Слова алтайского праязыка (*G)

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Здесь представлен реконструированный словарный фонд праалтайского языка, начинающийся на фонему *G- (X корней). из общеалтайской этимологической БД проекта "Вавилонская башня" Московской школы компаративистики.

Proto-Altaic: *ga

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to take; to put

Russian Meaning: брать; класть

Turkic: *Ko-

Tungus-Manchu: *ga-

Korean: *kà-

Comments: SKE 83, Lee 1958, 111, МССНЯ 356, ОСНЯ 1, 225. One of the few PA monosyllabic roots. The relation of the Turk. form is somewhat dubious (for semantic and phonetic reasons). One may conjecture that the original shape was PT *Ka- - actually attested in OT, see EDT 578 - which was early substituted by *Ko- under the influence of the more widespread *Kod- and then disappeared altogether.

Proto-Altaic: *gàč`i ( ~ *gèč`a)

Meaning: branch, bough

Russian Meaning: ветка, сук

Mongolian: *gač-

Korean: *káčí

Comments: A Mong.-Kor. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *gằgtà

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: one of a pair

Russian Meaning: один из пары

Turkic: *Kat

Mongolian: *gagča

Tungus-Manchu: *gagda

Japanese: *kàtà

Comments: Rozycki 85 (TM-Mong.). Despite Doerfer MT 51, TM cannot be borrowed from Mong. The Mong. form presents some difficulties: apart from the unclear variant *ganča, the form *gagča itself can only belong here if it is an irregular development < *gagči < *gagti, or if it is a contraction of a derived form *gagta-ča. Note that Jpn. *kàtà may also be derived from PA *kalt`o q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *gằjá

Meaning: oar, boat pole

Russian Meaning: весло, лодочный шест

Turkic: *K(i)aj-guk

Tungus-Manchu: *ga(j)-

Japanese: *kàjí

Comments: Murayama 1962, 107. An interesting common Altaic cultural term.

Proto-Altaic: *gằju

Meaning: sorrow

Russian Meaning: печаль

Turkic: *Kadgu

Mongolian: *gaj

Tungus-Manchu: *gaja-

Korean: *kǝi'ǝm

Japanese: *kùjà-

Comments: Мудрак Дисс. 102. Cf. also Kalm. gejǖn, WMong. gejeɣün 'grievous, gloomy' (perhaps < *gaju-gi- with secondary fronting). Note the peculiar *-d- in PT, reflected as -j- (not -r-) in Chuv.: perhaps we should rather reconstruct *Kaj(i)-dgu for early PT, with subsequent development either > *Kajgu or > *Kadgu.

Proto-Altaic: *gajV

Meaning: surprise

Russian Meaning: удивление, удивлять(ся)

Turkic: *Kaj-

Mongolian: *gajika-

Tungus-Manchu: *gaji-

Comments: A Western isogloss; maybe the same root as *gằju ('sorrow' > 'surprise'?).

Proto-Altaic: *gắli

Meaning: to hate, wild

Russian Meaning: ненавидеть, дикий

Turkic: *K(i)al

Mongolian: *galǯaɣu

Tungus-Manchu: *galu-

Japanese: *kíráp-

Comments: Mong. gelme- 'to be scared, afraid' is probably a variant reflex of the same root - despite KW 133, Poppe 25, АПиПЯЯ 18, Дыбо 14, all connecting it with TM *ŋēle-.

Proto-Altaic: *gaĺi

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to contest

Russian Meaning: соревноваться

Tungus-Manchu: *gali-

Korean: *kjǝru-

Japanese: *kisuap- ( ~ *kisǝp-)

Comments: An Eastern isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *gălV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: clear (of sky, weather)

Russian Meaning: проясняться (о небе, погоде)

Turkic: *K(i)alɨ-

Tungus-Manchu: *galu-

Comments: VEWT 226, ТМС 1, 138. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *gămo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: concubine, co-wife

Russian Meaning: наложница, со-жена

Turkic: *Koma

Tungus-Manchu: *gama

Korean: *kòmá

Comments: Ramstedt (SKE 415) thinks of a loan Kor. > Turk., which is highly improbable (see TMN 1, 415); despite late attestation in Turkic the root may well be archaic. For TM one should suppose the original meaning "children of smb.'s concubine(s)".

Proto-Altaic: *găŋi ( ~ -i̯a-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to explain, tell, say

Russian Meaning: объяснять, говорить

Turkic: *geŋe-

Mongolian: *geɣe-

Tungus-Manchu: *g(i)aŋna-

Comments: Владимирцов 250, АПиПЯЯ 295, KW 132 (Turk.-Mong.). A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *gàp`á

Meaning: protection, care

Russian Meaning: защита, забота

Mongolian: *gabi-

Japanese: *kàmpà-

Comments: A Mong.-Jpn. isogloss. It is interesting to note the Old Turkic title qapaɣan which may be = OJ kabane and Mong. gabija(n).

Proto-Altaic: *gằŕ[à]

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: sharp edge

Russian Meaning: острый край, конец

Turkic: *geŕ

Tungus-Manchu: *gara

Korean: *kárh

Japanese: *kàtànà

Comments: Martin 251 (Kor.-Jpn.), Lee 1958, 111 (Kor.-TM). Fronting in Turk. is unclear (*Kaŕ would be normally expected). The Kor. word may also reflect *kằle q. v. (Joki 1963, 154); in any case, it actually reflects a suffixed form *gàŕ[a]-KV (cf. Man. GarGa) or *kale-kV.

Proto-Altaic: *gàrá ( ~ -e-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: arm

Russian Meaning: рука, верхняя часть руки

Turkic: *Karɨ

Mongolian: *gar

Japanese: *kàtá

Comments: KW 145, Владимирцов 391, Poppe 24 (Turk.-Mong.; but ТМ *ŋāla 'hand, arm' cannot belong here), Колесникова 1972а, 95-97; АПиПЯЯ 290, Дыбо 310-311, Лексика 247. Borrowing in Mong. < Turk. is quite improbable, despite Щербак 1997, 134 (even Doerfer in TMN 1, 207, 3, 461 describes the Turk.-Mong. match as "Zufall" - which in all his works is actually a synonym for "cognate").

Proto-Altaic: *gari ( ~ -ŕ-, -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: light

Russian Meaning: свет

Mongolian: *gere-l

Tungus-Manchu: *garpa

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss; on a possible Jpn. match see under *gìle. See also notes to *ŋḕra.

Proto-Altaic: *gaso ( ~ -i)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: crane, aquatic bird

Russian Meaning: журавль, водоплавающая птица

Mongolian: *geske

Tungus-Manchu: *gasa

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. On a possible reflex in PT see under *gā̀ŕV; if PT *Kāŕ at least partially reflects the present root, it would be an argument to reconstruct PA *gāso with a long *ā. One should also note Kor. dial. kesani 'goose' (KED 109) - if it is not a derivative of PK *kǝ̀jú 'goose' (see under *kúja).

Proto-Altaic: *găte

Meaning: strong, very

Russian Meaning: сильно, очень

Turkic: *ged

Mongolian: *küdür

Tungus-Manchu: *gata- / *kada-

Japanese: *kǝtǝ

Comments: The root reveals some phonetic irregularities - probably because of contaminations with *két`o 'much, many' and *kádì(rV) 'strong, tough' q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *gàtù

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: fur on animal's paws

Russian Meaning: мех на лапах животных

Mongolian: *godu / *gudu-, *gutu-

Tungus-Manchu: *gata-

Japanese: *kùtù

Comments: KW 152, SKE 128, Poppe 24, Ozawa 89-90, Miller 1986a, 55. The development 'fur on paws' > 'shoe' in Mong. and Jpn. may well have been independent, but one has also to reckon with a possibility of ancient borrowings (especially because of some phonetic irregularities in Mong.).

Proto-Altaic: *gằt`a ( ~ -t-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: berry, to gather berries

Russian Meaning: ягода, собирать ягоды

Turkic: *Kat-

Tungus-Manchu: *gata-

Korean: *kǝ̀t-

Japanese: *kàtai

Comments: Дыбо 10. Verbal low tone in Kor.

Proto-Altaic: *gā̀ŕV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: wild goose

Russian Meaning: дикий гусь

Turkic: *Kāŕ

Tungus-Manchu: *gār(u)a

Comments: EAS 113, Poppe 18, Цинциус 1972, 6, АПиПЯЯ 80, Лексика 171, TMN 3, 387 ("onomatopoetisch"). The Turk. form is probably contaminated with *Kās == TM *gasa 'crane, duck', which should explain the exceptional preservation of vowel length. See also comments to *ki̯ujilV and *gi̯ằla.

Proto-Altaic: *gā́t`ì

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to go, come

Russian Meaning: идти, приходить

Turkic: *gē(j)t-

Mongolian: *getül- / *gatul-

Japanese: *kítá-r-

Comments: Because of the peculiar shape of the Turkic form one should perhaps reconstruct *gā́jt`i.

Proto-Altaic: *gébó

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: shell, husk

Russian Meaning: скорлупа, шелуха; мякина

Turkic: *Kạb-

Mongolian: *gawr-su

Tungus-Manchu: *gub- ( ~ *geb-)

Korean: *kòbɨ̀i

Japanese: *kámpí

Comments: Владимирцов 209, Poppe 48, АПиПЯЯ 14, 280. One of several similar PA roots (see *k`ā́p`a, *k`èpà, *k`i̯ā̀bu, *kìp`é).

Proto-Altaic: *gĕbo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: light, empty

Russian Meaning: легкий, пустой

Turkic: *geb-

Mongolian: *güji-

Tungus-Manchu: *gebu-

Comments: A Western isogloss. Cf. *kup`e, *gúpu.

Proto-Altaic: *gĕ́dì

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: back (of head), behind

Russian Meaning: затылок, позади

Turkic: *ged

Mongolian: *gede

Tungus-Manchu: *gedi-muk

Japanese: *kítà

Comments: EAS 48, Владимирцов 206, Poppe 24, 53, Колесникова 1972а, 101-103, ОСНЯ 1, 228, АПиПЯЯ 71; Дыбо 4. Despite Doerfer's criticism (TMN 1, 492) the root still holds.

Proto-Altaic: *gĕ́gà ( ~ -o)

Meaning: to be angry

Russian Meaning: сердиться

Turkic: *KAkɨ-

Mongolian: *gaɣa-

Tungus-Manchu: *geg-

Japanese: *kákúat-

Comments: The PT form has an irregular *-k-, most probably under the influence of the synonymous PA root *kā́k`i ( > PT *Kek-).

Proto-Altaic: *gék`á

Meaning: hook, bend

Russian Meaning: крюк, гнуть

Turkic: *Kek- / *Kak-

Mongolian: *gek-

Tungus-Manchu: *gek(u)-

Japanese: *kánkám-

Comments: Cf. *gŭ̀k`a, *k`i̯úŋu, *k`ōkí.

Proto-Altaic: *gĕ̀la

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to search, hunt

Russian Meaning: искать, охотиться

Turkic: *gele-

Tungus-Manchu: *gelē-

Japanese: *kàr-

Comments: Дыбо 14, Федотов 1, 270-271.

Proto-Altaic: *gĕ̀le

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to come; to go

Russian Meaning: приходить; идти

Turkic: *gẹl-

Mongolian: *gel-

Tungus-Manchu: *gel-

Korean: *ká-

Japanese: *kǝ̀-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 99, 274. The verb loses the final resonant in Jpn., Kor. and in some forms of the Turkic paradigm: this must be an archaic feature (also present in some other frequently used verbs), speaking perhaps in favour of the root's original monosyllabic structure (*gèl).

Proto-Altaic: *gèmo

Meaning: to complete, fill in

Russian Meaning: завершать, заполнять

Mongolian: *gömür-

Tungus-Manchu: *gemu

Korean: *kăm-

Japanese: *kǝ̀m-

Comments: Cf. also notes to *k`ŏ́mi.

Proto-Altaic: *gèná

Meaning: to suppose; unexpected

Russian Meaning: предполагать; неожиданный

Turkic: *gEne

Mongolian: *gene-

Japanese: *kàná-

Comments: The original meaning may be reconstructed as 'to be unexpected' / 'not expect smth.'.

Proto-Altaic: *gentV ( ~ k-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: male, self

Russian Meaning: самец, сам

Turkic: *[g]ẹntü (-nd-)

Mongolian: *gendü

Comments: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. Poppe 25, KW 133, ОСНЯ 1, 226-227 (despite Doerfer's criticism in TMN 1, 489 the forms are perfectly semantically compatible).

Proto-Altaic: *gep`V

Meaning: to disappear, obscure

Russian Meaning: исчезать, тусклый

Mongolian: *geɣe-

Tungus-Manchu: *gepe-

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. Cf. *gi̯ū̀p`a.

Proto-Altaic: *gera ( ~ -o, -u)

Meaning: many

Russian Meaning: много

Mongolian: *garu-

Tungus-Manchu: *gere-n

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *gĕ̀rè(bV)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: word, name, witness

Russian Meaning: слово, имя, свидетельство

Turkic: *gẹr-tü

Mongolian: *gere(-ɣe)

Tungus-Manchu: *gerbǖ

Korean: *kɨ́r, *kɨ́rwǝ́r

Japanese: *kǝ̀tǝ̀, *kǝ̀tǝ̀-pà

Comments: KW 134, Poppe 25, 80 (Turk.-Mong.). Cf. also Old Koguryo *kŭš (Lee reads *kɨl, Miller 1979 emends to *kŭnš, which is hardly correct).

Proto-Altaic: *gérki

Meaning: a k. of pheasant

Russian Meaning: вид фазана

Turkic: *Kerke-

Mongolian: *girgawl, *k-

Japanese: *kínkisí

Comments: Cf. various similar bird names in TM: Evk. goriwkī 'swallow' (ТМС 1, 161); Orok kiru, kireu 'crane' (ТМС 1, 399); Oroch kurau, koro; Evk. karaw, karawul 'gray crane' (ТМС 1, 379).

Proto-Altaic: *gĕrV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: house, house poles

Russian Meaning: дом, жерди в каркасе дома

Turkic: *gErekü

Mongolian: *ger

Tungus-Manchu: *gerbe-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *get`V

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to watch, look

Russian Meaning: наблюдать, смотреть

Mongolian: *gete-

Tungus-Manchu: *gete-

Comments: KW 135. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss; despite TMN 1, 489, Doerfer MT 79, hardly a borrowing in TM < Mong. (because of semantic differences).

Proto-Altaic: *gḕĺa

Meaning: to screen (from light), disappear

Russian Meaning: закрывать (от света), исчезать

Turkic: *Köĺ-

Tungus-Manchu: *gēl-

Korean: *kɨ̀rɨ̀mǝ́i

Japanese: *kàsùm-

Comments: In Turkic *Keĺ- would be expected; -ö- is probably due to the influence of a very close phonetically and semantically Karakh. kölige 'shadow'. In Korean one would expect rather *kǝ́rVm-, so the tone and vocalism appears to be distorted. This all may be due to expressive (tabooistic) reasons, as well as to the interaction between this root and PA *k`òlmV 'cloud' q. v. {Cf. WMo ɣoluj-, ɣolu-ɣur 'потухший, тусклый, неяркий' - perhaps better for Turkic.}

Proto-Altaic: *gḗmo

Meaning: stern, boat

Russian Meaning: корма, лодка

Turkic: *gẹ̄mi

Tungus-Manchu: *gemu ?

Korean: *kòmắr

Comments: One of the common Altaic navigation terms.

Proto-Altaic: *gḕnŋa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to bend

Russian Meaning: гнуть

Turkic: *KAŋɨr-

Mongolian: *gana-

Tungus-Manchu: *gē(n)ŋe-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *gibe

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: mare

Russian Meaning: кобыла

Turkic: *KEbel

Mongolian: *gewü-n

Tungus-Manchu: *gibu-

Comments: A Western isogloss. The isolated Karakh. form may be borrowed < Sak. käbä 'well-bred horse'; perhaps a better match in Turkic would be *Kojn 'sheep' (Лексика 431, ЭСТЯ 6, 24-26) ( > Mong. qoni(n) > Evk. konin etc., see TMN 3, 564, Щербак 1997, 139, Doerfer MT 37; despite KW 194 and Poppe 70, hardly a common Altaic *koni). In that case Turk. *Kojn < *Kobi-n, with a subsequent reconstruction of PA *gi̯abo(nV).

Proto-Altaic: *gijo

Meaning: notch, to cut aslant

Russian Meaning: зарубка, резать наискосок

Turkic: *Kɨj-

Tungus-Manchu: *gia-

Japanese: *ki

Comments: Kalm. kāčǝ- (WMong. kijači-, KW 222) 'to split (wood)' is probably borrowed from the Turk. derivative *Kɨjgač- (although the latter now means basically 'slant', the original meaning was 'cut aslant'). If the latter was the original meaning in PA, one could also compare Mong. *geji-, *geje- 'slanting, oblique' (otherwise see notes to *k`i̯úŋ(k)u).

Proto-Altaic: *gìlè ( ~ -i, -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to shine, glitter

Russian Meaning: блестеть, сверкать

Mongolian: *gil(b)a-

Tungus-Manchu: *gilta-

Japanese: *kìrà-

Comments: KW 136, ОСНЯ 1, 230. In TM cf. also a variant *kilbe- / *kilt- 'glitter' (ТМС 1, 393, 394; hence Yak. kilbej-, kɨlbaj-; but Dolg. gilbej-, gɨlbaj- may be directly < Mong.; see Kaɫ. MEJ 103, Stachowski 86, 87). Since Mong. also has a variant *gilt- (MMong. (MA) qiltai-, WMong. giltagir, giltuji-, Kalm. giltǝgṛ, giltī-, KW ibid.), the TM forms may be borrowed from Mong. (see Doerfer MT 21-22, Rozycki 89). Note that Jpn. *kìrà- may also reflect PA *gari q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *gĭ̀ĺò

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: cold

Russian Meaning: холодный

Turkic: *Kɨĺ

Tungus-Manchu: *gil-

Japanese: *kìsàra-(n)ki

Comments: EAS 110, Лексика 76, Miller 1986, 47, Miller 1996, 114.

Proto-Altaic: *gilu ( ~ -o, -a)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: curved object

Russian Meaning: искривленный предмет

Turkic: *Kɨlɨ

Mongolian: *gil-

Tungus-Manchu: *gil-

Comments: A Western isogloss; cf. *gi̯ā́ĺu.

Proto-Altaic: *gíme ( ~ *gemi)

Meaning: defect

Russian Meaning: дефект, недостаток

Turkic: *Kem

Mongolian: *gem

Korean: *kìmɨ́i

Comments: KW 133. Cf. Evk. gimdigī- 'to break (of a belt, strap)' (ТМС 1, 152).

Proto-Altaic: *gire ( ~ -ŕ-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: bone

Russian Meaning: кость

Mongolian: *gere

Tungus-Manchu: *giram-ksa

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *giru

Meaning: shore; road

Russian Meaning: берег; дорога

Turkic: *Kɨrgak

Tungus-Manchu: *giri

Korean: *kírh

Comments: SKE 112, АПиПЯЯ 296. In Turkic the root is contaminating with the reflex of *k`ā̀re q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯ằlá

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: goose, duck

Russian Meaning: гусь, утка

Mongolian: *galaɣu(n)

Tungus-Manchu: *gileŋē-

Japanese: *kàrí

Comments: In TM one would rather expect *gialeŋē, but the existing forms may be explained as secondarily monophthongized. Despite АПиПЯЯ 80, the Jpn. form rather belongs here (semantically it is exactly = Mong. ɣalaɣun, and in case *kàrí < *gāŕV we would rather expect *kàtí).

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯ălu

Meaning: thick, whole

Russian Meaning: толстый, целый

Turkic: *Kalɨŋ

Mongolian: *goli-

Tungus-Manchu: *gulu-kun

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯aŋu

Meaning: wild onion

Russian Meaning: дикий лук

Turkic: *gEmürgen

Tungus-Manchu: *guŋur

Japanese: *k(u)i

Comments: Cf. also some similar roots: *gokV, *ki̯omga, *k`éma (with possible mergers). Medial -m- in Turk. may be either due to these mergers, or a result of labial assimilation (*gEmürgen < *gEŋürgen). The Jpn. form must go back to a suffixed *gi̯aŋ(u)-gV.

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯ằŕá

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to walk, step

Russian Meaning: ходить, шагать

Turkic: *gEŕ-

Mongolian: *gar-

Tungus-Manchu: *giari- / *gira-

Japanese: *kàtí

Comments: ЭСТЯ 3, 11, JOAL 125, 126, АПиПЯЯ 74, 289, Дыбо 13.

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯ări

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to stretch, spread

Russian Meaning: расстилать, растягивать

Turkic: *ger-

Tungus-Manchu: *girke-

Korean: *kǝ̄r-

Comments: The match is possible if TM *girke- is a secondary contraction < *giarke-. Another possibility would be to suppose *girke- < *gerki- and reconstruct PA *gĕrV.

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯ắru

Meaning: acacia

Russian Meaning: акация

Turkic: *KArakan

Tungus-Manchu: *gur-

Korean: *kor-

Japanese: *kútí-

Comments: The meaning 'acacia' is surprisingly well reconstructable for this root.

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯àru

Meaning: wave, stream

Russian Meaning: волна, поток

Mongolian: *goru-ka / *gori-ka

Tungus-Manchu: *guru-

Korean: *kjǝ́r

Comments: Mong. and TM reflect a common derivative *gi̯àru-k`V.

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯aso

Meaning: to curse, horrify

Russian Meaning: ругать, устрашать

Turkic: *Kias-

Mongolian: *ges-

Tungus-Manchu: *gos-

Japanese: *kasi-

Comments: Cf. *kasa.

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯ā́la

Meaning: to stay behind, be separated

Russian Meaning: оставаться, отставать, отделяться

Turkic: *Kiāl-

Mongolian: *gal-

Tungus-Manchu: *giala-

Japanese: *kára-

Comments: The original meaning is well reconstructable as "to lag behind > become separated". The derivative *gi̯ā́la-kV 'separation, lagging' is reflected in PTM *giala-ku 'separated space, room' and the denominative *gal-gi- in Mongolian.

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯ā́ĺu

Meaning: ring, bracelet, precious stone

Russian Meaning: кольцо, браслет, драгоценный камень

Turkic: *KĀĺ

Tungus-Manchu: *goldi

Korean: *kòrhói

Japanese: *kusirǝ

Comments: A specific common Altaic cultural term.

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯óč`e

Meaning: a k. of flower

Russian Meaning: вид цветка

Turkic: *gEč-

Mongolian: *gečigene

Korean: *kòč

Comments: Very scantily represented in Turkic, so basically a Mong.-Kor. isogloss; not quite reliable.

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯odV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: belly, stomach

Russian Meaning: живот, желудок

Mongolian: *gede-sün

Tungus-Manchu: *gudige

Comments: ТМС 1, 167. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯oje ?

Meaning: to butt, horn

Russian Meaning: бодать, рог

Tungus-Manchu: *gujā-

Comments: Basically a TM root, but cf. Yak. kej- 'to butt'. Jpn. *k(ù)i 'fang' may belong here, too - but see under *k`i̯ū̀ge). On the whole, rather dubious as a common Altaic etymon.

Proto-Altaic: *g[i̯o]jk`u

Meaning: bird of prey

Russian Meaning: хищная птица

Turkic: *göjke

Tungus-Manchu: *giax(ü-n)

Comments: Дыбо 9, Лексика 170. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.; seems reliable, but the front vowel in Turk. is unclear.

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯òjńu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: dawn, daylight

Russian Meaning: рассвет, дневной свет

Turkic: *gün(eĺ) / *guńaĺ

Mongolian: *gegeɣe < *geɣeɣe

Tungus-Manchu: *giańam

Korean: *kúi

Japanese: *ka(i)

Comments: Лексика 78, Doerfer MT 143. Cf. also Mong. geji- 'to dawn' (KW 137), proving that *geɣe- < *geje-. The Korean form points to a cluster with *-j-, therefore a reconstruction *gi̯òjnu (with subsequent assimilative palatalization -jn- > -jń-) is perhaps more plausible; cf. also the variation *n/*ń in PT. The Jpn. reflex is somewhat problematic: loss of final resonant here may be explained by a standard development before a velar suffix (*ka < *gi̯òjn(u)-gV, cf. Mong. *gege-ɣe, Man. geŋ-ǵe); but one would rather expect a PJ form like *ku(i). The irregular vowel may be due to contraction, cf. a similar case in PJ *ká 'mosquito' < PA *kúńe.

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯ŏ̀[k]ó

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to run, send

Russian Meaning: бежать, гнать, посылать

Turkic: *Kog-

Mongolian: *güji-

Tungus-Manchu: *gik-

Japanese: *kàká-

Comments: The medial consonant behaves irregularly: the Turk. and Mong. forms point to an intermediate *gi̯ogo, probably a result of assimilation < *gi̯oko.

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯ola ( ~ -ĺ-, *gi̯alo)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to burn, fire

Russian Meaning: жечь, огонь

Mongolian: *gal

Tungus-Manchu: *gul-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 294. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. Poppe 24, 75 compares the TM stem with Mong. ɣolu-mta 'hearth', but cf. rather *gi̯ū̀ĺo.

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯òlo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to be unhappy, endure

Russian Meaning: быть несчастным, терпеть

Turkic: *Kol-

Mongolian: *golu-

Tungus-Manchu: *gil-

Japanese: *kǝ̀rápá- (~-uo-)

Comments: KW 150.

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯óra

Meaning: a k. of reed

Russian Meaning: вид тростника

Turkic: *KAr(a)gu

Tungus-Manchu: *gurbi

Japanese: *kántúrá

Comments: The Turk.-Manchu match is semantically straightforward; the Jpn. match is phonetically plausible, but less certain semantically.

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯óro ( ~ -ŕ-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to cut, carve, shear

Russian Meaning: резать; измельчать, ломать

Mongolian: *gur-

Tungus-Manchu: *giri-

Japanese: *kár-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 288, Miller-Street 1975, 108ff (with a somewhat different distribution of roots). MKor. kằr-hằi- < *kǝ̀r-hằi- through assimilation (?). The root tends to contaminate with a number of similar roots: see *k`ĭ̀rka, *k`ĭ̀régV, *kìro.

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯ose ( ~ -i, *gi̯aso)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: stick, pole

Russian Meaning: палка, шест

Mongolian: *gesi-ɣün

Tungus-Manchu: *gusa

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯ṓĺV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: edge; eyebrow

Russian Meaning: край; бровь

Turkic: *K(i)āĺ

Tungus-Manchu: *gula

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss, with very similar semantic developments. Лексика 212. {Cf. WMo ɣuldaŋ, ɣulduŋ 'arch (as of a bridge or gate)'}.

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯ṓp`e

Meaning: to swell, form blisters

Russian Meaning: пухнуть, нарывать

Turkic: *Kāp-

Mongolian: *göb- / *güb-

Korean: *kòpó-m-

Japanese: *kǝp(u)i ( ~ -ua-)

Comments: Cf. *kŏp`é, *k`àpe.

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯ṑŕe ( ~ *gi̯ā̀ŕu)

Meaning: skin disease

Russian Meaning: кожная болезнь

Turkic: *KEŕi-

Tungus-Manchu: *gōr-

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯ube

Meaning: to hit, pound

Russian Meaning: бить, стучать

Turkic: *Küb-

Tungus-Manchu: *güb-

Japanese: *kuwa-

Comments: EAS 148, Poppe 25, Doerfer MT 73. Cf. *gṓp`i.

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯ŭldo

Meaning: to stretch

Russian Meaning: вытягивать

Turkic: *Kula-

Mongolian: *gulda-

Tungus-Manchu: *gülde-

Comments: ТМС 1, 150 (Mong.-Tung.). A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *g[i̯ú]ĺe

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to strain liquid

Russian Meaning: процеживать

Turkic: *Köĺ-er-

Tungus-Manchu: *gile-

Korean: *kǝ̀rɨ̀-

Japanese: *kǝ́s- ( ~ -ua-)

Comments: Martin 232, JOAL 119 (Kor.-Jpn.). Reflexes outside the Eastern area are scarce, but still the comparison seems probable, despite some phonetic problems (in TM *-ü- would be expected).

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯uli

Meaning: male deer

Russian Meaning: самец оленя

Turkic: *Külmüŕ

Tungus-Manchu: *gil-

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯ūbe

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to smoke, roast

Russian Meaning: дымить(ся), жарить

Turkic: *gübeč

Tungus-Manchu: *gǖb-

Korean: *kūb-

Japanese: *káwǝ́r-

Comments: One of several similar roots (cf. *ki̯ájo, *ki̯àjú) tending to contaminate, which may explain some irregularities (notably, tone and irregular -a- in Jpn.).

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯ū̀la

Meaning: thin, short

Russian Meaning: тонкий, короткий

Turkic: *Kɨl-

Mongolian: *gulbi-

Tungus-Manchu: *gōl-

Japanese: *kàrú-

Comments: A common derivative *gi̯ū̀la-bV- is reflected in Turkic, Mongolian and TM.

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯ū̀ĺo ( ~ -e)

Meaning: to smoke, fume

Russian Meaning: коптить, дымить(ся)

Mongolian: *golu-mta

Tungus-Manchu: *gǖl-

Korean: *kǝr-

Japanese: *kùsù-(m)p-

Comments: Cf. *gi̯ola.

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯ū̀p`a ( ~ -u)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to extinguish

Russian Meaning: гаснуть, гасить

Turkic: *Kɨp-

Tungus-Manchu: *gūp-

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. Cf. *gep`V.

Proto-Altaic: *gī́ŕa ( ~-o,-u)

Meaning: girl, mate

Russian Meaning: девушка, спутница

Turkic: *Kɨ̄ŕ

Tungus-Manchu: *girkī

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. Cf. perhaps Mong. *gergei 'wife' (if not derived from *ger 'house'; Mong. pl. gergen > Yak., Dolg. kergen 'family', see Kaɫ. MEJ 28, Stachowski 145).

Proto-Altaic: *gŏ̀bè ( ~ -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to search, hunt

Russian Meaning: искать, охотиться

Turkic: *Kob-

Mongolian: *guji-

Tungus-Manchu: *gob-

Japanese: *kǝ̀p-

Comments: KW 156, Владимирцов 160, 272, Poppe 24, 49, Ozawa 202-203, Miller 1985, 145, АПиПЯЯ 81.

Proto-Altaic: *goblu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: valley

Russian Meaning: долина

Turkic: *Kōl

Mongolian: *gowl

Tungus-Manchu: *gola

Korean: *kōr

Japanese: *kura

Comments: EAS 48, KW 150, SKE 121, Martin 245, Whitman 1985, 191, 222, Martin 1996, 39, АПиПЯЯ 19, 70. Mong. cannot be borrowed from Turk., despite Щербак 1997, 139.; the isolated Manchu form may be < Mong. (see TMN 1, 439, Doerfer MT 116, Rozycki 91), but not necessarily so.

Proto-Altaic: *gòbù ( ~ -u-)

Meaning: beautiful

Russian Meaning: красивый

Turkic: {*Kob-}

Mongolian: *gowa

Korean: *kōb-

Japanese: *kùpà-

Comments: EAS 90, SKE 124 (despite Doerfer's - TMN 1, 422 - doubts, the comparison seems impeccable), Miller 1985, 144-145, АПиПЯЯ 15, 68, Ozawa 18.

Proto-Altaic: *gòdè

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to be diligent, persistent, to endure

Russian Meaning: быть терпеливым, настойчивым, терпеть

Turkic: *Kodur-

Mongolian: *güǯi-

Japanese: *kǝ̀tàpa-

Comments: Cf. *ki̯ū́di, *kít`u.

Proto-Altaic: *gódú

Meaning: down, to lower

Russian Meaning: низ, опускать

Turkic: *Kodɨ

Mongolian: *gudu-

Japanese: *kúntá-r-

Comments: KW 153, Владимирцов 160, 319.

Proto-Altaic: *gojV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: different, other

Russian Meaning: другой, отличный

Mongolian: *gojar

Tungus-Manchu: *goj / *gia

Japanese: *kía

Comments: The Jpn. form reflects a contraction *kía < *kV́ja, frequent in roots with medial *-j-.

Proto-Altaic: *gokV

Meaning: a k. of reed or leek

Russian Meaning: вид тростника или дикого лука

Turkic: *Koga ( ~ -k-)

Mongolian: *gogu-

Comments: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss: not quite reliable because of late attestation, but borrowing in either direction seems improbable. Cf. *gi̯aŋu, *ki̯omga, *k`éma.

Proto-Altaic: *gók`ì (*-dV)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: high, peak

Russian Meaning: высокий, вершина

Mongolian: *gögde-

Tungus-Manchu: *gugda

Korean: *kòkái

Japanese: *kúkì

Comments: Poppe 19, 51, АПиПЯЯ 288, 295. The Mong. and TM forms reflect a derivative in *-dV (probably originally locative). See also a discussion under *gudV.

Proto-Altaic: *goli ( ̃ -e)

Meaning: female of an ungulate

Russian Meaning: самка копытного животного

Turkic: *göle

Tungus-Manchu: *gulu-

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss; cf. perhaps also MMong. gölme, WMong. gölme, Ord. gülme 'skin of ox or swine, saddle cloth'.

Proto-Altaic: *gòlí

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of weapon for sea-hunting

Russian Meaning: вид орудия для морской охоты

Mongolian: *gölmi

Tungus-Manchu: *goli

Japanese: *kùrúrí

Comments: A common Altaic cultural term.

Proto-Altaic: *goli

Meaning: log, wooden block

Russian Meaning: бревно, чурбан

Turkic: *göl-

Mongolian: *göle- ( ~ -ü-)

Tungus-Manchu: *gola

Japanese: *kura-i

Comments: The word is rather scantily represented in Turkic and Mongolian, but borrowing is rather improbable.

Proto-Altaic: *goŋV(ŕV)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of insect

Russian Meaning: вид насекомого

Turkic: *Koŋuŕ

Mongolian: *guwur

Tungus-Manchu: *guŋgu

Korean: *kūm(p)-

Comments: KW 157, Дыбо 8, Лексика 188 (Doerfer TMN 3, 527 regards the Turk.-Mong. match as "aus lautlichen Gründen mindestens unwahrscheinlich"), although phonetically the match is quite plausible. The Kor. form is not quite clear morphologically (kūmp(j)ǝŋ(i) < *kūŋ-p(j)ǝŋ, a compound with some unclear second component?), but semantically matches the other forms very well.

Proto-Altaic: *góp`á ( ~ -u-)

Meaning: stump

Russian Meaning: пень

Mongolian: *gobur

Japanese: *kámpú

Comments: A Mong.-Jpn. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *górà ( ~ -ŕ-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to starve, be empty

Russian Meaning: голодать, быть пустым

Mongolian: *guri-

Tungus-Manchu: *gure-

Korean: *kòrh-

Japanese: *kárà

Comments: Martin 231 (Kor.-Jpn.)

Proto-Altaic: *gŏ̀re

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to see; understand

Russian Meaning: видеть; понимать, узнавать

Turkic: *göŕ ( = *gör-s) / *gör-

Mongolian: *gori

Tungus-Manchu: *gur-

Korean: *kɨ́rì-

Comments: PKE 85, АПиПЯЯ 281, Дыбо 14. ? Cf. Mong. girkaj 'having good eyesight'.

Proto-Altaic: *got`ò ( ~ -u-, -e)

Meaning: a k. of fish

Russian Meaning: вид рыбы

Mongolian: *gutaɣar

Tungus-Manchu: *gutkē-

Japanese: *kǝti ( ~ -ua-)

Comments: It is not quite clear whether Mong. and TM reflect a common derivative *got`ò-gV (with assimilation -g- > -k- in TM) or these are independent derivations.

Proto-Altaic: *gṑje

Meaning: a k. of ferment

Russian Meaning: вид квасящего вещества

Turkic: *göjü-

Tungus-Manchu: *gū ( ~ *gǖ)

Korean: *kɨ̄i-

Japanese: *ki

Comments: Jpn. *ki must be a result of early secondary contraction (*kǝj- > *ki).

Proto-Altaic: *gṓli ( ~ -e)

Meaning: to bury, put bones

Russian Meaning: хоронить, класть кости

Turkic: *gȫli-

Tungus-Manchu: *gulī-

Comments: An interesting Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *gṓp`i ( ~ -e)

Meaning: to beat, hit

Russian Meaning: бить, ударять

Turkic: *gȫp-

Mongolian: *göbi-

Tungus-Manchu: *gupuj-

Comments: A Western isogloss. Cf. *gi̯ube.

Proto-Altaic: *gṓŕV

Meaning: to move, be irritated

Russian Meaning: двигаться, быть возбужденным

Turkic: *Kōŕ-ga-

Mongolian: *gurba-

Tungus-Manchu: *gori-

Comments: A Western isogloss. The root is homonymous with *gōŕa 'to starve' (except that the final vowel is uncertain here), but it seems impossible to reduce the two roots to a single entity.

Proto-Altaic: *guči ( ~ -e)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: eagle

Russian Meaning: орел

Turkic: *güči-

Tungus-Manchu: *gusi

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *gudV ( ~ -o-) (?)

Meaning: straight, vertical

Russian Meaning: прямой, вертикальный

Mongolian: *goda-

Tungus-Manchu: *goda-

Korean: *kòt-

Comments: Lee 1958, 111, ТМС 1, 166 (Tung.-Kor.). Not a very reliable root. Note that the Manchu form may belong here only if it is separated from TM *gugda 'high, tall' (see under *gók`ì), which is not necessarily so. The reflex -t- in Kor. points rather to *-t`- (unless one presumes secondary morphonological analogies). One wonders if all the forms present here do not actually represent reflexes of *gok`-dV, the suffixed form of PA *gók`i.

Proto-Altaic: *gŭjŕe

Meaning: to love, like

Russian Meaning: любить

Turkic: *güŕel

Mongolian: *goju

Tungus-Manchu: *guǯej

Korean: *kò'í-

Japanese: *kuà-p-

Comments: Дыбо 12, Martin 236. The root contains a rare medial cluster *-jŕ-.

Proto-Altaic: *gŭ̀k`à ( ~ -o-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: curve, hook; to cling to

Russian Meaning: изгиб, крюк; цепляться

Mongolian: *gok-

Tungus-Manchu: *guk-

Japanese: *kàk-

Comments: Cf. *gék`á, *k`i̯úŋu, *k`ōki.

Proto-Altaic: *guna

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to rob, attack, torture

Russian Meaning: грабить, нападать, мучить

Turkic: *Kun-

Mongolian: *gani

Tungus-Manchu: *gun-

Comments: A Western isogloss. Cf. *k`i̯ūńa.

Proto-Altaic: *gúpu ( ~ -o-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: empty, hollow

Russian Meaning: пустой, полый

Mongolian: *gobi-

Tungus-Manchu: *gub-

Japanese: *kùp-

Comments: An expressive root; not quite reliable because of scanty reflexation in TM and possible contaminations with *gĕbo et al. On a possible reflex in Turk. see under *kŏ́bú.

Proto-Altaic: *gure

Meaning: flour

Russian Meaning: мука

Turkic: *Kürüĺ

Mongolian: *guril

Korean: *kằrằ

Japanese: *kuà

Comments: Martin 248. In Kor. the word seems to be related to kằr- 'to grind, pulverize' - but this meaning is probably secondary (the verb originally means 'to polish, whet'). The tone discrepancy between Kor. and Jpn. should be explained either by the secondary influence of this verbal stem in Korean, or by contraction in Japanese (where *kuà < *gur(e)-ga); the first explanation seems more probable because the vowel reflex in Korean is also not quite regular (*-o- would be normally expected).

Proto-Altaic: *gurgi

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: palate

Russian Meaning: нёбо

Turkic: *Kurgak

Mongolian: *güreɣe

Tungus-Manchu: *gorgakta

Comments: A Western isogloss. See Лексика 230.

Proto-Altaic: *gŭri

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: wide, broad, thick

Russian Meaning: широкий, толстый

Turkic: *gür

Mongolian: *gür

Tungus-Manchu: *gora

Korean: *kūrk-

Comments: Despite Poppe (1960,18 etc.) the TM form cannot be compared with Mong. qola 'far'.

Proto-Altaic: *gŭ̀ŕi

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to unfasten, (un)tie

Russian Meaning: вязать, развязывать, завязывать

Turkic: *güŕ-

Mongolian: *görü- / *gürü-

Tungus-Manchu: *gurē-

Korean: *kɨ̀rɨ̀-

Japanese: *kùr-

Comments: Poppe 25, 107, Miller 1996, 154, Tekin 1979, 127. Korean has standard verbal low tone.

Proto-Altaic: *gùri

Meaning: to slander, go mad

Russian Meaning: клеветать, сходить с ума

Turkic: *Kür

Mongolian: *gör-

Tungus-Manchu: *gori-

Korean: *kɨ̀rɨ̀-

Japanese: *kùrùp-

Comments: Martin 246. Korean has a usual verbal low tone.

Proto-Altaic: *gúri ( ~ -o-, -ŕ-, -e)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: deer, game

Russian Meaning: олень, дичь

Mongolian: *görüɣe-

Tungus-Manchu: *gurma- / *gurna-

Korean: *kòrání

Comments: PTM and Korean reflect a common derivative *gúri-nV-. Note that Mong. *gura 'roebuck' is to be kept apart, see *ŋurV.

Proto-Altaic: *gusa ( ~ -o-, -č-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: elder male relative

Russian Meaning: старший родственник мужского пола

Tungus-Manchu: *gusin

Japanese: *kasǝ

Comments: A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *guša

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: bitter, sour

Russian Meaning: горький, кислый

Mongolian: *gasi-ɣun

Tungus-Manchu: *goši-

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. АПиПЯЯ 17, Мудрак Дисс. 41, Rozycki 92. ? Cf. OJpn. kasu 'dregs'.

Proto-Altaic: *gū́ldi

Meaning: to tether, bind

Russian Meaning: привязывать

Turkic: *gǖl-

Mongolian: *güldi-

Tungus-Manchu: *gulde-

Comments: A Western isogloss. Cf. *kōli, *k`i̯ŭli, *k`ìĺa.

Proto-Altaic: *gū̀lì

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: dwelling, cottage

Russian Meaning: жилище, хижина

Turkic: *gül

Tungus-Manchu: *gūle

Japanese: *kùrà

Comments: EAS 48.

Proto-Altaic: *gū̀no

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to think

Russian Meaning: думать

Turkic: *Kun-

Mongolian: *guni-

Tungus-Manchu: *gūn-

Korean: *kɨ̀nɨ̀r-

Japanese: *kǝ̀nǝ̀-m-

Comments: Poppe 24, KW 155, ОСНЯ 1, 234, АПиПЯЯ 291. "Verbal" low tone in Korean. There are several "mental" verbs of the type KUNV in Altaic, and they are not always easy to distinguish from each other. Besides *gū̀no 'think' cf. also notes to *kḕńu 'distress, envy', *k`i̯ŭnu 'to long, covet', *k`i̯ū́ńa 'punishment' (the latter - with additional analogies with *guna 'attack, torture'). On the whole this produces an extremely complicated etymological situation, and we are not sure we have disentangled everything correctly.

Proto-Altaic: *gū́t`ù

Meaning: to deteriorate

Russian Meaning: ухудшаться

Turkic: *Kūtuŕ

Mongolian: *gutu-

Tungus-Manchu: *gutu-

Japanese: *kutu-

Comments: Ozawa 209-210, KW 156. The original meaning may be reconstructed as 'deteriorate', with two directions of semantic development ( > a) 'to become mad, enraged'; > b) 'to become spoiled, rot').

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