan. ǯịGda-, ТМС 1, 255) - although Evk. čiki 'stamped snow' must be genuine.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ĭ̀k`à

Meaning: bead, treasure

Russian Meaning: бисер, драгоценность

Turkic: *čEk- ( ~ -i-)

Tungus-Manchu: *čiku-

Japanese: *tàkàrà

Comments: An interesting common Altaic cultural term.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ĭk`a ( ~ -o, -u)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to rise, sprout

Russian Meaning: подниматься, прорастать

Turkic: *čɨk-

Mongolian: *čiki

Tungus-Manchu: *čiK(i)-

Korean: *čhi-

Comments: In Kor. - a usual vowel loss between a stop and a fricative; cf. also SKE 48.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ĭ́k`ā́

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to cut, cutting instrument

Russian Meaning: резать, режущий инструмент

Tungus-Manchu: *čikā-

Japanese: *tánkání

Comments: A Tung.-Jap. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ik`ò

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: straw, chaff

Russian Meaning: солома, мякина

Turkic: *čigit / *čɨgɨt ( ~ -k-)

Mongolian: *čiɣire

Tungus-Manchu: *čixe-

Korean: *čùkɨ́r

Japanese: *tǝkusa

Comments: Дыбо 10, Лексика 116. In Jpn. it is difficult (but probably necessary) to distinguish the reflex of this root from *č`i̯ṑk`e 'forage grass' ( > Jpn. *tukusi 'horse-tail') q. v. The Mongolian form also raises problems: it probably reflects a suffixed *č`ik`rV with a development -kr- > -ɣVr- (cf. similarly buɣurčag < *bŭkrV, uɣurga < *uk`rukV / *uk`urkV); otherwise -ɣ- is very hard to explain.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ĭ̀k`o ( ~ -k-)

Meaning: pivot, bolt

Russian Meaning: шарнир, стержень

Turkic: *čɨkanak

Mongolian: *čigta

Tungus-Manchu: *čiKi

Korean: *čítóri

Japanese: *tikiri

Comments: Дыбо 43. Note dental suffixation in Mong. and Kor. (PA *č`ìk`(o)-t`V).

Proto-Altaic: *č`ĭ́mu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to pinch, pluck (with fingers)

Russian Meaning: щипать, хватать (пальцами)

Turkic: *čɨm-

Mongolian: *čim-

Tungus-Manchu: *č[i]m-

Korean: *čum

Japanese: *túm-

Comments: Poppe 26, JOAL 98, АПиПЯЯ 76; TMN 3, 99 ("möglich, daß hier ein Zusammenhang besteht...Jedoch sind die Wörter anscheinend expressiv, daher nicht gut als urverwandt vergleichbar.")

Proto-Altaic: *č`imV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of fish

Russian Meaning: вид рыбы

Mongolian: *čima

Tungus-Manchu: *čime

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss, and borrowing in Mong. < TM is not excluded (although the meanings differ); in Turkic cf. perhaps Chuv. śomga 'rainbow trout'.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ipV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: sharp edge, peg

Russian Meaning: острый край, колышек

Turkic: *čib

Mongolian: *čibe

Tungus-Manchu: *čibuke

Comments: A Western isogloss. Cf. *č`ī́p`a, {*č`ḗbV.}

Proto-Altaic: *č`íp`ú

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to press (with fingers), pinch

Russian Meaning: давить (пальцами), щипать

Tungus-Manchu: *čip-

Korean: *čìp-

Japanese: *túmpǝ́-m-

Comments: An Eastern isogloss (but cf. *č`abo, with possible contaminations). In Turk. cf. Chuv. čǝbǝt- 'to pinch' - possibly reflecting a contamination of the above root with Turk. *čɨm- q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ĭ̀p`[ú]

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: small bird

Russian Meaning: мелкая птица

Turkic: *čɨpčɨk

Mongolian: *čuwčali

Tungus-Manchu: *čipi-

Korean: *čjǝ̄pì

Japanese: *tùmpá-mái ( ~ -ia)

Comments: SKE 26 (Tung.-Kor.), АПиПЯЯ 293, Дыбо 8, EAS 63, Лексика 176-177. The vocalism is not quite certain because of expressive changes (Mong. *čuwčali may be < *čiɣu-čali, but -jǝ̄- in Kor. is harder to explain). Cf. *sipV.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ĭre

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to stink, be rotten

Russian Meaning: плохо пахнуть, гнить

Turkic: *čẹr

Mongolian: *čer

Tungus-Manchu: *čiri-

Korean: *čiri-

Comments: EAS 63, SKE 35, ОСНЯ 1, 207.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ire

Meaning: to cut, scrape

Russian Meaning: резать, царапать

Turkic: *čert-

Tungus-Manchu: *čire-

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *č`iŕV

Meaning: to drag, draw

Russian Meaning: тащить, чертить

Turkic: *čiŕ-

Mongolian: *čir-

Comments: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss; not quite reliable, since the Mong. word can also belong to *či̯ŭru q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *č`i̯abo ( ~ *č`i̯obe)

Meaning: foam, bubble

Russian Meaning: накипь, пузырь

Mongolian: *čeɣer

Tungus-Manchu: *čobī- ( ~ š-)

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *č`i̯abVk`V

Meaning: oyster, shell

Russian Meaning: раковина, устрица

Tungus-Manchu: *čiabikta

Korean: *čjòkài

Comments: A Tung.-Kor. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *č`i̯aga

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: cold, frozen snow

Russian Meaning: холод, наст

Mongolian: *ča(g)-su

Tungus-Manchu: *čiaga

Korean: *čhằ-

Comments: Kor. čhiw- 'cold' is a secondary derivation from čhằ-. Mong. ča-sun may actually reflect a contamination with *čar-sun, cf. *čar 'crust (of snow), наст' (see *č`era); Southern Mongolian languages seem, however, to preserve traces of a velar *čag-su.

Proto-Altaic: *č`[i̯a]k`i

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: temple; ear

Russian Meaning: висок; ухо

Turkic: *čẹke

Mongolian: *čiki

Tungus-Manchu: *čaKar

Korean: *čăkami

Comments: KW 439, Poppe 55, АПиПЯЯ 294 (without the Tung. form), Дыбо 4, Лексика 203. The vocalism is not quite certain: a reconstruction of *-i̯a- is possible if we admit a secondary monophthongization *či̯a- > *ča- in PTM.

Proto-Altaic: *č`i̯ale

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to spread, open wide

Russian Meaning: расширяться, распространяться

Mongolian: *čala-

Tungus-Manchu: *čildi-

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *č`i̯álV

Meaning: a k. of thorny plant

Russian Meaning: вид колючего растения

Turkic: *č(i)alɨ-

Mongolian: *čulkir

Tungus-Manchu: *čil-

Japanese: *tára

Comments: The root denotes a wild plant, probably thorny; the vocalic reconstruction is not quite certain. In TM one would expect a *čial-, but the diphthong may have been distorted in a long form with initial affricate; Mong. *čulukir may similarly represent a later assimilation < *čalu-kir. In that case one could reconstruct *č`i̯ála.

Proto-Altaic: *č`i̯aŋu ( ~ *č`i̯oŋe)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a sharp bone, sharp instrument

Russian Meaning: острая кость, острый инструмент

Turkic: *čeŋe

Tungus-Manchu: *čoŋkī-

Korean: *čǝ̄ŋ ( ~ *čjǝ̄ŋ)

Comments: It is also tempting to compare PJ *tùnuá 'horn'.

Proto-Altaic: *č`i̯apa

Meaning: groin, hip

Russian Meaning: пах, бедро

Mongolian: *čabi

Tungus-Manchu: *čiabu-

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. Not quite secure: the TM forms can be alternatively derived from *čiKü-ki, a diminutive of *čiKi (*čiKü) 'pivot' (q. v. sub *č`ĭ̀k`o ); cf. with the same anatomical meaning Ewk. čiki, Ewn. čị̄q, Neg. čịx, Ud. cigi (ТМС 2, 391, Корм. 310). For this etymological direction see Дыбо 1988, p. 120.

Proto-Altaic: *č`i̯ā́k`e ( ~ -u)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: small

Russian Meaning: маленький

Turkic: *čĀka

Mongolian: *čaka

Korean: *čjāk-, *čjǝ̄k-

Comments: SKE 20, EAS 64. Turkic forms are attested late and can be < Mong.; however, Turkm. čāGa with a long vowel is hard to explain as a loan. On the other hand, cf. Karakh. čekün 'young of marmot' (EDT 415), Evk. čekše 'tarbagan': if these words are related, the PA reconstruction should be changed to *č`ek`a.

Proto-Altaic: *č`i̯āk`e

Meaning: time

Russian Meaning: время

Turkic: *čiāk

Mongolian: *čag

Tungus-Manchu: *čiK-

Korean: *čǝk

Japanese: *tǝ̀kì

Comments: EAS 64, KW 419, Poppe 26, Martin 244, Menges 1984, 266, АПиПЯЯ 76. Jpn. tone is irregular; it may be, however, due to an influence of another root (cf. *čĕk`a, OJ toko 'always, eternally' /accent unknown/). Mong. čag may be < Turk. (see TMN 3, 27-28, Щербак 1997, 112), but may as well be genuine. The Kor. reflex is quite regular (the attested čǝk is just an orthographic variant of the expected *čjǝk), despite Doerfer's doubts in TMN ibid.

Proto-Altaic: *č`i̯ālu ( ~ *č`i̯ōla)

Meaning: to talk nonsense, babble

Russian Meaning: болтать

Turkic: *čAl-

Mongolian: *čal-

Tungus-Manchu: *čōlī-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *č`i̯ŏ̀k`ó

Meaning: to agree, confirm

Russian Meaning: соглашаться, подтверждать

Turkic: *čok-

Mongolian: *čoku-

Tungus-Manchu: *čixa

Japanese: *tǝ̀nká-

Comments: A good common Altaic verbal root.

Proto-Altaic: *č`i̯ŏl[m]i ( ~ -e, *č`i̯ăl[m]o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to hobble, tether

Russian Meaning: треножить, привязывать

Turkic: *č(i)al-, *č(i)alma

Mongolian: *čilbur

Tungus-Manchu: *čulupkī-

Comments: A Western isogloss. The medial cluster is not quite secure (perhaps one should rather reconstructed *č`i̯ŏli with different suffixes). It is interesting to mention MKor. čjǝ́mpúr 'horse's mudguards' (Nam 426) - perhaps a (somewhat distorted) loanword < Mong. čilbur.

Proto-Altaic: *č`i̯olu

Meaning: crippled

Russian Meaning: калека, неметь, затекать (о конечностях)

Turkic: *čol-

Mongolian: *čile-

Tungus-Manchu: *čial-

Korean: *čǝ̄rk

Japanese: *tur-

Comments: Cf. also Kor. čjǝri-da 'to be stiff (of limbs)', SKE 30, ОСНЯ 1, 203.

Proto-Altaic: *č`i̯op`a ( ~ *č`i̯ap`u)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of clothing

Russian Meaning: вид одежды

Turkic: *čAp

Mongolian: *čuba

Tungus-Manchu: *čop-

Comments: A Western isogloss; somewhat difficult - but necessary - to distinguish from *č`ep`à 'rag' q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *č`i̯op`è

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: water container, vessel

Russian Meaning: водоем, сосуд

Turkic: *čap-

Mongolian: *čöɣerüm

Tungus-Manchu: *čup- / *čop-

Korean: *č(j)apa-

Japanese: *tǝ̀pî ( ~ -ua-)

Comments: A common derivative *č`i̯op`è-rV is reflected in Mong. *čöɣe-rü-m and Evk. čupe-r; another suffixed form, *č`i̯op`è-k`V (originally diminutive) may be reconstructed on the basis of Evk. čop-kī and Kor. čabä-gi. The root must have denoted a big water container, perhaps both artificial and natural.

Proto-Altaic: *č`[i̯o]ra

Meaning: a k. of foliage tree

Russian Meaning: вид лиственного дерева

Turkic: *čar-

Mongolian: *čara-su

Tungus-Manchu: *čuru-

Korean: *čori-

Comments: The vocalism is uncertain; it is possible that the TM form should be removed from here and compared with Jpn. *tùrù, see notes to PA *čălù. In such case a reconstruction *č`aro for the present root would be possible.

Proto-Altaic: *č`i̯ṑk`e ( ~ -k-)

Meaning: grass, weed

Russian Meaning: трава, сорняк

Turkic: *čekin

Tungus-Manchu: *čūKa

Korean: *soksăi

Japanese: *tùkúsi

Comments: Mong. čike-n in names of plants may be a merger of this root and *č`ĭk`a q. v. Kor. soksăi 'horse-tail' is hard to separate from Jpn. tukusi id.; most probably we are dealing with an assimilation here (soksăi < *čoksăi).

Proto-Altaic: *č`i̯ṓli ( ~ -e, *č`i̯ā́lo)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: grey, light

Russian Meaning: серый, светлый

Turkic: *čĀl

Mongolian: *čil- / *čel-

Tungus-Manchu: *čolka

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *č`i̯ugu

Meaning: to tie up, bandage

Russian Meaning: связывать, наматывать

Turkic: *čɨg-

Mongolian: *čig

Tungus-Manchu: *čuga-

Comments: A Western. isogloss; borrowing in Mong. is possible, but not very probable for semantic reasons.

Proto-Altaic: *č`i̯úmu

Meaning: round(ed) object

Russian Meaning: круглый, закругленный предмет

Turkic: *čɨmur

Mongolian: *čom-

Tungus-Manchu: *čumbu-

Japanese: *túmúnsí

Comments: An expressive common Altaic root; both in Turkic and Japanese its reflexes may have partially coincided with the reflexes of *č`ī̀mu 'top, edge' q. v., but in Mongolian and TM they seem to be distinct.

Proto-Altaic: *č`i̯umu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: seed, cone

Russian Meaning: семя, шишка

Turkic: *čɨm

Mongolian: *čöme

Tungus-Manchu: *čum- / *čim-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *č`i̯ŭ̀p`ì

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: small, narrow

Russian Meaning: маленький, узкий

Mongolian: *čüɣe-n

Tungus-Manchu: *čip[u]-

Korean: *čòp-

Japanese: *tìpì-sà-

Comments: Martin 249. Korean has a "verbal" low tone. In Turk. cf. perhaps Kirgh. čɨpqa 'strainer', čɨpqala- 'to strain'.

Proto-Altaic: *č`i̯ū́[g]a

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: scarce, poor

Russian Meaning: бедный

Turkic: *čɨ̄gań

Mongolian: *čukag

Tungus-Manchu: *čuki

Comments: A Western isogloss, somewhat questionable phonetically. Unclear is -k- in TM and Mong. (*-g- would be expected). A possible solution is to reconstruct for all three subgroups a suffixed form *č`i̯ugu-kV.

Proto-Altaic: *č`i̯ū̀me ( ~ -i)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of insect

Russian Meaning: вид насекомого

Turkic: *čümeli

Tungus-Manchu: *čīme- (~š-,-ǖ-)

Korean: *čóm

Comments: Лексика 184.

Proto-Altaic: *č`i̯ū́p`a ( ~ -u)

Meaning: a k. of insect

Russian Meaning: вид насекомого

Turkic: *čɨ̄pɨn

Mongolian: *čubali

Tungus-Manchu: *čope-

Comments: An expressive Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ī́ĺč`u

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to swell

Russian Meaning: пухнуть

Turkic: *sīĺč

Mongolian: *čulčaji- / *čelčeji- / *čili-

Tungus-Manchu: *čilču-

Japanese: *tu(n)si-m-

Comments: EAS 108, KW 440, Poppe 117, Мудрак Дисс. 91, Miller 1970, 129, JOAL 119. In Turkic one has to suppose a dissimilation (*sīĺč < *čīĺč; cf. Turkm. čīš-, perhaps preserving an archaism). PA *č`ī́ĺč`u may be a partial reduplication, or else have a suffixed *-č`V (*č`ī́ĺu-č`V; cf. Mong. čili-, perhaps reflecting an original simple stem). A possibility of reconstructing *č`ĭ́jĺu-č`V should be also considered (see above on the Turkic reflexes).

Proto-Altaic: *č`ī̀me

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: knuckle, cartilage

Russian Meaning: косточка, хрящ

Turkic: *čEmirčik

Mongolian: *čimöge

Tungus-Manchu: *čīme- (~š-,-ǖ-)

Korean: *čǝŋk- ( < *čǝm-k- ?)

Comments: Лексика 261.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ī̀mu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: top, edge

Russian Meaning: верх, край

Turkic: *čɨm- / *čum- (*čom-)

Mongolian: *čimarkai

Tungus-Manchu: *čīme

Japanese: *tuma

Comments: The root seems reliable, although in Turkic its reflex is rather hard to distinguish from a homonymous reflex of *č`i̯úmu 'rounded object'.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ī́p`a

Meaning: branch, sharp branch

Russian Meaning: ветка, острая ветка

Turkic: *čɨ̄p

Tungus-Manchu: *čipa-

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss; possible but not very reliable. The root seems to be distinct from *č`ḗbV 'branch, staff' and from *č`ipV 'sharp edge' q. v. - although contaminations were of course possible.

Proto-Altaic: *č`òk`e ( ~ -i̯u-)

Meaning: cheek bone

Russian Meaning: скула

Turkic: *čügde

Mongolian: *čoku

Korean: *čjókái

Comments: Лексика 203. Cf. also notes to *č`[i̯a]k`i.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ŏk`i

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to incline, sink

Russian Meaning: погружаться, склоняться

Turkic: *čök-

Mongolian: *čökü-

Tungus-Manchu: *čoK[i]-

Korean: *čùk-

Japanese: *tuku-(m)pap-

Comments: VEWT 117, KW 431 (without the Korean form), EAS 64, SKE 43, АПиПЯЯ 286. Despite Doerfer's (TMN 3, 122) criticism, the root is certainly common Altaic. In Mong. cf. also reduplicated forms: Khalkha cogcojǯ sū-, Bur. sogsojžo hū- 'to squat', sogsogono- 'to curtsey'. The original meaning must have been 'squat', 'kneel down' - whence 'incline, sink', and further metaphorical developments: 'lose hope', 'die'.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ŏli ( ~ -e)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: steppe

Russian Meaning: степь

Turkic: *čöl

Mongolian: *čolid

Tungus-Manchu: *čulbi-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *č`óme

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: together, all

Russian Meaning: вместе, все

Mongolian: *čöm

Tungus-Manchu: *čuŋnu

Japanese: *tǝ́mǝ

Comments: A not quite clear phonetic development in TM; perhaps one has to reconstruct *č`óŋme, with cluster simplification in Mong. and with dissimilation *čuŋmu > *čuŋnu in TM.

Proto-Altaic: *č`omi ( ~ -e)

Meaning: stack, to stack

Russian Meaning: стог, куча, складывать в кучу

Turkic: *čömele

Mongolian: *čomu-

Tungus-Manchu: *čum-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *č`òmu ( ~ -i̯o-)

Meaning: to cram, stop up

Russian Meaning: запихивать, набивать

Korean: *čắm-, *čằm-

Japanese: *tùm-

Comments: A Kor.-Jpn. isogloss; Western parallels may have merged with *šŏ́mo 'to dive, scoop' q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *č`op`i ( ~ -e)

Meaning: dregs, dirt

Russian Meaning: осадок, грязь

Turkic: *čöp

Mongolian: *čöb

Tungus-Manchu: *čupa

Comments: A Western isogloss; Mong. may be < Turkic.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ṓga

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: ashes, glowing coals

Russian Meaning: зола, угли

Turkic: *čōg, -ak

Tungus-Manchu: *čuguk ( ~ -b-)

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ṑk`a

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to peck, gouge

Russian Meaning: клевать, долбить

Turkic: *čok-

Mongolian: *čoki-

Tungus-Manchu: *čōk(i)-

Korean: *čhắ-

Comments: EAS 64, KW 429, Дыбо 13, Doerfer MT 68. Martin 239 compares OJ tuk- which can belong here, too, but is an obvious merger of several roots.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ṑrV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: pike

Russian Meaning: щука

Turkic: *čortan

Mongolian: *čurukai

Tungus-Manchu: *čōr-

Comments: KW 434, Лексика 178. A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ùgù

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: bundle

Russian Meaning: связка

Turkic: *čug

Mongolian: *čug-

Korean: *čok

Japanese: *tùkà

Comments: Korean *čok should be explained as a contraction < *č`ugu-k`V, with a frequent suffixed -k.

Proto-Altaic: *č`ukV ( ~ -o-)

Meaning: to jump, trot

Russian Meaning: прыгать, скакать

Mongolian: *čogi-

Tungus-Manchu: *čuKe-rē-

Korean: *čhú-

Comments: Korean has a frequent vowel loss between a stop and a fricative.

Proto-Altaic: *č`úk`i ( ~ -i̯u-)

Meaning: a k. of fish

Russian Meaning: вид рыбы

Turkic: *čüke

Korean: *čòkɨ́i

Comments: A Turk.-Kor. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *č`uli

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to grow less, shrink

Russian Meaning: уменьшаться, ухудшаться

Turkic: *čülik-

Mongolian: *čölü-

Tungus-Manchu: *čulbi-

Korean: *čūr-

Comments: SKE 44.

Proto-Altaic: *č`upa

Meaning: grey

Russian Meaning: серый

Turkic: *čubar

Mongolian: *čabidar

Tungus-Manchu: *čub-rī-

Comments: A Western isogloss. KW 431, Poppe 26, 48. Mong. > late MTurk. čabdar (see Щербак 1997, 202), Evk. čabidar etc., see Doerfer MT 101, Rozycki 41.

Proto-Altaic: *č`up`V

Meaning: through

Russian Meaning: сквозь, через

Mongolian: *čoɣu

Tungus-Manchu: *čup-

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss (but cf. also Tuva šuptu 'all' < TM?). See PKE 38 (although Kor. čōi hardly belongs here).

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