Слова алтайского праязыка (*L)

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Здесь представлен реконструированный словарный фонд праалтайского языка, начинающийся на фонему *L- (X корней). из общеалтайской этимологической БД проекта "Вавилонская башня" Московской школы компаративистики.

Proto-Altaic: *la-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: on this side, near

Russian Meaning: по эту сторону, близко

Mongolian: *naɣa-

Tungus-Manchu: *la-kV, *la-ŋ

Korean: *njǝk

Comments: ТМС 1, 488, АПиПЯЯ 293. Originally a monosyllabic deictic root with directive affixes.

Proto-Altaic: *làbò

Meaning: more, better

Russian Meaning: больше, лучше

Turkic: *jaba

Mongolian: *lab / *naj

Tungus-Manchu: *lab-du

Korean: *năboi

Japanese: *nàpǝ́

Comments: SKE 162, Martin 226, АПиПЯЯ 68, Doerfer MT 144 (Mo < TM).

Proto-Altaic: *ĺábó

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of plant

Russian Meaning: вид растения

Turkic: *jaba

Mongolian: *debeɣe

Tungus-Manchu: *labikta / *lebukte

Japanese: *náimpú

Comments: Jpn. has one of the rare cases of the Inlaut -ai- (-ia-) diphthong. Otherwise correspondences are regular, although the precise botanical nature of the plant is not quite clear.

Proto-Altaic: *labV̀ / *lebV̀

Meaning: rope, long hair, rags

Russian Meaning: веревка, длинные волосы, лохмотья

Turkic: *job-lač (*jabu-lač)

Mongolian: *lab- / *lob-

Tungus-Manchu: *lab- / *leb-

Korean: *nòh ( < *nVbVh)

Japanese: *nàp-

Comments: Martin 240 (Jpn.-Kor.). An expressive root with some variation of reflexes, but no doubt archaic. In Jpn. the root may have merged with *ĺā̀p`o q. v.: this could be one of the reasons of the the accent discrepancy between Kor. and Jpn. (otherwise explainable as a result of contraction in Korean after the loss of *-b-).

Proto-Altaic: *láčà ( ~ *ĺ-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of plant with drooping branches

Russian Meaning: вид растения со свисающими ветвями

Tungus-Manchu: *lasa-

Korean: *nǝ̀čhúr

Japanese: *násì

Comments: An Eastern isogloss; cf. perhaps Chuv. śüźe 'willow' (which can go back to PT *jača-).

Proto-Altaic: *làjp`V

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to glue, stick to

Russian Meaning: прилипать, приклеивать(ся)

Turkic: *jạp-ɨĺč-

Mongolian: *niɣa-

Tungus-Manchu: *labgān-, *lipa-

Japanese: *nàimpà-r- (~-ia-)

Comments: Владимирцов 209, 369, Poppe 39, 47, 74, ОСНЯ 2, 19, Miller 1986, 203, АПиПЯЯ 75, Мудрак Дисс. 91. Cf. also OJpn. nìbè 'fish glue'; diphthong in Jpn. and vowel variation in Jpn. and TM probably indicates PA *-j-. Doerfer (TMN 4, 49) denies the Turk.-Mong. parallel - in a hardly plausible way.

Proto-Altaic: *lako

Meaning: a k. of foliage tree

Russian Meaning: вид лиственного дерева

Turkic: *jöke

Mongolian: *nüger- ( ~ nigür-)

Tungus-Manchu: *laKa-

Comments: A Western isogloss. Turkic vocalism is not quite clear (*jaka would be normally expected).

Proto-Altaic: *làku ( ~ -k`-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: dirt, dregs

Russian Meaning: грязь, осадок

Mongolian: *lag

Tungus-Manchu: *lakti- / *legdi-

Japanese: *núká-r-

Comments: Cf. perhaps also Turk. *jak- 'to smear' - usually confused with *jāg 'fat' (see e.g. ЭСТЯ 4, 58), but having a different vowel and consonant.

Proto-Altaic: *lak`[a]

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of bird

Russian Meaning: вид птицы

Turkic: *jakɨl-

Mongolian: *lag

Tungus-Manchu: *lakun

Korean: *nokočiri

Comments: The root probably denoted a small field bird (grouse or hazel-hen); the meaning `hawk' in the Turkic derivative is obviously < `the one hunting grouses'. The reconstruction of Auslaut presents some problems: the Kor. form presupposes something like *lak`u, in which case we would expect *-x- in TM. One wonders if Kor. nokočiri is not in fact one of Mongolian loanwords (since a hazel-hen, grouse or lark are good prey for a falcon, it may have been borrowed together with other falcon-hunt words); a form like *nugtɨrū (cf. WMong. nuɣturuu) could have been easily borrowed like *nugutiru > nokočiri. If this is the case, the word will be a Western isogloss, with a most plausible reconstruction *laku.

Proto-Altaic: *lak`a ( ~ -k-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of big fish

Russian Meaning: вид большой рыбы

Mongolian: *laka

Tungus-Manchu: *laka

Japanese: *nakatai

Comments: See Doerfer MT 91 (regarding Mong. as borrowed < Tung.). Cf. also a variant with *-o-: TM *lokija > Neg. loxon 'верхогляд', Ud. ĺöxö 'терпуг', Man. ĺoxo 'a k. of salmon', Orok loqqo 'камбала', see ТМС 1, 501, 502; Mong. lioqo 'ein weißgestreifter Seefisch' - see Doerfer MT 144 (suggesting Mong. < TM). It may well be that the original shape should be reconstructed as *luk(`)a > Mong. *laka, TM *lok(ij)a, Jpn. *nakatai - with TM *laka being secondarily borrowed from Mong. Note that the Mong. form is also borrowed in

Turkic: Turkm. laGGa balɨq, Uzb. laqqa baliq `sheat-fish'.

Proto-Altaic: *làk`ù

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to bend, hang, hanger

Russian Meaning: нагибать, вешать, вешалка

Mongolian: *naki-

Tungus-Manchu: *laxu-

Korean: *náks

Japanese: *nuki

Comments: The original meaning was probably 'hook or (bent) stick for hanging smth.', which can well explain all the available reflexes. It is also possible to reconstruct a derivative *làk`ù-čV 'smth. bent, curved' reflected in MKor. náks ( < *nák-č) and Evk. laku-ča.

Proto-Altaic: *ĺak`V ( ~ -e-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: fur clothes

Russian Meaning: меховая одежда

Turkic: *jaku

Mongolian: *daku

Tungus-Manchu: *leKu (/ *laKu)

Comments: A Western isogloss. Mong. cannot be < Turk., despite Щербак 1997, 121.

Proto-Altaic: *làlè

Meaning: sticky substance

Russian Meaning: клейкое вещество

Turkic: *jilik

Mongolian: *nila-

Tungus-Manchu: *lala

Japanese: *nǝ̀rì

Comments: Лексика 264. A rather usual fronting in Turk.: *jilik < *jɨlɨk.

Proto-Altaic: *lalV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: weak, exasperated

Russian Meaning: слабый, измотанный

Turkic: *jalk-

Mongolian: *nal-, *nalk-

Tungus-Manchu: *lali-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *lami

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: convenient, helpful

Russian Meaning: удобный, вспомогательный

Turkic: *jAmak

Mongolian: *limbaj

Tungus-Manchu: *nam

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *lằŋi

Meaning: dirt, slime

Russian Meaning: грязь, жижа

Mongolian: *laj

Tungus-Manchu: *laŋga

Japanese: *nìnkǝ̀r-

Comments: PTM and PJ reflect a suffixed form *lằŋi-kV.

Proto-Altaic: *láp`ì

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: flat, broad

Russian Meaning: плоский, широкий

Turkic: *jap-

Mongolian: *labta-

Tungus-Manchu: *lapta-

Korean: *nàp- / *nǝ̀p-

Japanese: *nípá

Comments: SKE 160, Poppe 37, Цинциус 1984, 8. Despite Doerfer MT 97, hardly borrowed in TM < Mong. The root should be distinguished from *li̯àp`[à] 'leaf'.

Proto-Altaic: *laǯV

Meaning: heavy, clumsy

Russian Meaning: тяжелый, неуклюжий

Mongolian: *noǯo-

Tungus-Manchu: *laǯu

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. Attested only in Manchu, and could be a loanword from some Mong. dialect preserving *l-, thus rather uncertain.

Proto-Altaic: *lā̀blè

Meaning: moss, lichen

Russian Meaning: мох, лишайник

Mongolian: *lujilV

Tungus-Manchu: *lālbi-kta / *lelu-kte

Japanese: *nǝ̀rì

Comments: The vocalism is somewhat shaky, like in many names of plants (in this case, secondary labialization in Mong. may be due to the medial cluster).

Proto-Altaic: *lā̀k`a ( ~ *ĺ-)

Meaning: a k. of plant with edible root

Russian Meaning: вид растения со съедобным корнем

Tungus-Manchu: *lāk-

Korean: *nǝk-

Japanese: *nànkui

Comments: An Eastern isogloss. Cf. perhaps also WMong. naŋgi 'water caltrop, water chestnut' (L 564), although the medial cluster is unclear, or {naɣa, Kh. nag "цветок со стеблем без листьев").

Proto-Altaic: *ĺā̀k`è

Meaning: bad, evil

Russian Meaning: дурной, злой

Turkic: *jek

Mongolian: *ǯeke-j ( < *ǯike-j)

Tungus-Manchu: *lāK-

Korean: *nǝk-

Japanese: *nǝkǝ

Comments: Martin 227 (Kor.-Jpn.). Turk. -e- instead of expected -ɨ- is probably due to contamination with *ĺḕgi q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *lā́mo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of bag

Russian Meaning: вид мешка

Turkic: *jĀmčɨk

Mongolian: *nambuga

Tungus-Manchu: *lam(b)a

Korean: *nằmằčh

Comments: A derivative *lā́mo-č`V (or even *lā́mo-č`V-k`V) can be reconstructed on the basis of PT *jĀm-čɨk and PK *nằmằčh. There seems to have existed a similar root with a medial cluster *-mb- and meaning a k. of vessel, reflected in Evk. lamban `scoop, ladle' and PJ *nampai, OJ nabe `vessel, pan' (probably borrowed into Kor. nampi id.); a merger with this root may explain occasional -b- in TM and -b- in Mongolian.

Proto-Altaic: *lā̀mò ( ~ -a)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: sea, wave

Russian Meaning: море, волна

Mongolian: *namug

Tungus-Manchu: *lāmu

Japanese: *nàmì

Comments: ОСНЯ 2, 30, Murayama 1962, 109 (Jpn.-TM). Cf. also Koguryo *nuami 'pond, sea', see Lee 38, Menges 1984, 280-281.

Proto-Altaic: *ĺā̀p`o ( ~ -i)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: string, strap

Russian Meaning: веревка, ремешок

Mongolian: *deɣe-sü

Tungus-Manchu: *lāpV-ki

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. Cf. *labV̀. Cf. perhaps Karakh. (MK) jabtač 'cloth, handkerchief' (merged with *jap- 'to cover').

Proto-Altaic: *ĺā́p`V

Meaning: bifurcated pole

Russian Meaning: раздвоенная жердь

Turkic: *jāpa(k)

Mongolian: *daɣaga(n)

Tungus-Manchu: *lap-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *lā́ŕgu

Meaning: sloppy job

Russian Meaning: разгильдяйство, небрежность

Turkic: *jạ̄ŕ-

Mongolian: *nargi-

Tungus-Manchu: *largī

Korean: *nòrắs

Japanese: *núká-r-

Comments: Cf. also Mong. nerme 'to make worse'. Reason for closed *-ạ̄- in Turkic is not quite clear.

Proto-Altaic: *lā̀t`á ( ~ ĺ-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: wave, storm

Russian Meaning: волна, шторм

Tungus-Manchu: *lāta

Japanese: *nàntá

Comments: A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *lebV ( ~ -p-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to eat greedily

Russian Meaning: жадно есть

Mongolian: *labsi-

Tungus-Manchu: *lebge-

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. expressive isogloss. In PTM cf. also *labada- 'to grasp with teeth', *lupku- 'to suck'.

Proto-Altaic: *lèjk`á

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to intend, demand

Russian Meaning: намереваться, требовать

Mongolian: *neke-

Tungus-Manchu: *leKe-

Korean: *njǝ̀kí- / *nǝ̀ikí-

Japanese: *niànkà-p-

Comments: KW 274, EAS 76, Poppe 39, 56, АПиПЯЯ 78. Korean has a "verbal" low tone. The medial cluster with *-j- is in this case responsible for some peculiar reflexes: diphthongs both in Jpn. and Kor. and the palatalized initial reflexes (*ĺ-?) in TM languages. Despite Doerfer MT 51, TM cannot be borrowed from Mong, and - despite Rozycki 150 - Mong. cannot be borrowed from TM. Doerfer (TMN 1, 531) argues fervently against the Mong.-Kor. comparison ("Ramstedt verstößt hier gegen seine eigenen Prinzipien. Man kann das kor. Wort [nǝgi-, njǝgi- in Ramstedt's transcription] natürlich nicht mit dem mo. vergleichen, wenn man (cf. RAM 85!) ursprachlich -k- = mo. -k- = kor. -k-,-kh- ansetzt."), evidently unaware that modern Kor. -g- is a phonetic variant of -k- in intervocalic position.

Proto-Altaic: *ĺekleKV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of aquatic bird

Russian Meaning: вид водоплавающей птицы

Turkic: *[j]eglek

Mongolian: *deglej

Tungus-Manchu: *leg(l)ek-

Comments: A Western isogloss; no doubt, onomatopoeic in origin, but interlanguage loans seem to be excluded in this case.

Proto-Altaic: *lélugV

Meaning: kerchief, pendant

Russian Meaning: платок, подвеска

Turkic: *jaglɨk

Mongolian: *nolga

Tungus-Manchu: *lelu(ke)

Korean: *nòríkái

Comments: In Kor. the word also means 'plaything', and is usually derived < nōr- 'to play'; external evidence shows that the derivation is rather opposite ('to play' < 'to fondle with a pendant').

Proto-Altaic: *ĺèmo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to be lazy, negligent

Russian Meaning: быть ленивым, небрежным

Mongolian: *dömü-

Tungus-Manchu: *lemūk-

Japanese: *nàmàka-

Comments: The TM and Jpn. forms point to a common derivative *ĺèmo-kV (-k`V).

Proto-Altaic: *lemV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: meat, fat (of animals)

Russian Meaning: мясо, жир (животный)

Turkic: *jạm-

Mongolian: *lami-

Tungus-Manchu: *lemuk

Comments: A Western isogloss. {Turk. *jạmɨŕ should be perhaps rather compared with Mong. sami 'groin' < PA *zamU.}

Proto-Altaic: *leńa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to incline, sway, shake

Russian Meaning: наклоняться, раскачиваться

Turkic: *jAń-ka-

Mongolian: *naji-(gu)-

Tungus-Manchu: *leŋgī-

Comments: EAS 75, Владимирцов 369, ОСНЯ 3, 58-60. A Western isogloss. Borrowing in Mong. from Turk. is quite improbable, despite Щербак 1997, 121.

Proto-Altaic: *ĺeŋgV

Meaning: a k. of predator

Russian Meaning: вид хищника

Mongolian: *ǯiŋger

Tungus-Manchu: *leŋgur

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. Cf. also *lúŋa.

Proto-Altaic: *lépù(-nV) ( ~ -b-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: swamp

Russian Meaning: болото

Mongolian: *labku, *lobku

Tungus-Manchu: *lebē(n)-

Korean: *nɨp(h)

Japanese: *númà

Comments: Martin 236, Whitman 1985, 25, ТМС 1, 514. Jpn. *númà < *núbà-n, with normal regressive dissimilation.

Proto-Altaic: *ĺep`a ( ~ -o, -u)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: feather, down, wool

Russian Meaning: перо, пух

Turkic: *jAp

Mongolian: *daɣaki

Tungus-Manchu: *lepu-

Comments: Владимирцов 208. A Western isogloss. Possibly derived is the Turk.-Mong. name for "foal" ( < "down, hair fading"): Turk. *japak (ЭСТЯ 4, 159-160), Mong. daɣagan ( > Evk. daɣakan etc., see Doerfer MT 99), see KW 81, Poppe 47.

Proto-Altaic: *lép`ó ( ~ *ĺ-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to rise, high

Russian Meaning: подниматься, высокий

Tungus-Manchu: *lep- / *lupu-

Korean: *nòph-

Japanese: *nǝ́mpǝ́r-

Comments: Martin 1996, 98. An Eastern isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *ĺḕgì

Meaning: to hate, abhor

Russian Meaning: ненавидеть, чувствовать отвращение

Turkic: *jigren- ( ~ -e-)

Mongolian: *ǯig-

Tungus-Manchu: *lēgī-

Japanese: *nìkù-

Comments: Ozawa 270-272, ЭСТЯ 4, 200-201. Cf. *ĺā̀k`e.

Proto-Altaic: *lḕja

Meaning: to go out, break forth

Russian Meaning: выходить, вырываться

Mongolian: *niɣe-

Tungus-Manchu: *lēj- (*lī-)

Korean: *ná-

Japanese: *nà-r- / *nà-s-

Comments: EAS 76, KW 276, Владимирцов 212, Poppe 39, Rozycki 162 (Mong.-Tung.), Martin 225-226. In MKor. cf. also nath- 'to become, appear' - a derivative?

Proto-Altaic: *ĺḗlV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to run, ride, hurry

Russian Meaning: бежать, скакать, спешить

Turkic: *jēl-

Mongolian: *ǯilu-

Tungus-Manchu: *lelu-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *lēmo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: fresh, raw; vegetables

Russian Meaning: свежий, сырой; овощи

Turkic: *jẹ̄miĺč

Mongolian: *lamaɣa

Korean: *nằmằrh

Japanese: *nàmâ

Comments: Martin 232 (Kor.-Jpn.). The Turkic word is traditionally analysed as 'food' ( < *jē- 'eat' < PA *ǯē q. v.), but this may well be a reinterpretation.

Proto-Altaic: *ĺip`ú

Meaning: dark red, violet

Russian Meaning: темно-красный, фиолетовый

Turkic: *(j)ip-

Mongolian: *ǯibi

Tungus-Manchu: *lipe-

Japanese: *numpa-

Comments: An interesting common Altaic colour term.

Proto-Altaic: *li̯ája

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: sound, to sound

Russian Meaning: звук, звучать

Mongolian: *najita-

Tungus-Manchu: *leje- / *ńiaja- ( < *liaja-)

Japanese: *nái

Comments: An onomatopoeic root; seems, however, be well enough reconstructable for PA.

Proto-Altaic: *li̯àmba ( ~ *ĺ-, -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of big fish

Russian Meaning: вид большой рыбы

Tungus-Manchu: *liamba-

Japanese: *nàmà(n)tù

Comments: A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss; but cf. perhaps also Khak. nomza 'dace' ( < *jom-); Tat. jumba, ǯumba 'burbot' (VEWT 210); {WMo nümer 'осьминог'}.

Proto-Altaic: *li̯àp`[à]

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: leaf

Russian Meaning: лист

Turkic: *japur-gak

Mongolian: *labči

Korean: *níph

Japanese: *nàpài

Comments: EAS 75, KW 272, Владимирцов 369, Poppe 37, 44, АПиПЯЯ 19, 42, 282, Лексика 112. The Kor. vowel is probably secondary (pointing to a variant *li̯àp`e).

Proto-Altaic: *li̯ap`V

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: spleen

Russian Meaning: селезенка

Turkic: *japal

Mongolian: *niɣalta

Tungus-Manchu: *lipče

Comments: A Western isogloss. Very scantily represented in Turkic and TM, but probably archaic.

Proto-Altaic: *li̯ŏga

Meaning: green, dark

Russian Meaning: зеленый, темный

Turkic: *jạgɨŕ

Mongolian: *nogoɣan

Tungus-Manchu: *ĺog-

Korean: *nò-nắ-

Japanese: *nà

Comments: KW 278, АПиПЯЯ 293, Poppe 38, Doerfer MT 56-57 (Tung.-Mong.). Kor. reflects a form with an -n-suffix and has a usual verbal low tone.

Proto-Altaic: *ĺi̯ŏ̀ki

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to run away

Russian Meaning: убегать

Mongolian: *ǯigutu-

Tungus-Manchu: *luktu-

Japanese: *nìnká-

Comments: Ozawa 269. The voicing in Jpn. contradicts unaspirated *-k- in PA: it may be secondary, under the influence of the synonymous *nuànkà-ra- (see *nŭ̀k`e).

Proto-Altaic: *ĺi̯ŏ́mo(ŋa)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: name; spell, divination

Russian Meaning: имя; заклинание, гадание

Turkic: *jom, *jom(ŋ)ak

Mongolian: *dom, *domag

Tungus-Manchu: *nim-ŋā-

Korean: *ni'jaki

Japanese: *ná(N)

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 69, 110, 276, EAS 51. The verbal correlate for *naN 'name' in PJ is *nǝm- 'to pray'. The noun goes back to the suffixed form *ĺi̯ŏ́m(o)-ŋa (note the recurring *-ŋ-suffix in the reflexes: MKor. nì'jàkì also goes back to *nìŋa-ki < *nimŋa-ki with early cluster simplification). Despite Щербак 1997, 124-125, Mong. cannot be < Turk.

Proto-Altaic: *li̯òmù

Meaning: bow

Russian Meaning: лук

Turkic: *jüm-

Mongolian: *lumu

Tungus-Manchu: *liam-

Japanese: *dùmì

Comments: The Jpn. word is hard to separate; initial d- is probably due to influence of *da 'arrow'. If this is the case, one would be also tempted to compare PTM *lukī 'arrow' and PJ *duki 'quiver' - with exactly the same Anlaut correlation. {But see also under *dḕgni}.

Proto-Altaic: *li̯òŋè

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of insect

Russian Meaning: вид насекомого

Mongolian: *newne, *neɣüne

Tungus-Manchu: *loŋ-

Japanese: *nǝ̀mì ( ~ -ua-, -ui)

Comments: The root is not well attested and somewhat insecure, denoting some small insect (bug or butterfly). But the correspondences are regular and the match seems possible.

Proto-Altaic: *li̯ùbu ( ~ -i̯a-)

Meaning: resin, clay, dirt

Russian Meaning: смола, глина, грязь

Mongolian: *luw-

Tungus-Manchu: *lū

Japanese: *nì ( ~ *nù-i)

Comments: JOAL 102, 1981, 853 (attracting also OJ núr- 'to paint', which seems less plausible because of tone incongruence with *nì; on its etymology see *ni̯úŕe).

Proto-Altaic: *ĺi̯uga(rV)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to knead

Russian Meaning: месить, давить

Turkic: *jugur- ( ~ -ɨ-)

Mongolian: *ǯiɣura-

Tungus-Manchu: *lug-

Korean: *nǝ̀hɨ́r-

Japanese: *niàr- ( ~ *nàir-)

Comments: KW 482. Despite Щербак 1997, 196, Mong. is not < Turkic.

Proto-Altaic: *li̯u[k]u

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: thick, dense

Russian Meaning: густой, плотный

Turkic: *jigi / *jɨgɨ

Mongolian: *nigta / *lüg / *lug

Tungus-Manchu: *lōgdi, *luku(tu)

Comments: A Western isogloss. An expressive form with somewhat irregular correspondences; however, despite Doerfer MT 51, TM cannot be explained as borrowed from Mong.

Proto-Altaic: *ĺi̯ul[o]

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to ransom, ask

Russian Meaning: выкупать, просить

Turkic: *jul-

Mongolian: *doli-

Tungus-Manchu: *l[i]l- ( ~ -ü-)

Japanese: *nai ( ~ *nia)

Comments: KW 94, Poppe 75, Лексика 346 (Turk. *jul- : Mong. *doli-). Despite TMN 4, 315: "das scheint lautlich nicht aufzugehen"), the Turk.-Mong. match is quite satisfactory. The TM and Jpn. parallels are, however, somewhat problematic, because of scarce attestation in TM and phonetic contraction in Japanese (the form may go back to *ĺi̯ul(o)-gV, cf. Turk. *julɨg).

Proto-Altaic: *li̯ŭ̀mo ( ~ ĺ, -e)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to swallow, drink

Russian Meaning: глотать; пить

Tungus-Manchu: *lümŋe-

Korean: *nǝm-ku-

Japanese: *nǝ̀m-

Comments: SKE 164, Poppe 74, Murayama 1962, 110, АПиПЯЯ 19, 69, 105-106, 274. An Eastern isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *ĺi̯ŭ̀p`ù

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to sew, pierce

Russian Meaning: шить, протыкать

Turkic: *jɨp / *jip

Mongolian: *ǯeɣeg ( < *ǯiɣeg)

Tungus-Manchu: *lup-

Korean: *nupi-

Japanese: *nùp-

Comments: Martin 241 (Kor.-Jpn.), KW 474 (Turk.-Mong.).

Proto-Altaic: *li̯ū́k`a ( ~ -u)

Meaning: seam, to stitch

Russian Meaning: шов, стегать

Turkic: *jīk

Mongolian: *log-si-

Tungus-Manchu: *luK-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *lī́gà ( ~ *ĺ-)

Meaning: to weep, cry

Russian Meaning: плакать

Turkic: *jɨ̄g-(la-)

Tungus-Manchu: *ligi-

Japanese: *nák-

Comments: Cf. Kor. nɨkki-da 'to weep' (with unclear vowel and gemination; see Martin 242).

Proto-Altaic: *lok`o ( ~ -u-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a cutting instrument

Russian Meaning: режущий инструмент

Tungus-Manchu: *loxa

Japanese: *nǝ̀kǝ̂

Comments: A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *lòŋé ( ~ -u-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: chisel, drill

Russian Meaning: долото, бурав

Tungus-Manchu: *luŋu

Japanese: *nǝ̀muí ( ~ -ǝi)

Comments: A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss. Cf. perhaps Mong. *düji-le- 'to shave' (WMong. düil-, L 279), which would make us reconstruct *ĺoŋe.

Proto-Altaic: *ĺoŋgV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to accuse, blame

Russian Meaning: обвинять, винить

Turkic: *joŋ

Mongolian: *doŋgud-

Tungus-Manchu: *loŋ-si-

Comments: KW 95. A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *lop`V

Meaning: nest (of rodents)

Russian Meaning: гнездо (грызунов)

Mongolian: *nowkai

Tungus-Manchu: *lopi(gi)

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *ĺóre (?)

Meaning: a k. of deer

Russian Meaning: вид оленя

Mongolian: *ǯüre

Tungus-Manchu: *lor- (?)

Korean: *nòrằ

Japanese: *nǝrǝ ~ *nuarua

Comments: The root presents several problems: a) Mong. has ǯ- instead of an expected d-; b) the TM forms are few and rather controversial (it is not really clear whether the Manchu form is related to Evk.); c) the Jpn. form is attested late. There may also have been some confusion with the reflexes of *negre '(female) deer' q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *lŭge ( ~ -i)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: bridle

Russian Meaning: уздечка

Turkic: *jügen

Tungus-Manchu: *luksi

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *lúke

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to bow, bend

Russian Meaning: наклоняться, гнуть

Turkic: *jükün-

Mongolian: *nugu-

Tungus-Manchu: *loka-

Japanese: *nǝ́kí ( ~ -ua-)

Comments: ОСНЯ 3, 64-65 (Turc-Mong). Cf. *làk`ù.

Proto-Altaic: *luko

Meaning: wild pig

Russian Meaning: дикая свинья

Mongolian: *nogtu-

Tungus-Manchu: *luke- / *lukte (*lekte)

Korean: *nɨktai (?)

Comments: The Kor. match is glossed as "wild boar" by Ramstedt (in SKE), but as "jackal" or "Korean wolf" in modern dictionaries - thus it may be actually the same word as nɨktä < *l[ù]k`V̀ 'lynx'; but the Mong.-TM parallel is still valid. {Cf. PAA *li:k 'pig'}.

Proto-Altaic: *lùku ( ~ *ĺ-, -o-, -k`-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to take off (clothes)

Russian Meaning: снимать (одежду)

Tungus-Manchu: *luK-

Japanese: *nùk-

Comments: Miller 1985b, 194. A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *lúk`ì ( ~ -o-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to break through

Russian Meaning: прорывать, проходить через

Mongolian: *nüke-

Tungus-Manchu: *lokta-

Japanese: *núk-

Comments: ОСНЯ 2, 28-29, АПиПЯЯ 75.

Proto-Altaic: *l[ù]k`V̀ ( ~ -k-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: lynx, wild cat

Russian Meaning: рысь, дикая кошка

Mongolian: *nogu-ɣal

Tungus-Manchu: *luKV

Korean: *nɨk-

Japanese: *niàkua ( ~ *nàikua)

Comments: The Jpn. vocalism is aberrant; the diphthong may require a reconstruction like *lòjk`V. Cf. also notes to *luko.

Proto-Altaic: *lumV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of small wild animal

Russian Meaning: вид мелкого дикого животного

Turkic: *jumra-

Mongolian: *lomun

Tungus-Manchu: *nenme- ( ~ *l-)

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *lúŋa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of fur animal

Russian Meaning: вид пушного животного

Mongolian: *nagaj

Tungus-Manchu: *loŋ-sa

Korean: *nǝ̀ŋ'úrí

Japanese: *ná-i

Comments: See Лексика 165. Cf. *ĺeŋgV (in Kor. a partial contamination is possible).

Proto-Altaic: *lúŋu ( ~ *ĺ-, -o-, -i)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: morning or evening dawn

Russian Meaning: утренняя или вечерняя заря

Tungus-Manchu: *luŋur

Korean: *nò'ɨ̀r

Japanese: *núN- / *núiN- / *núaN-

Comments: An Eastern isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *lŭ̀rkV ( ~ *ĺ-, -i̯u-,-i̯o-,-o-)

Meaning: to burn; warm

Russian Meaning: гореть, пылать; теплый

Tungus-Manchu: *lurgi-

Korean: *nòk- / *nuk-

Japanese: *nùkù-

Comments: Martin 245, АПиПЯЯ 278. An Eastern isogloss. Korean has a secondary verbal low tone.

Proto-Altaic: *ĺū̀ńi ( ~ -e)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: snow

Russian Meaning: снег

Tungus-Manchu: *lūńe

Korean: *nūn

Comments: EAS 77, SKE 173, ОСНЯ 3, 34-35, Menges 1984, 281, АПиПЯЯ 19. A Tung.-Kor. isogloss. Depalatalization in Kor. is probably assimilative (*nūń > *nūn).

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