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Здесь представлен реконструированный словарный фонд праалтайского языка, начинающийся на фонему *E- (X корней). из общеалтайской этимологической БД проекта "Вавилонская башня" Московской школы компаративистики.

Proto-Altaic: *é

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: that (deictic root)

Russian Meaning: тот (дейктическая основа)

Turkic: *ạ(-n)

Mongolian: *e-ne

Tungus-Manchu: *e-

Korean: *ā-mò

Japanese: *á-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 111-112, 277; EAS 126, KW 122, АПиПЯЯ 56, 292, Doerfer MT 21, Rozycki 70.

Proto-Altaic: *e

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: not

Russian Meaning: не

Mongolian: *e-se

Tungus-Manchu: *e-

Comments: Poppe 65, KW 128, ОСНЯ 1, 265, АПиПЯЯ 44, 291. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *èbà

Meaning: to join, meet

Russian Meaning: соединять(ся), встречать

Turkic: *ab-

Mongolian: *aɣu-lǯa-

Tungus-Manchu: *ebu-re-

Korean: *àbór-

Japanese: *àp-

Comments: SKE 12, Martin 234, Ozawa 167-168. An attempt of Doerfer (TMN 1, 173) to disprove Ramstedt's etymology (by supposing *h- in Mong.) is unsuccessful. Korean has a low tone, typical for the verbal subsystem.

Proto-Altaic: *ĕbà

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to winnow, fan

Russian Meaning: веять, провеивать

Turkic: *ebis-

Tungus-Manchu: *ebiri-

Japanese: *apu-

Comments: The root is not widely represented, but seems quite reliable. A derivative *ĕbà-rV is reflected in Nan. ebiri- = OJ apu-t-, apu-r-. Cf. *ap`i.

Proto-Altaic: *éba(-ku)

Meaning: marsh-mallow, hollyhock

Russian Meaning: пастушья сумка, алтей, шток-роза

Mongolian: *(h)abuga

Tungus-Manchu: *ebke-

Korean: *à'ók

Japanese: *ápúpi

Comments: Lee 1958, 105 (Man.-Kor.).

Proto-Altaic: *ĕ̀bè

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to carry on the back

Russian Meaning: нести на спине

Mongolian: *eɣüre-

Tungus-Manchu: *ebe-

Korean: *ǝ̀p-

Japanese: *ǝ̀p-

Comments: Martin 238. Korean has a verbal low tone.

Proto-Altaic: *ebí

Meaning: to be weak, to wither

Russian Meaning: быть слабым, изможденным

Tungus-Manchu: *ebe-

Korean: *ǝ̀bí-

Japanese: *impu-sia-

Comments: PKE 59. An Eastern isogloss. Cf. *àpo.

Proto-Altaic: *èbla

Meaning: egg

Russian Meaning: яйцо

Turkic: *o(bɨ)l-duruk

Mongolian: *(h)eɣülde

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)elū-

Korean: *árh

Comments: In Turk. *obɨl-duruk probably < *abɨl-duruk with secondary narrowing in a long wordform. Kor. *árh reflects a suffixed *èbla-gV.

Proto-Altaic: *ebo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: enough, big

Russian Meaning: достаточный, большой

Turkic: {*ebe- }

Mongolian: *(h)öɣ- / *(h)öb-

Tungus-Manchu: *ebi-

Korean: *ò'ắ-

Comments: Cf. PJ *ǝ̀pǝ̀- 'big' which may reflect a merger of this root with *ĕ̀p`o q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *ebVrV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: worm, snake

Russian Meaning: червь, змея

Turkic: *ebren

Tungus-Manchu: *ūre

Japanese: *bǝ̀rǝ̀tì ( ~ -ua-)

Comments: The Turkic form strongly suggests that PJ *bǝ̀rǝ̀tì is a contraction of a longer *ǝ̀bǝ̀rǝ̀tì.

Proto-Altaic: *éča

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: early, morning

Russian Meaning: рано, недавно, утро

Tungus-Manchu: *esī

Korean: *àčhắm

Japanese: *àsâ

Comments: Martin 236. An Eastern isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *ĕda

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: thing, goods

Russian Meaning: вещь, добро

Turkic: *ed

Mongolian: *aǯi- / *ada-

Tungus-Manchu: *idegē (/*e-)

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *ĕdV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: host, husband

Russian Meaning: хозяин, муж

Turkic: *Edi

Mongolian: *eǯen

Tungus-Manchu: *edī-

Comments: EAS 97, KW 130, Poppe 53, 105, Цинциус 1972a, 49-52, Дыбо 6. A Western isogloss. Despite Щербак 1997, 114, Mong. is hardly borrowed from Turk. Doerfer's (TMN 2, 177-178) doubts in the validity of the etymology are hardly grounded: all forms are easily explained if we suppose a protoform like *edije. The form can be in fact an old derivative of *ĕda 'thing, household' (q. v., cf. Poppe UJb XIII, 114, 120).

Proto-Altaic: *ĕgi ( ~ -e, -a)

Meaning: to bend

Russian Meaning: гнуть

Turkic: *eg-

Mongolian: *eɣe-

Tungus-Manchu: *ege-

Korean: *ǝ̀i-

Comments: KW 130, SKE 51.

Proto-Altaic: *egmV

Meaning: shoulder, collarbone

Russian Meaning: плечо, ключица

Turkic: *egin

Mongolian: *eɣem

Tungus-Manchu: *emu-ge

Comments: KW 130, Владимирцов 321, Poppe 60, Колесникова 1972а, 92-93, Дыбо 307, Лексика 240. A Western isogloss. Despite Щербак 1997, 114, Mong. is not < Turk. May be derived from *ĕgi 'to bend' q. v. Doerfer (TMN 2, 192) protests against the Turk.-Mong. comparison, but restricts himself to "einigen grundsätzlichen Bemerkungen" (a loan theory would have to explain Turk. *-n > Mong. -m).

Proto-Altaic: *egVrV

Meaning: to twist, spin

Russian Meaning: крутить, вертеть, прясть

Turkic: *egir-

Mongolian: *eɣere-

Korean: *ǝ̀rɨ̀

Comments: KW 131, Владимирцов 194. Despite TMN 2, 193, Щербак 1997, 114, Mong. is hardly borrowed from Turk. The stem may be derived from *ĕgi 'to bend' q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *éjá ( ~ -o)

Meaning: to be afraid

Russian Meaning: бояться

Turkic: *Ej-men-

Mongolian: *aju-

Japanese: *ájá-

Comments: Poppe 66, АПиПЯЯ 79.

Proto-Altaic: *ĕju ( ~ -o)

Meaning: to speak, cry, sound

Russian Meaning: говорить, кричать, звучать

Turkic: *ạj-ɨt-

Mongolian: *aji-

Tungus-Manchu: *ejē-

Korean: *òi'ó-

Comments: KW 4, 25, Владимирцов 282, Poppe 67, АПиПЯЯ 286. {SH parallels see in ND 101 *ʔ[a]yV}.

Proto-Altaic: *ĕ̀ka (~ -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: bad, weak

Russian Meaning: плохой, слабый

Turkic: *ek-

Mongolian: *(h)egel

Tungus-Manchu: *eke

Japanese: *àk-

Comments: Дыбо 12. Mong. may be < Turk.

Proto-Altaic: *èk`á

Meaning: to paw, hit with hooves

Russian Meaning: бить копытами

Turkic: *agsa-

Mongolian: *(h)agsa-

Tungus-Manchu: *ekte-

Japanese: *ànkà-k-

Comments: KW 5. Both Turkic and Mongolian languages have also a derivative meaning 'rampage, rage, raging': Karakh. aχsuŋ, axsum (MK), aqsun (QB), Chag. aqsum, axsum, Az. aqsɨn, Kirgh. aqsɨm etc.; WMong. aɣsum, Khalkha agsaŋ, Bur. agsam, Ord. agsum (DO 7) 'wild, raging', Khalkha agsam 'rampage'. Doerfer (TMN 2, 90) supposes a loanword in Turk. < Mong.; Shcherbak (Щербак 1997, 103) - vice versa; the final decision is still unclear.

Proto-Altaic: *ĕk`à (~ -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: elder sister

Russian Meaning: старшая сестра

Turkic: *eke

Mongolian: *eke, *egeče

Tungus-Manchu: *eKe / *keKe

Korean: *kjǝ̄-čìp

Japanese: *kaka

Comments: EAS 91, KW 118, Poppe 55, VEWT 38, АПиПЯЯ 292, Цинциус 1972a, 29-31, Дыбо 6. The root is (like most other kinship terms) a "nursery word", but very well attested in all branches, so - despite Doerfer TMN 1, 190-191 - all forms cannot be explained as borrowings (although some later interactions were of course possible, e.g. Mong. egeče may - because of its irregular -g- and meaning coinciding with Turkic - be a later Turkic loanword).

Proto-Altaic: *éli

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: sufficient

Russian Meaning: достаточный

Mongolian: *el-

Tungus-Manchu: *ele-

Korean: *ǝr-

Japanese: *ír-

Comments: KW 119, Lee 1958, 108 (TM-Kor.), Rozycki 68. Despite Doerfer MT 20, TM *ele is hardly < Mong. (a particle in Mong. vs. a widespread verb in TM).

Proto-Altaic: *ĕlV(-k`V)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: deer

Russian Meaning: олень

Turkic: *elik

Mongolian: *ili

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)elkēn

Comments: KW 207, ОСНЯ 1, 273, Лексика 153, 389. A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *ĕĺǯu

Meaning: donkey

Russian Meaning: осел

Turkic: *eĺgek

Mongolian: *elǯigen

Tungus-Manchu: *eji-ken

Comments: KW 119, Владимирцов 323, Poppe 86. A Western isogloss. The phonology of the word strongly resists all attempts to regard it as an interlingual borrowing (Turk. > Mong. > TM, see, e.g., Rozycki 67), as well as attempts to derive it from Armen. eš etc.

Proto-Altaic: *ema ( ~ -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to come

Russian Meaning: приходить

Mongolian: *amada-

Tungus-Manchu: *eme-

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. Cf. perhaps also Karakh. öme 'guest, foreigner'.

Proto-Altaic: *ĕ̀ma (~-o)

Meaning: to stay, be left, leave

Russian Meaning: оставаться, оставлять

Tungus-Manchu: *emē-n-

Japanese: *àmà-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 279. A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss. Cf. perhaps also MKor. mǝ̀mɨ́r- 'to stay, remain' ( < *Vmǝ-mɨr-, with a rather usual Korean loss of initial vowel?).

Proto-Altaic: *ĕ̀me

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: woman, female

Russian Meaning: женщина, самка

Turkic: *eme

Mongolian: *eme

Tungus-Manchu: *emV

Korean: *ámh

Japanese: *mía

Comments: EAS 116, Цинциус 1972a, 20-27, Menges 1984, 265, АПиПЯЯ 89, 279. In Jpn. cf. also omo 'mother' (see Ozawa 61, Murayama 1962, 110, Miller 1985a, 82); in MKor. also ǝ́mí 'mother' (see Martin 236). Jpn. mia represents a relatively rare case of a loss of initial vowel in Japanese.

Proto-Altaic: *èmi ( ~ a-, *ime)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to avoid, taboo

Russian Meaning: избегать, табуировать

Turkic: *emge-

Mongolian: *emiɣe-

Japanese: *ìm-

Comments: KW 121.

Proto-Altaic: *emo

Meaning: front

Russian Meaning: перед

Turkic: *ömgen

Mongolian: *emü-

Tungus-Manchu: *ume- / emu-

Comments: EAS 117, Владимирцов 154, SKE 54, Дыбо 307, Лексика 271. A Western isogloss. The vocalic reconstruction is somewhat uncertain: because of variation in PTM it is not quite clear whether Mong. has a secondary delabialization or Turkic has a secondary labialization. PA *ome is also possible.

Proto-Altaic: *emV ( ~ *ami)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to suck

Russian Meaning: сосать

Turkic: *em-

Mongolian: *em-kü-

Comments: A Turko-Mongolian isogloss. One is tempted to suppose lost *p`- and to unite this root with TM *pemu-, Jpn. *pàm- (see *pĕ̀ma). This is, however, hardly possible, because both Middle Mongolian and Dagur have 0- here (while Mongor x- can easily be secondary in front of a voiceless stop). A possible solution would be a loss of *h- ( < *p`-) in Proto-Mongolian (or even Proto-Turko-Mongolian) under the influence of a phonetically close "nursery" word, *ĕ̀me 'mother, female' q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *emV(ŋV)

Meaning: saddle, belt

Russian Meaning: седло, пояс

Turkic: *ẹ̆dŋe-r

Mongolian: *emeɣe-l

Tungus-Manchu: *emu-l

Comments: Мудрак Дисс. 102, Лексика 539. A Western isogloss. The Turkic form should be explained as a contraction < *emŋe-der (*emŋe- = Mong. emeɣe-).

Proto-Altaic: *eńa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: sin, bad behaviour

Russian Meaning: грех, дурное поведение

Turkic: *(i)ańɨg

Mongolian: *ende-

Tungus-Manchu: *eńe-

Korean: *āń-

Comments: The root must have denoted "bad behaviour" in general, whence all the attested meanings: "mistake", "sin", "robbery".

Proto-Altaic: *ĕ́ńa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: mother, elder sister

Russian Meaning: мать, старшая сестра

Turkic: *ana / *eńe

Tungus-Manchu: *eńi-

Korean: *ǝ̀ńí

Japanese: *ánái

Comments: Цинциус 1972a, 27-29, АПиПЯЯ 78. A "nursery word" (like most kinship terms), but no doubt archaic.

Proto-Altaic: *eńa

Meaning: a k. of vessel

Russian Meaning: вид сосуда

Turkic: *ańak

Mongolian: *ajaga(n)

Tungus-Manchu: *eńukē

Comments: Владимирцов 293. A Western isogloss. Mong. may be < Turk. (TMN 2, 171, Щербак 1997, 95-96).

Proto-Altaic: *ènŋù

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: young of an ungulate

Russian Meaning: детеныш копытного животного

Turkic: *ạnkaj

Mongolian: *unagan

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)enŋe-

Japanese: *ùmà

Comments: All forms reflect a suffixed *ènŋù-kV. A certain phonetic problem is raised by u- in Mong.; one has to assume PM *unu-gan (cf. the early TM loans: Evk. unukān 'foal', Sol. unuxũ 'kid'; see on it Poppe 1974, 128) with vocalic assimilation from earlier *anu-gan. Otherwise the etymology seems quite plausible, and appears to explain the Jpn. form better than the usual theory of Chinese borrowing (neither MC mạ́, nor OC mrāʔ can explain the initial um- in Japanese).

Proto-Altaic: *enu ( ~ -o)

Meaning: to beware, attention

Russian Meaning: остерегаться, внимание

Turkic: *anu-

Mongolian: *(h)an-

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)en-te-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *eŋsV

Meaning: shoulder, back part

Russian Meaning: плечо, задняя часть шеи

Turkic: *eŋse

Korean: *ǝ̀skǝ́i

Comments: A Turk.-Kor. isogloss. For the Turk. form cf. alternatively TM *pisa (see Лексика 239).

Proto-Altaic: *ĕp`a

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: mother, elder sister, aunt

Russian Meaning: мать, старшая сестра, тетя

Turkic: *apa

Mongolian: *ebej

Tungus-Manchu: *ebke

Japanese: *pàpà

Comments: Цинциус 1972a, 32-37, Poppe 43. One of the rather widely spread nursery kinship words.

Proto-Altaic: *ép`á

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: breast, rib

Russian Meaning: грудь, ребро

Mongolian: *eb-

Korean: *ǝp-

Japanese: *ámpárá

Comments: Lee 1958, 108 (Mong.-Kor.); a loanword in Kor. < Mong. is not excluded.

Proto-Altaic: *ep`ò

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: bread, food

Russian Meaning: хлеб, пища

Turkic: *Epej

Mongolian: *aɣag / *haɣag

Tungus-Manchu: *epe

Korean: *páp

Japanese: *ǝpǝ-mǝnǝ

Comments: The Kor. form (perhaps also the Dagur form with x-) reflect an expressive reduplication.

Proto-Altaic: *ĕ̀p`o

Meaning: big

Russian Meaning: большой

Turkic: *Ap / *Ep

Mongolian: *aba-

Korean: *opɨ-

Japanese: *ǝ̀pǝ̀-

Comments: SKE 174, Martin 239, АПиПЯЯ 102 (with literature), 274. Cf. also *ebo (Jpn. reflects a merger of these two roots).

Proto-Altaic: *ép`V

Meaning: grandfather

Russian Meaning: дед

Mongolian: *ebü-gen

Tungus-Manchu: *epu

Korean: *ǝ̀p-

Comments: SKE 3, Poppe 103. Cf. *áp`a.

Proto-Altaic: *ĕ̀ra

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to be

Russian Meaning: быть

Turkic: *er-

Mongolian: *ere-

Tungus-Manchu: *eri-

Japanese: *àr-

Comments: Cf. Mong. *a- (MMong. a-) a defective auxiliary verb. This, together with the frequent absence of -r- in Turkic paradigms, may speak in favour of reconstructing monosyllabic *er for PA.

Proto-Altaic: *érga ( ~ -u)

Meaning: a k. of box, enclosure

Russian Meaning: вид ящика, огороженное место

Turkic: *erge

Mongolian: *(h)ergi-neg

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)erge

Korean: *ǝ̀rí

Comments: VEWT 47. The Turkic forms are attested late and those ending in -ne may actually be < Mong.; however, the Oyr. and Kaz. forms can hardly be explained as loans.

Proto-Altaic: *èrì

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of fruit

Russian Meaning: вид плода

Turkic: *erük

Mongolian: *üril

Korean: *ɨrɨm

Japanese: *ìtàpi

Comments: ЭСТЯ 1, 292. In TM cf. perhaps Evk. dial. erbeɣu 'name of a shrub with yellow flowers, used instead of tea' (ТМС 2, 462). Mong. *üril 'plum' should be kept distinct from *ölir 'small apple' (see under *ójle); however, since the sequences -l-r and -r-l in Mong. are liable to metathesis, it is difficult to decide which protoforms are actually reflected in *üril and *ölir. In any case, labialization in Mong. is probably secondary here (either *üril < *irü-l or *ölir < *elör < *erö-l).

Proto-Altaic: *erka

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to wrap, tie

Russian Meaning: заворачивать, завязывать

Turkic: *Arka-

Mongolian: *arga-

Korean: *ǝ̀rk-

Comments: Cf. Nan. erĩ 'rope for binding up the yurt with ritual purposes' (ТМС 2,463), suggesting that *-k- may be originally a suffix. Despite Щербак 1997, 162, Mongolian forms are hard to explain as borrowed from Turkic.

Proto-Altaic: *eŕmu

Meaning: a k. of grass, wormwood

Russian Meaning: вид травы, полынь

Turkic: *eŕen

Mongolian: *erme

Korean: *òrmí

Comments: The root denotes wormwood, artemisia in Turkic and Mongolian; in Korean the meaning is not quite certain (probably some sort of shepherd's purse, Capsella bursa-pastoris). The phonetic match is precise, anyway, and the reconstruction seems reliable.

Proto-Altaic: *ĕ́ro

Meaning: clean

Russian Meaning: чистый

Turkic: *ạrɨ-

Mongolian: *ariɣ-

Japanese: *áráp-

Comments: EAS 88, KW 24, Владимирцов 199, Poppe 79, Ozawa 170-171, Мудрак Дисс. 182. Cf. TM forms: Orok ārŋa- 'to clean (with a brush)' (ТМС 1, 50), Evk. ertikē- 'clean up' (ТМС 2, 465). Despite TMN 1, 129, Щербак 1997, 100, Mong. can hardly be regarded as borrowed < Turk.

Proto-Altaic: *ĕ̀rù ( ~ -ŕ-)

Meaning: skin

Russian Meaning: кожа

Mongolian: *ar[a]-su

Tungus-Manchu: *eruke-

Japanese: *ùrǝ̀kǝ̀ (/*i-; ~ -ua-)

Comments: The TM and Jpn. forms reflect a common derivative *ĕ̀rù-k`V (diminutive).

Proto-Altaic: *eso

Meaning: unripe, sour

Russian Meaning: незрелый, кислый

Turkic: *ẹsür-

Mongolian: *es-

Tungus-Manchu: *esi-kin

Japanese: *àsì-

Comments: Cf. perhaps also (although semantically dubious) OJ asa- 'to fade'.

Proto-Altaic: *ĕ́t`è

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: elder relative

Russian Meaning: старший родственник

Turkic: *Ata / *Ete

Mongolian: *ečige

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)eti-

Korean: *àtắ

Japanese: *tǝtǝ, *ti

Comments: Цинциус 1972a, 37-40. Poppe 51, 56, АПиПЯЯ 296, Дыбо 6; a weak attempt of disproving the etymology see in TMN 1, 188. A "nursery" word, represented in all Altaic subgroups. Ramstedt (KW 129) compares the Mong. form with Turk. *eči / *eče 'elder brother', but it is obviously closer related to *ata (Mong. *eči-ge = Turk. *ete-ke / *ata-ka). The form *ete-k`e, reflected in Turkic, Mongolian and Tungus, is probably an archaic diminutive, and Doerfer's (TMN 2, 9) attempt to treat the Turk. form as a compound ata 'Vater' + äkä 'älteres Geschwister' is certainly faulty.

Proto-Altaic: *èt`i ( ~ -t-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: thread, to quilt

Russian Meaning: нить, стегать

Turkic: *Etek

Tungus-Manchu: *etu- / *ute-

Japanese: *ìtuá

Comments: Дыбо 15.

Proto-Altaic: *ḗbǯo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to see, understand

Russian Meaning: видеть, понимать

Turkic: *ȫ(j)-

Mongolian: *üǯe-

Tungus-Manchu: *eǯe-

Comments: A Western isogloss. The medial cluster with *-b- should be reconstructed in order to account for labialization in Turk. and Mong. However, the Turkic form may be alternatively compared with Mong. ojun 'thought' - if the latter is not related to PT *ōd 'thought' (as suggested by Владимирцов 285 and supported in Мудрак Дисс. 103).

Proto-Altaic: *ēč`o

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: be weak, exhausted

Russian Meaning: быть слабым, истощенным

Turkic: *ạ̄č

Tungus-Manchu: *eče-

Korean: *ǝ́č-

Japanese: *ǝ̀tǝ̀r-

Comments: The parallel seems reliable despite tone discrepancy between Turk.-Tung., on the one hand, and Kor.-Jpn., on the other.

Proto-Altaic: *ēda

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: silly, evil

Russian Meaning: глупый, дурной

Turkic: *Ada

Mongolian: *ada

Tungus-Manchu: *ēde-

Japanese: *ántá

Comments: Mong. may be < Turk., see EDT 40, Щербак 1997, 94. The Jpn. high tone seems to contradict the TM length, but it may be secondary, see above.

Proto-Altaic: *ḗga

Meaning: to rise, lift

Russian Meaning: подниматъ, подниматься

Turkic: *(i)āg-

Mongolian: *(h)ag-sa-

Tungus-Manchu: *ek-se-

Japanese: *á(n)ká-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 275; Miller 1981, 869. Cf. *i̯ā́ga.

Proto-Altaic: *ḗgó

Meaning: big, many

Russian Meaning: большой, много

Turkic: *ẹ̄g-id-

Mongolian: *aɣu-

Tungus-Manchu: *egdi

Korean: *ǝ̀'uí-

Japanese: *ǝnki-rǝ

Comments: EAS 73, VEWT 169, SKE 62, 59, АПиПЯЯ 291. Korean has ǝ- instead of the expected *ă, because the latter cannot stand in Anlaut. A derivative of the same root may be MKor. ón 'hundred' ( < *ēgo-nV). {Cf. PE *uɣla- 'numerous, many'.}

Proto-Altaic: *ḗjba

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to hurry

Russian Meaning: спешить

Turkic: *ēb-

Mongolian: *(h)abad

Tungus-Manchu: *ebV-

Japanese: *áwá-tá-

Comments: Ozawa 8, Дыбо 12. Medial *-j- has to be reconstructed to account for lack of spirantization in Mong. and for -w- (not -p-) in Jpn. Note a similar dental suffixation in Mong. and Jpn.

Proto-Altaic: *ḗĺpo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to cover

Russian Meaning: покрывать

Turkic: *ēĺü-

Mongolian: *(h)olbug

Tungus-Manchu: *elbe-, *eldu-

Japanese: *ǝ́sǝ́p-

Comments: PKE 46-47, Street 1980, 287, Дыбо 15, Лексика 512. Mong. *(h)olbug < *(h)albug, with a frequent labial attraction.

Proto-Altaic: *ḗĺV

Meaning: to scratch, rake, row

Russian Meaning: скрести, загребать, грести

Turkic: *ēĺ-

Mongolian: *ele-

Tungus-Manchu: *elbe-s-

Comments: A Western isogloss. See KW 119, Poppe 78, 126, VEWT 51 (Turk.-Mong.), АПиПЯЯ 287, Дыбо 14.

Proto-Altaic: *ḗlV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: peace

Russian Meaning: мир

Turkic: *ēl

Mongolian: *el

Tungus-Manchu: *elke

Comments: EAS 145, KW 118, Poppe 76, ОСНЯ 1, 268, Rozycki 68. A Western isogloss (in fact, basically Turk.-Tung., since Mong. may be < Turk., see TMN 2, 200; Clark 1980, 43 on Mong. elči < Turk. ēl-či).

Proto-Altaic: *ḗna(kV)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: middle, width

Russian Meaning: середина, ширина

Turkic: *ēn

Mongolian: *eŋ

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)ene-kǖ

Korean: *ánh

Japanese: *nàká

Comments: VEWT 43, Martin 234. Note a common Altaic derivation in *-kV, reflected in all languages except Turkic; for TM we suppose a semantic development 'sheath' < 'receptacle' < 'inside, middle'. Jpn. has lost the first vowel in this archaic trisyllabic structure, and Kor. has rising tone also due to contraction.

Proto-Altaic: *ḗnV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: pain, sickness

Russian Meaning: боль, болезнь

Turkic: *ēn-

Mongolian: *ene-ri, -l-

Tungus-Manchu: *enū-

Comments: KW 122, Poppe 69. A Western isogloss. Despite Doerfer MT 47, TM cannot be borrowed from Mong.

Proto-Altaic: *ēŋa(k`V)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: chin, jaw

Russian Meaning: подбородок, челюсть

Turkic: *ēŋ

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)eŋge

Japanese: *ánk-

Comments: One could also reconstruct *ēna(k`V) - in which case cf. Kor. anɨm 'jowl, meat of the cheek' (KED 1068).

Proto-Altaic: *ēŋV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to think, understand

Russian Meaning: думать, понимать

Turkic: *āŋ, *āŋ-la-

Mongolian: *aɣuda-la-

Tungus-Manchu: *eŋē-

Japanese: *ǝ̀mǝ̀-p-

Comments: ЭСТЯ 1,154 (Turk.-Mong.), АПиПЯЯ 286. The Jpn. word poses some problems: its accent does not correspond to Turkic length, and if we reconstruct *ēŋo (as required by Jpn. *ǝ-), PT should have a closed *ạ̄. It is worth while therefore to consider other explanations of Jpn. *ǝ̀mǝ̀-p-: e. g. compare it with Mong. ojun 'thought' and reconstruct a separate protoform like *uńo.

Proto-Altaic: *ḕŋV

Meaning: cloud, darkness

Russian Meaning: облако

Mongolian: *eɣüle

Tungus-Manchu: *ēŋ-

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *ḗpo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to hunt, kill

Russian Meaning: охотиться, убивать

Turkic: *Āb

Mongolian: *aba

Tungus-Manchu: *wā- ( = *ebā-)

Japanese: *ǝ́p-

Comments: KW 19, Poppe 46, 97. Cf. Manchu ebte ǵaxun 'hunting bird' (perhaps preserving the original shape of the root *eb(a)-, that has elsewhere been irregularly reduced to *ewā- > *wā-). Despite TMN 1, 107, 2, 131, Щербак 1997, 94, there is no reason for assuming Turk. > Mong.

Proto-Altaic: *ḗŕa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to go astray, mistake

Russian Meaning: сбиваться с пути, ошибаться

Turkic: *āŕ-

Mongolian: *ereɣü

Tungus-Manchu: *er[e]-

Korean: *ǝ̀rjǝ́-b-

Japanese: *árá-

Comments: EAS 107, 145-146, SKE 56 (Mong.:Tung.:Kor.). Mong. and Turk. have also suffixed forms that may belong to the same root (with front / back vowel variation): cf. Mong. arča- 'to quarrel, argue'; erüs- 'to rival, compete'; Turk. *ersi- 'mean, nasty' (see Дыбо 12); perhaps also Mong. *arila- 'to disappear, vanish' ( < '*to miss'), see MGCD 118.

Proto-Altaic: *ḗra

Meaning: rough

Russian Meaning: грубый

Turkic: *Ērig

Mongolian: *ar-

Korean: *ar-

Japanese: *árá-

Comments: Martin 225 (Kor.-Jpn.)

Proto-Altaic: *ḗre ( ~ -i)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: early

Russian Meaning: рано, ранний

Turkic: *ẹ̄r

Mongolian: *er-te

Tungus-Manchu: *erü-n

Korean: *ìrɨ̀-

Comments: EAS 146, KW 126, VEWT 46, SKE 69, Poppe 106, Menges 1984, 267, Дыбо 11, Лексика 79. Cf. perhaps also MKor. jǝ̄t 'now' ( < *jǝ̄r-t = Mong., Turk. *erte?); Lee 1958, 108 also draws MKor. ǝri 'time, season', ǝrɨn 'quickly', which we were unable to identify. Borrowing in Mong. from Turk. (Щербак 1997, 116) is hardly plausible: the *-t`V suffix in this case must be Common Altaic. The etymology is still quite valid, despite all attempts of Doerfer (TMN 4, 257-259). Cf. also Turk. *er-k- 'early; ancient' = Mong. argi- 'to be old, ancient, mature'.

Proto-Altaic: *ērt`a ( ~ -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to carry on back

Russian Meaning: нести на спине

Turkic: *ạ̄rt-

Mongolian: *ači-

Comments: VEWT 27, KW 18. A Turko-Mongolian isogloss; in Turkic the root has partially merged with PT *ārt 'back' (see under *p`i̯ṑrí).

Proto-Altaic: *ḕs[i]

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to take care of

Russian Meaning: заботиться

Turkic: *es

Mongolian: *asara-

Tungus-Manchu: *ēske-

Korean: *às-kàb-, *às-kí-

Japanese: *ìsàma-

Comments: Дыбо 14. Vocalism is not quite certain (in Mong. one would rather expect a front *e-).

Proto-Altaic: *ḗt`a

Meaning: to take care of, to deal with

Russian Meaning: заботиться (о), иметь дело (с)

Turkic: *ēt-

Tungus-Manchu: *ete-

Korean: *àtáŋ

Japanese: *átúkáp-

Comments: Дыбо 15. Cf. also Mong. atugaj 'be! (imper.)' (MMong. aduɣai 'er soll sein', SH). Cf. *ĭ̀t`á. {Cf. PEsk *ita-ɣ- 'to take care of'.}

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