Слова алтайского праязыка (*K)

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Здесь представлен реконструированный словарный фонд праалтайского языка, начинающийся на фонему *K- (X корней). из общеалтайской этимологической БД проекта "Вавилонская башня" Московской школы компаративистики.

Proto-Altaic: *kabari

Meaning: oar

Russian Meaning: весло

Mongolian: *kajiɣur, -bu(r)

Tungus-Manchu: *kabri-kī

Japanese: *kapiara

Comments: A common Altaic cultural term. The difference between *kabari and *gằja is not quite clear: both can mean 'oar' or 'boat pole' in daughter languages. The Mong. forms can be explained from an earlier form *kabi(r)-ɣur, whence *kaibur / *kai-ɣur.

Proto-Altaic: *kábó

Meaning: enclosure

Russian Meaning: огороженное место

Mongolian: *keji-d

Tungus-Manchu: *kaba-

Korean: *kòbắr

Japanese: *kámpiá

Comments: The root is rather difficult to distinguish from *k`ăp`ù 'barrier'. There also exists MJ kòfòrì 'district, county' - which is considered by most authors a loanword from MKor. kò'ắr ( = kòwắr), see e.g. JLTT 457; the loan must have occurred already after the merger of -f- ( < *-p-) and -w- in Japanese, which can explain the orthography.

Proto-Altaic: *kàbro

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of ferment

Russian Meaning: вид закваски

Turkic: *Kor

Mongolian: *kowr

Tungus-Manchu: *kabu-kta

Korean: *kòr-

Japanese: *kàrà-

Comments: Cf. also MKor. kóróm 'pus', probably preserving the original accentuation.

Proto-Altaic: *káče

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: wish, intent

Russian Meaning: желание, намерение

Turkic: *Kɨča

Mongolian: *kači

Tungus-Manchu: *kasaga-

Japanese: *kǝ́sí-rápa-

Comments: The suffixless root is nominal both in Turkic and Mongolian; verbs are derived from it by means of various productive suffixes.

Proto-Altaic: *kăči

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to pass, go through

Russian Meaning: проходить, идти через

Turkic: *geč-

Tungus-Manchu: *kas-

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *káč`u

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: covering, skin

Russian Meaning: шкура, кожа

Turkic: *KAč-(g)ač

Mongolian: *kuči-

Tungus-Manchu: *kaču-

Korean: *kàč

Comments: SKE 102, PKE 74, АПиПЯЯ 297. The Turkic form is somewhat dubious and resembles a loanword (cf. Sak. khauca 'covering', see Bailey 76?), but the other forms are undoubtedly related.

Proto-Altaic: *kắdaŋV ( ~ k`-)

Meaning: a k. of foliage tree

Russian Meaning: вид лиственного дерева

Turkic: *Kadɨŋ

Mongolian: *kaduŋ

Japanese: *kání-pà

Comments: KW 159, TMN 3, 184(: "unklar" ). In Jpn. we probably have a compound with *pa 'leaf'; *kání < *kadV-N with regular nasal assimilation. The old form *kadiNpa is reflected in the Ainu loanword karinpa 'birch tree or cherry tree'.

Proto-Altaic: *kádì(rV)

Meaning: strong, oppressive

Russian Meaning: сильный, жестокий

Turkic: *Kadɨr

Mongolian: *keder

Tungus-Manchu: *kadara-ku

Japanese: *kítú-

Comments: A suffixed form *kádì-rV is reflected in most subgroups.

Proto-Altaic: *kádù

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of harness (bridle)

Russian Meaning: вид упряжи (уздечка)

Mongolian: *kada-

Tungus-Manchu: *kadala / *kadara

Korean: *kùr'ǝ́i

Japanese: *kútúwá

Comments: EAS 97, KW 174. Despite Doerfer MT 57 the TM forms are very hard to explain as borrowed from Mong. In Jpn. the word is usually analysed as "mouth ring", which seems to be a folk etymology (in view of external parallels: together with Kor. kùr'ǝ́i it presupposes a suffixed form like *kádu-bV-). It seems that we in fact are dealing here with an archaic term of horse harness.

Proto-Altaic: *kadV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: rock, mountain

Russian Meaning: скала, гора

Turkic: *K(i)aja (?)

Mongolian: *kada

Tungus-Manchu: *kada-

Comments: EAS 46, 97, KW 158, Poppe 95, VEWT 221, АПиПЯЯ 288, Лексика 96-97. A Western isogloss. PT -j- instead of the expected -d- is baffling (cf. TMN 1, 394, 3, 566); perhaps OT qaja is a borrowing from some archaic "j-dialect"? Helimski 1995 proposed a Sam. etymology for the Turkic word (PS *koǝjǝ 'mountain'), which cannot be excluded. But obviously Mong. is not < Turk. (despite Щербак 1997, 132). Cf. also a toponym: OT Ezgenti qadaz = Mong. Ergenetü qada].

Proto-Altaic: *kagVlV ( ~ k`-)

Meaning: willow, elm, willow rod

Russian Meaning: ива, вяз

Turkic: *K(i)agɨl

Mongolian: *kajila(r)-

Comments: A Turko-Mong. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *kajamV

Meaning: crayfish, tick

Russian Meaning: рак, клещ

Turkic: *Kạm-

Tungus-Manchu: *kiamk-

Korean: *kàjàmí

Comments: Лексика 183. Cf. *ki̯uma, *kumi. In Mong. cf. perhaps Mongor xāmǝnʒǝ (153) 'taon'.

Proto-Altaic: *kaje ( ~ k`-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to love, covet

Russian Meaning: искать, домогаться

Turkic: *Kɨj-

Mongolian: *kaji-

Comments: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *kaji

Meaning: animal

Russian Meaning: животное

Turkic: *gejik

Tungus-Manchu: *kaji-

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss; but cf. also Mong. kik laɣusa 'mule'; OJ ke-mono 'animal' (usually explained as 'hairy being').

Proto-Altaic: *kàji ( ~ k`-, g-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: clear, clean

Russian Meaning: чистый

Korean: *kāi-

Japanese: *kìjùa-

Comments: Martin 247. A Kor.-Jpn. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *kaku ( ~ -k`-)

Meaning: tanned skin, leather

Russian Meaning: мятая шкура, кожа

Turkic: *KAkma

Tungus-Manchu: *kaK-

Comments: Дыбо 15. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss; very poorly attested and thus not very reliable.

Proto-Altaic: *kák`á

Meaning: bright, shine

Russian Meaning: светлый, светить

Mongolian: *kaka-rkaj ( ~ -g-)

Tungus-Manchu: *kakta-

Japanese: *kánká-

Comments: Ozawa 69-74. {Cf. PE *qăʁ-cu-ʁ- 'white, bleached', *qaʁu- 'light, bright'}

Proto-Altaic: *kak`o

Meaning: to smell (of burning)

Russian Meaning: пахнуть горелым

Turkic: *Kok-

Mongolian: *kaku-

Tungus-Manchu: *kakti-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *kala

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: family, gathering

Russian Meaning: семья, собрание

Tungus-Manchu: *kal-

Japanese: *kara

Comments: A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss; see also notes to *ki̯ā́du.

Proto-Altaic: *kàla ( ~ *k`-, -e-)

Meaning: a k. of hat

Russian Meaning: вид шапки

Turkic: *Kalpak

Mongolian: *kalbaŋ

Korean: *kár

Comments: Basically a Turk.-Kor. isogloss; the Mongolian form is poorly attested and may be borrowed < Turkic. In TM cf. perhaps Evk. kelpeke 'children's winter clothes', kelkē 'children's winter footwear' (ТМС 1, 446).

Proto-Altaic: *kaĺbo

Meaning: girdle, waist

Russian Meaning: пояс, поясница

Turkic: *Koĺa- (*Kuĺa-)

Tungus-Manchu: *kalbu

Korean: *kurǝi

Comments: The root is well attested in TM, but other parallels are somewhat questionable: the Turkic word is attested late and may be derived from *Koĺ- 'join, unite'; on the Korean word see above.

Proto-Altaic: *kằle

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: knife, to cut

Russian Meaning: нож, резать

Turkic: *Kɨlɨ̄̄č

Tungus-Manchu: *kaliki

Japanese: *kǝ̀r-

Comments: One of the many "verbs of cutting" in PA, with only nominal derivatives preserved in PT and PTM.

Proto-Altaic: *kălo

Meaning: to change, borrow

Russian Meaning: менять, брать в долг

Turkic: *Kalɨm

Mongolian: *kala-

Tungus-Manchu: *kalma-gda

Korean: *kắr-

Japanese: *kár-

Comments: EAS 46, 154, АПиПЯЯ 75, Martin 228. The tone correspondence between Kor. and Jpn. is irregular, so the accent reconstruction here is difficult; note that the Kor. high tone here must be archaic, because it resists the general Korean tendency to introduce low tone into all verbal forms.

Proto-Altaic: *kaĺpa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of vessel

Russian Meaning: вид сосуда

Turkic: *KAĺuk / *KAlgak

Mongolian: *kalbuga

Tungus-Manchu: *kala-n

Japanese: *kasipa

Comments: EAS 123, KW 83, Владимирцов 366, Poppe 78 (Turk.-Mong.), Цинциус 1984, 83, Miller 1970, 130, JOAL 121, Street 1980, 286-287, АПиПЯЯ 75. Despite TMN 3, 391, Щербак 1997, 135. borrowing in Mong. from Turk. is excluded. One cannot exclude a possibility that we are dealing with two different roots here: cf. the distinction in Turkic, strange loss of *-b- in Tungus *kala-n, and another Kor.-Jpn. root for 'vessel, container': MKor. kari 'fish pot, basket for catching fish', OJ ke (PJ *ka-i) 'vessel, container' (see Whitman 1985, 160).

Proto-Altaic: *kalt`o

Meaning: to split, divide

Russian Meaning: расщеплять, делить

Turkic: *Kolak

Mongolian: *kalta-s, *kelte-

Tungus-Manchu: *kalta

Korean: *kằră-

Comments: SKE 98, Poppe 17, 75; Doerfer MT 47 (Turk. > Mong.). On a possible reflex in Jpn. see under *gằgta.

Proto-Altaic: *kalu

Meaning: a k. of fish

Russian Meaning: вид рыбы

Mongolian: *kul-

Tungus-Manchu: *kali

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss; cf. *k`ùla, *k`ile, with possible mergers.

Proto-Altaic: *kalV ( ~ -ĺ-)

Meaning: near, to come near

Russian Meaning: близкий, приближаться

Mongolian: *kalu-

Tungus-Manchu: *kal-

Comments: KW 162 (but Turk. *Kāl- 'to stay behind' hardly belongs here), ТМС 1, 369, АПиПЯЯ 292. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss, but, despite Doerfer MT 144, hardly borrowed in TM < Mong.

Proto-Altaic: *kàma

Meaning: to unite, together

Russian Meaning: объединять, вместе

Turkic: *KAmug

Mongolian: *kam-

Tungus-Manchu: *kamur-

Japanese: *kàmà-p-

Comments: KW 164, Владимирцов 391, Poppe 67-68, Цинциус 1984, 88. Mong. can hardly be explained as borrowed < Turk., despite Щербак 1997, 132, 165.

Proto-Altaic: *kami

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of cloth

Russian Meaning: вид ткани

Turkic: *KEmek

Mongolian: *kemerlig

Tungus-Manchu: *kam-

Comments: A Western isogloss (although the Turkic reflex is somewhat dubious). MKor. kamtho 'a horsehair cap worn by officials' (compared with TM in SKE 92, Lee 1958, 113) is rather < Manchu.

Proto-Altaic: *kàmo

Meaning: boiled substance, alcohol

Russian Meaning: вареное вещество, спиртной напиток

Turkic: *Kumɨŕ

Mongolian: *kimur

Tungus-Manchu: *kamnu- / *kamdu-

Japanese: *kàm-

Comments: Poppe 68, Лексика 450-451. Despite Doerfer's doubts (TMN 3, 515-516) the Turk.-Mong. parallel cannot be a coincidence.

Proto-Altaic: *kamp`o

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to fold, close

Russian Meaning: складывать, закрывать

Mongolian: *kamki-

Tungus-Manchu: *kamp-

Korean: *kắm-

Comments: -p- in TM is not easily explained as a suffix, so we prefer rather to reconstruct an original consonant cluster here.

Proto-Altaic: *kámsa ( ~ k`-)

Meaning: wind, whirlwind

Russian Meaning: ветер, вихрь

Turkic: *Kasɨrku

Mongolian: *kabsara-

Japanese: *kánsá-i

Comments: ЭСТЯ 5, 332, Лексика 43 (Turk.-Mong.)

Proto-Altaic: *kắm[u]ča

Meaning: a k. of vessel, ladle

Russian Meaning: вид сосуда, черпак

Turkic: *Kamɨč

Mongolian: *kumǯija

Tungus-Manchu: *kamiču

Japanese: *kámású

Comments: SKE 94, ТМС 1, 370, Мудрак Дисс. 184. Despite Doerfer MT 240 ("semantisch unsicher"), the Turk.-Tung. match seems quite plausible.

Proto-Altaic: *kanŋe

Meaning: helminth

Russian Meaning: глист

Turkic: *Kɨna

Tungus-Manchu: *kaŋar

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *kanti

Meaning: dewlap, peritoneum

Russian Meaning: подгрудок

Turkic: *Kandɨr (*Kantɨr)

Mongolian: *kančir

Tungus-Manchu: *kanda

Japanese: *kinta

Comments: PT and PM reflect a suffixed form *kanti-rV.

Proto-Altaic: *káŋV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: dog

Russian Meaning: собака

Turkic: *KAŋ-čɨk

Tungus-Manchu: *kači-kān

Korean: *kàŋ-

Comments: The TM form may belong here if it goes back to *kaŋ-čikān (= PT *Kaŋčɨk, MKor. kàŋ'àčí). See SKE 84-85, ТМС 1,385, Menges 1984, 270-271, АПиПЯЯ 296, Дыбо 9; TMN 3, 520 ("alles sehr unsicher").

Proto-Altaic: *kăpi

Meaning: to break, fragile

Russian Meaning: ломать, хрупкий

Turkic: *gebre-

Mongolian: *kebere-

Tungus-Manchu: *kab-

Comments: EAS 145, Владимирцов 153-154, 258, Poppe 45. One cannot exclude Mong. < Turk. in this case. An expressive Western isogloss. Cf. also *k`ĕ̀p`e (and Ozawa 201).

Proto-Altaic: *kăp`è

Meaning: to squeeze, press together

Russian Meaning: сжимать, прижимать

Turkic: *Kɨp-

Mongolian: *kajiči

Tungus-Manchu: *kap-

Comments: KW 180, Владимирцов 270, Poppe 48. A Western isogloss. Despite Doerfer's doubts (TMN 1, 450), the Turk. and Mong. forms cannot be separated from each other. It is interesting also to mention the forms meaning 'to wink' ( < *'press eyelids together') among the reflexes of PT *Kɨp- (usually confused with *Kɨp- 'spark') and the TM derivative *kapta- (usually confused with *kapta- 'flat'). Cf. also *k`ap`V.

Proto-Altaic: *kàra ( ~ k`-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: opposite, enemy

Russian Meaning: противоположный, противник, враг

Turkic: *Kar-

Mongolian: *kar-

Japanese: *kàtà-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 276, Мудрак Дисс. 89. Cf. *kéro. In PTM cf. perhaps *(x)arča- 'to meet, oppose (an animal during hunting)' (ТМС 1, 53) - a root that should be kept distinct from *ača- 'to meet'. In this case the reconstruction *k`àra should be preferred for PA.

Proto-Altaic: *kara ( ~ -u)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to look, observe

Russian Meaning: смотреть, наблюдать

Turkic: *Karak

Mongolian: *kara-

Tungus-Manchu: *kara-

Korean: *kàrm-

Comments: KW 169, VEWT 235 (the TM forms in ТМС 1,380 - Man. qara-, qarun etc. - are obviously borrowed from Mongolian, see Doerfer MT 51, 138, Rozycki 135), Lee 1958, 114, АПиПЯЯ 287.

Proto-Altaic: *kàra(ma)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: thin stick, rod

Russian Meaning: палочка, прут

Turkic: *Karmak

Tungus-Manchu: *kar-

Korean: *kármó

Japanese: *kàrimǝ̀

Comments: The root is not widely represented, but seems reliable; the meaning 'axle' in Kor.-Jpn. has developed < 'thin stick'. {ND 1199 adds WMo qaraŋɣa 'long front teeth of domestic animals; small arrow'.}

Proto-Altaic: *kare

Meaning: bow, to shoot from a bow

Russian Meaning: лук, стрелять из лука

Turkic: *Kɨrɨĺ / *kiriĺ

Mongolian: *karbu-

Tungus-Manchu: *kar-

Comments: A Western isogloss. Cf. *kàra.

Proto-Altaic: *karmo

Meaning: a k. of aquatic bird

Russian Meaning: вид водной птицы

Turkic: *Kordaj ( < *Korm-daj ?)

Tungus-Manchu: *karmu- / *karbu-

Korean: *kằrmjǝ́kí

Japanese: *kàmǝ́mái (~-ia)

Comments: Martin 232-233, Лексика 173. Cf. perhaps MMong. qara'una (HY 15) 'a k. of bird'. The tone correspondence between Kor. and Jpn. is irregular. Like many bird names, an expressive and rather unreliable root.

Proto-Altaic: *kàrò(mV) ( ~ k`-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of weed, cockle

Russian Meaning: вид сорного растения, куколь

Turkic: *KAramuk

Mongolian: *karaɣu, *karbaɣur

Tungus-Manchu: *kara ( ~ *x-)

Korean: *kắràč

Japanese: *kàràmùsì

Comments: Lee 1958, 112 (Tung.-Kor.). Turkic has *KAra- (not *Kora-), obviously influenced by *Kara- 'black'. Cf. similar weed names: Turk. *Küreŋ 'sedge' (ЭСТЯ 5, 147-148), Mong. küresün, kürmenli, kürümeli id.

Proto-Altaic: *kărsi

Meaning: fox, marten

Russian Meaning: лиса, куница

Turkic: *KArsak

Mongolian: *kirsa

Tungus-Manchu: *karsi

Comments: Новикова 1972, 129-130, Лексика 161. A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *kàru ( ~ k`-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: black

Russian Meaning: черный

Turkic: *Kara

Mongolian: *kara

Japanese: *kùruà-

Comments: EAS 107, Владимирцов 324, ОСНЯ 1, 338, АПиПЯЯ 54-55, 73, 103-104, 274. Despite TMN 3, 427, Щербак 1997, 134, there is no need to regard the Mong. word as borrowed from Turkic (although it is not excluded).

Proto-Altaic: *kărV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of bird

Russian Meaning: вид птицы

Turkic: *K(i)ar-

Mongolian: *kar-

Tungus-Manchu: *kara-

Comments: A Western isogloss. See Лексика 175, Pelliot HMP 573 (Doerfer TMN 3, 499: "unsicher"). Like many bird names, the root is expressive and probably onomatopoetic in origin.

Proto-Altaic: *kasa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to prohibit, be in one's way

Russian Meaning: мешать, противостоять

Mongolian: *kasi-

Tungus-Manchu: *kas-

Korean: *kǝ̀sɨ́r-

Japanese: *kasi-m-

Comments: Cf. *késa, *gi̯aso.

Proto-Altaic: *kaserV ( ~ k`-)

Meaning: young cow, heifer

Russian Meaning: молодая корова, телка

Turkic: *Kɨsɨr

Mongolian: *kasirag

Comments: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss., with many later interlingual loans.

Proto-Altaic: *kat`[a] ( ~ -t-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to mix, join

Russian Meaning: смешивать, соединять

Turkic: *Kat-

Mongolian: *kudku-

Tungus-Manchu: *kata-

Japanese: *kata-

Comments: The Mong. vocalism is not quite clear.

Proto-Altaic: *kā́jta

Meaning: nail, bar; to stick into

Russian Meaning: гвоздь, брусок; вонзать(ся)

Turkic: *Kāta-

Mongolian: *kada-

Tungus-Manchu: *kiata-kun

Korean: *kìt

Japanese: *kiátá ( ~ *káitá)

Comments: KW 158, Владимирцов 325, АПиПЯЯ 290. Mong. has also variants gada-sun, gata-sun (either < Turk. or interdialectal).

Proto-Altaic: *kā́k`i

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: angry

Russian Meaning: сердитый

Turkic: *Kēk-

Mongolian: *kek-

Tungus-Manchu: *kaKi

Comments: KW 223. A Western isogloss. Cf. *gĕ́gà.

Proto-Altaic: *kā́k`i

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to belch, choke

Russian Meaning: рыгать, давиться

Turkic: *gēkir-

Mongolian: *kekere- / *kakira- / *kaka-

Tungus-Manchu: *kaxa-

Korean: *kài'ò-

Comments: KW 223. An onomatopoeic root; the correspondences, however, are quite regular (except for the sporadic assimilative weakening *kahi- > kai- in Kor.), and it may well be common Altaic. Mong. is hardly borrowed from Turk., despite Щербак 1997, 126.

Proto-Altaic: *kā́k`ò

Meaning: a k. of building, fence

Russian Meaning: вид постройки, забор

Turkic: *Kōk-uĺ

Tungus-Manchu: *kaK(u)

Japanese: *kákì

Comments: The root is not widely spread and somewhat dubious semantically.

Proto-Altaic: *kā́la ( ~ k`-, -e-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: heap, to pile up

Russian Meaning: куча, слой, накладывать

Turkic: *Kāla-

Mongolian: *kali-

Korean: *kari-

Comments: The meaning 'overflow' in Mong. is probably secondary ( < 'pour too much, pile up very high').

Proto-Altaic: *k[ā]ĺe

Meaning: a k. of water plant

Russian Meaning: вид водного растения

Turkic: *Kɨ̄ĺ-gun

Mongolian: *kolim

Tungus-Manchu: *kalčukta

Comments: A Western isogloss; the Mong. reflex has an irregular vowel and is somewhat dubious.

Proto-Altaic: *kāma

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of fish

Russian Meaning: вид рыбы

Tungus-Manchu: *kām-

Korean: *kàmór-thi

Japanese: *kamasu

Comments: An Eastern isogloss, with somewhat unclear tone / length correspondences; cf. perhaps also Chuv. kъʷmъʷs 'young fish' ( < PT *kem- ~ *köm-); Khak. xamnax 'roach, сорога'.

Proto-Altaic: *kāmV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: be weak, oppress

Russian Meaning: быть немощным, подавлять, препятствовать

Turkic: *KĀma-

Mongolian: *kama-

Tungus-Manchu: *kama-

Korean: *kam-

Japanese: *kǝ̀mà-r- ( ~ kuàmà-r-)

Comments: KW 165, EAS 47, SKE 91-2. The Kor. parallel is found only there; as for the Japanese word, it is not attested in any OJ or MJ sources, so the PJ reconstruction is uncertain. One should also note irregular PJ vocalism and tone (*-a- with high tone would be expected). This all makes the Kor.-Jpn. aspect of the etymology dubious.

Proto-Altaic: *kā́na

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to be satisfied

Russian Meaning: быть удовлетворенным

Turkic: *Kān-

Mongolian: *kanu-

Tungus-Manchu: *kan-dari-

Japanese: *kánáransu

Comments: EAS 114, KW 166, Poppe 70 (but despite Ozawa 192-193 and АПиПЯЯ 72, PJ *kànàp- should be attributed to *k`ā̀no). The root is very similar to *k`ā̀no, both phonetically and semantically, but the opposition of *Kān- and *Kon- in Turkic does not allow to unite them. The hypothesis of Mong. *kanu- being borrowed from Turkic (see Щербак 1997, 133) is possible, but not very probable.

Proto-Altaic: *kā̀nt`V

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to reach, attain

Russian Meaning: достигать, доставать

Mongolian: *kan[t]u-

Tungus-Manchu: *kānta-

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. Cf. perhaps Chuv. xondъ 'protect', 'influence' etc. (if not < Mong.). Cf. also OJ katug- 'to carry' (although this may be a variant of kataga-, a compound of kata 'shoulder' + aga- 'lift, raise').

Proto-Altaic: *kā̀nu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: swan

Russian Meaning: лебедь

Mongolian: *kuna

Tungus-Manchu: *kāŋgu

Korean: *kón

Comments: SKE 123.

Proto-Altaic: *k[ā]p`á

Meaning: to cover, sack

Russian Meaning: покрывать, мешок

Turkic: *Kāp

Mongolian: *kab-t-

Tungus-Manchu: *kup-

Japanese: *kàmpú-

Comments: KW 167, 180, Poppe 17, 18, 43, Цинциус 1984, 76-77. Mergers with phonetically close roots (e. g. *k`ăp`ù 'barrier', *k`ŏ̀p`e 'film, covering', *kobe 'clothing', *k`āp`a 'bladder') were possible - which may explain some vocalic and prosodic irregularities.

Proto-Altaic: *kāšu(kV)

Meaning: to tickle

Russian Meaning: щекотать

Turkic: *Kɨ̄čɨk, *gīči-

Mongolian: *giǯige

Tungus-Manchu: *kašaka-

Japanese: *kúsú(n)kúr-

Comments: ЭСТЯ 3, 43. Some irregularities are due to expressivity.

Proto-Altaic: *kā́t`e

Meaning: to knock (of hooves), trot

Russian Meaning: цокать (о копытах), скакать

Turkic: *Kɨ̄tɨr-

Mongolian: *katari-

Tungus-Manchu: *kata- / *kete-

Korean: *kǝ̀thí-

Comments: An expressive root, but seems to be common Altaic.

Proto-Altaic: *kébà(rV)

Meaning: field, steppe

Russian Meaning: поле, степь

Mongolian: *keɣere

Tungus-Manchu: *keber-

Japanese: *kápí

Comments: EAS 89, Poppe 48, АПиПЯЯ 14, 68. Despite Poppe 1972, 97, TMN 1, 485, Doerfer MT 94, TM cannot be borrowed from Mong.

Proto-Altaic: *kĕ̀č`á

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: slanting, oblique

Russian Meaning: косой

Turkic: *Kač-

Mongolian: *keče

Tungus-Manchu: *kečeri-

Korean: *kjǝ́čh

Japanese: *kàntúa

Comments: Cf. *k`i̯ŏ́ǯa, *kéč`à (the three roots are sometimes difficult to distinguish). The medial -j- in Kor. is not quite clear.

Proto-Altaic: *kéč`à

Meaning: side

Russian Meaning: сторона

Korean: *kǝ̀čh

Japanese: *kátà

Comments: A Kor.-Jpn. isogloss. See Martin 241, АПиПЯЯ 297 (with some confusion of Kor. *kǝ̀čh 'exterior' and *kằč- 'near; end, limit', see under *kĕ̀č`á, *k`i̯ŏ́ǯa). The root seems very similar to both *kĕ̀č`á and *k`i̯ŏ́ǯa, but in fact cannot be reduced to either of them. It is not even excluded that the root does not exist at all: Kor. kǝ̀čh 'exterior side' may be just a variant of kàčh 'skin' (see under *káč`u), while Jpn. kátà may go back to PA *k`ada 'side, to turn' (q. v.).

Proto-Altaic: *kejbe

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to lie

Russian Meaning: лежать

Mongolian: *keb-

Tungus-Manchu: *kebi-

Korean: *kìbúr-

Japanese: *kǝjǝ-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 294, Ozawa 203-204, SKE 114.

Proto-Altaic: *keju ( ~ k`-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to boil

Russian Meaning: варить

Turkic: *Kạjɨn-

Mongolian: *kajira-

Korean: *kò'ɨ̀-

Comments: A possible derivative is PA *keju-ŕ(ga) 'kettle': PT *Kāŕgan (ЭСТЯ 5, 186-188 - a contraction < *Kaj-rgan ?); Mong. kaji-sun ( < *kajir-sun); PTM *kejren (ТМС 1, 444); see KW 169; ЭСТЯ 5, 188. In that case PA *k- should be reconstructed.

Proto-Altaic: *kekŋV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: breast, chest, ribs

Russian Meaning: грудь, ребра

Turkic: *gEgrek

Mongolian: *keŋgir-

Tungus-Manchu: *keŋ-tire

Comments: Дыбо 307, Лексика 232, 276. A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *kek`V

Meaning: palate, throat

Russian Meaning: небо, горло

Turkic: *gekir-dek

Mongolian: *kekü-

Tungus-Manchu: *kexere

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *kela ( ~ k`-, -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to rise, jump up, soar

Russian Meaning: подниматься, подпрыгивать, парить

Turkic: *Kạl(ɨ)-

Mongolian: *kali-

Comments: KW 163, 176, 177, ОСНЯ 1, 335. A Turk.-Mong. isogloss; but a suffixed form *kel-k`a- may be discoverable in OJ kaker- 'to fly, soar' (see Miller-Street 1975, 73-75, Street 1985, 641).

Proto-Altaic: *kèĺčo

Meaning: to scrape, rub

Russian Meaning: скрести, тереть

Turkic: *Kạĺčɨ-

Mongolian: *kalča-

Tungus-Manchu: *keli-

Korean: *kắr-

Japanese: *kàsù-r-

Comments: Цинциус 1984, 81-82, АПиПЯЯ 75, Мудрак Дисс. 89-90.

Proto-Altaic: *kele ( ~ -i, -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: daughter-in-law, bride

Russian Meaning: невеста, невестка

Turkic: *gẹlin

Tungus-Manchu: *keli

Comments: ОСНЯ 1, 296, Räsänen 1955, 18:3, 9. A well known Turk.-Tung. isogloss. Despite Doerfer TMN 3, 667 (Tung.-Turk.: "...der Vergleich zweifelhaft bleibt"; Turk. *gelin < *gel- 'come' - "ethnologisch sehr überzeugende Etymologie"...), the relation between PT *gẹl- 'to come' and *gẹlin 'daughter-in-law' is purely folk-etymological.

Proto-Altaic: *kelta(rV)

Meaning: variegated, spotted

Russian Meaning: пестрый, пятнистый

Turkic: *Kartal

Mongolian: *kaltar

Tungus-Manchu: *kelder

Comments: A Western isogloss; cf. perhaps OJ kata-na- 'dirty' (if not = kitana- id.). Turkic reflects a metathesized form (*Kartal < *Kaltar).

Proto-Altaic: *kèĺǯo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: bald, bald spot

Russian Meaning: лысый, лысина

Turkic: *KAĺ(č)ga

Mongolian: *kalǯa-

Korean: *kór(čhí)

Japanese: *kàsìrà

Comments: KW 163, Poppe 17 (Doerfer TMN 3, 479: "aus phonetischen Gründen unsicher"). The meaning 'head' in Kor.-Jpn. (whence 'brain' in Kor.) is secondary, with a universally usual semantic shift ( < 'bald spot'; cf. Slavic *golъ 'bare, naked' and *golva 'head' etc.; see Фасмер 1, 429). -čhí in MKor. may either reflect the variation of the reflexes of *-ĺǯ- (it is interesting to note also MKor. kắrčhjǝ̀ŋ 'young skin of a plant', which may actually reflect the same root), or a compound with -čhi 'stuff, thing'. Cf. also *kèĺčo 'to scrape, rub': the two roots tend to be confused with each other.

Proto-Altaic: *kéma ( ~ k`-, g-)

Meaning: stove, cauldron

Russian Meaning: печь, котел

Turkic: *Kemeke

Korean: *kàmá

Japanese: *kámá

Comments: SKE 90.

Proto-Altaic: *kĕ̀ma (~ -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to gnaw, bite

Russian Meaning: грызть, кусать

Turkic: *gEmür-

Mongolian: *kemeli-

Tungus-Manchu: *kem-ki-

Japanese: *kàm-

Comments: KW 225, АПиПЯЯ 112, 274, Лексика 262. Borrowing in Mong. from Turk. is impossible (despite Щербак 1997, 126); the Manchu form, however, may be < Mong. (see Rozycki 137).

Proto-Altaic: *kemŕa

Meaning: shoulderblade

Russian Meaning: лопатка

Turkic: *[k]Ebŕe

Mongolian: *kemde-

Tungus-Manchu: *kende

Comments: Дыбо 306, Лексика 243. A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *kemV

Meaning: a k. of fruit with seeds inside

Russian Meaning: вид плода с зернышками

Mongolian: *kemeke

Tungus-Manchu: *kemu-kte

Korean: *kām

Comments: One is also tempted to compare PJ *kákí 'persimmon' ( < *kem-k`a), but the word can be alternatively compared with TM *gaka-kta 'cranberry' (ТМС 1, 136). Cf. also other similar plant names: *ki̯omga, *gi̯aŋu, *k`éma.

Proto-Altaic: *ke(n)da ( ~ -o)

Meaning: a k. of coniferous tree

Russian Meaning: вид хвойного дерева

Turkic: *Kạdɨ

Tungus-Manchu: *kende-

Comments: A not quite certain Turk.-Tung. isogloss; Helimski 1995 supposed a loan in Turk. < Sam. *kaǝti̯ǝ.

Proto-Altaic: *kenta

Meaning: threshold, gate

Russian Meaning: порог, ворота

Tungus-Manchu: *kende-

Japanese: *kántuà

Comments: A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *kènǯé

Meaning: late

Russian Meaning: поздний

Turkic: *gEnč

Mongolian: *kenǯe

Japanese: *kǝ̀nsǝ́

Comments: Ramstedt 1951, 66. Despite TMN 1, 488, Clark 1980, 43 hardly borrowed in Mong. from Turk. (the semantics is too different for a borrowing).

Proto-Altaic: *kĕ̀ŋi

Meaning: hollow, empty

Russian Meaning: пустой, полый

Turkic: *geŋiŕ

Mongolian: *keŋ-, *köŋ-

Tungus-Manchu: *keŋ-

Korean: *kíń-

Comments: ЭСТЯ 5, 107 (Mong.-Tung.). In Mong. the root has several expressive variants (cf. also PA *k`eŋa). In Kor. an early palatalization occurred (*-ŋi- > -ń-). See also notes to PA *k`ḗmŋV 'wide'.

Proto-Altaic: *keŋV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to bite, gnaw

Russian Meaning: кусать, глодать

Turkic: *KEŋdi-

Tungus-Manchu: *keŋi-

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *kĕpV

Meaning: upper part of body (trunk)

Russian Meaning: верхняя часть туловища

Turkic: *gebde

Mongolian: *keberdeg

Tungus-Manchu: *keb-te

Comments: Дыбо 5, Лексика 267. A Western isogloss. The root is sometimes difficult to distinguish from *kḗp`V 'belly' and *k`ébá 'corpse', due to natural contaminations.

Proto-Altaic: *kéra

Meaning: belly; body, ribs

Russian Meaning: живот; тело, ребра

Turkic: *Kạrɨn

Tungus-Manchu: *kerimuk

Korean: *kari

Japanese: *kárá-(n)tá

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 281, Дыбо 5, Лексика 277. Ramstedt (SKE 89) compares the Kor. form with Mong. qarbiŋ etc. (see *k`i̯ắŕme), but this seems improper (the modern form kalbi goes back to MKor. kari-spjǝ). The Japanese form is somewhat insecure due to its late attestation and unclear suffix. In Mong cf. perhaps kerseŋ 'brisket'.

Proto-Altaic: *kèra ( ~ -ŕ-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to bind, wind around

Russian Meaning: связывать, обвиваться

Mongolian: *kere-

Tungus-Manchu: *kerge- (*kergi-)

Japanese: *kàràm-

Comments: EAS 107, KW 227, SKE 104, Poppe 79-80.

Proto-Altaic: *kergV ( ~ *k`-)

Meaning: paunch

Russian Meaning: сетка желудка

Turkic: *Kergük

Mongolian: *kerken-

Comments: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss (with assimilation in Mong. *kerken- < *kergen-, cf. similarly in *k`úrgo); cf. perhaps also Evk. (Tokk.) ker 'membrane' (ТМС 1, 452).

Proto-Altaic: *kèro

Meaning: back, to return

Russian Meaning: назад, сзади

Turkic: *gErü

Mongolian: *kari-

Japanese: *kǝ̀tàpa-

Comments: Cf. perhaps Nan. kerxe 'hump' ( < 'back').

Proto-Altaic: *kéro

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to fight, kill

Russian Meaning: драться, убивать

Turkic: *gEröĺ-

Mongolian: *kere-

Tungus-Manchu: *kere-, *kerbe-

Korean: *kūr-

Japanese: *kǝ́r-

Comments: EAS 146, KW 227, Poppe 18, 79, Murayama 1962, 110. Cf. *kàra.

Proto-Altaic: *kĕ̀ru ( ~ *k`-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: old, worn out

Russian Meaning: старуха

Turkic: *Kạrɨ

Mongolian: *kari-, *kar-si-

Japanese: *kùtà-

Comments: Cf. also Turk. *Kurt-ga 'old woman' (see ЭСТЯ 6, 168-169).

Proto-Altaic: *keru(ĺV)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of predator

Russian Meaning: вид хищника

Turkic: *KArɨĺ-

Mongolian: *kereldüg

Tungus-Manchu: *kelte- ( < *kerelte-?)

Korean: *kar-

Japanese: *kunturi

Comments: The root must have denoted some big predator, probably the wolverine. Cf. also MMong. (HY 10) qarxulax 'small tiger'.

Proto-Altaic: *késa ( ~ *k`-)

Meaning: to suffer

Russian Meaning: страдать

Turkic: *kes-

Mongolian: *keseɣe-

Tungus-Manchu: *kesē-

Korean: *kjǝs-

Japanese: *kásíká-

Comments: KW 228, Poppe 18, 65. Cf. *kasa. The Turkic form points rather to *k`-; if the TM forms are borrowed from Mong. (see Doerfer MT 69), we should rather reconstruct PA *k`ésa.

Proto-Altaic: *késu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: thing, sort, order

Russian Meaning: вещь, разряд, порядок

Mongolian: *küsü-nüg

Tungus-Manchu: *kese

Korean: *kǝ̀s / *kàs

Japanese: *kúsá

Comments: Mong. *küsünüg < *kesü- (with secondary vowel assimilation).

Proto-Altaic: *kesV (~ k`-, -i-)

Meaning: luck, joy

Russian Meaning: счастье, радость

Mongolian: *kesig

Korean: *kìs-

Comments: SKE 113, Poppe 65. A Mong.-Kor. isogloss; the TM forms (see ТМС 1, 455) probably < Mong., see Doerfer MT 116, Rozycki 139.

Proto-Altaic: *kĕta ( ~ -t`-, -o, -u)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: mule, barren

Russian Meaning: мул, бесплодный

Turkic: *KAtɨr

Mongolian: *kači-

Tungus-Manchu: *ketem

Comments: A Western isogloss. Mong. > Chag. kačir 'mule' etc. (see VEWT 217). The Mong. form itself may have been borrowed from Turk. (see Щербак 1997, 137), but may as well be genuine. The Tung. parallel makes the theory of Turk. < Iran. (Sogd. ɣrtr'k, see TMN 3, 393 with literature) rather improbable.

Proto-Altaic: *két`ò

Meaning: much, many, excessively

Russian Meaning: много, чрезмерно

Mongolian: *ketü

Tungus-Manchu: *kete, *kēter

Korean: *kằtằk-

Japanese: *kátù

Comments: EAS 47, KW 228, SKE 84, Poppe 18, 50, Miller 1985a, 81. Despite Doerfer MT 64, the TM form is hardly borrowed from Mong.

Proto-Altaic: *két`ò (~k`-, g-, -o-)

Meaning: similar

Russian Meaning: похожий

Korean: *kằth-

Japanese: *kǝ́tǝ́

Comments: SKE 99, Martin 241. A Kor.-Jpn. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *kḗči

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: night, evening

Russian Meaning: ночь, вечер

Turkic: *gēč (-e)

Mongolian: *keči-

Japanese: *kisǝ

Comments: See Лексика 82: rather dubious, because of very scanty attestation in Mongolian.

Proto-Altaic: *kḗjna ( ~ g-)

Meaning: crab; tick

Russian Meaning: краб; клещ

Turkic: *gĒne

Korean: *kǝ̄i

Japanese: *kání

Comments: Martin 229, Miller 1980, 161-162, 1985a, 81, 1986, 48, Лексика 183. Medial *-j- has to be reconstructed to account for loss of resonant in Korean.

Proto-Altaic: *kḕju

Meaning: to pass beyond

Russian Meaning: проходить мимо, переходить

Turkic: *Kej-

Tungus-Manchu: *kēj-

Japanese: *kúaja-

Comments: The Jpn. form goes back to *keju-(ga)-. The Turkic parallel raises doubts: the isolated Chuv. form may stem from Mari kaj- 'to go' ( < FU *käwe, UEW 654), as suggested in VEWT 221.

Proto-Altaic: *kēńa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: front leg, armpit, angle

Russian Meaning: передняя конечность, подмышка, угол

Turkic: *Kājnat

Mongolian: *ka(i)

Tungus-Manchu: *keńe- / *kuńe-

Japanese: *kanai

Comments: ОСHЯ 1, 304; Дыбо 312-313; VEWT 230, Лексика 149-150. Cf. also Kalm. xanǝ 'маховые перья' (KW 165, АПиПЯЯ 289); but due to restricted distribution in Mong. this form should be rather considered a Turkism (see Щербак 1997, 133).

Proto-Altaic: *kḕnda

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of ungulate animal

Russian Meaning: вид копытного животного

Turkic: *KAt

Mongolian: *kandagaj

Tungus-Manchu: *kēnde

Comments: A Western isogloss; not quite reliable because of poor attestation (and possible borrowed nature?) in Turkic and TM. Cf. OJ. kédá-mono 'animal' (?).

Proto-Altaic: *kḕńu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: distress, envy

Russian Meaning: расстройство, зависть

Turkic: *köń- ( ~ -j-)

Mongolian: *ken- / *kin-

Tungus-Manchu: *kēńe-

Japanese: *kuna-

Comments: In Turkic one would expect *geń-; the root, however, has since the oldest texts almost completely merged with PT *köń- 'to burn', so as to become almost indistinguishable from the latter. See also notes to *gū̀no.

Proto-Altaic: *kēpu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to chew

Russian Meaning: жевать

Turkic: *gēb-

Mongolian: *kebi-

Tungus-Manchu: *keb-

Japanese: *kùp-

Comments: KW 229, Poppe 20, 46, ОСНЯ 1, 293, АПиПЯЯ 15, 69, 109, 279, Ozawa 208-209, Дыбо 14, Лексика 227. Correspondences are regular except for low tone in Jpn. (high tone would be expected).

Proto-Altaic: *kḗp`à

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: face, shape

Russian Meaning: лицо, форма

Turkic: *gēp

Mongolian: *keɣe

Tungus-Manchu: *kepe

Japanese: *kápúa

Comments: A good common Altaic root; the original meaning is 'face' or 'jaws', with a more abstract meaning 'shape' developed in the Western area (a very usual semantic development).

Proto-Altaic: *kḗp`V

Meaning: belly

Russian Meaning: живот

Turkic: *gēp-

Mongolian: *keweli

Tungus-Manchu: *kepel-

Comments: Владимирцов 205. Despite Doerfer MT 93, Rozycki 104 the TM forms cannot easily be explained as mongolisms (except Sol. kêli). The root is homonymous (except for the final vowel which is in this case unknown) with *kḗp`à 'shape', and one wonders if it is in fact not the same root, but semantically influenced by another similar one, PA *kĕpV 'upper part of body'.

Proto-Altaic: *kḗrdu ( ~ k`-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of bird of prey

Russian Meaning: вид хищной птицы

Turkic: *Kạ̄rt-

Mongolian: *kaǯir

Japanese: *kútí

Comments: KW 170, Лексика 169.

Proto-Altaic: *ki ( ~ *k`i)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to do, to make

Russian Meaning: делать

Turkic: *Kɨl-

Mongolian: *ki-

Japanese: *kì-túk-

Comments: KW 223, Владимирцов 260, Poppe 19, ОСНЯ 1, 309. One of the common Altaic monosyllabic verbal stems. In view of the external evidence, -l- in PT is to be regarded as a historical suffix.

Proto-Altaic: *kĭ̀ba ( ~ -p-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of foliage tree

Russian Meaning: вид лиственного дерева

Turkic: *Kɨbak / *Kabak

Tungus-Manchu: *kibē

Japanese: *kàpài ( ~ -ia)

Comments: The reflexes point to a tree with distinct bright bark, probably birch (cf. also PU *kojwV 'birch' compared in МССНЯ 330, ОСНЯ 1, 300).

Proto-Altaic: *kìjá

Meaning: a k. of grass

Russian Meaning: вид травы

Turkic: *Kɨj(g)ak

Mongolian: *kija-

Tungus-Manchu: *kijo-kta

Korean: *kójōm

Japanese: *kàjá

Comments: The root denotes some wild-growing grass with sharp edges or thorns. In Kor. there probably occurred a secondary vowel assimilation (*káj- would be expected). Some interaction with *kúja 'nut' was possible, especially in the Kor.-Jap. area.

Proto-Altaic: *kijmV

Meaning: vapour, steam; anger

Russian Meaning: пар, движение воздуха; гнев

Turkic: *Kɨjm-

Mongolian: *kimura-

Tungus-Manchu: *kīmu-

Korean: *kīm

Comments: KW 231, SKE 112, ТМС 1, 394.

Proto-Altaic: *kìkú

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to bite; rub, scrape

Russian Meaning: кусать; царапать, тереть

Turkic: *Kik-

Mongolian: *kegǯe-

Tungus-Manchu: *kik-

Japanese: *kùkúm-

Comments: A derivative *kìkú-čV is probably observable in Karakh. kikčür- = PM *kegǯe-.

Proto-Altaic: *kímo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to arrange, intend

Russian Meaning: намереваться, решать, устраивать

Turkic: *Kɨm-

Mongolian: *kima-

Tungus-Manchu: *kim-

Japanese: *kímá-

Comments: KW 231.

Proto-Altaic: *kìp`é

Meaning: bran, millet

Russian Meaning: отруби, просо

Turkic: *kẹpek

Mongolian: *kibag

Tungus-Manchu: *kipe

Japanese: *kìmpí

Comments: One of several similar PA roots (see *k`ā́p`a, *k`èpà, *k`i̯ā̀bu, *gébó).

Proto-Altaic: *kìp`í ( ~ -e, -o)

Meaning: attentive, strict

Russian Meaning: внимательный, строгий

Mongolian: *kib(i)-si-

Tungus-Manchu: *kib-ča-

Japanese: *kìmpì-si-

Comments: A common derivative *kìp`í-čV is reflected in all branches.

Proto-Altaic: *kìro

Meaning: to cut, mince

Russian Meaning: резать, размельчать

Turkic: *Kɨr-

Mongolian: *kira-

Tungus-Manchu: *kire-

Japanese: *kìr-

Comments: KW 244, Menges 1982.

Proto-Altaic: *kirsi ( ~ k`-)

Meaning: a k. of big wild animal

Russian Meaning: вид крупного дикого животного

Mongolian: *kirs

Japanese: *kisa

Comments: An interesting Mong.-Jpn. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *kíso

Meaning: to press, squeeze, rub

Russian Meaning: давить, сжимать, тереть

Turkic: *Kɨs-

Mongolian: *kisa-

Tungus-Manchu: *kis-k-

Korean: *kɨ̀s-

Japanese: *kǝ́sǝ́nká-

Comments: Poppe 19, 65, 116, VEWT 267, KW 233 (without the Korean parallel), АПиПЯЯ 285. The original meaning may be reconstructed as 'press, scrape off by pressing' (whence 'sharpen' and other meanings). Tone correspondences seem to be regular, but cf. notes on the Korean tone above.

Proto-Altaic: *kiso (~ *kose, k`-, g-)

Meaning: certainly, verily

Russian Meaning: точно, очень

Korean: *kɨ́s

Japanese: *kǝsǝ

Comments: A Kor.-Jpn. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *kít`u ( ~ k`-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to wait, take time

Russian Meaning: ждать, медлить

Mongolian: *kičiɣe-

Korean: *kìtɨ́r'ó-

Japanese: *kútúrǝ(n)k- ( ~ -ua-)

Comments: Cf. *ki̯ū́di, *gòdè (with possible contaminations).

Proto-Altaic: *kíǯV (?)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to lose, disappear

Russian Meaning: терять, исчезать

Tungus-Manchu: *kiǯ-

Japanese: *kíjá-

Comments: A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss; rather dubious because of scarce attestation in TM.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯adi

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to put on, wear

Russian Meaning: надевать, носить (одежду)

Turkic: *ged-

Mongolian: *kedü- / *keǯi-

Japanese: *kí-

Comments: KW 236, Poppe 19, Ozawa 197-199, JOAL 72, 73, 136, АПиПЯЯ 72. A possible TM match is Man. adu = Jurch. ha-du 'clothes' < *xadu (ТМС 1, 6); this would make us reconstruct *k`ajdi and suppose a secondary (assimilatory) voicing in Turk. *ged- < *ked-.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯àdi

Meaning: seam, to sew, lace

Russian Meaning: шов, шить, тесьма

Turkic: *K(i)adɨ-

Mongolian: *kaǯi

Tungus-Manchu: *kiade-le-

Korean: *kjǝ̀d-

Comments: ТМС 1, 443.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯ằgru { ~ -br-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to bake, boil

Russian Meaning: жарить, варить

Turkic: *KAgur-

Mongolian: *kaɣur-

Tungus-Manchu: *kurgi-

Korean: *kɨ̀rh-

Japanese: *kùrì-dà

Comments: Mong. may be < Turk. (see TMN 3, 542, Щербак 1997, 132), but may well be genuine, see KW 202, Владимирцов 206, Poppe 48. Korean has the typical "verbal" low tone. The specific medial cluster explains somewhat irregular vowel behaviour in Kor.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯ájo

Meaning: strong odour, smoke

Russian Meaning: сильный запах, дым

Turkic: *KAjɨr

Mongolian: *kej

Tungus-Manchu: *koja

Japanese: *káiN-púri

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 109, 277, Мудрак Дисс. 103 (see also *gi̯ūbe, *ki̯àjú, with a possibility of contaminations). Note that both in MMong. and OJ the root is sometimes treated as borrowed from MChin. khɨ̀j (see, e.g., Rozycki 139) - which is not totally excluded, but somewhat dubious (very early attestation both in Mongolian and Japanese texts, and unexplained vocalism).

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯àjú

Meaning: wind, air

Russian Meaning: ветер, воздух

Turkic: *KAj

Mongolian: *kuj

Tungus-Manchu: *kuje

Korean: *kùrì-

Japanese: *kùjú-r-

Comments: Cf. *ki̯ájo: the two roots seem to be distinct, but certainly contaminations were possible. Kor. *kuri- < *kuju-ri-, cf. the Jpn. form.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯aka ( ~ -k`-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: shell

Russian Meaning: раковина

Tungus-Manchu: *kiaK-ta / -ikta

Japanese: *kàkî

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 293. A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss; seems quite reliable (linking the Jpn. form with Kor. kur by Martin 238 should be rejected).

Proto-Altaic: *k[i̯a]ma

Meaning: a k. of aquatic bird

Russian Meaning: вид водной птицы

Mongolian: *kemerleg

Tungus-Manchu: *k[ia]m-

Korean: *kàmà'ótí

Japanese: *kàmuâ

Comments: Despite some problems with vocalism, the root seems reliable.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯ằmò

Meaning: ghost, spirit

Russian Meaning: дух

Turkic: *Kiam

Mongolian: *keme-

Tungus-Manchu: *kum-

Japanese: *kàmù-i

Comments: Мудрак Дисс. 192 (Turk.-Mong.). Cf. perhaps also MKor. -kɨ́m in nīm-kɨ́m 'master, Lord' (if -kɨ́m is not borrowed < Jpn. kimi, see under *k`i̯óŋi).

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯amp`a

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: top, top of head

Russian Meaning: верхушка, верх головы

Turkic: *k(i)amak / *k(i)apak

Tungus-Manchu: *kiama / *kiapa

Korean: *kàmá

Japanese: *kàm(p)-

Comments: PKE 68 (Kor.-Turk., without Japanese parallels), АПиПЯЯ 279, Лексика 200. Tone correspondence between Kor. and Jpn. is irregular. The variation between *-m- and *-p- in most subgroups reflects the PA cluster *-mp`-, possibly with later interdialectal loans.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯ằmù

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: beaver; bear

Russian Meaning: бобер; медведь

Turkic: *Kạma

Tungus-Manchu: *kuma

Korean: *kōm

Japanese: *kùmà

Comments: EAS 155, SKE 122-123, Дыбо 9, Martin 225, Лексика 162.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯àntú

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of vessel

Russian Meaning: вид сосуда

Turkic: *Kendük (*Kentük)

Mongolian: *kundaga

Tungus-Manchu: *kondi

Japanese: *kùntá

Comments: The root appears well reconstructable for PA, with a common derivative *ki̯àntú-kV (PT *Kendük = PM *kundaga = PTM *kondi-kā-n.

Proto-Altaic: *k[i̯a]ŋe

Meaning: a k. of board

Russian Meaning: вид доски

Turkic: *K(i)aŋ

Mongolian: *kaŋga

Tungus-Manchu: *küŋile

Comments: A Western isogloss. Despite vocalic irregularity, the TM forms are hard to separate from Turko-Mongolian.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯àpì

Meaning: depth; edge

Russian Meaning: глубина; край

Mongolian: *köb-

Tungus-Manchu: *kiabu-

Korean: *kìphí-

Japanese: *kìpà

Comments: Martin 230. Korean has a 'verbal' low tone and a secondary monophthongization (*-jǝ- > -i-). In Mong. one has to assume labial assimilation *köb- < *keb-.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯ap`a

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: turtle, crayfish

Russian Meaning: черепаха, рак

Mongolian: *kab-

Tungus-Manchu: *kiakp- / *kiapk-

Korean: *kǝ̀púp

Japanese: *kap- / *kam-

Comments: Martin 244 (Kor.-Jpn.). PJ *kama- presupposes a nasal suffix (*ki̯ap`a-nV). A very similar fish name is found in TM (Oroch kiampai 'чилимс', Nan. qǟfu 'гольян (озерный)', see ТМС 1, 397); cf. also a quite isolated Turkm. kepir 'carp' (if not from Pers. kopur, see ЭСТЯ 5, 47). Whether these forms reflect the same root is yet to be determined.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯àp`ù ( ~ k`-, -e-u, -a-u)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: hoof, heel

Russian Meaning: копыто, пятка

Mongolian: *kajir-

Korean: *kúp

Japanese: *kupi-(mpi)su

Comments: Whitman 1985, 182, 226 (Kor.-Jpn.). Cf. Chag. (VEWT 281) kopuk 'eine vorteilhafte (stehende) Stellung des Knöchels beim Spiel'. In TM cf. *kōkčān 'hoof' (ТМС 1, 405-406) - perhaps < *kōpčān, cf. Evk. Tott. kopčan.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯ăro

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: crow, raven

Russian Meaning: ворона, ворон

Turkic: *KArga

Mongolian: *kerije

Tungus-Manchu: *kori

Korean: *kằr-

Japanese: *kara-su

Comments: Дыбо 8, Лексика 171. In Turk. cf. also *Kuŕgun 'raven' (see TMN 3, 468-469, ЭСТЯ 6, 107-108).

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯ăru

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: need, necessity

Russian Meaning: нужда, необходимость

Turkic: *gẹrge-

Mongolian: *kara

Tungus-Manchu: *kor-pi-

Korean: *kari- (?)

Comments: Cf. also *k`i̯ùru 'heavy, difficult'.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯áta

Meaning: salmon, a k. of fish

Russian Meaning: лосось, вид рыбы

Turkic: *K(i)atɨr- ( ~-d-)

Mongolian: *kadaraŋ

Tungus-Manchu: *kiata

Japanese: *kátú-

Comments: An interesting root, demonstrating the acquaintance of the speakers with the way of life of the salmon (weakening and dying after releasing roe). Note a common derivative *ki̯áta-rV in the Turko-Mongolian area.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯á[t`]ó

Meaning: stern, steering oar

Russian Meaning: корма, рулевое весло

Turkic: *KAdɨk

Mongolian: *kitüge

Tungus-Manchu: *kude

Japanese: *kántí

Comments: Reasons for voicing in TM and Turkic are not clear (assimilative development in a suffixed form *ki̯át`ó-gV?; note that in PTM we can also reconstruct *kudege - the -ge would have been lost in all languages where the root is attested).

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯aǯurV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: sand, steppe, earth

Russian Meaning: песок, степь, земля

Turkic: *Kạjɨr

Mongolian: *kuǯir

Tungus-Manchu: *kuǯur-

Comments: VEWT 222 (Turk.-Mong.), АПиПЯЯ 287, Лексика 97. A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯ā́č`ù

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: hole; mouth

Russian Meaning: полость; рот

Turkic: *KĒčir

Mongolian: *kačir

Tungus-Manchu: *kuči-n

Japanese: *kútí

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 111. For Jpn. cf. also Koguryo /xuče/ 'mouth'. The root must have basically meant 'mouth or throat cavity' (whence 'mouth', 'cheek' (originally probably 'inner side of cheek') and 'trachea'), with a secondary development > 'cavity in general' > 'well' in TM.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯ā́du ( ~ k`-)

Meaning: relative

Russian Meaning: родственник

Turkic: *Kādɨn

Mongolian: *kadum

Korean: *kjǝrăi

Comments: KW 158, Poppe 52. Despite TMN 3, 579, Щербак 1997, 132 Mong. is hardly < Turk. Cf. also Evn. kēde 'friend' (ТМС 1, 443). The Kor. word is compared alternatively (JLTT 438) with OJ kara `clan, family', but the latter seems to have a better match in TM *kal-, see *kala.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯ā́tu

Meaning: sharp tool; notch

Russian Meaning: острый инструмент; зарубка

Turkic: *gēt-

Mongolian: *godoli

Tungus-Manchu: *kota

Comments: A Western isogloss. In Mong. one has to suppose assimilation: godoli < *kodoli. Cf. *k`i̯ōt`e.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯oči ( ~ -e, *ki̯ačo)

Meaning: nasty

Russian Meaning: противный

Turkic: *KAč-

Mongolian: *kečeɣü

Tungus-Manchu: *kus-

Korean: *kùč-

Comments: Mong. keče-ɣü and some Turkic forms (e.g. Khak. xača-ɣ) reflect a common derivative *ki̯oči-gV.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯ód[o]

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to go, walk

Russian Meaning: идти, ходить, уходить

Mongolian: *ködel-

Tungus-Manchu: *kiad-

Korean: *kǝ̄d-

Japanese: *kájuáp-

Comments: Martin 245, АПиПЯЯ 15, 16, 71, 103, 279 (but the Turkic parallel has to be attributed to a different root, see *gā́t`ì). In TM one would rather expect *kid- - but the PTM reconstruction is dubious anyway (based only on one dialectal Evk. form).

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯ójbu

Meaning: pale

Russian Meaning: бледный

Turkic: *Kuba / *Koba

Mongolian: *kubakaj

Tungus-Manchu: *kiaba-

Japanese: *kú-i

Comments: Владимирцов 210. *-jb- is reconstructed to account for Mong. -b- rather than *-ɣ-. Note, however, that modern Turkic and Mongolian forms interact actively: some Turkic forms may be backloans from Mong. quwa (which itself is probably a Turkism, see above).

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯oĺa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to steal, deceive

Russian Meaning: красть, обманывать

Turkic: *K(i)aĺ-

Mongolian: *kula-gai

Tungus-Manchu: *kola

Japanese: *kasu-m-

Comments: Illich-Svitych ОСНЯ 1, 329 lists MKor. kul- 'to lie', but this is probably = MKor. kūr- 'to blow', due to a character misidentification by Lee Kee-mun (1958, 112).

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯ŏ̀ĺe

Meaning: quiver, ornaments for quiver

Russian Meaning: колчан, украшения для колчана

Turkic: *Keĺ

Mongolian: *kul-da-

Tungus-Manchu: *kulmaki

Japanese: *kǝ̀nsìrì

Comments: An interesting common Altaic cultural term (although Mong. -u- here is not quite regular; one would expect -i-/-e- or -ö-).

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯olo ( ~ k`-, -ĺ-, -i̯u-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: long; far

Russian Meaning: длинный; далекий

Mongolian: *kolo

Korean: *kìr-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 295. A Mong.-Kor. isogloss. The Mong. form cannot be compared with TM *gora 'far' (despite Poppe 18).

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯omga

Meaning: a k. of grass

Russian Meaning: вид травы

Turkic: *KAmgak

Mongolian: *kamkag, *kamgaɣul

Tungus-Manchu: *kumga

Comments: A Western isogloss. The root tends to contaminate with *k`éma q. v. (and cf. also *kemV, *gi̯aŋu, *gokV). The Mong. form may be < Turk. (cf. Щербак 1997, 198), but may as well be genuine.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯onŋu ( ~ k`-)

Meaning: dandruff, mould

Russian Meaning: перхоть, плесень

Turkic: *Koŋak

Mongolian: *kine

Comments: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯ońo ( ~ k`-)

Meaning: a k. of weed

Russian Meaning: вид сорной травы, злака

Turkic: *Konak

Mongolian: *köɣene

Korean: *kìńɨ́m

Japanese: *kǝ̀mài

Comments: The tone correspondence between Kor. and Jpn. is irregular. Note, however, that the reconstruction of low tone in PJ in this case is based only on the Kagoshima form (MJ accentuation is unattested, while Kyoto and Tokyo may point both to *LL and to *HL). Therefore a reconstruction *kǝ́mài for PJ is not completely excluded. Medial -n- in Turkic is not quite clear (-ń- would be expected); still the relation of the Turkic form remains probable. See also Robbeets 2000, 109.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯opu

Meaning: a k. of vessel

Russian Meaning: вид сосуда

Turkic: *Kobga

Mongolian: *kob-

Tungus-Manchu: *kiaba-

Comments: A Western isogloss. Cf. also *kŏ́bú, *gúpu (with possible contaminations).

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯òpù

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of aquatic bird

Russian Meaning: вид водной птицы

Tungus-Manchu: *kiab-

Japanese: *kùpìnà

Comments: A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss. It is worth noting Yak. kuba 'swan' - usually derived from PT *Kugu, but with a quite inexplicable -b-; it is, in fact, possible that some other Turkic forms - cf. Turkm. Guv, Nogh. quv etc. also go back to PT *Kub(a) - naturally confused in most modern languages with the reflexed of *Kugu (see under *kū̀gù).

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯òrtème

Meaning: pear, fruit

Russian Meaning: груша, плод

Turkic: *gErtme

Mongolian: *kedemen

Japanese: *kù(n)tàmǝ̀nǝ̀

Comments: KW 222. Cf. Nan. kutumiekte 'currant, gooseberry'.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯óru

Meaning: rank, position, measure

Russian Meaning: ранг, положение, мера

Turkic: *Kur

Mongolian: *kiri

Tungus-Manchu: *kiaru

Korean: *kòrằ-

Japanese: *kúrá

Comments: Martin 228.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯osa

Meaning: to enclose, enclosure

Russian Meaning: огораживать, огороженное место

Turkic: *Kasɨ

Mongolian: *kasi-

Tungus-Manchu: *kosi-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯òt`è

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to singe, heat

Russian Meaning: обжигать, нагревать

Turkic: *Kat-

Mongolian: *kete

Tungus-Manchu: *koto-ran-

Japanese: *kǝ̀tài ( ~ -ua-)

Comments: A common derivative *ki̯òt`è-rV is reflected in Kirgh. qatɨ-r- = Evk. koto-ro-n-.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯ṓr[i]

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to roll, churn

Russian Meaning: крутить, помешивать

Turkic: *Kiār-

Mongolian: *kor- / *kör-

Tungus-Manchu: *kur-

Japanese: *kurum-

Comments: EAS 147, Poppe 107, Ozawa 204. An expressive root with not quite secure vocalic correspondences. Cf. also notes to *k`úlo.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯uču

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to cry, cough

Russian Meaning: кричать, кашлять

Turkic: *Kɨč-gɨr-

Mongolian: *kuča-

Tungus-Manchu: *kusi-

Korean: *kìčhɨ́-m

Japanese: *kusam-

Comments: An onomatopoeic root, but seems to be well reconstructable for PA.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯udu

Meaning: shore, border

Russian Meaning: берег, граница

Turkic: *Kɨdɨg

Mongolian: *kiǯaɣar ( < *kiǯi-ɣar)

Tungus-Manchu: *kudē

Japanese: *kui ( ~ -ǝ-)

Comments: EAS 46, KW 233, Владимирцов 171, 318, Poppe 19, Лексика 94. Cf. perhaps MKor. kɨ̀th 'edge'. The Jpn. form must have originally meant 'border fortification, fortress'; there is hardly any reason to regard it as borrowed from Old Paekche, despite Miller 1979).

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯ujilV

Meaning: a k. of bird

Russian Meaning: вид птицы

Mongolian: *kojil-

Tungus-Manchu: *kilu-

Korean: *kɨ́irjǝ́kí ( ~ *kɨ́rjǝ́kí)

Japanese: *kiari ( ~ *kairi)

Comments: Poppe 1950, 575, Lee 1958, 114. In the Kor.-Jpn. area some confusion of this root with PA *gā̀ŕV 'wild goose' was possible.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯úli

Meaning: a k. of foliage tree

Russian Meaning: вид лиственного дерева

Tungus-Manchu: *kilde

Korean: *koro-

Japanese: *kírí

Comments: An Eastern isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯uma ( ~ -i̯o-, -o)

Meaning: a blood-sucking insect

Russian Meaning: кровососущее насекомое

Turkic: *Kumĺuj

Tungus-Manchu: *küme ( ~ -i-)

Korean: *kǝ̄mǝ̀rí

Comments: Cf. *kumi, *kajamV.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯umo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: sand, dust

Russian Meaning: песок, пыль

Turkic: *Kum

Mongolian: *kumaki

Tungus-Manchu: *küme

Comments: Poppe 68. A Western isogloss. Mong. cannot be explained as a Turk. loanword, despite TMN 3, 508-509, Щербак 1997, 143 (conversely, late Turkic forms like Oyr., Kaz. qumaq etc. are evidently < Mong.).

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯úne

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: person; people, country

Russian Meaning: человек; народ, страна

Turkic: *Kün

Mongolian: *küɣün, *-m-

Tungus-Manchu: *kün-

Japanese: *kúní

Comments: KW 249, VEWT 309 (Turk.-Mong.), АПиПЯЯ 294, TMN 3, 656-657 (with criticism). The Mong. form is somewhat difficult: one has to suppose original *künün with velar ( > *küŋün > *küɣün) and labial ( > *kümün) assimilations.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯ùp`u

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: silk, mulberry

Russian Meaning: шелк, тут

Turkic: *Kɨp

Mongolian: *kib

Tungus-Manchu: *kupen

Korean: *kīp

Japanese: *kùpá

Comments: SKE 113. Cf. also Mong. köbüŋ 'cotton' ( > Oyr. köböŋ, Tuva xöveŋ, Khak. köböŋ etc., see ЭСТЯ 5, 108-109 (with some confusion of this root and Turk. *köpe 'cloth' < *k`ŏ̀p`e q. v. and Turk. *köp- 'swell, foam' < *k`óp`i q. v.); > Man. kubun id., see Doerfer MT 102). In fact, it would be tempting to consider Mong. *kib as a Turkic loanword (despite the fact that the Turk. *Kɨp is not widely spread and late attested, it cannot be < Mong.), because Mong. -i- is not quite regular here, while köbüŋ is a perfect phonetic match.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯ùp`ù

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: thought, attention

Russian Meaning: мысль, внимание

Turkic: *Kɨpɨ-

Mongolian: *kuji-

Tungus-Manchu: *kob-ta

Japanese: *kùpà-

Comments: KW 233.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯ure

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: woodcock, woodpecker

Russian Meaning: глухарь, дятел

Turkic: *Körtük

Mongolian: *kur

Tungus-Manchu: *kürekte

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯úŕu

Meaning: a k. of vehicle

Russian Meaning: вид повозки

Turkic: *Kɨŕak, *Kɨŕagu

Mongolian: *kür-dün

Tungus-Manchu: *kur-

Japanese: *kúrúmá

Comments: Judging from the Turkic evidence, the vehicle in question could have been not a wheeled one, but some kind of sleigh or sledge; however, this may be also a secondary development in Turkic (all other languages point rather to some wheeled carriage or just wheel). Among common derivatives one can mention PT *Kɨŕak = Evn. kūruke-n.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯urumV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to wink

Russian Meaning: мигать

Turkic: *kirm- / *Kɨrm-

Tungus-Manchu: *korim- / *kirim-

Comments: A Turk.-TM isogloss; cf. *kumi. Doerfer (MT 240) tries to refute the comparison (by deriving the Turk. forms from kirpi "hedgehog" and the TM forms from kiri- "to glitter") - quite unconvincingly.

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯ùtí

Meaning: a k. of fox

Russian Meaning: вид лисы

Mongolian: *küderi

Tungus-Manchu: *kitiri

Japanese: *kìtúnái

Comments: The Mong. form could be alternatively compared with Turk. *Kodan 'hare' (ЭСТЯ 6, 29-30).

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯ūč`ú

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to slander, swear

Russian Meaning: клеветать, ругать

Turkic: *Kɨ̄č-

Mongolian: *koči

Tungus-Manchu: *koči-

Korean: *kùčíčh-

Japanese: *kùntǝ̀-k-

Comments: The tone in Jpn. is irregular; the form should be perhaps separated and compared with Mong. qaǯi- 'to hate, blame, tease' (L 948), allowing to reconstruct a separate PA root *kadu ( ~ k`-, -e-).

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯ū́di

Meaning: to attend, be respectful

Russian Meaning: почитать, прислуживать

Turkic: *gǖd-

Tungus-Manchu: *kidu-

Korean: *kìrí-

Comments: Cf. *kít`u, *gòdè (with possible contaminations).

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯ū̀ta ( ~ -t`-)

Meaning: insufficiency, debt

Russian Meaning: недостаточность, долг

Turkic: *Kɨt

Tungus-Manchu: *kōta

Japanese: *kàta-

Comments: The basic meaning of the root may be formulated as 'having not enough, insufficience' - whence 'debt', 'miser', 'beggar' etc. A Mongolian match is perhaps *kudal 'lie, liar' ( < 'beggar'?).

Proto-Altaic: *kī̀ŕa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of bird of prey

Russian Meaning: вид хищной птицы

Turkic: *Kɨŕ-, *Kɨrguj

Tungus-Manchu: *kīran

Comments: EAS 113, ЭСТЯ 6, 231. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *kī́rsu

Meaning: a k. of vessel, receptacle

Russian Meaning: вид сосуда, вместилища

Turkic: *gīŕ

Korean: *kɨ̀rɨ́s

Comments: A Turk.-Kor. isogloss. Cf. also Nan. kiriske 'рюмка' (?) (ТМС 1, 398).

Proto-Altaic: *ko ( ~ *k`-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: this

Russian Meaning: этот

Turkic: *Kö

Mongolian: *kü

Korean: *kɨ

Japanese: *kǝ́-

Comments: EAS 46, Martin 244, АПиПЯЯ 56, 49, 277. The root behaves like *kó'e (with a second front vowel).

Proto-Altaic: *kobe ( ~ -i)

Meaning: cloth, clothing

Russian Meaning: ткань, одежда

Turkic: *Köbüŕ / *Kebiŕ

Mongolian: *kubča-

Tungus-Manchu: *kuberi

Comments: A Western isogloss; see under *k[ā]p`á about possible mergers.

Proto-Altaic: *kóbe ( ~ k`-, -p-, -p`-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to freeze

Russian Meaning: замерзать

Mongolian: *köbsi-

Japanese: *kǝ́pǝ́r-

Comments: Ozawa 84. A Mong.-Jpn. isogloss. It is interesting to note Evk. dial. kiwšim 'fine snow' ( < Mong.?).

Proto-Altaic: *kŏ́bú

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: hollow, cavity

Russian Meaning: полость, углубление

Turkic: *Kobuk

Mongolian: *koɣu-su

Tungus-Manchu: *kobi / kebi(ŋe)

Korean: *kōr- (?)

Japanese: *kúmpuá

Comments: SKE 122. Cf. *gúpu. The Kor. form *kōr- presupposes *kobVr-; however, it is only found in SKE and may be in fact = *kòrh- 'be hungry, empty' (see *górà).

Proto-Altaic: *kóčè

Meaning: to nomadize, transport

Russian Meaning: кочевать, транспортировать

Turkic: *göč-

Mongolian: *köske

Tungus-Manchu: *kuči- ( ~ -š-)

Japanese: *kǝ́sì

Comments: Poppe 63, KW 241, Владимирцов 377; Лексика 490; TMN 3, 633 ("...nicht hinreichend gesichert"). Despite Щербак 1997, 127, not borrowed in Mong. < Turk. (see also Clark 1980, 56); -s- instead of the expected -č- in Mong. is due to a position within the cluster (köske = köčke). -č- (or *-š-) in Evk. is, however, more difficult to account for (*-s- would be expected normally), which means that the Evk. words may actually be borrowed < Yakut.

Proto-Altaic: *koč`V ( ~ k`-, -č-)

Meaning: ram

Russian Meaning: баран

Turkic: *Koč

Mongolian: *kuča

Comments: Poppe 62. A Turk.-Mong. isogloss, but hardly borrowed, despite TMN 3, 540, Щербак 1997, 139.

Proto-Altaic: *kogĺu ( ~ -o, -a)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: pipe, chimney

Russian Meaning: труба, дымоход

Turkic: *Koguĺ

Mongolian: *koɣul-aj

Tungus-Manchu: *kula-n

Comments: Владимирцов 365, Poppe 77 (Turk.-Mong.), Дыбо 46. A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *kŏ̀k`è

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: breast, to suck; heart

Russian Meaning: грудь (ж.), сосать; сердце

Turkic: *göküŕ

Mongolian: *kökön

Tungus-Manchu: *xuku-n / *kuku-n

Korean: *kokăi-

Japanese: *kǝ̀kǝ̀rǝ

Comments: Poppe 108, Колесникова 1972а, 78-84, Цинциус 1984, 106-107, Martin 248, Murayama 1962, 111, АПиПЯЯ 15, 32, 280, JOAL 147, Дыбо 13, Лексика 272-273, TMN 1, 482 ("Elementarverwandtschaft?"), Doerfer MT 142. Mongolian and TM have a parallel verbal stem 'to suck (breast)', thus the probable semantic development here is 'to suck (breast)' > '(female) breast' > 'breast (in general)' > 'heart'.

Proto-Altaic: *kŏ̀k`ò

Meaning: rubbish, dirt

Russian Meaning: мусор, грязь

Turkic: *Kok

Mongolian: *kokir

Tungus-Manchu: *kuk-pun

Japanese: *kǝ̀k- ( ~ -ua-)

Comments: An expressive root. Cf. also Turk. *Kɨg 'dung' (VEWT 261), *Kakač id. (EDT 610).

Proto-Altaic: *kòĺbèk`V ( ~ -o-)

Meaning: hub, wheel hub

Russian Meaning: втулка (колеса)

Turkic: *Koĺ-luk

Mongolian: *kolkibči

Tungus-Manchu: *kulbuka

Japanese: *kǝ̀sìki

Comments: An interesting common Altaic cultural term.

Proto-Altaic: *kŏ̀lé

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to be afraid, distressed

Russian Meaning: бояться, расстраиваться

Turkic: *Köl-

Mongolian: *kulči-

Tungus-Manchu: *kul-

Japanese: *kǝ̀rǝ́-

Comments: One of the many common Altaic verbs of emotion.

Proto-Altaic: *kólè ( ~ k`-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: time

Russian Meaning: время

Turkic: *Kolu

Mongolian: *küli-

Japanese: *kǝ́rǝ̀

Comments: Лексика 69-70.

Proto-Altaic: *koĺi ( ~ k`-, -i̯-, -e)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to freeze

Russian Meaning: замерзать

Turkic: *Köĺ-

Mongolian: *köl-de-

Comments: ОСНЯ 1, 305. A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. The root should be distinguished from *k`òlmV 'shadow, cloud' (although contaminations are possible).

Proto-Altaic: *kòmpo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: fist, wrist

Russian Meaning: кулак, запястье

Turkic: *Kop-

Mongolian: *kombo-

Tungus-Manchu: *komba-

Japanese: *kǝ̀mpusi

Comments: A common derivative *kòmpo-k`V is reflected in PT *Kopa-k = PTM *komba-kī.

Proto-Altaic: *kómp`i

Meaning: neck, part of breast

Russian Meaning: шея, часть груди

Turkic: *gömül-dürük

Mongolian: *kömürge

Tungus-Manchu: *kumpe(ke)

Japanese: *kúmpí

Comments: Cf. also Mong. *köɣemej which can go back to *köme-ɣej, cf. potential Turkic loanwords like Chag. kömekej, Yak. kömögöj etc., see VEWT 289. Such a metathesis, however, is rather uncommon (as well as the rendering of Mong. -ɣ- by Turkic -k-), and there are obvious loanwords from the same Mongolian source: Yak., Dolg. küömej 'throat' (see Kaɫ. MEJ 88, Stachowski 165). It may well be that the above Turkic words are genuine after all, going back to *gömü-kej (derived from the same root as *gömül-dürük), while Mong. köɣemej has a quite different origin (e.g. PA *kúŋe 'middle, heart' q. v.).

Proto-Altaic: *kómtV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: box, frame

Russian Meaning: ящик, рама

Turkic: *Komta

Tungus-Manchu: *komta-n

Japanese: *kámátí

Comments: A reconstruction *kómVtV ( ~ -t`-) is also not excluded (and perhaps would account better for the PJ form).

Proto-Altaic: *kòna(-kV)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: clothes

Russian Meaning: одежда

Mongolian: *kunar

Tungus-Manchu: *kuŋge

Japanese: *kànkà-

Comments: PTM and Japanese reflect a common derivative *kòna-kV.

Proto-Altaic: *kòŋa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: brown, black

Russian Meaning: коричневый, черный

Turkic: *Koŋur

Mongolian: *koŋ-

Tungus-Manchu: *koŋna-

Korean: *kắnắrh

Japanese: *kànkâ-i

Comments: Poppe 72, KW 185, VEWT 281, Whitman 1985, 183, 199, 222, АПиПЯЯ 290, Дыбо 12, Robbeets 2000, 109. The Mongolian form qoŋɣur might as well be a Turkism, cf. TMN 3, 525-526, Щербак 1997, 139-140 (note that qon-dun, qoŋ-du < Chinese). The TM forms, despite Doerfer MT 37, cannot be regarded as mongolisms. In Kor. cf. also kǝ̀'úró 'mirror' (probably a derivative from the same root; semantically cf. Jpn. kaga-mi id. - 'mirror' < 'shadow'). Note that *kắnắrh reflects a suffixed form *koŋ(a)-rV with assimilation > *konrV, while *kànkâ-i reflects another suffixed form *koŋ(V)-kV ( = Mong. *koŋgu-r).

Proto-Altaic: *kŏŋe

Meaning: to tear out, uproot

Russian Meaning: выдирать, вырывать

Turkic: *Koŋur-

Tungus-Manchu: *koŋ-

Korean: *kɨ̀ń-

Japanese: *kǝnsu-

Comments: Whitman 1985, Robbeets 2000, 102. The Jpn. form is historically a compound with *s(u)- 'to make, do'. In Kor. a palatalization *kŏŋe > *kŏńe occurred.

Proto-Altaic: *koŋgV

Meaning: deaf

Russian Meaning: глухой

Mongolian: *koŋgor

Tungus-Manchu: *koŋga

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *kòŋti ( ~ -e, *ki̯uŋtu)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to break, break in halves

Russian Meaning: ломать, разламывать напополам

Mongolian: *könde-le

Tungus-Manchu: *koŋda-

Japanese: *kùntàk-

Comments: Poppe 84 (Tung.-Mong.; Doerfer TMN 1, 483 criticizes Poppe's TM reconstruction *köndes - which is justified, but does not abolish the parallel).

Proto-Altaic: *kopV

Meaning: to plane, whet

Russian Meaning: строгать, точить

Turkic: *Kobuĺ, *Kobuĺa-

Mongolian: *kobiki

Tungus-Manchu: *kuba-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *kŏp`é

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to bend; elevation, convexity

Russian Meaning: гнуть, изгибать(ся); выпуклость, возвышение

Turkic: *göpe(ne)

Mongolian: *köb- / *küb-

Tungus-Manchu: *kupe-

Korean: *kòp-, *kùp-

Japanese: *kǝmpu

Comments: Cf. *gi̯ṓp`e, *k`àpe (in Mong. and TM also a partial contamination with *kup`e 'light, float'). See also notes to *k`ep`orV 'curved bone'.

Proto-Altaic: *kŏp`V

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: all

Russian Meaning: весь

Turkic: *Kop

Mongolian: *kow

Tungus-Manchu: *kupukte

Comments: KW 191, Владимирцов 255, АПиПЯЯ 15, 27, 289, Дыбо 12. A Western isogloss (possible Kor.-Jpn. reflexes see under *k`óp`i).

Proto-Altaic: *kóre

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to freeze

Russian Meaning: замерзать

Turkic: *Kört

Mongolian: *kör

Tungus-Manchu: *kuri-

Japanese: *kǝ́r-

Comments: VEWT 311, KW 240.

Proto-Altaic: *kòrke

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of vessel

Russian Meaning: вид сосуда

Turkic: *Körke

Mongolian: *korgu

Tungus-Manchu: *kurke

Korean: *kúkì

Comments: A good common Altaic root, denoting some kind of big vessel (used as a measure of weight in the Eastern area).

Proto-Altaic: *koru

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of big fish

Russian Meaning: вид большой рыбы

Turkic: *Kor(t)-

Mongolian: *korbu

Tungus-Manchu: *koru

Korean: *kòrài

Japanese: *kùntírà

Comments: Accent correspondence between Kor. and Jpn. is irregular.

Proto-Altaic: *kŏ̀ru ( ~ -ŕ-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: nut

Russian Meaning: орех

Tungus-Manchu: *kuri

Korean: *kắrái

Japanese: *kùrù-i

Comments: Дыбо 11, Whitman 1985, 193, 231, Menges 1984, 274-275. Basically an Eastern isogloss: the Turkic forms of the type koz are most probably borrowed from Iranian. There are also forms reflecting *koŕak (VEWT 285), but they may also reflect a contamination of the root *Koŕ (or the borrowed koz) with the genuine root *kusɨk (e.g. Tuva ku"suk), see *kušu.

Proto-Altaic: *kósV ( ~ -u-)

Meaning: chain, ring

Russian Meaning: цепь, кольцо

Tungus-Manchu: *kosa

Korean: *kùsɨ́r

Japanese: *kúsárì

Comments: An Eastern isogloss. Cf. Old Koguryo *kos 'gem, jewel' (see Miller 1979, 10).

Proto-Altaic: *kŏše

Meaning: edge, protrusion

Russian Meaning: край, выступ

Turkic: *Kösri

Mongolian: *kosiɣu

Tungus-Manchu: *koša

Korean: *kìsɨ́rk

Japanese: *kùisì ( ~ -ǝ̀i-)

Comments: SKE 113-114, EAS 102. The Kor.-Jpn. forms are not quite regular: in Kor. one would rather expect *kɨ́sìrk (so probably we are dealing with a metathesis); the diphthong -ui- in Japanese (as in the few other similar cases) has a not quite clear origin. It may well be that the Jpn. form is related to *kui 'fortress' < *'border', see *ki̯udu - although the suffixation is peculiar.

Proto-Altaic: *kóšì

Meaning: lever

Russian Meaning: рычаг

Turkic: *köse-

Mongolian: *kösi-

Tungus-Manchu: *kuši-pun ( ~ -č-)

Korean: *kosak

Japanese: *kúsàpì

Comments: The root (as a verb) meant basically 'to use a prop or lever', whence an instrumental noun *kóšì-p`V (TM *kuši-pu-n, PJ *kúsà-pì, possibly also Mong. kösi-ɣü-r).

Proto-Altaic: *kòt`e

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: hole

Russian Meaning: дыра

Turkic: *göt

Mongolian: *kota-gar

Tungus-Manchu: *kota-

Korean: *kút

Comments: Лексика 281. Derived are Turk. *göten(e) 'stomach' (ЭСТЯ 3, 85), Mong. *kotuɣa- id. ( > Evk. koto etc., see Doerfer MT 103-104); cf. also TM *kuta id. (ТМС 1, 418, 439), see Doerfer ibid.

Proto-Altaic: *kŏt`i

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to lift, raise

Russian Meaning: поднимать

Turkic: *göt-

Mongolian: *kötü-

Tungus-Manchu: *kutu-

Japanese: *kutu-

Comments: EAS 147, KW 242, TMN 1, 459.

Proto-Altaic: *kòt`V ( ~ k`-, -u-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: village, locality

Russian Meaning: деревня, местность

Turkic: *Kutu

Mongolian: *koto

Korean: *kót

Comments: EAS 154, SKE 127.

Proto-Altaic: *kṓk`e ( ~ -i)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: blue, green

Russian Meaning: синий, зеленый

Turkic: *gȫk

Mongolian: *köke

Tungus-Manchu: *kuKu

Comments: EAS 154, VEWT 287, KW 236, Владимирцов 168, 324, Poppe 56, АПиПЯЯ 288. A Western isogloss. Despite Щербак 1997, 128, Doerfer TMN 3, 641-642, MT 99 and Rozycki 145 there is no need to assume Mong. < Turk. or TM < Mong. (although it cannot be excluded). Derived are probably bird names: Turk. *gȫkerčin 'dove', *gȫkel 'he-duck', ТМ *kukēkī 'jay', Mong. *kögürǯegene 'dove' (see Лексика 175; Mong. is hardly borrowed < Turk., despite Clark 1980, 44).

Proto-Altaic: *kōli ( ~ -e)

Meaning: to harness

Russian Meaning: запрягать

Turkic: *gȫl-

Mongolian: *köl-

Comments: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. Contaminations with several other roots were possible: cf. *gū́ldi, *k`i̯ŭli, *k`ìĺa. Cf. Щербак 1997, 128 (Turk. > Mong.).

Proto-Altaic: *kṓĺi(kV) ( ~ g-, -e)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: young of animals

Russian Meaning: детеныш животных

Turkic: *kȫĺek

Mongolian: *gölige

Comments: KW 137, Poppe 25, 78. A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. PT has a quite irregular *k-, probably due to contamination with *kičük 'small, young of animals' q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *kṓme ( ~-o)

Meaning: mat, carpet

Russian Meaning: циновка, ковер

Turkic: *Kōm

Mongolian: *köm

Tungus-Manchu: *kuma-lān

Japanese: *kǝ́mǝ́

Comments: In the Western area the root denotes basically a carpet or covering (>saddle) made of skins; since in Japanese it is a straw matting, it is not quite clear what sort of mat was denoted by it in PA.

Proto-Altaic: *kṓńi ( ~ -e)

Meaning: leather, cloth

Russian Meaning: кожа, ткань

Turkic: *gȫn

Mongolian: *kön-ǯile

Korean: *kằńằm

Comments: -ằ- in MKor. is probably a result of assimilation ( < *kòńằm). Vovin 1993 compares MKor. kằńằm 'material, cloth' with Jpn. *kìnú, on which see rather {*k`i̯ùńí}; see also Robbeets 2000, 109.

Proto-Altaic: *kōŋa

Meaning: bell

Russian Meaning: колокольчик

Turkic: *Koŋra-

Mongolian: *koŋku

Tungus-Manchu: *kōŋā-

Japanese: *káná-i

Comments: KW 186, ТМС 1, 410. In Jpn. the word is homonymous with *káná-i 'metal', which is probably secondary (but may explain the irregular tone).

Proto-Altaic: *kṓp`i ( ~ -e)

Meaning: navel

Russian Meaning: пупок

Turkic: *gȫpek

Mongolian: *köj

Korean: *kop

Comments: MKor. păi-s-kop has also a variant păi-s-pok - which must be secondary in the light of external evidence.

Proto-Altaic: *kúbé

Meaning: to wish, hope, like

Russian Meaning: желать, надеяться, нравиться

Turkic: *güb-

Mongolian: *köw-, *küw-, *köɣe-r

Tungus-Manchu: *kub- / *keb-

Japanese: *kuámpǝ́- ( ~ -ú-)

Comments: KW 243, Владимирцов 212, EAS 113, Poppe 48, 82. Despite TMN 1, 486, Mong. is not < Turk.

Proto-Altaic: *kubirgV ( ~ k`-)

Meaning: drum

Russian Meaning: барабан

Turkic: *Kübrüg

Mongolian: *keɣürge / *köɣürge

Comments: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss - but despite TMN 1, 473-475, hardly borrowed in Turk. from Mongolian.

Proto-Altaic: *kúbù ( ~ -o-, -p-)

Meaning: pole, shaft

Russian Meaning: шест, древко

Turkic: *Kubak ( ~ -p-)

Tungus-Manchu: *kobil

Japanese: *kúpì

Comments: The root is not widely spread, but seems to be reliable.

Proto-Altaic: *kùdá

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to be submerged; to pour out

Russian Meaning: погружаться; выливать(ся)

Turkic: *Kud-

Tungus-Manchu: *kodori-

Japanese: *kàntùk-

Comments: Ewk. kudu, kuduk 'saline; spring with salted water; well, spring' is semantically distant from the other forms and very probably borrowed from Mong. (but not from Mong. quǯir, despite Doerfer MT 104, but rather from quduɣ 'well' - itself borrowed from Turkic, see above). One can mention Mong. küdese- 'to swim (of a snake)', but both the vocalism and the meaning seem to be somewhat aberrant.

Proto-Altaic: *kude

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: relative-in-law

Russian Meaning: свойственник

Turkic: *güde-

Mongolian: *kuda

Comments: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *kugi ( ~ -k-, -e)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: quilted clothes, trousers

Russian Meaning: стеганая одежда, штаны

Mongolian: *küg-dü

Tungus-Manchu: *kukču

Korean: *kă'oi ( ~ *ko'ăi)

Comments: Although not very widely represented, the root appears to be Common Altaic.

Proto-Altaic: *kúja

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of aquatic bird

Russian Meaning: вид водной птицы

Mongolian: *kajil-

Tungus-Manchu: *kuju-

Korean: *kǝ̀jú, kǝ̀ijú

Comments: Turk. *Kɨjgɨ- 'a k. of bird' (VEWT 261) may be possibly related, but merged with *Kɨj- 'to cry' (ibid.).

Proto-Altaic: *kúja

Meaning: a k. of nut

Russian Meaning: вид ореха

Tungus-Manchu: *kuju-kta

Korean: *kài'òm

Japanese: *kaja

Comments: An Eastern isogloss; see also notes to *kìjá.

Proto-Altaic: *kujV ( ~ k`-, g-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: thick, saturated

Russian Meaning: толстый, густой

Turkic: *Koju-g

Korean: *kǝ̄-r-

Japanese: *kuá-

Comments: The second vowel and tone are hard to establish because of contraction in Jpn. and Kor.

Proto-Altaic: *kukata ( ~ -k`-)

Meaning: carpal joint

Russian Meaning: кистевой сустав

Mongolian: *kagda

Tungus-Manchu: *koKalta

Japanese: *kakatǝ

Comments: The meaning in Mongolian is probably original here; in Japanese one has to suppose a shift 'carpal joint of feet' > 'heel'; in TM - > 'covering for the carpal joint (wrist)' = 'mittens'.

Proto-Altaic: *kúk`è

Meaning: meat

Russian Meaning: мясо

Tungus-Manchu: *kuKu-

Korean: *kòkí

Japanese: *kuaku-mi

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 296. An Eastern isogloss; but cf. perhaps Mongor xuGo 'ventre, entrailles'.

Proto-Altaic: *kúĺap`V

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: oak, oak-tree

Russian Meaning: дуб

Tungus-Manchu: *kolopo-kta

Korean: *kàràp

Japanese: *kásípà

Comments: Martin 237. An Eastern isogloss. Cf. *k`olV. {Cf. WMo qobulu 'cork oak'}.

Proto-Altaic: *kúlme

Meaning: a k. of ungulate

Russian Meaning: вид копытного животного

Turkic: *Kulum

Mongolian: *kulan

Tungus-Manchu: *ku(l)ma-

Japanese: *kuáma

Comments: Turkic and TM reflect a common derivative *kúmle-ŕV.

Proto-Altaic: *kulV ( ~ -o-, -ĺ-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: snake, worm

Russian Meaning: змея, червь

Tungus-Manchu: *kulī-n

Korean: *kùrjǝ̀ŋí

Comments: SKE 132, АПиПЯЯ 293. A Tung.-Kor. isogloss; further Nostratic parallels see in ОСНЯ 1, 308.

Proto-Altaic: *kuĺV ( ~ -o-)

Meaning: enclosure

Russian Meaning: огороженное место

Turkic: *Koĺ

Tungus-Manchu: *kuli-, *kuli-ti-

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *kúma

Meaning: a musical instrument

Russian Meaning: музыкальный инструмент

Turkic: *Komuŕ

Tungus-Manchu: *kumu-n

Korean: *kǝ̀mɨ́nkó

Comments: SKE 106. Cf. *kùp`ŕó - the two roots are to be distinguished.

Proto-Altaic: *kumba(ka)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of vessel

Russian Meaning: вид сосуда

Turkic: *Kumgan

Mongolian: *kombuga

Tungus-Manchu: *kōmba

Japanese: *kámá

Comments: Either length in TM or tone in Jpn. is irregular.

Proto-Altaic: *kumi ( ~ -o-,-i̯u-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of insect

Russian Meaning: вид насекомого

Turkic: *Kumɨr-

Mongolian: *kömörege

Tungus-Manchu: *kumke

Korean: *kǝ̀mɨ́i

Japanese: *kùmuâ

Comments: SKE 105, Lee 1958, 119, Martin 242, ОСНЯ 1, 309, АПиПЯЯ 290, Дыбо 9, Лексика 184. An expressive root: cf. *ki̯uma, *kajamV.

Proto-Altaic: *kumi ( ~ -o-, -e)

Meaning: eyebrows, hair on temples

Russian Meaning: брови, волосы на висках

Mongolian: *kömü-

Tungus-Manchu: *kum-

Korean: *kùmìt

Comments: Poppe 19, 68, Дыбо 5, Лексика 214 (but the Turkic parallels should probably be separated: cf. *ki̯uru(mV)). Despite Doerfer MT 80, TM forms cannot be < Mong. {Cf. PE *qǝmǝʁja- 'eyelash'}

Proto-Altaic: *kúmi ( ~ -o-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: hollow, cavity, inner angle

Russian Meaning: полый, впадина, внутренний угол

Mongolian: *kömüg

Tungus-Manchu: *kum-

Korean: *kùm-k

Japanese: *kúma

Comments: Lee 1958, 114, Martin 233.

Proto-Altaic: *kŭ̀mu

Meaning: to wrap up, cover

Russian Meaning: заворачивать, покрывать

Turkic: *Kum- / *Kɨm-

Mongolian: *kumi-

Tungus-Manchu: *kum-

Korean: *kàm-

Japanese: *kùm-

Comments: Martin 246 (Kor.-Jpn.). Korean has a usual low 'verbal' tone, but the -a-vowel is quite irregular . Perhaps one should think of an early merger in Kor. with the root *kàma 'to connect' (q. v.).

Proto-Altaic: *kúńà ( ~ k`-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: skin, leather

Russian Meaning: кожа, шкура

Turkic: *Kuńak

Mongolian: *kujag

Japanese: *kámì

Comments: Mong. may be < Turk., but may as well be genuine.

Proto-Altaic: *kúńe

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: moth, worm

Russian Meaning: моль, червь

Turkic: *güńe / *guńa

Tungus-Manchu: *kuńī-kta

Korean: *kǝ̀ńúi

Japanese: *ká

Comments: Räsänen 1955, 18:3, 19 (Turk.-Tung.), ОСНЯ 1, 298-299, Лексика 186, Robbeets 2000, 108; TMN 3, 660 ("...der ev. Vergleich zweifelhaft..."). The Japanese form goes back to a suffixed *kuńe-gV (cf. the TM and Kor. forms); the vowel, however, is quite irregular - which may be due to contraction (cf. a very similar case in PJ *ka 'day' < PA *gi̯òjńu).

Proto-Altaic: *kune ( ~ g-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: one of several wives

Russian Meaning: одна из нескольких жен

Turkic: *güni

Japanese: *kuanami

Comments: A Turk.-Jpn. isogloss. Cf. perhaps Evn. qōŋań 'witch' (ТМС 1, 411).

Proto-Altaic: *kunu ( ~ *k`-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to fold, twist

Russian Meaning: складывать, изгибать

Turkic: *Kun-da-

Mongolian: *kuni-

Japanese: *kùniàr-

Comments: A good Turk.-Mong.-Jpn. parallel.

Proto-Altaic: *kúŋe (*kújŋe)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: heart, middle

Russian Meaning: сердце, середина

Turkic: *göjŋ-il

Tungus-Manchu: *kuŋ-

Korean: *kà'ón-tắi

Comments: On a possible Mongolian reflex see under *kómp`i.

Proto-Altaic: *kŭŋi

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: child

Russian Meaning: ребенок

Turkic: *güŋ

Mongolian: *köw, *köw-ɣün, *kewken

Tungus-Manchu: *kuŋā

Japanese: *kúa

Comments: KW 242, АПиПЯЯ 82, Дыбо 7. The Jpn. form goes back to *kuŋ(i)-gV.

Proto-Altaic: *kuŋt`V ( ~ -o-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: rump, anus

Russian Meaning: круп, зад

Turkic: *Koŋ

Mongolian: *koŋdu-, *koŋǯi-

Tungus-Manchu: *kuŋdu-

Korean: *kuŋtuŋ-

Comments: EAS 141, Poppe 18.

Proto-Altaic: *kup`e

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: light (of weight), floating on the surface

Russian Meaning: легкий (о весе), плавающий на поверхности

Mongolian: *köbü-

Tungus-Manchu: *kepu- ~ *kopu-

Korean: *kàpắi-

Comments: In Kor. cf. also MKor. kàpór'o- 'to winnow'. The root tends to contaminate with *k`óp`i 'foam' and *gĕbo 'empty, light' q. v. See SKE 82, Poppe 43.

Proto-Altaic: *kùp`ŕó ( ~ k`-)

Meaning: a musical instrument

Russian Meaning: музыкальный инструмент

Turkic: *Kopuŕ

Mongolian: *kuɣur

Japanese: *kǝ̀tǝ́

Comments: Владимирцов 211, Poppe 18, 48, 82. The root cannot be united with *kúma for phonetical reasons, although in modern languages their reflexes tend to merge. Despite Doerfer's doubts (TMN 1, 445: "Urverwandtschaft ist sehr unwahrscheinlich"), it is probably archaic; loan from Turk. into Mong. (TMN ibid., Щербак 1997, 139) is quite improbable. Jpn. has -t- (instead of the expected -r-) probably because of a special cluster development.

Proto-Altaic: *kùp`V́ ( ~ k`-, -o-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: part

Russian Meaning: часть

Mongolian: *kubi

Japanese: *kùmpà-r-

Comments: A Mong.-Jpn. isogloss. Cf. also OT (ДТС) qobɨ (USp.) 'belongings, inheritance', which Doerfer (TMN 1, 423) considers to be the source of the Mong. word, but which in fact hardly exists (the attestation is rather scarce and dubious, see EDT 581).

Proto-Altaic: *kúra(mV)

Meaning: sheath, basket

Russian Meaning: ножны, корзина

Turkic: *Kurman, *Kurug-luk

Mongolian: *kor, *korum-

Tungus-Manchu: *kor-, *kormaki

Japanese: *kátáma

Comments: KW 186. Cf. MKor. kàrm- (Whitman kălm-, SKE ka̯m-) 'to hide, put away'? Cf. also *k`ùre 'basket' - with a possibility of contaminations in Mong.

Proto-Altaic: *kure

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to run, quick

Russian Meaning: бежать, быстрый

Turkic: *Küre-

Mongolian: *kur(u)-

Tungus-Manchu: *kora-

Korean: *kɨrk-

Comments: SKE 115. The Korean root is attested only there, thus not very reliable (and the vocalic reflex is dubious).

Proto-Altaic: *kuri

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: wattle, fence, enclosure, building

Russian Meaning: плетень, забор, огороженное место, постройка

Turkic: *Kur-

Mongolian: *kürijen

Tungus-Manchu: *kori

Japanese: *kuru-wa

Comments: KW 187, SKE 125, Poppe 88, TMN 1, 434. The root is actively contaminating with *k`ṓra q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *kúro(mV)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of clothes

Russian Meaning: вид одежды

Turkic: *Kur

Mongolian: *kormaj

Tungus-Manchu: *kurumV

Korean: *korɨm

Japanese: *kǝ́rǝ́mǝ́

Comments: Poppe 1950, 576. A common Altaic cultural term.

Proto-Altaic: *kusu ( ~ k`-, -o-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of grass

Russian Meaning: вид травы

Mongolian: *kosi-

Korean: *kòsàrí

Japanese: *kùsà

Comments: Accent correspondence is irregular. Cf. also OJ kùsúri 'medicine'. Cf. perhaps also Chuv. ku(r)žanak ( < *kösinek) 'agrimony, bur'.

Proto-Altaic: *kùši ( ~ -o-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to rot

Russian Meaning: гнить

Tungus-Manchu: *kušu

Korean: *kùsɨ̀-

Japanese: *kùsà-

Comments: An Eastern isogloss; but cf. also WMong. kösür-sün (Kalm. kösrsn) 'dung' = OJ kùswò id.; WMong. kusam 'sediment in a pot after boiling milk' (MGCD 392); Yak. kuha-ɣan, Dolg. kuha-gan 'bad' (Stachowski 159). Kor. has a usual verbal low tone.

Proto-Altaic: *kušu

Meaning: nut

Russian Meaning: орех

Turkic: *Kusɨk

Mongolian: *kusiga

Tungus-Manchu: *košikta

Japanese: *kusi

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 17, Дыбо 14, ЭСТЯ 6, 23-24 (with some confusion of this root and *k`usa q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *kušV

Meaning: intestine

Russian Meaning: кишка

Mongolian: *kos, *koskinag

Tungus-Manchu: *kuči ( ~ -š-)

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *kùt`á

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: fortune

Russian Meaning: судьба, счастье

Turkic: *Kut

Mongolian: *kutug

Tungus-Manchu: *kutu-ri

Japanese: *kàntuá

Comments: EAS 142, Poppe 18, 50. Mong. is not < Turk., despite TMN 3, 553, Щербак 1997, 143.

Proto-Altaic: *kut`i ( ~ -t-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: bog, marsh

Russian Meaning: болото

Turkic: *Küte(re)

Tungus-Manchu: *kuta

Japanese: *kutai

Comments: The root is not very widely spread, but seems both phonetically and semantically plausible.

Proto-Altaic: *kùǯi ( ~ *kòǯe)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: neck, collar

Russian Meaning: шея, воротник

Mongolian: *küǯüɣün

Tungus-Manchu: *kuǯu- / *kuǯi-

Korean: *kíč

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 294. In Kor. one has to assume a secondary fronting kič < *kɨč; otherwise the correspondences are regular.

Proto-Altaic: *kūči

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: power

Russian Meaning: сила

Turkic: *gǖč

Mongolian: *küči-n

Tungus-Manchu: *kusǖ-

Korean: *kóčắk

Comments: EAS 96, KW 249, Владимирцов 165, Poppe 63, 112, АПиПЯЯ 16. High tone in Kor. is not clear. Despite TMN 3, 627, Щербак 1997, 128, Mong. is hardly borrowed from Turkic; TM cannot be borrowed from Mong., despite Rozycki 113. In АПиПЯЯ (p. 77) the root was compared with PJ *kìsV- 'to contest'. The latter, however, has better Tungus parallels: TM *gali- 'to contest' (ТМС 1, 138), see *gaĺi.

Proto-Altaic: *kū́či ( ~ k`-, g-, -č`-, -o, -u)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to hold in arms

Russian Meaning: держать в руках

Turkic: *Kūč-

Korean: *kòč-

Comments: A Turk.-Kor. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *kū̀gù

Meaning: swan

Russian Meaning: лебедь

Turkic: *Kugu

Tungus-Manchu: *kūku

Korean: *kòhài

Japanese: *kùkùpí

Comments: Дыбо 9, Лексика 172, Whitman 1985, 183, 222. Kor. has an irregular low tone. The root is onomatopeic and the medial consonant behaves irregularly in TM (various assimilations are attested). In Turkic the root could additionally contaminate with *ki̯òpù q. v. The Altaic antiquity is, however, beyond doubt.

Proto-Altaic: *kū̀lV

Meaning: servant, slave

Russian Meaning: слуга, раб

Turkic: *Kul

Tungus-Manchu: *kēlu-me ( < *kūle-me ?)

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. Cf. also Kalm. keln, WMong. kele 'slave' (if not == "tongue").

Proto-Altaic: *kū́ŕe ( ~ -i)

Meaning: autumn; rain, storm

Russian Meaning: осень; дождь, буря

Turkic: *gǖŕ

Mongolian: *kura

Tungus-Manchu: *kure-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 294 (although Jpn. *kǝti is probably to be separated, see *k`ĕdò), Лексика 75. A Western isogloss. The comparison seems quite plausible, although it seems not to have been proposed earlier. The Korean form, compared in SKE 118 with Turk. *gǖŕ (kɨru '2-d harvest in one year') is late attested and probably = kɨru, MKor. kɨ̀rɨ̀h 'stubble'. {Cf. PE *ukju[r] 'winter, autumn, year}.

Proto-Altaic: *kū̀rV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to cut out, sharp

Russian Meaning: вырезать, острый

Turkic: *Kurč

Mongolian: *kurča

Tungus-Manchu: *kōri-

Comments: KW 199. A Western isogloss. Doerfer (TMN 3, 441) (and Clark 1980, 43) regard Mong. as borrowed from Turk. (saying that the original meaning in Turkic is 'steel' - which is not the case, see EDT 647). On a possible Jpn. reflex see under *k`[ŭ]ri. {ND 1154 gives WMo kürü- 'sharpen an arrow'.}

Proto-Altaic: *k`ăbo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to deceive

Russian Meaning: обманывать

Turkic: *Kob-

Mongolian: *kaɣur-

Tungus-Manchu: *xab-

Korean: *kǝ̄-

Comments: The vowel *-ǝ̄- in Kor. must be due to contraction.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ăču

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to run, drive

Russian Meaning: бежать, гнать

Turkic: *KAč-

Mongolian: *kočur-

Tungus-Manchu: *xasa-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 16; Цинциус 1984, 88-89. A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ač`e

Meaning: kind, sort

Russian Meaning: вид, разновидность

Tungus-Manchu: *xačin

Korean: *kàčí

Japanese: *kǝ̀tǝ̀

Comments: SKE 101, Lee 1958, 112. An Eastern isogloss. The Jpn. *kǝ̀tǝ̀ seems a good match, but within Japanese it is rather hard to separate from the homonymous *kǝ̀tǝ̀ 'word, speech' (see *gĕ̀rè(bV)). This is probably a secondary merger, but responsible for the irregular accent correspondence between Kor. and Jpn.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ada

Meaning: side, to turn

Russian Meaning: сторона, поворачивать(ся)

Turkic: *KAdɨr-

Mongolian: *kadawra-

Tungus-Manchu: *xadaga-

Comments: Цинциус 1984, 80-81. A Western isogloss. On a possible Jpn. reflex see under *kéč`à.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ádí(-rV)

Meaning: to scrape off, scraper, tool for processing skins

Russian Meaning: соскребать, скребок, инструмент для обработки шкур

Turkic: *KEdir-

Mongolian: *kederge

Tungus-Manchu: *xargan

Japanese: *káintúr-

Comments: PTM *xargan < *xadVrgan with a regular loss of -d- before -r-. Diphthong in Jpn. is not clear (*kíntúr- would be normally expected).

Proto-Altaic: *k`àd[ú]

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to be worn out, destroyed

Russian Meaning: изнашиваться, разрушаться

Turkic: *KAdu-

Mongolian: *kidu-

Tungus-Manchu: *xadü-

Japanese: *kùntù-ra-

Comments: The root is rather difficult to distinguish from *k`et[o] q. v.; contaminations may explain partial vocalic irregularities. Mong. *kidu- is usually compared with Turk. *Kɨd- 'to destroy' (thus KW 244, VEWT 261, TMN 1, 487-488), but this form probably does not exist: in OT (8th c.) there is a dubious Hap. leg. qɨdmaz 'did not spare (?)', but all other sources (starting with MK) have only *Kɨj- and its reflexes (see EDT 595) - which is quite a different root, see *gijo.

Proto-Altaic: *k`a(j)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: who, interrogative pronoun

Russian Meaning: кто, вопросительное местоимение

Turkic: *kem, *Ka-

Mongolian: *ken, *ka-

Tungus-Manchu: *xia (*xai)

Korean: *ka

Japanese: *ka

Comments: EAS 46, 47, 140, KW 225, Цинциус 1984, 75-76, АПиПЯЯ 41-42, 285. The TM form, despite Doerfer MT 27, Rozycki 222 has nothing to do with Mong. *ja- q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ắka

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to break, tear off

Russian Meaning: отламывать, отдирать

Turkic: *KAk-

Mongolian: *kaka- / *kaga-

Tungus-Manchu: *xak-

Japanese: *kák-

Comments: A possible derivative is PA *k`akt`o 'castrated animal' q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *k`akt`o

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a large domestic animal

Russian Meaning: большое домашнее животное

Turkic: *Kotuŕ

Tungus-Manchu: *xakta-

Japanese: *kǝ̀tǝ̀pì

Comments: If the original meaning is 'a castrated animal' (as in TM), the stem may be a derivative of PA *k`ắka 'to break, tear off' q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ằkú

Meaning: doll

Russian Meaning: кукла

Turkic: *KAgur

Tungus-Manchu: *xaku-kan (/*k-)

Korean: *koāŋ

Japanese: *kùnkù-tú

Comments: Дыбо 15. Cf. Khalkha xǖxeldej 'doll' (a contamination with xǖxe-n 'child, girl'). One should also mention WMong. qoduɣu-čin 'clown; mask': this may be a metathesis < *kogu-du- ( = PJ *kùnkùtú) and the form may actually shed light on the mysterious Karakh. qoδurčuk (quite probably < *kog-du-rču-k = WMong. qoduɣu-čin). {Cf. PE *kǝɣina- 'face'}.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ala ( ~ -u)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: wait, be late

Russian Meaning: ждать, опаздывать

Turkic: *Kal-

Mongolian: *kala

Tungus-Manchu: *xalā-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ale

Meaning: snow, snow-flakes

Russian Meaning: снег, снежинки

Turkic: *Kɨla-gu

Mongolian: *kilaɣa

Tungus-Manchu: *xalu-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ăĺi

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: napless skin, membrane

Russian Meaning: шкура без ворса, мездра

Turkic: *keĺ

Mongolian: *kali-sun

Tungus-Manchu: *xalukta

Comments: Цинциус 1984, 82. A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ằĺo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: reed, a k. of grass

Russian Meaning: тростник, вид травы

Turkic: *KAĺak

Mongolian: *kal-

Tungus-Manchu: *xalī-

Korean: *kắr

Comments: EAS 110.

Proto-Altaic: *k`alo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: girth, tug

Russian Meaning: лямка, подпруга, путы

Turkic: *Kolaŋ

Tungus-Manchu: *xala-

Korean: *koraŋ

Comments: An interesting common Altaic cultural term. PT and Korean reflect the common derivative *k`alo-ŋV.

Proto-Altaic: *k`alVbV

Meaning: wild garlic, leek

Russian Meaning: черемша

Turkic: *KAlba

Mongolian: *kalijar

Comments: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. Cf. perhaps some other plant names: Oyr., Tuva kɨlbɨš 'бадан широколистный'; perhaps TM *xul- > Evk. uli 'толокнянка', xuletũ 'назв. растения с целебным корнем'.

Proto-Altaic: *k`àmo

Meaning: to help, easy

Russian Meaning: помогать, легкий

Turkic: *kömek

Mongolian: *kim-da

Korean: *kòmá-b-

Japanese: *kàmàp-

Comments: Turk. *kömek instead of the expected *komak under the influence of the borrowed ömük 'help' (see *i̯umu).

Proto-Altaic: *k`amo

Meaning: dung, faeces

Russian Meaning: помет, испражнения

Turkic: *Kom-

Mongolian: *komu-

Tungus-Manchu: *[x]amū-

Comments: A Western isogloss. PM *komu-gal < *kamu-gal, with a frequent rounding before -u- in a polysyllabic form.

Proto-Altaic: *k`aŋa

Meaning: hair, long hair

Russian Meaning: волосы, длинные волосы

Mongolian: *koŋgurčag

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)aŋulī

Korean: *kǝ̀'úč

Japanese: *kàmì

Comments: Irregular low tone in MKor. (possibly due to contraction). Mong. *koŋgurčag is a result of frequent labial attraction ( < *kaŋgurčag).

Proto-Altaic: *k`ápa

Meaning: to buy, pay back

Russian Meaning: покупать, платить

Tungus-Manchu: *xab-

Korean: *kàphɨ́-

Japanese: *káp-

Comments: Martin 227. An Eastern isogloss. Cf. *k`èpu.

Proto-Altaic: *k`àpe

Meaning: strong, power; to swell

Russian Meaning: сильный, сила; распухать

Mongolian: *kab-

Tungus-Manchu: *xabu-l-

Japanese: *kǝ̀pà-

Comments: KW 158, Цинциус 1984, 79-80. The meaning "swell" is probably secondary, under the influence of *gi̯ṓp`e q. v. (in Mong. possibly also under the influence of Turk. *Kāp- < *gi̯ṓp`e); cf. also *kŏp`é.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ăpra

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to scrape, rasp, plane

Russian Meaning: скрести, строгать

Turkic: *K(i)arba-

Mongolian: *kawra-

Tungus-Manchu: *xarpu- / *xarpi-

Comments: Poppe 17, 82. A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`apV

Meaning: to bring close, rub against

Russian Meaning: подносить, прикасаться, тереть

Turkic: *Kab-

Mongolian: *kabi

Tungus-Manchu: *xab-

Comments: KW 178, 179, Цинциус 1984, 77-78. A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`àp`à

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of vessel, box

Russian Meaning: вид сосуда, ящик

Turkic: *Kapɨrčak, *Kapsak

Mongolian: *kaɣurčag, *kajirčag

Tungus-Manchu: *xapsa

Japanese: *kàpì

Comments: Владимирцов 206, Tekin 1979, 127. Despite a widespread point of view (see e.g. ЭСТЯ 5, 277), Mong. can hardly be < Turk. The root (especially in the Turk.-Mong. area) is liable to mergers with *k`i̯ubu 'coffin' and *k`ăp`ù 'barrier' q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ăp`ù

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: barrier

Russian Meaning: перегородка

Turkic: *Kap-

Mongolian: *kaɣa-

Tungus-Manchu: *xapki-

Japanese: *kupai

Comments: EAS 89-90, Владимирцов 208, ОСНЯ 1, 337, Цинциус 1984, 85. Mong. qaɣa- is not < Turk., despite Щербак 1997, 133. See also notes to PA *kábó.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ap`u

Meaning: a stinging insect

Russian Meaning: кусающее насекомое

Turkic: *KApuŋ (?)

Mongolian: *kubilǯagana

Tungus-Manchu: *xapina(bu)

Comments: Цинциус 1984, 85, Дыбо 9. A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ap`V

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to press, grasp

Russian Meaning: хватать, держать

Turkic: *Kap-

Mongolian: *kab-

Tungus-Manchu: *xap-ki-

Comments: KW 167, Poppe 43, ОСНЯ 1, 315, АПиПЯЯ 289 (but the Jpn. form should be kept separate, see *k`ápa). A Western isogloss. The root is expressive and tends to contaminate with *kăp`è 'to squeeze, pinch' (q. v.), as well as with *k`épà `side' (in Mong.: 'to grasp' > 'press' > 'flatten, flat'), but nevertheless reconstructable for PA (despite Doerfer's doubts in TMN 3, 374); borrowing in Mong. < Turk. is quite improbable, despite Щербак 1997, 133.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ăra

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: tide, ebb-tide, flood

Russian Meaning: отлив, прилив, поток

Turkic: *KAr-

Mongolian: *kargi-

Tungus-Manchu: *xarba

Japanese: *kátà

Comments: Цинциус 1984, 86.

Proto-Altaic: *k`aŕa ( ~ -u, -i)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to scrape, grind, bite

Russian Meaning: скрести, молоть, кусать

Turkic: *Kaŕ-

Mongolian: *karu-

Tungus-Manchu: *xar-kü-

Korean: *kār-

Comments: EAS 46, 111, KW 169, Цинциус 1984, 87. Cf. Old Koguryo *kaš 'plough' (thus in Miller 1979, 13; Lee has *kal; the isolated Manchu χalχan 'ploughshare' may be < Kor.).

Proto-Altaic: *k`áru

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of cloth

Russian Meaning: вид ткани

Turkic: *KArs

Mongolian: *kormu-sun

Tungus-Manchu: *xara-musa

Korean: *kòró

Comments: In Mong. cf. also qorgaj 'brocade' ( > Chag. qurgaj id.), which, however, may be alternatively compared with PT *kürk 'fur, fur coat' (ЭСТЯ 5, 148-149).

Proto-Altaic: *k`ắsi

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to cut; piece

Russian Meaning: отрезать; кусок

Turkic: *kes-

Mongolian: *kasu-

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)asu-

Korean: *kàsk- / kǝ̀sk-

Japanese: *kínsú

Comments: SKE 103 (Turk.-Kor.; despite TMN 3, 596, Kor. kǝsk- is not a "teleologischer Sternchenform"). Cf. also Nan. (Bik.) kesi- 'to cut out' - with quite inexplicable k- (a borrowing?). Reasons for prenasalization in Jpn. are unclear (perhaps a suffixed form like *k`ắsi-gu-n is reflected).

Proto-Altaic: *k`ăsi

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: leash, trap, net

Russian Meaning: привязь, ловушка, сеть

Turkic: *kes-

Tungus-Manchu: *xasu-

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ásV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: thorn, thorny tree

Russian Meaning: колючка, колючее дерево

Tungus-Manchu: *xasī-kta

Korean: *kàsắi

Comments: A Tung.-Kor. isogloss; cf. also Bur. xasuuri, xasuurgana, xasuurha(n) 'fir-tree' ( < TM?).

Proto-Altaic: *k`ā́č`V

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of vessel

Russian Meaning: вид сосуда

Turkic: *Kāča

Tungus-Manchu: *xaču-kan

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ā̀no

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: match, other side

Russian Meaning: подходящий, пара, другая сторона

Turkic: *Kon-

Mongolian: *kani

Tungus-Manchu: *xān-gi-

Japanese: *kànàp-

Comments: Cf. *kā́na.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ā́pri

Meaning: fan, bellows

Russian Meaning: веер, меха

Turkic: *kȫrü-

Mongolian: *keɣürge

Tungus-Manchu: *xarpu-

Korean: *kūr-

Comments: EAS 147, KW 243, Poppe 110 (but Kor. kurǝk 'small sack' is derived < kur- 'roll, wrap' and does not belong here). Despite Щербак 1977, 128, the Mong. form is hard to explain as a Turkic loanword. Irregular labialization in Turk. is probably caused by the simplification of the cluster with labial -b-.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ā́p`à

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: bark, skin

Russian Meaning: кора, кожа

Turkic: *Kāpuk

Mongolian: *kawda-

Tungus-Manchu: *xabda(-nsa)

Korean: *kàph- / *kǝ̀ph-

Japanese: *kapa

Comments: Martin 225, KW 201, Владимирцов 255, АПиПЯЯ 15, 38-39, 67, 92, 274, Лексика 107. Regular except for tone variation in Japanese, possibly due to interaction of several similar PA roots (see *gébó, *k`èpà, *k`i̯ā̀bu, *kìp`é).

Proto-Altaic: *k`āp`a ( ~ -i, -u)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: bladder, film

Russian Meaning: пузырь, пленка

Turkic: *Kāp

Mongolian: *kabičak

Tungus-Manchu: *xap-

Korean: *kapo

Comments: One of several similar roots, actively interacting with each other - see notes to *k[ā]p`á 'to cover'. Mong. *kabi-čak 'groin' is a result of secondary semantic development, probably < *'scrotum' or 'hymen' (cf. the meanings in Turkic).

Proto-Altaic: *k`ā̀re

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: edge

Russian Meaning: край

Turkic: *Kɨr

Mongolian: *kira

Tungus-Manchu: *xāri-

Comments: EAS 144, KW 232, Poppe 114, Дыбо 12, Лексика 96, TMN 3, 568, ЭСТЯ 6, 226. A Western isogloss; in Turkic contaminating with the reflex of *giru q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ā́sa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: place between limbs

Russian Meaning: место между конечностей

Turkic: *Kạ̄sɨk

Mongolian: *kasa

Tungus-Manchu: *xasa-kī

Korean: *kàsằm

Comments: Closed *ạ̄ in Turkic is not clear.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ébá

Meaning: corpse

Russian Meaning: труп

Turkic: *gEbre

Mongolian: *keɣür

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)eburen

Japanese: *kámpánái

Comments: Цинциус 1984, 124. In Turkic the root is preserved basically in Oghuz languages; it obviously obtained initial *g- (*k- would be normally expected) under the double influence of *gēp- 'to swell (of belly)' and *gebre- 'fragile'.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ébà

Meaning: river, bay

Russian Meaning: река, залив

Tungus-Manchu: *xebe

Korean: *kái ( < *kabi)

Japanese: *kápà

Comments: Martin 250 (Kor.-Jpn.). An Eastern isogloss. The irregular high tone in MKor. may be due to contraction after the loss of *-b-. Cf. OT (MK Ganǯaki) kevli 'the mouth of a canal' (EDT 689).

Proto-Altaic: *k`ĕdò

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: wind, fog

Russian Meaning: ветер, туман

Turkic: *Kad

Mongolian: *küdeŋ

Tungus-Manchu: *xedün

Japanese: *kǝti (~ -ua-)

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 289, Дыбо 11.

Proto-Altaic: *k`egVnV

Meaning: nine

Russian Meaning: девять

Tungus-Manchu: *xegün

Japanese: *kǝkǝnǝ-

Comments: Miller 1985, 143. An exact Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ela ( ~ -o, -u)

Meaning: a k. of small animal

Russian Meaning: вид небольшого животного

Turkic: *Keleŋü

Mongolian: *kaliɣun

Tungus-Manchu: *xel-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`éĺe

Meaning: belt, waist

Russian Meaning: пояс, поясница

Turkic: *keĺč

Tungus-Manchu: *xelgeńe

Japanese: *kǝ́sí

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 76, 289. Cf. also comments to *si̯oga.

Proto-Altaic: *k`èlńí

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: mortar

Russian Meaning: ступка

Turkic: *kẹli

Tungus-Manchu: *xelńi

Japanese: *kìnái

Comments: A common Altaic cultural term; despite the rare cluster *-lń- the reconstruction appears reliable.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ĕ̀ĺú

Meaning: a small wild animal

Russian Meaning: вид мелкого дикого животного

Turkic: *Küĺül

Mongolian: *kerelǯegene

Tungus-Manchu: *xeldegde ( -gǯe)

Japanese: *kùsá(m)pú

Comments: In Turkic one has to suppose vowel assimilation (*Küĺül < *Keĺül), and in Mong. - a regular r/l metathesis ( < *keler-ǯegene). Cf. a number of similar roots, with a possibility of contaminations: see *keru, *k`i̯ū́ĺa, *ki̯ùti, *k`ela.

Proto-Altaic: *k`éma

Meaning: a k. of reed or leek

Russian Meaning: вид тростника или лука-порея

Turkic: *Kamɨĺ

Mongolian: *kamgar

Tungus-Manchu: *xeŋgukte

Japanese: *kámá

Comments: Cf. *ki̯omga, *gi̯aŋu, *kemV.

Proto-Altaic: *k`èmá

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: sharp, sharp tool

Russian Meaning: острый, острое орудие

Tungus-Manchu: *xemer

Japanese: *kàmá

Comments: A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`èmì

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: intestines; liver

Russian Meaning: внутренности; печень

Mongolian: *kim

Tungus-Manchu: *xemu-gde

Japanese: *kìmuà

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 111, 276.

Proto-Altaic: *k`eńo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: edge

Russian Meaning: край

Turkic: *Kạń

Mongolian: *kajaɣa

Korean: *kā̆ń

Comments: A derivative of the same root may be Mong. kiŋgan 'mountain ridge'.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ĕ̀ńó

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: light, thin

Russian Meaning: легкий, тонкий

Turkic: *Keŋe-

Mongolian: *köŋgen

Tungus-Manchu: *xeńü-

Korean: *kắnắr-

Japanese: *kǝ̀má-

Comments: ОСНЯ 1, 350, Цинциус 1984, 103. Mong. has secondary labialization (*köŋgen < *keńö-gen); depalatalization in Kor. is not quite clear. Otherwise correspondences are regular.

Proto-Altaic: *k`éńo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of blade

Russian Meaning: вид лезвия

Mongolian: *kaji-

Tungus-Manchu: *xeńe

Korean: *kằńắi

Japanese: *káná-i

Comments: One should also note Mong. qajiči 'scissors' - possibly a contamination of this root with *kăp`è q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *k`eŋa

Meaning: spacious, free

Russian Meaning: обширный, свободный

Mongolian: *kaŋka-

Tungus-Manchu: *xeŋ-

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss, perhaps an expressive variant of *kĕ̀ŋi q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *k`eŋV

Meaning: to be burnt

Russian Meaning: подгорать

Mongolian: *keŋsi-

Tungus-Manchu: *xeŋ(-gu-)

Comments: Цинциус 1984, 110-111, АПиПЯЯ 11, 286. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`èpà

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: husk, shell

Russian Meaning: шелуха, скорлупа

Turkic: *kebü-

Mongolian: *kebe

Japanese: *kàpì

Comments: Turk. > WMong. kebeg, whence Mongor kawaG (TMN 3, 580, Щербак 1997, 127). One of several similar PA roots (see *k`ā́p`a, *k`i̯ā̀bu, *gébó, *kìp`é).

Proto-Altaic: *k`épà ( ~ -b-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: side

Russian Meaning: сторона, бок

Turkic: *Kaptal

Mongolian: *kabta-su

Tungus-Manchu: *xebu-, *xebte

Japanese: *kápá

Comments: KW 167. In Mong., due to secondary contaminations, the root is somewhat hard to distinguish from *k`ap`V `press, grasp' q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *k`èpù

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to change, price

Russian Meaning: цена, долг

Turkic: *Kẹbi-ĺč-

Mongolian: *kubil-

Korean: *káps

Japanese: *kupua-

Comments: Cf. *k`ápa (with a possibility of mergers).

Proto-Altaic: *k`ĕ̀p`è

Meaning: to dry out, become fragile; to break

Russian Meaning: высыхать, становиться хрупким; ломать(ся)

Turkic: *kep(i)-

Mongolian: *kewü-

Tungus-Manchu: *xep-

Japanese: *kǝ̀pǝ̀-

Comments: Cf. *kăpi (with possible contaminations).

Proto-Altaic: *k`ĕ̀p`ó

Meaning: to become wet, sprinkle, overflow

Russian Meaning: мокнуть, литься

Mongolian: *kajila-

Tungus-Manchu: *xep-

Japanese: *kǝ̀mpǝ̀ra-

Comments: In Mong. secondary contaminations with *kajira- 'burn, roast' were possible.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ep`orV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: curved bone

Russian Meaning: кривая кость

Turkic: *KApur-

Mongolian: *kabir-

Tungus-Manchu: *xebti-

Korean: *kùpɨ̀rǝ̀ŋ

Japanese: *kǝ̀m(p)ùrá (~-ua-)

Comments: Turk. forms may be < Mong. Note that the TM forms have nothing to do with Mong. ebčeɣün 'breast bone', despite Doerfer MT 20, Rozycki 65. The word probably had the original meaning 'rib', preserved in Western languages; the Korean and Japanese forms cannot be kept apart, but they deserve special comment: in both languages the root was naturally influenced by the reflexes of *kŏp`é 'bend' (q. v.); the Japanese form is also aberrant accentologically, shows rather *-m- than *-p- - and may in fact be a merger of the present root with PA *k`i̯ome 'marrow'.

Proto-Altaic: *k`éŕà

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: bark

Russian Meaning: кора

Turkic: *Kaŕ, *Kaŕ-dɨŕ

Mongolian: *kajir(a)-

Tungus-Manchu: *xerekte

Japanese: *kárà

Comments: Miller 1975, 157-72, 1985, 151, АПиПЯЯ 38, 80, 285, Лексика 107. The Mong. word belongs here with high probability, although medial -j- is not quite clear: the form is perhaps a dissimilation < *kari-ra- (a similar process *-lVl- > -jVl- is widely spread).

Proto-Altaic: *k`ĕ̀ŕo

Meaning: to remunerate, repay

Russian Meaning: вознаграждать, отплачивать

Turkic: *Kaŕgan-

Mongolian: *kerig

Tungus-Manchu: *xeri-

Japanese: *kǝ̀tǝ̀-pǝ̀k-

Comments: Note a rare case of Jpn. -t- < *-ŕ- before -ǝ-; this should be probably explained by an early vowel assimilation: *kǝ̀tǝ̀pǝ̀k- < *kǝ̀tùpǝ̀k- (cf. also another attested variant, *kǝ̀tǝ̀pùk-).

Proto-Altaic: *k`er[o]

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: frog, toad

Russian Meaning: лягушка, жаба

Turkic: *Kɨr-bāka / *Kur-

Tungus-Manchu: *xerekī

Korean: *kòr'oàŋ'í

Comments: An expressive root with not quite regular correspondences.

Proto-Altaic: *k`erV ( ~ -ŕ-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to go round, walk round

Russian Meaning: обходить, ходить вокруг

Mongolian: *kere-, *kerü-

Tungus-Manchu: *xerē-

Comments: Цинциус 1984, 127-128. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ĕsa ( ~ -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: spool, spool string

Russian Meaning: катушка, моток, нить из катушки

Turkic: *K(i)as-

Tungus-Manchu: *xesi-

Japanese: *kasai

Comments: Martin (JLTT 441) unites Jpn. kase 'spool' and kase 'fetters, shackles'; the two words, however, are clearly opposed in OJ and seem to have quite different Altaic origin (on *kàsi 'fetters' see under PA *k`ìĺa). PJ *kasai 'spool' surely cannot be separated from PT *K(i)as- 'hoop, hoop brace'; the attribution of PTM *xesi- is less secure: it can belong here if we suppose a semantic development 'spool' > 'spool string' > 'string in net'.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ĕ̀ta

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to overcome, contend

Russian Meaning: преодолевать, состязаться

Turkic: *Katar-

Mongolian: *kadagala-

Tungus-Manchu: *xete-

Japanese: *kàt-

Comments: Martin 1996, 75 (Jpn.-TM).

Proto-Altaic: *k`et[o]

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to tear apart, rip

Russian Meaning: разрывать, раздирать

Turkic: *Kotar-

Mongolian: *kadu-

Tungus-Manchu: *xetü-

Comments: An expressive Western isogloss; cf. *k`àd[ú], with a possibility of contaminations.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ét`ò

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: hard

Russian Meaning: твердый

Turkic: *Kạt

Mongolian: *kata-

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)etu-

Korean: *kùt-

Japanese: *kátá-

Comments: KW 172, Владимирцов 195, 318, SKE 132-133, Martin 233, TMN 1, 410, Lee 1958, 114, АПиПЯЯ 70. Mong. is hardly < Turk. (despite Щербак 1997, 137); Mong. > Man. qata- etc., see Doerfer MT 19, Rozycki 103.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ĕǯa ( ~ -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to rip, tear apart

Russian Meaning: раздирать, разрывать

Turkic: *Kajɨra-

Mongolian: *kaǯa-

Tungus-Manchu: *xeǯe-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ḗja ( ~ -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to slide, swim

Russian Meaning: скользить, плыть

Turkic: *Kāj-

Mongolian: *kajiba-

Tungus-Manchu: *xeje-

Comments: A rather complicated Western isogloss. The TM form is compared (in SKE 61-62, АПиПЯЯ 297) with Kor. hǝ̀i- 'swim'; this seems now dubious because of the apparent lack of development PA *k`- > Kor. *h-. The Korean word should rather be considered as having lost the initial vowel (*hǝ̀i- < *uhǝ̀i-) and be derived < PA *úku q. v. On the other hand, Evk. kajama, Orok qajama 'bare (not fur-lined) skis' are most probably borrowed < Mong. qaiba 'a k. of oar' (or perhaps from some unattested Yakut form, cf. the meaning 'skis' in Yak.?).

Proto-Altaic: *k`ḗmŋV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: wide

Russian Meaning: широкий

Turkic: *gēŋ

Mongolian: *kem

Tungus-Manchu: *xemŋe

Comments: Цинциус 1984, 125-126, Дыбо 12. A Western isogloss. In PT *k- would be expected; initial voicing is probably due to the influence of another Altaic root, *kĕ̀ŋi 'empty' (PT *geŋiŕ 'nasal cavity'), cf. its reflexes in Mong. (keŋkeji- 'be wide and empty'; Щербак 1997, 127 actually regards the latter as borrowed from Turkic - which is quite dubious; see TMN 3, 612-613).

Proto-Altaic: *k`ḗnVt`a

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: wall, wall mat

Russian Meaning: стена, циновка для стены

Turkic: *K(i)ā(j)nat

Mongolian: *kana(n)

Tungus-Manchu: *xondori

Comments: A Western isogloss. In Turkic the root has merged with *Kājnat 'wing' (see under *kēńa); this homonymy may have influenced Mong., where the stem qana(n) occasionally means 'wing, маховые перья'; but Mong. hardly < Turk., despite TMN 1, 416. In Mong. one has to suppose a reanalysis of *-t as a plural suffix.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ēro

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to shout, speak

Russian Meaning: кричать, говорить

Turkic: *Kạrga-

Mongolian: *kara/ija-

Tungus-Manchu: *xērī-

Japanese: *kátár-

Comments: Владимирцов 201. Despite Щербак 1997, 134, the Mong. form is hardly borrowed from Turkic. Jpn. has an irregular high tone. On a possible Korean parallel see under *k`i̯ăli.

Proto-Altaic: *k`íbà

Meaning: ash tree

Russian Meaning: ясень

Turkic: *Kebrüč

Mongolian: *küjir-

Tungus-Manchu: *xiba-gda

Japanese: *kápiàru(n)tai

Comments: Дыбо 11. Vowels in Mong. and Turk. are not quite clear: probably Mong. *küjir- < *kijür- and Turk. *Kebrüč < *Kibrüč (?).

Proto-Altaic: *k`ibù

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: handle

Russian Meaning: рукоятка

Turkic: *Kiben-te

Mongolian: *kiɣi-

Tungus-Manchu: *xīb-

Japanese: *kúpá

Comments: Standard Jpn. accent does not correspond to PTM length; however, length here may be compensatory (cf. loss of *-b in most TM languages).

Proto-Altaic: *k`ič`V ( ~ -č-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: small; young of animals

Russian Meaning: маленький; детеныш

Turkic: *kičük /-g

Mongolian: *kičig

Comments: KW 233, VEWT 269, АПиПЯЯ 284. A Turkic-Mongolian isogloss; loan is not excluded (see Clark 1980, 43, Щербак 1997, 164), thus the PA antiquity is dubious (cf. also TMN 3, 628-631). The Turkic form may actually be the same root as the somewhat later attested *güčük 'puppy' (see ЭСТЯ 3, 92-93) - which may also be the source of MMong. güčüg; in this case one should rather consider a possibility of comparing Mong. gičige, Khalkha gičij 'bitch' and Evk. guske 'wolf', gusketkēn 'wolf's cub' (ТМС 1, 175).

Proto-Altaic: *k`íla

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: hair

Russian Meaning: волос

Turkic: *Kɨl(k)

Mongolian: *kilga-su

Tungus-Manchu: *xiń-ŋa- ( < *xil-ŋa-)

Korean: *kār(h)-

Japanese: *kái

Comments: KW 231, Владимирцов 172, Poppe 19, ОСНЯ 1, 352, JOAL 71, 72, Street 1985, 640, АПиПЯЯ 29, 75, 87, 276, Дыбо 4, Мудрак Дисс. 69, Лексика 197. Borrowing in Mong. < Turk. is quite improbable, despite Щербак 1997, 137. Doerfer (TMN 3, 575) expresses doubts ("...wohl nicht angeht"). Jpn. *ká- reflects *k`il(a)-gV (cf. the Turkic and Mong. forms).

Proto-Altaic: *k`ìĺa

Meaning: fetters

Russian Meaning: оковы, путы

Turkic: *kiĺe-

Mongolian: *kelbeɣür

Tungus-Manchu: *xil-

Korean: *kár

Japanese: *kàsi

Comments: Cf. *kōli, *gū́ldi, *k`i̯ŭli; on the Jpn. form see also under *k`ĕsa. The Turkic vocalism is completely irregular: perhaps due to a cluster simplification or assimilation? In Mong. cf. also kelke- 'to bead, string, join' ( > Yak., Dolg. kelgij-, see Kaɫ. MEJ 51, Stachowski 143).

Proto-Altaic: *k`ile

Meaning: a k. of fish or lizard

Russian Meaning: вид рыбы или ящерицы

Turkic: *keler / *keleŕ / *kelte

Mongolian: *kilim

Tungus-Manchu: *xilkun

Comments: A Western isogloss. In Turkic we are dealing perhaps with a merger of this root with a different one, reflected in Mong. gölbürge 'lizard' (KW 138), Khalkha gürbel (whence Yak. külgeri, kürgeli). Cf. also *kalu, *k`ùla.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ílo

Meaning: stalk, stem

Russian Meaning: стебель

Turkic: *Kɨl-ga-

Mongolian: *kil-gana

Tungus-Manchu: *xila-

Korean: *kɨ̀rɨ̀h

Comments: Дыбо 10. Cf. PJ *kǝ̀i, OJ ki 'tree' (if not < Austronesian), compared with Kor. by Whitman 1985, 138-139, 226.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ĭ̀régV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: cutting tool

Russian Meaning: режущий инструмент

Turkic: *kerki

Mongolian: *kiröɣe

Tungus-Manchu: *xirege

Japanese: *kìrí

Comments: Цинциус 1984, 92, Ozawa 80-81. The stem may be connected to PT *kert- (ЭСТЯ 5, 54, Stachowski 145), Mong. *kerči- 'to cut' ( > Evk. kerči- etc., ТМС 1, 453, see Doerfer MT 110; the two words were compared in KW 228, Poppe 19, 51, 83, Menges 1982, and despite Щербак 1997, 127, Mong. kerči- is hardly borrowed < Turk.): we may be dealing with two derivatives (*k`ire-gV vs. *k`ire-t`V). However, direct derivation PT *kerki < *kert-ki is hardly plausible, despite Menges 1944; it rather goes back to *kirge-ki.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ìri

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: dirt, dirty

Russian Meaning: грязь, грязный

Turkic: *kir

Mongolian: *kir

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)ir-

Japanese: *kìtà-nà-

Comments: KW 232, АПиПЯЯ 73, Martin 230. Mong. may be < Turk. (cf. Щербак 1997, 127). Cf. also Turk. *Keŕ 'bottom thief' (ЭСТЯ 5, 20), which Tekin (1979, 126) links with Mong. kerčire 'mud, silt': both may actually belong to the same Altaic root.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ĭ̀rka

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to scrape, file

Russian Meaning: скрести, полировать

Turkic: *Kɨrk-

Mongolian: *kirga-

Tungus-Manchu: *xigdi-

Korean: *kɨrk- / *kắrk-

Japanese: *kàk-

Comments: KW 232, Poppe 20, 115, Martin 240, ОСНЯ 1, 354. Mong. is hardly borrowed from Turk., despite Щербак 1997, 139. The root tends to contaminate with *gi̯óro q. v. The vowel reflex in Korean is somewhat unclear (*kark- or *kǝrk- would be expected), otherwise all evidence points to *k`irga. The relation of Manchu xergen 'line, scratch, notch' is not quite clear: the word is certainly borrowed (because of -rg-), but the source is unknown; equally unclear is the isolated Manchu qarqa- 'scratch with chopsticks, scrape on the fiyoo instrument' (compared with Kor. by Lee 1958, 113); perhaps in both cases we are dealing with loanwords Manchu < Kor.(?)

Proto-Altaic: *k`ĭrma ( ~ -u, -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: snow, hoar-frost

Russian Meaning: снег, иней

Turkic: *Kɨr-

Mongolian: *kirmag

Tungus-Manchu: *xima-ŋsa

Comments: A Western isogloss. The etymology belongs to R. A. Miller (Miller 1985b) and O. Mudrak (Мудрак Дисс. 193) and presupposes a cluster simplification in PTM: *xima- < *xirma( = Mong. kirma-G).

Proto-Altaic: *k`írù

Meaning: saddle

Russian Meaning: седло

Turkic: *kürtün

Mongolian: *kira

Korean: *kìrɨ́má

Japanese: *kúrà

Comments: An interesting common Altaic cultural term. In Turkic one has to suppose secondary labialization (*kürtün < *kirtün); otherwise correspondences are quite regular.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯áčo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: ends of bow, brace

Russian Meaning: концы лука, скоба

Turkic: *KAča-, *KAča-gu (?)

Mongolian: *kičir

Tungus-Manchu: *xusu- / *xuse-

Korean: *kòčái

Japanese: *kasunkapi

Comments: The Turkic match is dubious (scantily represented and semantically difficult); all other languages match each other rather well.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ằda

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: itching, pungent

Russian Meaning: зудящий, едкий

Tungus-Manchu: *xidar

Korean: *kằráb-

Japanese: *kàjù-

Comments: Martin 234 (Kor.-Jpn.). An Eastern isogloss; cf. perhaps Khalkha xad(an) 'кислица, смородина высочайшая', 'цимбария даурская' (if not < Turk. *Kat- 'berry').

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ăk`e ( ~ -k-, -a)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: dry

Russian Meaning: сухой

Turkic: *KAk

Mongolian: *kagda-

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)igǯa-

Comments: A Western isogloss. See KW 160, 176, Poppe 17, 58; TMN 3, 394 ("weder beweisbar noch widerlegbar"). Mong. is not from Turkic, despite Щербак 1997, 134.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ăli

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: tongue

Russian Meaning: язык

Turkic: *kele-

Mongolian: *kele-

Tungus-Manchu: *xilŋü

Korean: *kằró-

Comments: EAS 47, KW 223, ОСНЯ 1, 346, TMN 1, 471-472 ("altes indoeur. Lw." - ?), АПиПЯЯ 57-58, 292. Despite the latter source, Kor. hjǝ́ 'tongue' is to be separated - see a discussion in Miller 1998, who has (following Shiratori), instead compared Kor. kăro- (but, quite unjustly, separated PTM *xilŋü). The Korean reflex remains, however, questionable, since the word can also - following Martin 1996, 75 - be compared with Jpn. *kátár- 'tell', and thus derived from *k`ēro q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯aĺu ( ~ *k`i̯oĺa)

Meaning: dirt, unpleasant odour

Russian Meaning: грязь, дурной запах

Turkic: *KAĺan

Mongolian: *kuluŋ-

Tungus-Manchu: *xola-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯àp`e

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of insect, butterfly

Russian Meaning: вид насекомого

Turkic: *kepelek

Mongolian: *kibe

Japanese: *kǝ̀pǝ̀rǝ́nkí ( ~-ua-)

Comments: Лексика 187. Cf. also names of 'bat': OJ kapapori, Evn. kêwêč (ТМС 1, 386). An expressive and not quite regular root.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ắŕme

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: fat

Russian Meaning: жир

Turkic: *Kiaŕɨ

Mongolian: *karbin

Tungus-Manchu: *ximū-ŋkse

Korean: *kìrɨ́m

Japanese: *kuama

Comments: KW 178, Poppe 17, 96 (Turk.-Mong.; but it should be noted that the TM forms (Evk. kalbiŋ etc., see ТМС 1, 365) < Mong. (cf. Doerfer MT 100), while the Kor. kalbi 'rib' does not belong here at all (see under *kéra), АПиПЯЯ 296, Дыбо 6, Мудрак Дисс. 193. In OJ koma ( < *kǝma) would be expected; the diphthong (OJ kwoma) is perhaps due to the influence of the medial cluster.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ā̀bu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to peel, skin

Russian Meaning: сдирать (шкуру, шелуху), свежевать

Turkic: *K(i)ab

Mongolian: *kaɣul-

Tungus-Manchu: *xū(be)

Korean: *kjǝ[b]- / *kib-

Comments: Владимирцов 209. One of several similar PA roots (see *k`ā́p`a, *k`èpà, *gébó, *kìp`é).

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯āla ( ~ -ĺ-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: hot, ashes

Russian Meaning: горячий, зола, уголья

Mongolian: *kala-

Tungus-Manchu: *xial-

Comments: SKE 162, ОСНЯ 1, 333. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ā́no

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: blood; blood vessel

Russian Meaning: кровь; кровеносный сосуд

Turkic: *Kiān

Tungus-Manchu: *xuŋī-kta

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 281. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. The comparison seems quite likely, although the nature of the medial nasal is not quite clear (in TM one has perhaps to suppose a secondary assimilation to two neighbouring velars, or else an original velar suffix *k`i̯ōn(i)-gV).

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ā́p`a

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of young ungulate

Russian Meaning: вид молодого копытного животного

Turkic: *KĀpan

Mongolian: *kab- / *kobu-

Tungus-Manchu: *xiap-

Comments: Лексика 156. A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ā́ra ( ~ -i̯ō-)

Meaning: thin snow, hoar-frost

Russian Meaning: тонкий снег, иней

Turkic: *Kiār-

Mongolian: *karig

Comments: The root is not widely represented (a Turk.-Mong. isogloss), but it seems reasonable to distinguish it from *k`ĭrma q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ā́rà

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: elbow, shoulder bone, cubit

Russian Meaning: локоть, плечевая кость

Turkic: *K(i)arɨĺ

Mongolian: *kari

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)iarū-n

Japanese: *kárà

Comments: In Turkic the root is rather hard to distinguish from *Karɨ < *gàrá 'arm', but the distinction still seems to be necessary. In *K(i)arɨĺ the expected long vowel (reconstructed because of *-ia- in TM after a fricative and high tone in Jpn.) was shortened probably under the influence of *Karɨ.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ā̀re

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of insect

Russian Meaning: вид насекомого

Turkic: *K(i)arɨnč-ɣa

Mongolian: *kürid

Tungus-Manchu: *xīrükte

Korean: *kằr-kǝ̀mɨ́i

Japanese: *kìrì(n)kíri-su

Comments: An expressive root, often reduplicated and with not quite regular correspondences, esp. in the Kor.-Jpn. area. Cf. also *k`i̯ṓro (with possible contaminations).

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ŏba(kV) (~*k`i̯ăbu(kV))

Meaning: bladder, scrotum

Russian Meaning: мочевой пузырь, мошонка

Turkic: *KAbuk

Mongolian: *kuwkan

Tungus-Manchu: *xubgu

Comments: Poppe 1974, 132 (Turk.-Mong.). A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯óbarV ( ~ -i̯u-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: dry

Russian Meaning: сухой, сохнуть

Turkic: *Kūrɨ-k,-gak

Mongolian: *kawra-

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)ur-

Korean: *kobār-

Japanese: *káwá(ra)-k-

Comments: Ozawa 197, KW 204; АПиПЯЯ 19, 50-51, 70, 102, 274; SKE 133, Цинциус 1984. Here, as in some other cases, Turkic length apparently goes back to a contraction.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ŏbe

Meaning: touchwood, tree fungus

Russian Meaning: гнилушка, древесный гриб

Turkic: *Kiab

Mongolian: *köbdü

Tungus-Manchu: *xub(u)te

Japanese: *kua

Comments: PTM and PM reflect a common derivative *k`i̯ŏbe-tV.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯oča ( ~ *k`i̯ačo)

Meaning: milt, roe

Russian Meaning: молоки

Tungus-Manchu: *xusakta

Korean: *koči

Japanese: *ka(n)su

Comments: An Eastern isogloss (with a somewhat unexpected voicing in Jpn. kazu-).

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯oge

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: poles in a frame

Russian Meaning: жерди, доски (в раме)

Turkic: *kegej

Mongolian: *keɣe-sün

Tungus-Manchu: *xuge

Comments: A Western isogloss. Despite Clauson 1965, 165, the Turkic word is not easily explained as a borrowing < Mong.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ójŋo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: cold

Russian Meaning: холодный

Turkic: *Kujaŋ

Mongolian: *köji-ten

Tungus-Manchu: *xiŋǖ-

Korean: *kjǝ̀ńɨ́r

Japanese: *kǝju-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 53-54, 290; Ozawa 82-84. The cluster *-jŋ- explains the somewhat irregular behaviour of -ŋ-. The meaning 'rheumatism' in Turkic is a usual development < *'cold'.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ome

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: marrow

Russian Meaning: костный мозг

Turkic: *kEmük

Mongolian: *kemi

Tungus-Manchu: *xumā-n,-kin, *xum-nu

Comments: The Turk.-Mong. comparison see in VEWT 251 (but Manchu kemin is undoubtedly < Mong., see Rozycki 137). АПиПЯЯ 281, Дыбо 315, 262, Лексика 262. On a possible Jpn. reflex see under *k`ep`orV.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯omo(lV)

Meaning: a k. of fragrant and edible plant

Russian Meaning: вид пахучего и съедобного растения

Turkic: *Kumlak

Mongolian: *kömeli

Tungus-Manchu: *ximŋe-kte

Japanese: *kamira

Comments: The Turkic word is frequently regarded as a borrowing, either from a Germanic source (EDT 628), or from an Iranian (Ossetic) source (Аб., ЭСТЯ). The Iranian derivation of Osset. xumälläg 'hop', however, raises some phonetic and morphological problems; on the other hand, there are no doubts that the Turkic (Bulgarian) word was borrowed into Mari umla, Hung. komló and Slav. xъmelь (see Егоров 192, ЭСТЯ ibid.). The ultimate Turkic source of other late European names of 'hop' is therefore also not excluded.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ŏ́nt`[a]

Meaning: hemp

Russian Meaning: конопля

Turkic: *kendir (*kentir)

Tungus-Manchu: *xonta-kta

Japanese: *kántí

Comments: Дыбо 11. A cultural term; the vocalism is not quite certain.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ŏŋa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: nose

Russian Meaning: нос

Turkic: *K(i)aŋ-(ɨr)-

Mongolian: *ka[m]ar

Tungus-Manchu: *xoŋa-

Korean: *kóh

Japanese: *kan-k-

Comments: KW 186, 190, Владимирцов 251, Martin 242, Poppe 1974, 132, АПиПЯЯ 43-44, 80, 286, Ozawa 191, Цинциус 1984, 84, Дыбо 4, Лексика 216.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯óŋi

Meaning: head of clan

Russian Meaning: глава рода, старейшина

Turkic: *K(i)aŋ

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)uŋ-

Korean: *kù'ɨ̀i

Japanese: *kímí

Comments: An important common Altaic social term.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯óp`é

Meaning: soot, to catch fire

Russian Meaning: сажа, загораться

Turkic: *Kạp-

Tungus-Manchu: *xupu-ŋksa

Japanese: *kúmpá-

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯óŕa

Meaning: a k. of tree with red berries or red bark

Russian Meaning: вид дерева с красными ягодами или красной корой

Turkic: *Kaŕɨlgan / *Karlɨgan

Mongolian: *karg-

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)or-

Japanese: *kátúrá

Comments: Absence of diphthong in Turkic is strange.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ŏŕo ( ~ -u)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: lamb, deer

Russian Meaning: ягненок, олень

Turkic: *Koŕɨ

Mongolian: *kurigan

Tungus-Manchu: *xir-

Comments: EAS 46, 113, KW 198, Владимирцов 361, ОСНЯ 1, 302, Новикова 1972, 118, Лексика 433. A Western isogloss. Despite TMN 1, 435, 3, 546, Щербак 1997, 142, Mong. cannot be borrowed from Turkic.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ŏ̀sú

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of foliage tree

Russian Meaning: вид лиственного дерева

Mongolian: *kusu-

Tungus-Manchu: *xisi-

Japanese: *kùsú

Comments: Phonetically the Mong., TM and Jpn. form are well compatible; but it is always difficult to deal with Japanese botanical names because of a drastic difference in nature environment between Japan and the continent.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯òše

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to scrape, shave

Russian Meaning: скрести, брить

Turkic: *Kas

Mongolian: *kisu-

Tungus-Manchu: *xuši / *kuši

Japanese: *kùsà / *kǝ̀sà-i

Comments: Cf. *k`i̯ùčù. For the Turkic word Helimski 1995 proposed a Sam. etymology ( < PS *käsa 'bark'), which cannot be excluded; in that case the Turkic form should be removed from the comparison. {ND 950 proposes Turk. *Kas : TM *kesi- 'remove scales', *kesi-kte 'fish scales' which would change PA to *kesu-.}

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ŏ́ǯa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: side, direction

Russian Meaning: сторона, направление

Turkic: *KAj-

Mongolian: *kaǯiwu

Tungus-Manchu: *xoǯa-n

Korean: *kằč-

Japanese: *kajǝ-r-

Comments: Цинциус 1984, 96. Cf. *kèč`a.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ṑk`ò

Meaning: spine, skeleton

Russian Meaning: позвоночник, скелет

Mongolian: *kokima-

Tungus-Manchu: *xīKeri

Japanese: *kakurai

Comments: Cf. also Tuva xokpa 'coccyx'.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ṓme

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to throw (upside down)

Russian Meaning: кидать, переворачивать вверх дном

Turkic: *Kām-

Mongolian: *kömeri-

Tungus-Manchu: *xumu-

Comments: KW 239, Poppe 19, 68; Цинциус 1984, 109. A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ṓro

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: worm; gad-fly

Russian Meaning: червь; овод

Turkic: *Kūrt

Mongolian: *koro-kai

Tungus-Manchu: *xirga-

Comments: KW 188, АПиПЯЯ 54, 285, Дыбо 8, Лексика 182. A Western isogloss; but cf. also *k`i̯ā̀re.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ōt`e

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of knife or arrow

Russian Meaning: вид ножа или стрелы

Turkic: *kēt-men

Mongolian: *kituga

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)utu, -ke

Comments: A Western isogloss. In Turkic one would expect a closed *ẹ̄, but in fact Chuv. katmak points to an open vowel. This may be due to a natural contamination of this root with the reflex of PA *ki̯ā́tu 'sharp tool, notch' q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ṑt`ekV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of stinging insect

Russian Meaning: вид кусающего насекомого

Turkic: *Kạtku-č

Mongolian: *kedgene

Tungus-Manchu: *xūkte

Korean: *kúitǝ́kí

Comments: Cf. also Kor. kaktagwi 'mosquito'.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ube

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: voice, sound

Russian Meaning: голос, звук

Turkic: *kü(b)

Mongolian: *küw-

Tungus-Manchu: *xǖ- (*xüb-)

Korean: *kubɨi-

Japanese: *kǝ̀wâi

Comments: The Mong. form may belong here if it is different from *köɣer 'joy' < PA *kúbé q. v.; there probably occurred a secondary merger in some Mong. dialects.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ubu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: box, coffin

Russian Meaning: ящик, гроб

Mongolian: *kob-du, *kob-tu

Tungus-Manchu: *xobu-r / *xebu-r

Korean: *kobVr

Japanese: *k(u)i

Comments: Lee 1958, 112 (TM - Kor.). A Turkic root *K(i)abur 'coffin' may have existed, too: cf. Küär. qaɣur, qoɣur 'coffin' (VEWT 274), as well as the Russian loan from an Old Bulgarian source: ковчег (presupposing *Kabu(r)-čak). But then in most languages it has merged either with *Kapɨrčak ( < PA *k`àp`à 'vessel' q. v.), or with a recent Arabic loanword (qabr 'grave', see VEWT 216 > Turk. kabr, Kum. qabɨr etc.), or with a later Mong. loanword qobuɣur 'tube' (about which see TMN 1, 628, ЭСТЯ 6, 71-72) .

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ùčù

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to scrape; claw, sharp stick

Russian Meaning: скрести;коготь, острая палочка

Turkic: *Kɨč-

Mongolian: *kučil-

Tungus-Manchu: *xosī-kta

Korean: *koč

Japanese: *kùsì

Comments: Цинциус 1984, 99, Martin 241, Whit 1985, 135, 165, 223, АПиПЯЯ 16, 77, 290.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯údo(rgV)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: tail

Russian Meaning: хвост

Turkic: *Kudruk

Mongolian: *kudurga

Tungus-Manchu: *xürgü

Korean: *s-kòrí

Comments: Владимирцов 322, Poppe 18, 52, Цинциус 1984а, 113, ОСНЯ 1, 327-328, АПиПЯЯ 53, 284, Дыбо 9, Лексика 145. Mong. is hardly < Turk. (although it is possible, see Щербак 1997, 142). In Korean we have a case of *s-prefixation in body parts (see also under *i̯op`érV, *p`èjńé); note that MKor. kòtằrkái 'tail strap' < Mong. Cf. also Turk. *Kuduskan 'tail strap' (ЭСТЯ 6, 182-183) = WMong. qudusqa (VEWT 297, KW 195, Лексика 554); *Kudu-muč / -mčak 'tail bone' (ЭСТЯ 6, 215-216).

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ujk`è

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: root, stem

Russian Meaning: корень, стебель

Turkic: *kök

Tungus-Manchu: *xüj(k)e

Korean: *kòkɨ̀rí, kòkòrí

Japanese: *kùkùi

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 284, Лексика 109, Whitman 1985, 132, 222. Tone correspondence between Kor. and Jpn. is irregular. The TM word belongs here if one reconstructs the rare cluster *-jk- (reflected as -x- in Manchu but as -0- in other languages).

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ŭ́jŕo

Meaning: cold wind, fog, North

Russian Meaning: холодный ветер, туман, север

Turkic: *Kuŕ

Mongolian: *koji-

Japanese: *kúi-rí

Comments: Дыбо 45. The root contains a rare cluster *-jŕ-. The Jpn. form can belong here if *-ri is originally suffixed (which is in fact quite probable, given the exceptional structure of the word with medial -ui- ~ -ǝi-).

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯uĺe

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: person

Russian Meaning: человек

Turkic: *kiĺi

Mongolian: *kulunča

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)ile ( ~ -ü-)

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 283. A Western isogloss. The comparison is quite acceptable, but its reliability is weakened by the isolated nature of the Evenki form within TM. Cf., however, the ethnonym *kile 'Evenki' (ТМС 1, 393) (possibly borrowed in Evk. from a form like *xile or *xüle) and Evn. kịlča 'Yakut'.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ŭli

Meaning: to wind, plait

Russian Meaning: крутить, плести

Turkic: *kül-, *kült-

Mongolian: *küli-

Tungus-Manchu: *xil(i)-

Comments: A Western isogloss. Cf. *kōli, *gū́ldi, *k`ìĺa.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯uml[e]

Meaning: nail, needle

Russian Meaning: ноготь, гвоздь, игла

Mongolian: *kimul-su

Tungus-Manchu: *xülme

Korean: *kom(h)

Comments: In Mong. one has to suppose *kimul- < *kumil- (the form qumu(l)- is actually attested in many dialects, and may be archaic).

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯une

Meaning: heavy, load

Russian Meaning: тяжелый, груз

Mongolian: *kündü

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)ünī-

Comments: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ùńí

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: thread, cloth

Russian Meaning: нить, ткань

Turkic: *köjŋe-lek

Mongolian: *kejeŋ

Korean: *kính

Japanese: *kìnú

Comments: In Mong. one would rather expect -ö-; -e- is perhaps a result of assimilation. In Turko-Mongolian -ŋ- is possibly an original suffix (Turk. *köjŋe- < *köń-ŋe-); but a reconstruction like *k`i̯ùńŋí can also not be excluded.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ŭnu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to long for, covet (sexually)

Russian Meaning: желать, вожделеть (сексуально)

Turkic: *Kɨn-

Mongolian: *kina-

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)on-

Japanese: *kunank-

Comments: KW 231 (Turk.-Mong.). See also notes to *gū̀no.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯úŋu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to bend, bow

Russian Meaning: гнуть, наклонять

Turkic: *Kɨŋ-

Mongolian: *kiji- / *keje-

Tungus-Manchu: *xuŋke- / *kuŋke-

Japanese: *kúnkúm-

Comments: TM and Jpn. forms reflect a velar suffix (or partial reduplication). One of several similar roots which are sometimes difficult to distinguish: cf. *gék`á, *gŭ̀k`a, *k`ōki.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯uŋu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: worm, grub

Russian Meaning: червь, личинка

Mongolian: *kiɣur-

Tungus-Manchu: *xuŋVl-

Japanese: *kuà

Comments: The Jpn. form goes back to *k`i̯uŋ(u)-gV.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯up`e

Meaning: to sew

Russian Meaning: шить

Turkic: *köpi-

Mongolian: *köbe-

Comments: A Turko-Mong. isogloss. Not quite reliable, because Mong. may be < Turkic (or else connected etymologically with köbe-ge 'edge').

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯uŕa ( ~ -u)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to covet

Russian Meaning: желать, вожделеть

Turkic: *Kɨŕ

Mongolian: *kuriča-

Tungus-Manchu: *xur-

Comments: ОСНЯ 3, 131-134 (Mong.-Tung.). A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ura ( ~ -u)

Meaning: twenty

Russian Meaning: двадцать

Turkic: *Kɨrk

Mongolian: *kori

Tungus-Manchu: *xorin

Comments: Because of the *x- reflex, hardly borrowed in TM from Mong. (despite Doerfer MT 81, Rozycki 169). A Western isogloss: cf. OJ patati '20' < *katati under the influence of *puta- '2' (??).

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ure

Meaning: guest, neighbour

Russian Meaning: гость, сосед

Turkic: *Kir-deĺ

Mongolian: *kür-

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)üremē- ( ~ -i-)

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯úrge ( ~ -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to feed, eat

Russian Meaning: кормить, есть

Turkic: *KUr(g)-

Mongolian: *korgan

Tungus-Manchu: *xürgi-

Japanese: *kúrá-p-

Comments: The TM and Japanese evidence is rather in favour of the original verbal nature of the root, with the meaning 'fat food, fat' secondarily developed in Mong. (as well as in TM).

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ŭrpe

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: young (animal, fish)

Russian Meaning: молодой (о животных, рыбе)

Turkic: *körpe

Mongolian: *körbe

Tungus-Manchu: *xürbe

Comments: A Western isogloss (but Mong. may be < Turkic).

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ùru

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: heavy; hard, difficult

Russian Meaning: тяжелый; трудный

Turkic: *Kɨr-

Tungus-Manchu: *xur-ge

Korean: *korắ- / *koro-

Japanese: *kùrù-sì-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 80, 292.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ŭ̀rú

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: bark, shell

Russian Meaning: кора, скорлупа

Turkic: *Kɨrtɨĺ

Mongolian: *körü-sü

Tungus-Manchu: *xura-kta

Korean: *kúr

Japanese: *kùrí

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 38, 293.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ŭ̀ru(mV)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: ashes, soot

Russian Meaning: зола, сажа

Turkic: *Kurum ( < *Kɨrum)

Mongolian: *kirbu-su

Tungus-Manchu: *xurum-sa

Korean: *kur

Comments: Note a common derivative *k`i̯uru-mV(-sV) in several languages.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯úsè

Meaning: bad behaviour

Russian Meaning: обида, дурное поведение

Turkic: *küs-

Mongolian: *kosiŋ

Japanese: *kúsài

Comments: A nice Turk.-Mong.-Jpn. semantic and phonetic match.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ŭso

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to vomit

Russian Meaning: блевать

Turkic: *Kus-

Tungus-Manchu: *xüse-

Comments: Цинциус 1984, 124. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. Turk. > Kalm. xus- 'to belch, retch' (KW 199).

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ū̀ča ( ~ -u)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: animal's paw, skin from animal's paw

Russian Meaning: лапа животного, шкура с лапы животного

Turkic: *Kɨč

Tungus-Manchu: *xōsa

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss, but cf. the discussion under *k`V̀sá; cf. perhaps also Bur. xašāhan 'front and back parts of footwear'; Dag. gočōr, kočoro, kučur 'boots' (Тод. Даг. 132) (?).

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ū́č`i ( ~ -č-)

Meaning: a k. of cereal

Russian Meaning: вид злака

Turkic: *kȫče

Mongolian: *küč-

Korean: *kìčàŋ

Comments: Cf. also various plant names in

Turkic: Oyr. köǯüne 'дягиль', Turkm. göǯele 'ирис', Kirgh. (South.) göǯümöl 'травянистое растение с широкими листьями'; Kirgh. köčet, Uygh. köčɛt 'seedling'; WMong. güǯegeleǯegene, Khalkha güʒēlʒgene, Bur. gulzȫrgene 'земляника' (whence Evk. gučalǯigina etc., see ТМС 1, 176).

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ū̀ge

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: palate, jaw

Russian Meaning: небо, челюсть

Turkic: *Kögme

Mongolian: *köɣemej

Tungus-Manchu: *xǖkte

Korean: *kǝ̀húm

Japanese: *k(ù)i

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 290 (with a somewhat different grouping of etyma). Korean has an irregular low tone.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ū́ĺa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: sable, squirrel

Russian Meaning: соболь, белка

Turkic: *kīĺ

Mongolian: *kulgana

Tungus-Manchu: *xulu-kī

Comments: Дыбо 9, Лексика 163. A Western isogloss (cf. perhaps OJ kase 'sea-urchin'?). In Turkic one has to suppose a secondary fronting *kīĺ < *kɨ̄ĺ (a rather frequent phenomenon).

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ū́le

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to exchange, trade, hire

Russian Meaning: менять, торговать, нанимать

Turkic: *kȫle

Mongolian: *kölü-sü

Tungus-Manchu: *xül-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ū́ĺnu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: navel

Russian Meaning: пупок

Turkic: *kīn, *kīn-dük

Mongolian: *köjil-sü

Tungus-Manchu: *xulŋu-

Comments: KW 234, Дыбо 6, Лексика 280. A Western isogloss, with a rather complicated phonology. In Mong. *köjil-sü ( < *kölil- < *kölin-) should be distinguished from *köji < *kṓp`i, although the reflexes have been significantly confused; PTM *xulŋu- either < *xulnu- through assimilation, or else < *xulnu-gV- or *xulnu-ŋV- (with a fused velar suffix). Finally, in Turkic one has to suppose a (rather frequent) fronting *kīn < *kɨ̄n.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ū́ńa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: punishment

Russian Meaning: наказание

Turkic: *Kɨ̄jn

Mongolian: *könüɣe-

Tungus-Manchu: *xuńi-

Japanese: *káná-

Comments: Cf. *guna and notes to *gū̀no. Mong. *könüɣe- has a usual regressive labialization ( < *kenüɣe- or *kinüɣe-).

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ū̀nč`o

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: sleeve, elbow; top of boot

Russian Meaning: рукав, локоть; голенище

Turkic: *Konč

Mongolian: *kanču-

Tungus-Manchu: *xǖnčē-n

Comments: A Western isogloss. Except for Mong. -a- the correspondences are regular; Mong. *kanču- probably < *kunča- (with vowel metathesis).

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ū́ńu ( ~ -a)

Meaning: sheath, scabbard

Russian Meaning: ножны, чехол

Turkic: *Kɨ̄n

Mongolian: *kuj

Tungus-Manchu: *xunǯi-

Comments: Владимирцов 174. A Western isogloss. See TMN 3, 577 ("die Aehnlichkeit der beiden Wörter dürfte Zufall sein").

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ū́re

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to reach, treat

Russian Meaning: достигать; обращаться с, обходиться

Turkic: *gīr-

Mongolian: *kür-

Tungus-Manchu: *xür-

Korean: *kūr-

Japanese: *kúrá-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 275, Цинциус 1984, 122-123. An alternative (but more dubious) etymology of the Kor. word see in PKE 95. Turkic demonstrates here the same irregular voicing as in *dīŕ < *t`i̯ūŕe.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ū́ŕu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: red, reddish; brown, dark

Russian Meaning: красный; коричневый, темный

Turkic: *Kɨ̄ŕ-

Mongolian: *küre- (*küri-)

Tungus-Manchu: *xuri-

Korean: *kùrí

Japanese: *kúrá-

Comments: See a detailed account in Miller-Street 1975, 116ff (with literature), АПиПЯЯ 283, Дыбо 12. Unlike Miller-Street, we leave aside the name of the "ferret" (linking instead Turk. *kɨŕ-ɨl 'red' and TM *xuri-), as well as PJ *kùruá 'black' (having a different accent). It is interesting to note metal names derived from this root: Turk. *kɨŕɨl 'gold' (see Лексика 403-404) = Mong. kürel 'bronze' = Kor. kùrí 'copper'. PT *Kɨ̄r 'grey' could be perhaps compared separately with PM *kiraɣa 'dusk before dawn', cf. Владимирцов 338.

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ū́se

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to wish

Russian Meaning: желать

Turkic: *kǖse-

Mongolian: *küse-

Tungus-Manchu: *xüse

Japanese: *kǝs-

Comments: Владимирцов 362 (Turk.-Mong.); Ozawa 207-208 (Mong.-Jpn.). Mong. may be < Turkic.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ī̀jĺu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to deviate, slant

Russian Meaning: отклоняться, скашиваться

Turkic: *Kɨjĺ-

Mongolian: *kelbe-, *kilu-

Tungus-Manchu: *xī(l)-

Japanese: *kùsù-

Comments: KW 244, EAS 108, TMN 1, 472. The Jpn. form is phonetically a good match; as for the meaning, one has to suppose a development 'slanting, deviating' > 'strange'.

Proto-Altaic: *k`òbàni

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: armpit

Russian Meaning: подмышка

Turkic: *Kōjn

Mongolian: *koŋ-

Tungus-Manchu: *xobanī

Japanese: *kàpìná

Comments: ОСНЯ 1, 345, Дыбо 316, Лексика 244. Mong. < *kowŋ- < *koban-gV; a secondary contamination with *köŋ- (q. v. *kĕ̀ŋi).

Proto-Altaic: *k`ŏda ( ~ -u)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to finish, abandon

Russian Meaning: кончать, покидать

Turkic: *Kod-

Tungus-Manchu: *xod-

Comments: ТМС 2, 6. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ŏjli

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: limb, extremity

Russian Meaning: конечность

Turkic: *Kol

Mongolian: *köl

Tungus-Manchu: *xolda-n

Korean: *kūi-mǝ̀rí

Japanese: *kuru-(n)-pusi

Comments: See АПиПЯЯ 286, Цинциус 1984, 96-97, Дыбо 316, Лексика 243, 245. The comparison is quite reliable phonetically; *-jl- has to be assumed to account for the development in Kor. ( > -i-). The semantic side ('arm'/'leg'/'thigh') can be explained if we suppose that the word originally designated a part of the animal body (front or hind leg together with the thigh). Cf. also ТМ *xūl-kse 'sleeve' (probably an original derivation, although the length is not clear), *xul-ŋsi 'shank, shin', PT *koltuk 'armpit' (Лексика 243, TMN 3, 557-558, ЭСТЯ 6, 52-54). It is interesting to speculate on the subject of the identity Kor. *kūi-mǝ̀rí = Jpn. kuru-(n)pusi. In Kor. -mǝ̀rí is certainly to be analysed as "head" (*'leg-head'); the Jpn. form in this case may reflect a dissimilation < *kuru-n-musi, where *musi could be the remnant of PA *mĕ́ĺǯu 'head' (q. v.). The same element in fact may be also present in Jpn. *tu(m)pu-(n)pusi 'ankle, knee' and *kǝmpusi (if, with haplology < *kǝmpu-(n)pusi) 'fist'. One has, of course, to reckon with the possibility of having here rather PJ *pusi 'joint' ( < PA *bŭ̀ĺi q. v.), which would explain the constant emergence of a stop in Jpn.; but the Jpn.-Kor. match (*kūi-mǝ̀rí = kuru(n)pusi) seems to be not accidental.

Proto-Altaic: *k`òké

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: plenty

Russian Meaning: много, множество

Turkic: *kök

Mongolian: *kog-si-

Tungus-Manchu: *xugdi

Korean: *kɨh-

Japanese: *kǝ̀kǝ́-ta-

Comments: The meaning 'big' in Korean certainly derives from *'plentiful'. The match between Kor. khɨ- and Jpn. *kǝ̀kǝ́- appears quite satisfactory, despite the attempt of Vovin (2000) to link Kor. *hɨkɨ- with PJ *sùkùnà- 'few': it is hardly possible to analyse the Jpn. word as *'big'-does-not-exist, since all the existing compounds of this type are "noun+-na", not "adjective+-na", and anyway it is hardly possible to separate PJ *sùkùnà- 'few' (adj.) and *sùkùa-(si) 'few' (noun, adverb), see *si̯ŏ́k`ù.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ókì

Meaning: to bind, wrap

Russian Meaning: связывать, заворачивать

Turkic: *kök

Mongolian: *kugu-s-

Tungus-Manchu: *xuku-

Japanese: *kúkúr-

Comments: The original meaning should be reconstructed as 'bind', 'wrap' or 'fasten', with the meaning 'lace, sew' secondarily developed within Turkic. Note the morphological match between PTM *xuku-lī- and PJ *kúkú-r- < *k`ókì-lV.

Proto-Altaic: *k`óla ( ~ -u-, -i̯o-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to dry, get stale

Russian Meaning: сохнуть, терять свежесть

Tungus-Manchu: *xolga

Korean: *korh-

Japanese: *kárá-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 290, SKE 121-122. An Eastern isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ŏ́ĺba

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: couple, to couple, combine

Russian Meaning: пара, сочетать(ся)

Turkic: *Koĺ

Mongolian: *kolbu-

Tungus-Manchu: *xulbü-

Korean: *kā̆rb-

Japanese: *kásá

Comments: EAS 109, KW 184, Street 1980, 287. Mong. is not < Turk., despite Щербак 1997, 142, but the Turk. and Mong. forms are certainly related, despite TMN 3, 364.

Proto-Altaic: *k`òlke

Meaning: to row, boat

Russian Meaning: грести, лодка

Mongolian: *kölge

Tungus-Manchu: *xulki-

Japanese: *kǝ̀nk-

Comments: The root is possibly derived: without the suffix cf. Mong. qoli- 'to stir'. It is interesting to note Nivkh halq 'boat' (possibly borrowed in TM as *xaliku, see ТМС 1, 460, 461).

Proto-Altaic: *k`òlmV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: shadow, cloud

Russian Meaning: тень, облако

Turkic: *köl-

Tungus-Manchu: *KVlm-

Korean: *kúrùm

Japanese: *kùmua-N

Comments: Martin 228, АПиПЯЯ 98, 274. One should also note MKor. kɨ́mɨ́- 'to become dim, hide (of moon etc.)', possibly < *kúrmɨ́- = OJ kumor- id. Cf. also notes to *gḕĺa.

Proto-Altaic: *k`olV (~ -u-, -ĺ-)

Meaning: oak-tree

Russian Meaning: дуб

Tungus-Manchu: *xola-

Korean: *kur

Comments: A Tung.-Kor. isogloss. Cf. *kúĺap`V.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ŏ́mi

Meaning: to dig

Russian Meaning: копать, черпать

Turkic: *göm-

Tungus-Manchu: *xumu-

Comments: Цинциус 1984, 108-109. A Turko-TM isogloss. The TM form points quite explicitly to *k`-; reasons for voicing in PT are not clear: perhaps a merger with PA *gèmo 'to fill in' (q. v.), which otherwise has no Turkic reflex.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ómp`[e]

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: fungus

Russian Meaning: гриб, плесень

Turkic: *kömbe, *kömbe-lek

Tungus-Manchu: *xum(p)-

Korean: *kōmphúi-

Japanese: *kámp(u)í

Comments: Martin 236, Дыбо 11. Vocalism is not quite certain.

Proto-Altaic: *k`òmu ( ~ -o, -a)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: drought, hunger

Russian Meaning: засуха, голод

Turkic: *Komɨĺ-

Mongolian: *komu-kai

Tungus-Manchu: *xomī-

Korean: *kắmắr

Comments: Цинциус 1984, 97; ЭСТЯ 6, 147-148.

Proto-Altaic: *k`oŋi ( ~ -e)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: dirt

Russian Meaning: грязь

Turkic: *köŋ

Tungus-Manchu: *xońi-

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. TM *xońi- perhaps with secondary palatalization < *xoŋi- (cf. the Orok form xoŋo-kto). Cf. perhaps Jpn. kunuga 'land' (if different from *kúní 'country').

Proto-Altaic: *k`ŏ̀p`e ( ~ -i)

Meaning: film, covering

Russian Meaning: пленка, покрытие

Turkic: *köpe

Mongolian: *köɣe

Tungus-Manchu: *xup-

Korean: *kóp

Comments: Владимирцов 212.

Proto-Altaic: *k`óp`ì

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: be complete, all

Russian Meaning: быть полным, целым, весь

Turkic: *köp

Mongolian: *köb-čin

Tungus-Manchu: *xup-

Korean: *kòp-

Japanese: *kúpá-pa-

Comments: Владимирцов 323, АПиПЯЯ 285, Whitman 223. Cf. *kŏp`V: the Kor.-Jpn. reflexes may in fact reflect both roots.

Proto-Altaic: *k`óp`i ( ~ -e)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: foam

Russian Meaning: пена

Turkic: *köp-

Mongolian: *köɣe-

Tungus-Manchu: *xapu- ~ *xopu-

Korean: *kǝ̀phúm

Comments: EAS 90, Владимирцов 213, AKE 10, KW 243, Poppe 19, 47, Lee 1958, 112, ОСНЯ 1, 364, Ozawa 199-200. Mong. cannot be explained as borrowed < Turk., despite TMN 3, 617, Щербак 1997, 128. The root tends to contaminate with *kup`e 'light' q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *k`óp`ìra

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: rift (in a river), bridge

Russian Meaning: порог, перекат (на реке), мост

Turkic: *köpür, -üg

Mongolian: *köɣürge

Tungus-Manchu: *xupuru

Japanese: *kápárá

Comments: Владимирцов 213, Poppe 127. Despite TMN 3, 586, Щербак 1997, 128, Mong. cannot be borrowed from Turk. Also, despite MT 136, Jurch. hufuru cannot be a Mong. loanword. In Jpn. we would rather expect *kupara; the -a- vocalism is either a result of later assimilation (in a long word), or an influence of *kápá 'river' (different etymologically, see *k`ébà).

Proto-Altaic: *k`ori

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: hill; embankment, boundary

Russian Meaning: холм; насыпь, межа

Turkic: *Korum

Mongolian: *küri

Tungus-Manchu: *xurē

Korean: *kòráŋ

Japanese: *kùrùa (~ -ruâ)

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 291. The comparison seems satisfactory (the Jpn.-Kor. link see in Kanezawa 47); an alternative Austronesian etymology of the Jpn. word, however, can be found in Kawamoto 1977, 33. Cf. also Mong. kürmen 'basalt'.

Proto-Altaic: *k`oru

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: short; diminish, grow less

Russian Meaning: короткий; уменьшаться

Turkic: *Kor(a)-

Mongolian: *koru-

Tungus-Manchu: *xurumü-

Korean: *korh-

Comments: SKE 122, KW 188, ОСНЯ 1, 367, АПиПЯЯ 292, Дыбо 13; further Nostratic parallels see in ОСНЯ 1, 367-368. The Korean reflex is somewhat dubious here, because the root may be the same as korh- < *górà q. v. (possibly a secondary merger). Cf. also Kalm. xor- 'to be afraid, shy', PT *Kor-(u)k- 'to be afraid' (ЭСТЯ 6, 79-80), possibly derived from *k`oru 'grow less, be damaged' - but also possibly a different root.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ŏši ( ~ -e)

Meaning: to entangle, fetter

Russian Meaning: запутывать, спутывать

Turkic: *kös-

Mongolian: *kösi-

Tungus-Manchu: *xušī- ( ~ -č-)

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ōkí

Meaning: hinge, hook

Russian Meaning: петля, крюк

Turkic: *kök, *köken

Mongolian: *kögene

Tungus-Manchu: *kūkta

Japanese: *kunki

Comments: Initial *k- in PTM is probably due to assimilation (*kūkta < *k`ūkta). Mong. may be < Kypch. One of several similar roots: cf. *gŭ̀k`a, *k`i̯úŋu, *gék`a.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ṓli

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: lake, basin

Russian Meaning: озеро, водоем

Turkic: *[k]ȫl

Mongolian: *küjil-sü

Tungus-Manchu: *xule-

Korean: *kằrắm

Comments: ОСНЯ 1, 306. The Turk. root may also be of a Persian origin (see TMN 3, 645-646). Mong. *küjil- < *küli-l- (with regular dissimilation). Kor. *kằrắm < *kòrắm (with vowel assimilation); cf. also Old Koguryo *kŭăl 'river' (see Miller 1979, 8).

Proto-Altaic: *k`[ō]mo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to soak

Russian Meaning: мокнуть, мочить

Turkic: *Kōm

Tungus-Manchu: *xum-

Korean: *kā̆m- / *kắm-

Japanese: *kuam-

Comments: The root seems reliable, despite some irregularities in vocalism.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ṑmu

Meaning: offering, respect

Russian Meaning: почести, жертвоприношение

Turkic: *Kom-

Korean: *kōmá

Japanese: *kuma

Comments: Whitman 1985, 191, 223.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ōńi

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: ladle

Russian Meaning: ложка, черпак

Turkic: *kȫjnek

Mongolian: *kunija

Tungus-Manchu: *xuńa-

Korean: *kùńí

Japanese: *kúm-

Comments: Vovin 1993, 257, Robbeets 2000, 109-110, 122. Cf. also Mong. konak 'gutter', Kor. konägi 'tall jar'.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ṓra ( ~ -o, -u)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to protect, guard

Russian Meaning: защищать, хранить

Turkic: *Kōrɨ-

Mongolian: *kori-

Tungus-Manchu: *xurā-

Korean: *kằrí-

Comments: EAS 47, 107, 141, KW 193, SKE 98, Лексика 575. Doerfer (TMN 3, 450) and Щербак (1997, 141) consider Mong. to be borrowed from Turkic, which cannot be excluded.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ṑrV ( ~ -ŕ-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: dung, excrements

Russian Meaning: навоз

Mongolian: *korgul

Tungus-Manchu: *xōri-kta

Korean: *kǝrɨm

Comments: ТМС 2, 24.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ubà ( ~ -p-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: joy, joke

Russian Meaning: радость, шутка

Turkic: *Kɨb (*Kub)

Tungus-Manchu: *xebī- / *kupī- / *xupī-

Japanese: *kapaju-

Comments: The TM form has a rather peculiar variation of laryngeal features here; the original form must have been *xubī-.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ube ( ~ -p-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of fish

Russian Meaning: вид рыбы

Mongolian: *kobku

Tungus-Manchu: *xuja ( < *xubi-ja?)

Japanese: *kuàp(u)î

Comments: One of many common Altaic fish names; the precise sort of the fish denoted by the root is not quite clear.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ude

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: affair, trade

Russian Meaning: дело, торговля

Turkic: *küdü-

Mongolian: *kuda-ldu-

Tungus-Manchu: *xuda

Comments: A Western isogloss; the Turkic reflex is very scantily attested.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ùdì

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of skin working instrument; worked skin

Russian Meaning: вид инструмента для обработки шкур; обработанная шкура

Turkic: *kidiŕ

Mongolian: *ködü-sü

Tungus-Manchu: *xudekī

Japanese: *kùtùpìkì

Comments: In Turkic *kidiŕ < *küdiŕ (with secondary vowel assimilation); otherwise correspondences are regular.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ùkè

Meaning: to peel

Russian Meaning: сдирать шкуру

Turkic: *Koguĺ (?-k-)

Tungus-Manchu: *xuK-

Japanese: *kuàk-

Comments: The Tung.-Jpn. match seems to be satisfactory, but the Turkic parallel is not quite certain: in PT one would rather expect *Kokuĺ with voiceless -k-, but available attestations seem to point rather to *-g-. {Cf. PE *kaɣǝ-(ru) 'peeled off walrus skin'.}

Proto-Altaic: *k`ùla

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of big fish

Russian Meaning: вид большой рыбы

Mongolian: *kalimu

Tungus-Manchu: *xol-sa

Japanese: *kàra-

Comments: Doerfer MT 91 and Rozycki 130 consider Mong. to be borrowed < TM (Evk. kalim etc., see ТМС 1, 366-367); however, the direction of borrowing was probably reverse. This is one of several similar fish names, sometimes difficult to distinguish - see *kalu, *k`ile.

Proto-Altaic: *k`úĺa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: bark, scales; scab

Russian Meaning: кора, чешуя; струп

Turkic: *Kuĺ

Mongolian: *kolta-su, *koli-

Tungus-Manchu: *xolda-ksa

Japanese: *kásá

Comments: KW 182, Miller 1970, 129, АПиПЯЯ 293. Illich-Svitych (ОСНЯ 1,301, with Uralic parallels) compares Man. kola-, Evk. kūlū- 'to skin', but these are mongolisms (see ТМС 1,407); ТМ *xolda-ksa is a better match for the Mong. form.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ul(g)o

Meaning: reed, rush

Russian Meaning: тростник, камыш

Turkic: *Kulga

Mongolian: *kulu-su

Tungus-Manchu: *xulgu-

Korean: *kōr

Comments: KW 196, SKE 121, Цинциус 1984, 114-115, Дыбо 10, Rozycki 217. Cf. also Old Silla *koš 'reed', see Miller 1979, 23.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ŭli

Meaning: yellow, brown, grey

Russian Meaning: желтый, коричневый, серый

Turkic: *Kula

Mongolian: *küjilen

Comments: A Turko-Mong. isogloss. Mong. *küjile- regularly < *küli-le- with l-dissimilation. Turk. > Mong. qula (see TMN 3, 507, KW 195); Mong. > Evk. kula, Man. qulan, see Doerfer MT 100 > Kor. kora (mal) (see Lee 1958, 119).

Proto-Altaic: *k`úli ( ~ -o-, -ĺ-)

Meaning: to dig, cave

Russian Meaning: копать, яма

Mongolian: *küle-mǯi

Tungus-Manchu: *xulē-

Korean: *kùrhǝ́ŋ

Comments: On a possible Jpn. reflex see under *k`[ŭ]ri.

Proto-Altaic: *k`uli ( ~ -e)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to heat, burn

Russian Meaning: нагревать, жечь

Turkic: *kül-

Mongolian: *kölči-

Tungus-Manchu: *xuldü

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 281. A Western isogloss: we prefer now to separate MKor. kɨ́rɨ́m = TM *xurum- etc., see {*k`i̯ŭ̀ru(mV)}.

Proto-Altaic: *k`úlo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to roll, turn

Russian Meaning: катиться, вертеться

Turkic: *Kul-

Mongolian: *kol-ki-

Tungus-Manchu: *xol- / *xul-

Korean: *kùbɨ̀r-

Japanese: *kǝ́rǝ́-mp-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 288, ОСНЯ 1, 327 (with literature; Illich-Svitych also compares Mong. qoli- 'to mix', but does not list the Turkic and Japanese forms). Cf. also Mong. kölbe- 'to lie on one side' (KW 238), qolbir- `to slip sidewards'. The attribution of some forms is problematic: Turk. *Kul- may reflect a partial contamination with PA *gi̯ŭldo 'to stretch' (q. v.).; the Jpn. and Kor. forms, due to the merger of *r and *l, can actually also reflect PA *ki̯ṓr[i] q. v.; in Jpn. cf. also koro 'round log', korog- 'to roll, rotate'. Note that the MKor. form with -w-, -'- makes the affiliation of the Korean root questionable - unless it is a dissimilative development < *kurb-ɨr-, in which case it would be a morphological structure *k`úlo-bV- = PJ *kǝ́rǝ́mp-, Mong. kölbe-, qolbir-.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ume ( ~ -i̯u-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: black; coal

Russian Meaning: черный; уголь

Turkic: *kömür

Korean: *kǝ̄m-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 295. A Turk.-Kor. isogloss (cf. also Old Koguryo *kămul 'black', see Miller 1979, 8; perhaps also Manchu χumara- 'to sully', ТМС 1, 477). The comparison seems quite possible, although the scarcity of reflexes prevents a secure reconstruction of vocalism.

Proto-Altaic: *k`umi ( ~ -e)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: tent, temporary dwelling

Russian Meaning: шалаш, временное жилище

Turkic: *küme

Mongolian: *kömürge

Tungus-Manchu: *xoma-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`umV ( ~-o-)

Meaning: weak, lean

Russian Meaning: слабый, тощий

Mongolian: *komur, *komsa

Tungus-Manchu: *xum-

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ùńe

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to burn, get burnt

Russian Meaning: гореть, подгорать

Turkic: *köń-

Mongolian: *köɣe

Korean: *kɨ̀ńɨ̀r-

Japanese: *kuànkàra-

Comments: The Jpn. form reflects a suffixed *k`ùńe-KV-.

Proto-Altaic: *k`uŋgo (~-o-)

Meaning: to freeze, snow

Russian Meaning: замерзать, снег

Mongolian: *kuŋgar- / *küŋger-

Tungus-Manchu: *xuŋ-da-

Japanese: *kǝnkǝ(r)-

Comments: The Jpn. form may be alternatively compared with PTM *gekti- 'to freeze' (ТМС 1, 178). {Cf. PE *qǝnu 'slush ice' ?}

Proto-Altaic: *k`[ú]ŕa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: pole; finger, toe

Russian Meaning: палка; палец

Turkic: *K[a]ŕguk

Mongolian: *kuruɣu, *-gu

Tungus-Manchu: *xurū

Korean: *kàràk

Comments: EAS 88, 113, Цинциус 1984, 118, Дыбо 316-317. The Turkic vowel is not quite clear: cf. the variant *Kuŕguk; perhaps the forms reveal a variation *Kuŕgak / *Kaŕguk in early Turkic.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ùre

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: basket

Russian Meaning: корзина

Turkic: *Küri-

Tungus-Manchu: *xurid-

Korean: *kórí

Japanese: *kuà

Comments: Whitman 1985, 148. The Jpn. form is derived from a suffixed *k`ùr(e)-gV. Cf. *kúra(mV).

Proto-Altaic: *k`uŕe ( ~ -i)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of fur animal

Russian Meaning: вид животного с мехом

Turkic: *Küŕen

Mongolian: *kürene

Tungus-Manchu: *xur-

Comments: Лексика 163. A Western isogloss. Note also similar names for 'squirrel' in Mong. (keremü; borrowed in Evk. keremun etc., see Doerfer MT 123) and Siberian Turkic languages (Khak. körǝk, Yak. kürǯügäs etc., borrowed in Kalm. kȫrǝg, see KW 243, VEWT 293).

Proto-Altaic: *k`úrgo ( ~ -u)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: intestine, belly

Russian Meaning: кишки, живот

Turkic: *Kurg-sak

Mongolian: *kurkag

Tungus-Manchu: *xurke-

Korean: *kùrǝ̀i

Comments: KW 188, Лексика 278. The medial cluster behaves not quite regularly because of assimilation (in Mong., where *kurkag < *kurgag, and in TM, where *xurke < *xurge).

Proto-Altaic: *k`[ŭ]ri

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to rake up

Russian Meaning: сгребать

Turkic: *küre-

Mongolian: *kura-, *kurija-

Tungus-Manchu: *xeri- / *xeru-

Japanese: *kur-

Comments: EAS 97, KW 248, Poppe 79, Цинциус 1984, 121-122. The etymology seems quite probable, although the TM vocalism is not clear (a result of some contamination?). For Jpn., however, cf. alternatively PA *kū̀rV 'to cut out' or PA *k`uli 'dig' q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *k`usa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of tree (cedar, oak)

Russian Meaning: вид дерева (кедр, дуб)

Mongolian: *kusi

Tungus-Manchu: *xusikta

Japanese: *kasi

Comments: Цинциус 1984, 118. Cf. *kušu. Cf. also Kor. kasi 'acorn' (if not < Jpn.).

Proto-Altaic: *k`ut`V ( ~ -o-, -t-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to itch, scab

Russian Meaning: чесаться, зудеть

Turkic: *Kotur

Tungus-Manchu: *xutu-

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. See Цинциус 1984, 99-100. {PT also has *Kɨ̄tɨk- 'to tickle', see Egorov 102.}.

Proto-Altaic: *k`uǯV

Meaning: trace, to follow

Russian Meaning: след, следовать

Mongolian: *koǯi-

Tungus-Manchu: *xuǯa

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`uǯV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: part of stomach, bladder

Russian Meaning: часть желудка, мочевой пузырь

Mongolian: *kuǯirkaj

Tungus-Manchu: *xuǯük

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ū̀čV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of star

Russian Meaning: вид звезды

Turkic: *Kučɨk

Tungus-Manchu: *xōsi-kta

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. For Nostratic parallels (Ural. *kVnśV, PIE *g'hweisdh- 'star') see Sinor 1973, 392-393 (but Mong. hodun should of course be kept apart), Долгопольский 1965, 263.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ū̀jlu ( ~ -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: ear; to hear

Russian Meaning: ухо; слышать

Turkic: *Kul-kak

Mongolian: *kul-ki

Tungus-Manchu: *xūl-

Korean: *kúi

Japanese: *kí-k-

Comments: AKE 11, EAS 142, KW 196, Poppe 18, 75, АПиПЯЯ 52-53, 276, Дыбо 14, Лексика 205. The Mong. form can hardly be explained as a Turk. loanword (despite Щербак 1997, 143; Doerfer in TMN 4, 296 writes: "...unsicher"). Cf. Ordos xulugu 'the ear of animal', Khalkha xulgavč 'eared cap'. The Jpn. form has an irregular high tone (Turk., Tung. and Kor. pointing unanimously to * ̀); this, as well as the vowel -i- is probably due to a contraction. Medial *-jl- has to be reconstructed to account for -i- in Korean.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ū̀ĺa (~-o,-u)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of big bird

Russian Meaning: вид большой птицы

Turkic: *Kuĺ

Mongolian: *kuladu

Tungus-Manchu: *xōlī

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 281, Дыбо 9, Лексика 168. A Western isogloss. The Turk. form can also be compared with PTM *kila- "a k. of aquatic bird" or *kulV- id.

Proto-Altaic: *k`ū̀ńi ( ~ -e)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: knot, to tie knots

Russian Meaning: узел, завязывать узлы

Mongolian: *küjir

Tungus-Manchu: *xūńē-

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. In other languages cf. perhaps: OT köndegü 'necklace' (EDT 730).

Proto-Altaic: *k`ū́ŕkV

Meaning: glowing coals

Russian Meaning: раскаленные уголья

Turkic: *kȫŕ

Tungus-Manchu: *xurk-

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. A Turk.-Mong. derivative of this root may be the name of 'lead', PT *Korguĺ(č)in (see Лексика 407-408, ЭСТЯ 6, 172-174 ), Mong. qorɣalǯi, qorɣolči. If this is the case, there is no need to assume a borrowing either in Turk. < Mong. (despite Лексика ibid.), or in Mong. < Turk. (despite TMN 3, 453, Щербак 1997, 141).

Proto-Altaic: *k`V̀sá ( ~ k-, g-, -č-)

Meaning: hat, umbrella

Russian Meaning: шляпа, зонтик

Korean: *kás

Japanese: *kàsá

Comments: EAS 155. Cf. also MKor. kòs-kár 'hat'. Formally this Kor.-Jpn. isogloss may be derived from PA *k`i̯ū̀ča 'skin from animal's paw' (if the original meaning is postulated as 'skin covering'?); however, until some additional information is available, we prefer to keep these two etyma apart.

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