Comments: Лексика 335. The match is acceptable (as one of the Common Altaic monosyllabic verbal roots) if -rǝ in Jpn. is a historical suffix. Cf. perhaps also TM *sali- 'esteem; price' - which may reflect a merger of this root with *sáĺo 'love' q. v.
Proto-Altaic: *sábà
Meaning: to hinder, obstruct
Russian Meaning: препятствовать, задерживать
Turkic: *sab-
Mongolian: *saɣa-
Japanese: *sápár-
Comments: Ozawa 215-216.
Proto-Altaic: *sắbí
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: a k. of big fish
Russian Meaning: вид крупной рыбы
Turkic: *sEbrük
Tungus-Manchu: *sabu-
Japanese: *símpí
Comments: Лексика 179.
Proto-Altaic: *sábó
Meaning: service
Russian Meaning: служба
Turkic: *sab-
Mongolian: *sibe-gčin
Tungus-Manchu: *sab-
Japanese: *sámpúrap-
Comments: Дыбо 15 compares Tung. with Turk. *sep- 'to equip, fit out; dowry', but this is phonetically less plausible because of voiceless *-p- in Turkic; see on this root under *si̯ắp`ú.
Proto-Altaic: *sagè
Meaning: to cry, shout
Russian Meaning: кричать
Turkic: *sɨgɨt-
Mongolian: *siɣu-g-
Tungus-Manchu: *sag-
Japanese: *sakai(m)p-
Comments: An expressive root; in Jpn. we must assume a vowel assimilation (*-ǝ- would be expected).
Proto-Altaic: *sago ( ~ z-)
Meaning: old, age
Russian Meaning: старый, возраст
Mongolian: *seɣü-der
Tungus-Manchu: *sag-d-
Korean: *sằ-n
Comments: Mong. and TM reflect the common derivative *sago-dV.
Proto-Altaic: *ságú
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: a k. of coniferous tree
Russian Meaning: вид хвойного дерева
Turkic: *sagɨr, *sagrɨ
Tungus-Manchu: *sak-si-
Japanese: *súnkúi
Comments: The root is poorly attested in TM, but the Turkic and Japanese words appear to form a good match.
Proto-Altaic: *sagu
Meaning: a k. of vessel
Russian Meaning: вид сосуда
Turkic: *sAgut
Mongolian: *sag-su
Korean: *sòth
Comments: Cf. also PT *sagɨr 'kettle' (VEWT 393).
Proto-Altaic: *sằja ( ~ z-)
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: clear, dawn
Russian Meaning: ясный, рассвет
Tungus-Manchu: *saj-
Korean: *sāi-
Japanese: *sàjà-
Comments: An Eastern isogloss. Dag. sajarin 'dawn' is probably < Tung.
Proto-Altaic: *sàjbo
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: sound
Russian Meaning: звук
Turkic: *seb-
Tungus-Manchu: *sabu-da-
Japanese: *sàwàk-
Comments: An expressive and rather insecure root: the Turkic form are late attested and irregular.
Proto-Altaic: *săjgo
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: to filter, ooze
Russian Meaning: цедить, сочиться
Turkic: *sag-
Mongolian: *saɣa-
Tungus-Manchu: *saji-ǯa (~-g-)
Korean: *sắi-
Japanese: *sú
Comments: EAS 85, KW 317, Владимирцов 194. Poppe 29, 59 (Turk.-Mong.), АПиПЯЯ 15. Mong. is hardly borrowed from Turk., despite Щербак 1997, 144. *-jg- is probable because of the TM reflex and loss of *-g- in Jpn.; Korean high tone (rather untypical for a verb) is also possibly due to contraction (see also *sắjV 'shallow place' - a possible source of contamination).
Proto-Altaic: *saji
Meaning: to notch, pierce
Russian Meaning: делать зарубку, протыкать
Turkic: *sAj-
Mongolian: *seji-
Tungus-Manchu: *saji-
Comments: A Western isogloss.
Proto-Altaic: *sajk`V
Meaning: knucklebone
Russian Meaning: бабка, щиколотка
Turkic: *siaka
Tungus-Manchu: *sajKa
Comments: Дыбо 1993. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. Not quite reliable because of poor attestation in TM. Note, however, that PM *sigaji 'knucklebone' would be a good match - if it were not derived (or secondarily contaminated?) from *siɣa, see under PA *sìŋù.
Proto-Altaic: *sajo
Meaning: interval, space between
Russian Meaning: промежуток, расстояние между
Turkic: *saja-
Mongolian: *söɣem
Tungus-Manchu: *saja
Japanese: *sai ( ~ sia)
Comments: EAS 153. The Jpn. word may be related if one assumes an original meaning 'interval (in general)'. Mong. *söɣem < *seɣöm (with a frequent labialization transfer).
Comments: KW 314, SKE 225, PKE 173, Дыбо 12, АПиПЯЯ 297. The unexpected -b- in Mong. may be due to a mixture with *serbe- 'bristle, stand on end', see under *sirp`a. Medial *-j- is to be reconstructed to account for the loss of *-r- in Kor.
Proto-Altaic: *sắjV
Meaning: shallow, stony place
Russian Meaning: отмель, каменистое место
Turkic: *saj
Mongolian: *sajir
Tungus-Manchu: *saj-
Korean: *sā̆i-m
Japanese: *sái ~ *siá
Comments: KW 320, Владимирцов 284, Poppe 29, 67, TMN 3, 236 ("möglich"). In Korean the original root may have interacted with *sắi- 'leak, ooze' < *săjgo q. v.
Proto-Altaic: *sằkà
Meaning: heap, pile, hill
Russian Meaning: куча, груда, холм
Turkic: *saka
Tungus-Manchu: *saK-
Korean: *sàh-
Japanese: *sàkà
Comments: Lee 1958, 116 (Kor.-TM). Korean has a verbal low tone.
Proto-Altaic: *sakosako
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: magpie
Russian Meaning: сорока
Turkic: *sagɨsgan
Mongolian: *siɣaǯigaj
Tungus-Manchu: *saksa(ki)
Japanese: *kàsàsákì
Comments: KW 354, Дыбо 8, Лексика 175. An onomatopoeic reduplicated root. Cf. other similar bird names: MKor. kāčhí id. (Martin 236), koskori 'oriole'; OJ sazaki (mod. miso-sazai) "японский крапивник"; Karakh. čekik 'lark', TM *čukčeŋē 'кулик'. Ozawa (99-101) compares Mong. (Altan Tobči) čaɣčaɣai, Khalkha cagcxaj 'a k. of small bird' ('чекан, каменка').
Proto-Altaic: *sák`a ( ~ -k-)
Meaning: edge, end (of a stick, pole)
Russian Meaning: конец, край (шеста)
Turkic: *sakanak
Tungus-Manchu: *saku-
Japanese: *sákí
Comments: The meaning in Japanese ('edge') must be a generalization of the more concrete earlier 'end (of a stick, pole)'.
Proto-Altaic: *sák`a ( ~ -k-, -o)
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: luck in hunting
Russian Meaning: удача на охоте
Tungus-Manchu: *saKa
Japanese: *sáki
Comments: A not quite secure Tung.-Jpn. isogloss. Since words for 'hunt' often go back to names of hunted animals, one can think of comparing PT *sajkak ( ~ *sajgak) 'antelope' (attested since Chag., see VEWT 395, ЭСТЯ 7), with the resulting correction of the PA reconstruction to *sajk`a. Cf. also *sĭgò and *sūku.
Proto-Altaic: *sàk`a ( ~ z-)
Meaning: sharp instrument, to cut, split
Russian Meaning: вид острого орудия
Tungus-Manchu: *sak-pi
Korean: *sàkí-
Japanese: *sàk-
Comments: An Eastern isogloss.
Proto-Altaic: *sak`o ( ~ z-, -u)
Meaning: salt
Russian Meaning: соль
Tungus-Manchu: *saKV
Korean: *sòkòm
Comments: A rather dubious Tung.-Kor. isogloss; perhaps a variant of the root *săk`V 'to ferment' q. v.
Proto-Altaic: *sàk`ò ( ~ z-)
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: a k. of fish
Russian Meaning: вид рыбы
Tungus-Manchu: *sakan-
Korean: *sòkóarí
Japanese: *sàkâi (~-ia)
Comments: An Eastern isogloss; cf. perhaps also Oyr. sagalak 'рыбка-урюп', Mong. (L 657) saɣamqa 'salt water fish, perch(?)'. Like in many fish names, details are not clear: note that the TM forms may be actually borrowed from Jpn. sakana `fish' (originally `wine-side dish'). Cf. also *suku.
Proto-Altaic: *sak`u(rV)
Meaning: a k. of stinging insect
Russian Meaning: вид кусающего насекомого
Turkic: *sakɨrtka
Mongolian: *sag
Japanese: *su(n)karu
Comments: Лексика 183.
Proto-Altaic: *săk`V
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: to ferment
Russian Meaning: бродить, сочиться
Turkic: *sakɨŕ / *sagɨŕ
Mongolian: *saga- / *saka-
Tungus-Manchu: *saku
Korean: *sàk- / sǝ̀k-
Comments: EAS 91, KW 308, SKE 220 (Doerfer's skepticism in TMN 3, 255 is hardly justified). The variation of *-g- and *-k- in Turkic and Mongolian is suspicious (cf. also the Nanai form pointing rather to *-k-), perhaps indicating that we are dealing with a merger of two different roots - cf. also the variety of reflexes in Korean; cf. also *sak`o and *zi̯úko.
Proto-Altaic: *saĺ(b)i
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: loose
Russian Meaning: расслабленный, расслабляться
Turkic: *seĺ-
Mongolian: *sel(b)-, *salb-
Tungus-Manchu: *sala-
Korean: *sǝr-
Comments: KW 323, SKE 227, EAS 72, Street 1980, 296. Cf. also Mong. salaŋ 'negligent, careless' ( > Kirgh. salaq etc., see ЭСТЯ 7, VEWT 397).
Proto-Altaic: *sali
Meaning: to dislike, neglect
Russian Meaning: не любить, пренебрегать
Turkic: *sal-
Tungus-Manchu: *sali- / *sel-
Korean: *sirh-
Japanese: *sira-
Comments: SKE 234.
Proto-Altaic: *salkV
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: a k. of board, frame
Russian Meaning: вид доски, деревянная рама
Turkic: *sāl
Mongolian: *salga
Tungus-Manchu: *salk-
Comments: A Western isogloss.
Proto-Altaic: *sálo ( ~ *z-)
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: to be separated
Russian Meaning: отделяться
Mongolian: *sal(u)-
Tungus-Manchu: *salga-
Korean: *sằr-
Japanese: *sár-
Comments: KW 309, Martin 245, Martin 1996, 76, Street 1985, 640.
Proto-Altaic: *sáĺo ( ~ z-)
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: to love
Russian Meaning: любить
Tungus-Manchu: *sali-
Korean: *sằràŋ
Japanese: *sású-p-
Comments: An Eastern isogloss; but cf. perhaps also Turk.: Chuv. šъldъr 'beautiful' (Ашм. XVII 289), Yak. ɨllar- 'сильно увлекаться'. Cf. also notes to *sa.
Proto-Altaic: *sằmpi
Meaning: quick, short time
Russian Meaning: быстрый, короткий промежуток времени
Turkic: *sAp ( ~ -b)
Mongolian: *samba-ga(n)
Tungus-Manchu: *sampa-
Korean: *spằrằ-
Japanese: *sìmpà-raku
Comments: Kor. has a usual vowel reduction between a fricative and a stop.
Proto-Altaic: *sằmù
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: tar, soot, fumigation
Russian Meaning: деготь, сажа; окуривание
Turkic: *samala ?
Tungus-Manchu: *samŋī-n
Japanese: *sùmì
Comments: Phonetically a good match, but otherwise not quite reliable: if the Turkic parallel is to be removed as a late loanword, the semantic match between 'fumigation' in TM and 'charcoal' in Japanese becomes less convincing.