Слова алтайского праязыка (*S)

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Здесь представлен реконструированный словарный фонд праалтайского языка, начинающийся на фонему *S- (X корней). из общеалтайской этимологической БД проекта "Вавилонская башня" Московской школы компаративистики.

Proto-Altaic: *sa

Meaning: to buy, sell

Russian Meaning: покупать, продавать

Turkic: *sat-

Korean: *sà-

Japanese: *sirǝ

Comments: Лексика 335. The match is acceptable (as one of the Common Altaic monosyllabic verbal roots) if -rǝ in Jpn. is a historical suffix. Cf. perhaps also TM *sali- 'esteem; price' - which may reflect a merger of this root with *sáĺo 'love' q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *sábà

Meaning: to hinder, obstruct

Russian Meaning: препятствовать, задерживать

Turkic: *sab-

Mongolian: *saɣa-

Japanese: *sápár-

Comments: Ozawa 215-216.

Proto-Altaic: *sắbí

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of big fish

Russian Meaning: вид крупной рыбы

Turkic: *sEbrük

Tungus-Manchu: *sabu-

Japanese: *símpí

Comments: Лексика 179.

Proto-Altaic: *sábó

Meaning: service

Russian Meaning: служба

Turkic: *sab-

Mongolian: *sibe-gčin

Tungus-Manchu: *sab-

Japanese: *sámpúrap-

Comments: Дыбо 15 compares Tung. with Turk. *sep- 'to equip, fit out; dowry', but this is phonetically less plausible because of voiceless *-p- in Turkic; see on this root under *si̯ắp`ú.

Proto-Altaic: *sagè

Meaning: to cry, shout

Russian Meaning: кричать

Turkic: *sɨgɨt-

Mongolian: *siɣu-g-

Tungus-Manchu: *sag-

Japanese: *sakai(m)p-

Comments: An expressive root; in Jpn. we must assume a vowel assimilation (*-ǝ- would be expected).

Proto-Altaic: *sago ( ~ z-)

Meaning: old, age

Russian Meaning: старый, возраст

Mongolian: *seɣü-der

Tungus-Manchu: *sag-d-

Korean: *sằ-n

Comments: Mong. and TM reflect the common derivative *sago-dV.

Proto-Altaic: *ságú

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of coniferous tree

Russian Meaning: вид хвойного дерева

Turkic: *sagɨr, *sagrɨ

Tungus-Manchu: *sak-si-

Japanese: *súnkúi

Comments: The root is poorly attested in TM, but the Turkic and Japanese words appear to form a good match.

Proto-Altaic: *sagu

Meaning: a k. of vessel

Russian Meaning: вид сосуда

Turkic: *sAgut

Mongolian: *sag-su

Korean: *sòth

Comments: Cf. also PT *sagɨr 'kettle' (VEWT 393).

Proto-Altaic: *sằja ( ~ z-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: clear, dawn

Russian Meaning: ясный, рассвет

Tungus-Manchu: *saj-

Korean: *sāi-

Japanese: *sàjà-

Comments: An Eastern isogloss. Dag. sajarin 'dawn' is probably < Tung.

Proto-Altaic: *sàjbo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: sound

Russian Meaning: звук

Turkic: *seb-

Tungus-Manchu: *sabu-da-

Japanese: *sàwàk-

Comments: An expressive and rather insecure root: the Turkic form are late attested and irregular.

Proto-Altaic: *săjgo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to filter, ooze

Russian Meaning: цедить, сочиться

Turkic: *sag-

Mongolian: *saɣa-

Tungus-Manchu: *saji-ǯa (~-g-)

Korean: *sắi-

Japanese: *sú

Comments: EAS 85, KW 317, Владимирцов 194. Poppe 29, 59 (Turk.-Mong.), АПиПЯЯ 15. Mong. is hardly borrowed from Turk., despite Щербак 1997, 144. *-jg- is probable because of the TM reflex and loss of *-g- in Jpn.; Korean high tone (rather untypical for a verb) is also possibly due to contraction (see also *sắjV 'shallow place' - a possible source of contamination).

Proto-Altaic: *saji

Meaning: to notch, pierce

Russian Meaning: делать зарубку, протыкать

Turkic: *sAj-

Mongolian: *seji-

Tungus-Manchu: *saji-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *sajk`V

Meaning: knucklebone

Russian Meaning: бабка, щиколотка

Turkic: *siaka

Tungus-Manchu: *sajKa

Comments: Дыбо 1993. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. Not quite reliable because of poor attestation in TM. Note, however, that PM *sigaji 'knucklebone' would be a good match - if it were not derived (or secondarily contaminated?) from *siɣa, see under PA *sìŋù.

Proto-Altaic: *sajo

Meaning: interval, space between

Russian Meaning: промежуток, расстояние между

Turkic: *saja-

Mongolian: *söɣem

Tungus-Manchu: *saja

Japanese: *sai ( ~ sia)

Comments: EAS 153. The Jpn. word may be related if one assumes an original meaning 'interval (in general)'. Mong. *söɣem < *seɣöm (with a frequent labialization transfer).

Proto-Altaic: *sajri

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to stick out, protrude, stand

Russian Meaning: выдаваться, распространяться; стоять

Turkic: *ser-

Mongolian: *sar(b)aji-

Tungus-Manchu: *sara-

Korean: *sjǝ́-

Comments: KW 314, SKE 225, PKE 173, Дыбо 12, АПиПЯЯ 297. The unexpected -b- in Mong. may be due to a mixture with *serbe- 'bristle, stand on end', see under *sirp`a. Medial *-j- is to be reconstructed to account for the loss of *-r- in Kor.

Proto-Altaic: *sắjV

Meaning: shallow, stony place

Russian Meaning: отмель, каменистое место

Turkic: *saj

Mongolian: *sajir

Tungus-Manchu: *saj-

Korean: *sā̆i-m

Japanese: *sái ~ *siá

Comments: KW 320, Владимирцов 284, Poppe 29, 67, TMN 3, 236 ("möglich"). In Korean the original root may have interacted with *sắi- 'leak, ooze' < *săjgo q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *sằkà

Meaning: heap, pile, hill

Russian Meaning: куча, груда, холм

Turkic: *saka

Tungus-Manchu: *saK-

Korean: *sàh-

Japanese: *sàkà

Comments: Lee 1958, 116 (Kor.-TM). Korean has a verbal low tone.

Proto-Altaic: *sakosako

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: magpie

Russian Meaning: сорока

Turkic: *sagɨsgan

Mongolian: *siɣaǯigaj

Tungus-Manchu: *saksa(ki)

Japanese: *kàsàsákì

Comments: KW 354, Дыбо 8, Лексика 175. An onomatopoeic reduplicated root. Cf. other similar bird names: MKor. kāčhí id. (Martin 236), koskori 'oriole'; OJ sazaki (mod. miso-sazai) "японский крапивник"; Karakh. čekik 'lark', TM *čukčeŋē 'кулик'. Ozawa (99-101) compares Mong. (Altan Tobči) čaɣčaɣai, Khalkha cagcxaj 'a k. of small bird' ('чекан, каменка').

Proto-Altaic: *sák`a ( ~ -k-)

Meaning: edge, end (of a stick, pole)

Russian Meaning: конец, край (шеста)

Turkic: *sakanak

Tungus-Manchu: *saku-

Japanese: *sákí

Comments: The meaning in Japanese ('edge') must be a generalization of the more concrete earlier 'end (of a stick, pole)'.

Proto-Altaic: *sák`a ( ~ -k-, -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: luck in hunting

Russian Meaning: удача на охоте

Tungus-Manchu: *saKa

Japanese: *sáki

Comments: A not quite secure Tung.-Jpn. isogloss. Since words for 'hunt' often go back to names of hunted animals, one can think of comparing PT *sajkak ( ~ *sajgak) 'antelope' (attested since Chag., see VEWT 395, ЭСТЯ 7), with the resulting correction of the PA reconstruction to *sajk`a. Cf. also *sĭgò and *sūku.

Proto-Altaic: *sàk`a ( ~ z-)

Meaning: sharp instrument, to cut, split

Russian Meaning: вид острого орудия

Tungus-Manchu: *sak-pi

Korean: *sàkí-

Japanese: *sàk-

Comments: An Eastern isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *sak`o ( ~ z-, -u)

Meaning: salt

Russian Meaning: соль

Tungus-Manchu: *saKV

Korean: *sòkòm

Comments: A rather dubious Tung.-Kor. isogloss; perhaps a variant of the root *săk`V 'to ferment' q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *sàk`ò ( ~ z-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of fish

Russian Meaning: вид рыбы

Tungus-Manchu: *sakan-

Korean: *sòkóarí

Japanese: *sàkâi (~-ia)

Comments: An Eastern isogloss; cf. perhaps also Oyr. sagalak 'рыбка-урюп', Mong. (L 657) saɣamqa 'salt water fish, perch(?)'. Like in many fish names, details are not clear: note that the TM forms may be actually borrowed from Jpn. sakana `fish' (originally `wine-side dish'). Cf. also *suku.

Proto-Altaic: *sak`u(rV)

Meaning: a k. of stinging insect

Russian Meaning: вид кусающего насекомого

Turkic: *sakɨrtka

Mongolian: *sag

Japanese: *su(n)karu

Comments: Лексика 183.

Proto-Altaic: *săk`V

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to ferment

Russian Meaning: бродить, сочиться

Turkic: *sakɨŕ / *sagɨŕ

Mongolian: *saga- / *saka-

Tungus-Manchu: *saku

Korean: *sàk- / sǝ̀k-

Comments: EAS 91, KW 308, SKE 220 (Doerfer's skepticism in TMN 3, 255 is hardly justified). The variation of *-g- and *-k- in Turkic and Mongolian is suspicious (cf. also the Nanai form pointing rather to *-k-), perhaps indicating that we are dealing with a merger of two different roots - cf. also the variety of reflexes in Korean; cf. also *sak`o and *zi̯úko.

Proto-Altaic: *saĺ(b)i

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: loose

Russian Meaning: расслабленный, расслабляться

Turkic: *seĺ-

Mongolian: *sel(b)-, *salb-

Tungus-Manchu: *sala-

Korean: *sǝr-

Comments: KW 323, SKE 227, EAS 72, Street 1980, 296. Cf. also Mong. salaŋ 'negligent, careless' ( > Kirgh. salaq etc., see ЭСТЯ 7, VEWT 397).

Proto-Altaic: *sali

Meaning: to dislike, neglect

Russian Meaning: не любить, пренебрегать

Turkic: *sal-

Tungus-Manchu: *sali- / *sel-

Korean: *sirh-

Japanese: *sira-

Comments: SKE 234.

Proto-Altaic: *salkV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of board, frame

Russian Meaning: вид доски, деревянная рама

Turkic: *sāl

Mongolian: *salga

Tungus-Manchu: *salk-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *sálo ( ~ *z-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to be separated

Russian Meaning: отделяться

Mongolian: *sal(u)-

Tungus-Manchu: *salga-

Korean: *sằr-

Japanese: *sár-

Comments: KW 309, Martin 245, Martin 1996, 76, Street 1985, 640.

Proto-Altaic: *sáĺo ( ~ z-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to love

Russian Meaning: любить

Tungus-Manchu: *sali-

Korean: *sằràŋ

Japanese: *sású-p-

Comments: An Eastern isogloss; but cf. perhaps also Turk.: Chuv. šъldъr 'beautiful' (Ашм. XVII 289), Yak. ɨllar- 'сильно увлекаться'. Cf. also notes to *sa.

Proto-Altaic: *sằmpi

Meaning: quick, short time

Russian Meaning: быстрый, короткий промежуток времени

Turkic: *sAp ( ~ -b)

Mongolian: *samba-ga(n)

Tungus-Manchu: *sampa-

Korean: *spằrằ-

Japanese: *sìmpà-raku

Comments: Kor. has a usual vowel reduction between a fricative and a stop.

Proto-Altaic: *sằmù

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: tar, soot, fumigation

Russian Meaning: деготь, сажа; окуривание

Turkic: *samala ?

Tungus-Manchu: *samŋī-n

Japanese: *sùmì

Comments: Phonetically a good match, but otherwise not quite reliable: if the Turkic parallel is to be removed as a late loanword, the semantic match between 'fumigation' in TM and 'charcoal' in Japanese becomes less convincing.

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