Слова алтайского праязыка (*I)

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Здесь представлен реконструированный словарный фонд праалтайского языка, начинающийся на фонему *I- (X корней). из общеалтайской этимологической БД проекта "Вавилонская башня" Московской школы компаративистики.

Proto-Altaic: *i

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a deictic root

Russian Meaning: дейктическая основа

Turkic: *ɨ-na-

Mongolian: *i-nu-

Tungus-Manchu: *i

Korean: *í

Japanese: *i

Comments: SKE 66, ОСНЯ 1, 271-272, АПиПЯЯ 56-57, 297.

Proto-Altaic: *ìbè

Meaning: door, yard

Russian Meaning: дверь, двор

Turkic: *eb

Mongolian: *eɣüde

Tungus-Manchu: *ib-le

Korean: *íp

Japanese: *ìpùa

Comments: Menges 1982, 109. A good common Altaic root; if TM *īb-ǯe belongs here, can be reconstructed as *ī̀be.

Proto-Altaic: *ìbè ( ~ -p-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: grain

Russian Meaning: зерно

Turkic: *ebin

Tungus-Manchu: *ibi-

Korean: *pjǝ́

Japanese: *ìpì

Comments: In Kor. a frequent initial vowel reduction occurred.

Proto-Altaic: *ibk`V

Meaning: a k. of vessel

Russian Meaning: вид сосуда

Turkic: *ükek

Mongolian: *(h)ükeg

Tungus-Manchu: *ibkē-n

Japanese: *ukupa

Comments: Mong. may be < Turk., but otherwise the root seems quite reliable.

Proto-Altaic: *ĭ̀če

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to go, reach, get ready to go

Russian Meaning: идти, достигать, собираться пойти

Mongolian: *iču-

Tungus-Manchu: *is-

Japanese: *ìsuà(n)k-

Comments: One of the common Altaic verbs of motion.

Proto-Altaic: *ič`u

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: inside

Russian Meaning: внутренность

Turkic: *ič

Mongolian: *(h)iči-

Japanese: *utu

Comments: Basically a Turk.-Mong. isogloss; the Jpn. reflex is somewhat dubious because of the influence of *ṓŕì > PJ *útì q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *ič`V

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to hope, see

Russian Meaning: видеть, надеяться

Mongolian: *(h)iča-

Tungus-Manchu: *iče-

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *idV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to follow, lead, arrange

Russian Meaning: следовать, вести, расставлять по порядку

Turkic: *Eder-

Mongolian: *iǯi

Tungus-Manchu: *idu-

Comments: A Western isogloss. The original meaning here is probably "arrange in order", whence all the other meanings are easily deduced. Cf. similar roots: *ădV, *i̯ude, with a possibility of secondary contaminations.

Proto-Altaic: *ijsV

Meaning: soot, smoke

Russian Meaning: копоть, дым

Turkic: *ɨjs

Mongolian: *(h)isu

Comments: Poppe 116, VEWT 167, KW 210, АПиПЯЯ 286, Лексика 371. A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. Cf. Kor. ìs 'moss' (?)

Proto-Altaic: *ĭ̀k`i ( ~ -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to live, settle

Russian Meaning: жить, селиться

Tungus-Manchu: *ix[ē]-

Japanese: *ìk-

Comments: A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *iĺa

Meaning: to rub, smear

Russian Meaning: тереть, мазать

Turkic: *ɨĺɨ-

Mongolian: *(h)il(b)i-

Tungus-Manchu: *ilba, *ile-

Korean: *ǝru-

Comments: KW 207, Tekin 1975, 280, Street 1980, 296. The Korean form may belong here if it is historically distinct from *ǝrɨ- 'fondle' < *i̯áĺa q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *ìla

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: evident, visible

Russian Meaning: очевидный, видимый

Turkic: *iler-

Mongolian: *ile

Tungus-Manchu: *il-

Japanese: *àràp-ar-

Comments: The Karakh. form is isolated, but borrowing is hardly possible here.

Proto-Altaic: *ile

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to drive

Russian Meaning: гнать

Turkic: *ẹl-t-, *ẹl-č-

Mongolian: *ileɣe-

Tungus-Manchu: *ilbe-

Comments: Дыбо 13. A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *ílék`a ( ~ *élík`a, -k-)

Meaning: front, before

Russian Meaning: перед, прежде

Turkic: *il(i)k

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)elekē-s

Japanese: *áráka-

Comments: Cf. Bur. eĺge(n) 'sunny side, Southern slope'.

Proto-Altaic: *iĺkV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to hope, believe

Russian Meaning: надеяться, верить

Turkic: *ɨĺan- / *iĺen-

Mongolian: *ilga-

Tungus-Manchu: *ilkV-

Comments: Дыбо 14. A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *ìlù

Meaning: third (or next after three), consisting of three objects

Russian Meaning: третий (или четвертый после трех), состоящий из трех предметов

Turkic: *ölöŋ

Tungus-Manchu: *ilan

Japanese: *ùrùpu

Comments: An interesting etymon; the original meaning can be probably reconstructed as "(a group of) three objects, followed by a fourth". The Turkic form must represent a vowel assimilation < *ilöŋ.

Proto-Altaic: *ilV ( ~ -ĺ-)

Meaning: to stand, become

Russian Meaning: стоять, становиться

Tungus-Manchu: *ili-

Korean: *īr-

Comments: Martin 1996, 75. A Tung.-Kor. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *ilVmV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: elm-tree, mulberry-tree

Turkic: *ilme

Mongolian: *(h)ilama

Comments: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *ìmé

Meaning: now

Russian Meaning: сейчас

Turkic: *em-

Mongolian: *(h)ima-gta

Tungus-Manchu: *ime-

Korean: *ima-

Japanese: *ìmá

Comments: Лексика 83.

Proto-Altaic: *ìmè ( ~ -i)

Meaning: a k. of vegetable

Russian Meaning: вид корнеплода

Korean: *máh

Japanese: *ìmǝ̀ (~-ua)

Comments: Whitman 1985, 180, 237. A Kor.-Jpn. isogloss, so the reconstruction is rather approximate. Cf. perhaps Oroch impai 'a k. of onion (порей)' (ТМС 1, 313); Orok imu 'potato' (ibid.) may be < Jpn.

Proto-Altaic: *ĭ́na

Meaning: dawn, dusk

Russian Meaning: рассвет, сумерки

Turkic: *ɨŋɨr

Tungus-Manchu: *ine-

Korean: *ǝ̀ńɨ̀r-ɨm

Comments: Лексика 81-82. The Turk. form reflects a velar suffix (cf. PTM *ine-ŋi 'day, dawn'). Cf. perhaps OJpn. ina-(bjikari) 'lightning' ('light in darkness'?).

Proto-Altaic: *ińo

Meaning: to laugh

Russian Meaning: смеяться

Mongolian: *(h)inije-

Tungus-Manchu: *ińe-

Korean: *ūń-

Comments: EAS 114, KW 208, Poppe 70, Robbeets 2000, 111. Mong., with a strange reflex of *h- in Southern dialects (opposed to 0- in MMong.) may in fact reflect a contamination: cf. Evk. heŋne- 'to laugh' (see under *p`éŋi). In any case, despite Doerfer MT 23, the TM root is hardly < Mong.

Proto-Altaic: *íŋo

Meaning: to neigh

Russian Meaning: ржать

Turkic: *ɨŋɨra-

Mongolian: *iŋča-

Tungus-Manchu: *iŋi-

Japanese: *íná-nak-

Comments: An expressive root, but quite regular and doubtlessly common.

Proto-Altaic: *iŋV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: shallow place

Russian Meaning: отмель

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)iŋā

Korean: *jǝ̄ ( < *i'ǝ)

Japanese: *ía

Comments: See SKE 76. An Eastern isogloss; the Jpn. form presupposes *iŋ(V)-gV, with further contraction.

Proto-Altaic: *ipa ( ~ -b-)

Meaning: shell

Russian Meaning: раковина

Mongolian: *(h)ibawu

Tungus-Manchu: *ibu-kta ( ~ *igu-kta)

Japanese: *apampi

Comments: Cf. also OJ ebi 'shrimp, shellfish' - perhaps an old dialectal variant of the same root.

Proto-Altaic: *ipe ( ~ i̯a-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: cold, winter

Russian Meaning: холод, зима

Mongolian: *ebül

Tungus-Manchu: *ibaksa

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *ip`i (~-p-,-e)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: mouth; to say

Russian Meaning: рот; сказать, говорить

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)ipke-

Korean: *íp

Japanese: *íp-

Comments: Martin 249, АПиПЯЯ 111, 277. An Eastern isogloss (but cf. perhaps Mong. abija(n) (L 4), Khalkha av́a, Bur. ab́a 'sound' ( < *ibaja ?); on a possible Turkic parallel see under *ŏ́t`è); seems reliable, despite a tonal discrepancy between Kor. and Jpn.

Proto-Altaic: *ire

Meaning: to melt

Russian Meaning: таять

Turkic: *ẹri-

Tungus-Manchu: *irū-

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *ìri ( ~ *e-)

Meaning: to rot, pus, be sick

Russian Meaning: гнить, гной, болеть

Turkic: *iri-

Mongolian: *(h)ereke-

Japanese: *ìtà-

Comments: KW 125.

Proto-Altaic: *íru

Meaning: song

Russian Meaning: песня

Turkic: *ɨr

Mongolian: *ira-ɣu

Tungus-Manchu: *ir-ke-

Korean: *ɨrp-

Japanese: *útá

Comments: Mong. may be < Turk. (cf. Karakh. jɨraɣu 'singer', see TMN 4, 242, Щербак 1997, 164). Note also PJ *útá-p- 'sing' = Kor. *ɨr-p-.

Proto-Altaic: *ìsú

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to crush, grind; bite

Russian Meaning: ломать, размалывать; кусать

Turkic: *ɨsɨr-

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)ise-

Korean: *ɨsɨr-

Japanese: *ùsú

Comments: SKE 73 (Kor.-Tung.), АПиПЯЯ 281.

Proto-Altaic: *isV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to pinch, pluck out

Russian Meaning: выщипывать, выдергивать

Turkic: *iske-

Tungus-Manchu: *is-

Comments: A Tung.-Turk. isogloss; not quite reliable because the Turkic form may reflect a contamination with *p`i̯úsa q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *ite ( ~ *eti)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to eat

Russian Meaning: есть

Turkic: *et-mek

Mongolian: *ide-

Comments: A Turkic-Mong. isogloss, but no doubt archaic: a Nostratic etymology see in МССНЯ 340, ОСНЯ 1, 273-4.

Proto-Altaic: *ìtí

Meaning: board

Russian Meaning: доска

Mongolian: *(h)ideɣür

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)ite

Japanese: *ìtá

Comments: The Mong. reflex is somewhat dubious (because of a secondary merger with *ide- 'eat, feed'), but the Tung.-Jpn. match still seems reliable.

Proto-Altaic: *ĭ̀t`á

Meaning: to rely, trust, take upon oneself

Russian Meaning: доверять, полагаться, брать на себя

Mongolian: *itege-

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)iti

Japanese: *àntùkàr-

Comments: The root should be kept distinct from *ḗt`a, although they tend to be confused.

Proto-Altaic: *ìt`ù

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to hit, push

Russian Meaning: бить, толкать

Turkic: *it-

Mongolian: *ete-

Japanese: *ùt-

Comments: Cf. perhaps Evn. ịtъ̣ŋ- 'to flounce, thrash about' (ТМС 1, 333).

Proto-Altaic: *it`VKV

Meaning: a k. of (big) bird

Russian Meaning: вид крупной птицы

Mongolian: *it-

Tungus-Manchu: *itiknija

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ắbò

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: {rage, anger}

Russian Meaning: {гнев, ярость}

Turkic: *(i)ăba

Mongolian: *(h)öɣe ~ *(h)eɣö

Tungus-Manchu: *ub(u)-

Japanese: *ámpárá-

Proto-Altaic: *i̯agu ( ~ *i̯oga)

Meaning: hips, space between hips

Russian Meaning: ляжки, место между ляжками

Turkic: *(i)ag

Mongolian: *aɣarčak

Tungus-Manchu: *oga

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯àk`ì ( ~ -k-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: liquid, flow

Russian Meaning: жидкость, течь

Turkic: *iak-

Tungus-Manchu: *iaKu

Japanese: *ìkà-i

Comments: Мудрак Дисс. 196.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯áĺa

Meaning: female; to seduce, to frolic

Russian Meaning: женщина; соблазнять, проказничать

Turkic: *eĺi

Korean: *ǝ̀r'ù-

Japanese: *ásuámp-

Comments: ? Cf. Evk. ilu 'pregnant' (ТМС 1, 311).

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ámu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: hole, pit

Russian Meaning: дыра, яма

Turkic: *(i)am

Mongolian: *(h)uma-

Tungus-Manchu: *umu-

Korean: *ùmúk-

Japanese: *úmá-

Comments: Cf. also notes to *úmu 'to bear' (the reflexes of which tend to merge with the reflexes of *i̯ámu with specialized meanings 'vulva, genitals').

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ánti(-kV)

Meaning: a k. of small predator

Russian Meaning: вид небольшого хищника

Turkic: *(i)anduk ( ~ -nt-)

Tungus-Manchu: *iandaku

Korean: *jǝ̀ń

Comments: Дыбо 9, Лексика 159.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ańu

Meaning: line, furrow

Russian Meaning: борозда, черта

Turkic: *En

Mongolian: *(h)oji-su

Tungus-Manchu: *ońa-

Japanese: *ùnài

Comments: The root is very similar to *i̯ū́ńa 'pit, ravine' and *i̯ŭ́ne 'notch (on arrow)' q. v., and there could have been some interaction between them - which could, in particular, explain Turk. -n instead of the expected *-ń.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ằpV

Meaning: to bend, turn; hook

Russian Meaning: гнуть, поворачивать; крюк

Turkic: *ebir-

Mongolian: *eb-

Tungus-Manchu: *oboka

Japanese: *àpùkuà

Comments: ЭСТЯ 1, 500. The Turkic form is hard to separate, although one would rather expect a back vowel (*iab-) here. There indeed exists a PT root *(i)abɨ- 'to bend, fall, swing' (Tat. avu- 'to bend, fall', Oyr. abɨ-, Tuva aa-t-tɨn- 'to swing', Kirgh. oo- 'to bend on one side, fall, swing, also in a play', oon- 'to roll, as a dog', Kaz. awu-, awɨn-, avɨ-t-qu- 'id.', Nogh. avɨ-, avna-, avda- 'id.', Bashk. aw-, awn-, awδ- 'id.', KBalk. aw-, awan-, awda- 'id.', Karaim avd-, Kum. avun-), whose relationship to *ebir- is not quite clear. {Cf. PE *uvǝ-ʁ- (-a-) 'to turn upside down, to tilt, round'}

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ap`i ( ~ *i̯op`u)

Meaning: to break

Russian Meaning: ломать

Mongolian: *ebde-

Tungus-Manchu: *iapu-

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ap`u

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: adze

Russian Meaning: долото

Turkic: *Apɨl

Mongolian: *oɣuli

Tungus-Manchu: *upa

Comments: KW 292, VEWT 2. A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ăp`u ( ~ *i̯ŏp`a)

Meaning: to hide, conceal

Russian Meaning: прятать, скрывать

Turkic: *Apɨ-

Mongolian: *(h)ob

Tungus-Manchu: *op-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ằré

Meaning: lower jaw, chin

Russian Meaning: нижняя челюсть, подбородок

Turkic: *Erin

Mongolian: *eriwü-

Tungus-Manchu: *irki

Japanese: *ǝ̀tǝ́(n)kapi

Comments: KW 299, Дыбо 308, Лексика 227.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯àrgi ( ~ -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: wild beast of prey

Russian Meaning: назв. хищного животного

Tungus-Manchu: *iarga

Korean: *írhì

Comments: A Tung.-Kor. isogloss. In Kor. one has to suppose a secondary monophthongization (*jǝ́rhì > *írhì), cf. the attested Old Koguryo *yaši ( = *yarhi) 'wolf' (see Miller 1979, 10).

Proto-Altaic: *i̯aru

Meaning: young (of an animal)

Russian Meaning: молодой (о животном)

Turkic: *Arkun (?)

Mongolian: *(h)ori

Tungus-Manchu: *ora-

Korean: *ǝ̀rí-

Comments: The Turkic reflex is somewhat questionable; it belongs here if we suppose a semantic development 'young (animal)' > 'young horse, stallion'.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ā́ga

Meaning: to fall over, shake

Russian Meaning: переваливаться, трястись

Turkic: *iāg-

Mongolian: *(h)egeji-

Tungus-Manchu: *iaga-

Comments: A Western isogloss. Despite some confusion in Turkic, should be kept distinct from *ḗga 'rise' q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ā́ga ( ~ -i)

Meaning: a k. of disease

Russian Meaning: вид болезни

Turkic: *īg

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)iag-

Japanese: *ia ~ *ai

Comments: Cf. Bur. jogšo- 'to ache, nag'. Turk. *īg is perhaps a result of secondary narrowing < *(i)ēg. In TM there exists also an apparent derivative *iagsi- 'to sneeze' which is very similar to PT *aksɨr- (*agsɨr-) id. (see ЭСТЯ 1, 194-195). This may be either an old derivative, phonetically distorted in Turkic, or an independent onomatopoeic root.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ā́gi

Meaning: fat

Russian Meaning: жир

Turkic: *jāg

Mongolian: *eɣükü, *öɣekü

Tungus-Manchu: *iag-ǯakta

Comments: ТМС 1, 337 (TM-Turk.), АПиПЯЯ 282. A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ā́k`V

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: light, white

Russian Meaning: светлый, белый

Turkic: *Āk

Mongolian: *jagaɣan

Tungus-Manchu: *ixere

Korean: *ikɨr-

Japanese: *áká-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 110, 277. The final vowel is not quite clear: some languages point to *-i or *-e, others - rather to *-a.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ā́tá ( ~ -t`-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to give, gift

Russian Meaning: давать

Turkic: *(i)ātag

Korean: *tā-

Japanese: *átápá-

Comments: Korean demonstrates a frequent vowel elision. Phonetically a good match would be PTM *iata 'ritual pollution, desecration in child-birth', but the meaning appears too specialized.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯obo ( ~ *i̯ubi)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: near, come near

Russian Meaning: близкий, приближаться

Mongolian: *ojira

Tungus-Manchu: *ibē-

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ŏ́de

Meaning: skin, to tan

Russian Meaning: шкура, дубить шкуру

Turkic: *ed-

Mongolian: *(h)ideɣe

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)odinsa

Comments: Лексика 377. A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯oĺe

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: food

Russian Meaning: пища

Turkic: *(i)aĺ, *(i)aĺ-a-

Mongolian: *öl

Tungus-Manchu: *ulī-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯òmke

Meaning: to crawl, move

Russian Meaning: ползти, двигаться

Turkic: *Emgek-

Mongolian: *ömkeri-, *önkeri-

Japanese: *ùnkǝ̀k-

Comments: For possible TM reflexes see under *ṑnV; cf. also PTM *uŋki- 'send' (ТМС 2, 277-278).

Proto-Altaic: *i̯òpe

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to cover; to wear

Russian Meaning: покрывать; носить (одежду)

Mongolian: *ibeɣe-

Tungus-Manchu: *upsi

Korean: *psɨ́-

Japanese: *ǝ̀p-

Comments: Korean has a frequent initial vowel reduction.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯op`érV ( ~ *i̯ap`órV, -ŕ-)

Meaning: horn

Russian Meaning: рог

Mongolian: *eber

Tungus-Manchu: *opora

Korean: *s-pɨ́r

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 46, 291. One of the cases with "prefixed" s- in Korean body part names (cf. also *s-pjǝ́ 'bone', *s-kòrí 'tail').

Proto-Altaic: *i̯òre

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: male, young male

Russian Meaning: самец, молодой самец

Turkic: *ẹr-kek

Mongolian: *(h)üreɣe

Tungus-Manchu: *ur

Korean: *óràpí

Japanese: *ǝ̀tǝ

Comments: The Turkic forms should be kept apart from the reflexes of *ēr < *ā́ri q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ŏ̀t`à(mu) ( ~ *i̯ằt`ò-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: top of head, head

Russian Meaning: темя, голова

Tungus-Manchu: *utumuk

Korean: *utu

Japanese: *àtàmà

Comments: An Eastern isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ṓle

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to hang on (smth.), hang on hook

Russian Meaning: вешать (на что-л.), висеть на крюке

Turkic: *īl-

Mongolian: *elgü-

Tungus-Manchu: *ol-

Korean: *ori

Comments: SKE 178, EAS 106, Poppe 76 (Turk.-Mong.; assumption of Mong. being borrowed from Turk., see Щербак 1997, 120, is improbable). Turk. has a somewhat unexpected narrowing: *īl- instead of *ẹ̄l-; however, the etymology still seems probable (despite Doerfer's categorical refusal: "lautgesetzlich unmöglich"; see TMN 2, 214).

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ṓĺe

Meaning: to weave, bind

Russian Meaning: ткать, связывать

Turkic: *ēĺ-

Mongolian: *(h)el-tü-

Tungus-Manchu: *ul-

Korean: *jǝ̄r-

Comments: Дыбо 1997a (Turk.-Mong.)

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ṑt`íkV

Meaning: a k. of berry

Russian Meaning: вид ягоды

Tungus-Manchu: *ōkta

Korean: *òtắi

Japanese: *ìtí(n)kuà

Comments: Accent in Korean is irregular. An Eastern isogloss; cf. Yak. oton 'berry' (isolated in Turkic, but perhaps archaic). {Cf. Drav. *at-i 'fig'.}

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ùbú

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to be hungry, exhausted

Russian Meaning: быть голодным, истощенным

Mongolian: *öje-

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)ob-

Korean: *īb-, *ìbúr-

Japanese: *ùwá-

Comments: Ozawa 184-185. Korean has a "verbal" low tone.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯úb[u]

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to dig, hole

Russian Meaning: копать, яма

Turkic: *oba

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)ub-gā

Japanese: *úwa-

Comments: ЭСТЯ 1, 403 (Turk.-Tung.). The vocalism is not quite secure: the diphthong must be reconstructed because of Jpn. *-w-, but in Turkic one would rather expect *ɨba in this case (perhaps *ɨba > *uba > *oba because of later vowel assimilations).

Proto-Altaic: *i̯uda

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: ornament

Russian Meaning: украшение

Tungus-Manchu: *udī-

Japanese: *aja

Comments: A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ude

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to imitate, to simulate

Russian Meaning: подражать, имитировать

Turkic: *öd-kün-

Japanese: *ǝja(n)si

Comments: A Turk.-Jpn. isogloss; but cf. *ădV, *idV, with a possibility of interaction.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯udi(rV)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to choose

Russian Meaning: выбирать

Turkic: *üdür-

Mongolian: *ödü-

Japanese: *iàr- ~ *aìr-

Comments: The Jpn. form must be derived < *idar- < *idi-ra-. Mong. reveals a causative meaning here: *'make choose' > 'instigate, urge'.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ŭdu

Meaning: wonder, supernatural

Russian Meaning: чудо, сверхъестественный

Turkic: *ɨduk

Mongolian: *id-

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)odu

Japanese: *i / *ju

Comments: Ozawa 52-53, 177-181. Despite Щербак 1997, 120, not a borrowing in Mong. < Turk. The Middle Jpn. itiko 'virgin consecrated to a deity, sorceress' (with a later form itako id.), which is compared by Miller (1985, 148) directly with the Mong. form, should be treated as a secondary distortion of *i-tu-kua (lit.) 'sacred girl'.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯uga

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: child, son

Russian Meaning: ребенок, сын

Turkic: *ogul

Mongolian: *öɣele ~ *oɣala

Korean: *àhắi

Comments: It is interesting to note OJ akwo 'child' (usually in addressing) - usually regarded as a-kwo "my child", which may be a folk etymology. Cf. also WMong. (L 16) aɣul ači 'one's own grandson or descendant' ( < Turk.?).

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ugerV

Meaning: enclosure for cattle

Russian Meaning: загон для скота

Turkic: *ögür

Tungus-Manchu: *ugi(r)-

Korean: *ur-

Japanese: *bǝri

Comments: Martin 227 (Kor.-Jpn.). Original vocalism is somewhat uncertain; a diphthong must be reconstructed to account for loss of *-g- in Jpn. (where *bǝri < *uǝri < *i̯ugVri).

Proto-Altaic: *i̯uge(ŕV)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: river, small river

Russian Meaning: река, речка

Turkic: *ügüŕ (~ *ö-)

Mongolian: *üjer

Tungus-Manchu: *ugē(r)- / *ug-be(n)

Korean: *jǝ̀hɨ́r

Japanese: *ùrà

Comments: KW 456, Владимирцов 323, (Turk.-Mong.), PKE 63 (Kor.-Turk.). Low tone in Jpn. (not matching the low tone in Kor.) is probably due to contraction. The Mong. form cannot be separated, despite TMN 2, 156 ("lautgesetzlich mit der tü. Form nichts zu tun"). One should also note PTM *üge-n 'river duct' (Neg. īɣen, Ud. jogo-so, Ul. ui-n, ТМС 1, 297, 2, 250); PT *ögen (OUygh. ögen, Oyr. ȫn).

Proto-Altaic: *i̯úgu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: up, above

Russian Meaning: верх, наверху

Turkic: *jüg-

Mongolian: *öɣe-, *ög-se-

Tungus-Manchu: *ug-

Korean: *ùh

Japanese: *ú-pa-

Comments: EAS 146-147, Poppe 60, Rozycki 222 (Mong.-Tung.), Martin 247, Menges 1984, 291, АПиПЯЯ 15, 81, SKE 284. This is a well known Altaic root, and the Mong.-Tung.-Kor. match seems undeniable. Doerfer first tried to abolish the obvious Mong.-Tung. parallel by attempting to postulate the original meaning in Mong. as "opposite" (see TMN 1, 168-169), then included it into his list of Mong.>Tung. borrowings (Doerfer MT 25): both positions are certainly untenable. However, the Turkic and Japanese reflexes here are not devoid of problems. The Turkic reflex reveals an exceptional preservation of *i̯u- as jü- (regularly *ɨg- would be expected) - which may be explained by the inner Turkic confusion of the synonymous roots *jüg- and *jok- ( < *ŋi̯ṑk`è q. v.). The Japanese match can be (and has been traditionally) explained as a compound of *u- 'top' with *pa (*ba) 'place' (v. sub *bi̯ŏ̀ga). However, in case of a compound we would rather expect *u-m-pa. It should be also noticed that the form *úpa- itself is very frequent as a first component of compounds, while the root *ú- alone is never attested. This all may mean that the Japanese form actually reflects a different root (with a medial labial consonant), or a merger of PA *i̯ugu with some different root. Such a root may be perhaps discovered in TM (*ebu-ri- 'to lift, raise', see ТМС 2, 471) and Mong. (Kh. övx- 'to rise'), with a provisional reconstruction of PA *ébu {(*épu)}.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ùjŋula

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to weep, howl

Russian Meaning: рыдать, выть

Turkic: *ɨjŋala-

Mongolian: *ujila-

Japanese: *ùnàr-

Comments: An onomatopaeic root, but with a rather precise phonetic matching between Turkic, Mongolian and Japanese.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯úle

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to measure, compare

Russian Meaning: мерить, сравнивать

Turkic: *ül-, *öl-č-

Mongolian: *üli-

Tungus-Manchu: *ül(k)e-

Korean: *ǝ̀rkùr

Comments: Note the widespread velar suffixation and the identity Mong. *üliger = Kor. *ǝ̀rkùr.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ùlò

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: hollow, hole, intestine

Russian Meaning: полый, дыра, внутренность

Turkic: *oluk

Mongolian: *(h)olugaj

Tungus-Manchu: *ül-

Japanese: *ùruà

Comments: Turkic and Mongolian reflect a common derivative *i̯ùlò-kV.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ùme ( ~ -o)

Meaning: to tie, strap, belt

Russian Meaning: затягивать, ремень

Mongolian: *(h)umaji-

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)üm-

Korean: *ùmɨ̀i-

Japanese: *ǝ̀mpí

Comments: SKE 286, EAS 117. Korean has a usual verbal low tone. The Jpn. form reflects fusion with an original labial suffix (*ǝ̀mpí < *i̯ùme-bV = Mong. *umuji-). Cf. also *i̯umi.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯umi

Meaning: a k. of clothing

Russian Meaning: вид одежды

Turkic: *(i)öm

Mongolian: *emü- (*ömü-)

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)im-

Comments: Лексика 478. A Western isogloss. In TM a reconstruction *üm- is also not excluded; if this is the case the root should be reconstructed as *i̯ume and would be just a specialization of *i̯ùme 'tie, belt': 'girdled clothes'.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯úmu

Meaning: a k. of fruit or berry

Russian Meaning: вид плода или ягоды

Turkic: *imiti ( ~ *ɨmɨt)

Tungus-Manchu: *uma-kta

Japanese: *úmái

Comments: The Jpn. word is usually derived from Middle Chinese moj 'plum', but the problem here is the same as in the word for 'horse' (see *ènŋù): inexplicable initial u- in Japanese. The matches in TM and Turkic may provide an alternative Altaic explanation of Jpn. *úmái.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯umu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to help, gather

Russian Meaning: помогать, собирать(ся)

Turkic: *im-

Mongolian: *öm-

Tungus-Manchu: *umī-

Korean: *umur-

Comments: A reliable common Altaic root; a small problem is fronted *im- instead of the expected *ɨm- in Turkic.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ŭ́ne

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: notch (on arrow)

Russian Meaning: зарубка (на стреле)

Mongolian: *oni

Tungus-Manchu: *ün-

Korean: *ònắi

Comments: VEWT 362, Цинциус 1984, 43. The Kor. word is regarded as borrowed from Mong. in Lee 1964, 192, which is somewhat dubious (-ă- is unexplainable). See also notes to *i̯ū́ńa and *i̯ańu.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ŭ̀ni

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to live, rest

Russian Meaning: жить, отдыхать

Mongolian: *ün-ǯi-

Tungus-Manchu: *in-

Korean: *nūi

Japanese: *ìnǝ̀-tí

Comments: MKor. has a frequent initial vowel reduction.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯uńŋu ( ~ -a)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to breathe, smell

Russian Meaning: дышать, нюхать

Turkic: *ɨn-tɨk

Mongolian: *(h)oŋguli-

Tungus-Manchu: *uńŋu-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯unu

Meaning: cow

Russian Meaning: корова

Turkic: *in-gek (/*ɨn-gak), *in-ken

Mongolian: *üniɣen

Comments: EAS 114, Владимирцов 175. A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. Despite Щербак 1997, 163 Mong. cannot be borrowed from Turk.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯upo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to be ashamed, taken aback

Russian Meaning: стыдиться, приходить в замешательство

Turkic: *ubut

Mongolian: *ubaj

Tungus-Manchu: *üb-

Japanese: *ǝpǝpǝ-

Comments: All languages reflect the root with different derivational suffixes; the simple verbal stem is perhaps preserved only in Manchu.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ure

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of foliage tree

Russian Meaning: вид лиственного дерева

Turkic: *ɨrgaj

Tungus-Manchu: *ürē-kte

Korean: *ori

Japanese: *utu-kui

Comments: Turkic forms are usually derived < Mong. irɣaj id., but the direction of borrowing may be opposite; however, Yak. ɨarɣa is certainly < Mong.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯uŕo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: long; late

Russian Meaning: длинный, долгий; поздний, давний

Turkic: *uŕɨ-n, *uŕa-k

Mongolian: *urtu, *uri-du

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)ir- ~ (x)ür-

Korean: *òrá-

Comments: EAS 112, KW 452, Poppe 81, АПиПЯЯ 34, 283. Cf. *ūre.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ùru

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: joy

Russian Meaning: радость

Turkic: *ɨra

Mongolian: *urma

Tungus-Manchu: *uru-

Japanese: *ùrià-

Comments: One of numerous common Altaic terms of emotion.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯úrù

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to gather, crowd

Russian Meaning: собирать(ся), толпа

Turkic: *irk-

Mongolian: *ir-, *irge-

Tungus-Manchu: *urū-

Korean: *ur

Japanese: *ú(n)tì

Comments: KW 209, Martin 228, Lee 25-26. Cf. Old Koguryo *uš (see Miller 1979, 17).

Proto-Altaic: *i̯úse

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to grow, sprout

Russian Meaning: расти, прорастать

Turkic: *ös-

Mongolian: *ös-

Tungus-Manchu: *üse-

Korean: *ìsàk

Comments: Poppe 108. In Kor. one has to suppose a secondary reduction *jǝ̀sVk > *ìsàk; otherwise the correspondences are regular.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ū̀ču

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to become free, retire, disappear

Russian Meaning: освобождаться, отступать, пропадать

Turkic: *ɨč-

Tungus-Manchu: *ōs-

Japanese: *us-

Comments: Cf. also Kalm. usχǝ- 'to become free' (KW 452) - if not < Turk. The Jpn. form can be alternatively compared with MKor. irh- 'to lose'.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ū́du

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to lead, direct

Russian Meaning: вести, направлять

Turkic: *ɨ̄d-

Mongolian: *udu-

Comments: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ū̀ge

Meaning: to knead, press, crush

Russian Meaning: месить, мять, ломать

Turkic: *ög-

Mongolian: *uɣur

Tungus-Manchu: *ǖ(g)-

Comments: A Western isogloss. Cf. *p`i̯ṑpo. Despite TMN 2, 151, Chag. oɣur and other late attested Turkic forms are most probably < Mong. (see Ligeti 1954, 110).

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ū́ńa ( ~ -u, -e)

Meaning: pit, ravine

Russian Meaning: яма, овраг

Turkic: *ījn

Mongolian: *(h)oni

Tungus-Manchu: *uńi ( ~ ü-)

Comments: A Western isogloss. It is somewhat difficult to distinguish PA *i̯ū́ńa 'pit, ravine', *i̯ŭ́ne 'notch (on arrow)' and *i̯ańu 'line, furrow' because of natural contaminations, but such a distinction seems necessary.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ū́ŕgi (?)

Meaning: fat; brain

Russian Meaning: жир; мозг

Turkic: *ǖŕ

Tungus-Manchu: *irg[ü]

Comments: A Turkic-Tungus isogloss; phonetically a good match, but semantics raises some doubts. {? Cf. PE *uqru- 'fat, blubber'}

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ū́t`e

Meaning: thick liquid

Russian Meaning: густая жидкость

Turkic: *ȫt

Mongolian: *öte-

Tungus-Manchu: *üt-

Comments: A Western isogloss. Ramstedt (SKE 79) compares Kor. jǝt 'candy, taffy', but MKor. has consistently jǝ́s here.

Proto-Altaic: *ī́k`è

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to be insolent, angry, flamed up

Russian Meaning: быть дерзким, раздраженным, сердиться

Turkic: *ēke- (~ ī-)

Mongolian: *(h)egde-

Tungus-Manchu: *ikē-

Korean: *ìkɨ́i-

Japanese: *íká-r-

Comments: See SKE 68 (in Kor. cf. also igɨrǝ-ǯida 'to act up, put on airs'). One of the numerous common Altaic verbs of emotion. Semantic match between Turkic, Mongolian and Japanese is straightforward ("to be angry, indignant"). In TM one has to suppose a shift > "to be insolent, obscene" > "sing obscene songs, blackguard" (Manchu), with further generalization > "sing" in other languages. In Korean we see a different semantic shift > "to put on airs, be haughty" > "to overcome".

Proto-Altaic: *īĺa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to fry, burn

Russian Meaning: жарить, жечь

Turkic: *ɨ̄ĺ(č)

Mongolian: *ila-

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)ila-

Comments: A Western isogloss; cf. perhaps Jpn. *asai 'sweat' (?).

Proto-Altaic: *īĺbi

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: fish bait

Russian Meaning: приманка для рыбы, наживка

Mongolian: *(h)ilbeɣe-sün

Tungus-Manchu: *īlbī

Japanese: *i(n)sa-r-

Comments: There may be more than one root here. Jpn. has, besides *i(n)sar-, a synonymous *asar- 'to fish'. One of the two Jpn. words may be alternatively compared either with TM *ŋisū- 'to bring the killed animals from the hunt' or TM *ŋusu 'fishing-rod', with a provisional reconstruction of PA *ŋisV or *ŋusV.

Proto-Altaic: *ī́ĺi

Meaning: work, craft

Russian Meaning: работа, ремесло

Turkic: *īĺč

Mongolian: *üjile

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)ilga-

Korean: *īr

Japanese: *isa-bǝ, *ísá-m-

Comments: EAS 109. Mong. üjile < *ilü-le; Mong > Man. uilen, see Doerfer MT 119, Rozycki 222). {Cf. PE *ulima- 'to make, work'}

Proto-Altaic: *ī̀na

Meaning: younger sibling

Russian Meaning: младший брат или сестра

Turkic: *ini

Tungus-Manchu: *īnan

Korean: *àńằ

Japanese: *ànî

Comments: Vovin 1993 (Jpn.-Kor.). Cf. also MKor. àńắm 'family', àńí 'child'. The Korean reflexes raise some doubts: tone does not correspond to TM, medial -ń- is also irregular (unless it was palatalized in àńí before -i, and other forms were changed by analogy); see a discussion in Martin 1996, 67-68, Robbeets 2000, 116-117. In Japanese *'younger brother' > *'brother'; with the introduction of *ǝtǝ 'younger brother' ( < *i̯ore 'young male') *ani changed its meaning to "elder brother".

Proto-Altaic: *ī́re

Meaning: to come, enter

Russian Meaning: приходить, входить

Turkic: *ẹ̄r-

Mongolian: *ire-

Tungus-Manchu: *ī-

Japanese: *ítá-r-

Comments: Poppe 117 (Mong.-Tung.), KW 209, АПиПЯЯ 293-294. In Jpn. one could (following Ozawa) compare *ír- 'to enter', but the latter should be rather compared with Kor. tɨr- id. (see *tire), while *ítá-r- is also a perfect phonetic match for PA *ī́re. Turk. reveals variants *ēr- and *īr- ( < *īre-?). Cf. also Koguryo *i- 'to enter' (Lee 37, Menges 1984, 267).

Proto-Altaic: *ī́ŕu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: trace, furrow

Russian Meaning: след, борозда

Turkic: *īŕ / *ɨ̄ŕ

Mongolian: *(h)iraɣa-

Tungus-Manchu: *iru-n

Korean: *ìráŋ

Comments: EAS 112, KW 209, Poppe 81, Lee 1958, 113, ОСНЯ 1, 251. Despite Doerfer's (TMN 2, 53) doubts ( "allerdings zweifelhaft" ), the comparison seems completely justified.

Proto-Altaic: *ī̀rú

Meaning: omen, divination

Russian Meaning: знамение, гадание

Turkic: *ɨr- / *ir-

Mongolian: *irwa

Tungus-Manchu: *īrme-

Japanese: *ùrá

Comments: KW 219, Владимирцов 181.

Proto-Altaic: *ī́ru

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to be ashamed, shy, hostile

Russian Meaning: стыдиться, быть робким, настороженным

Turkic: *īr-

Mongolian: *(h)ir-ba-

Tungus-Manchu: *ire(n)te-

Korean: *ɨrɨ-

Japanese: *útúa-

Comments: One of many common Altaic verbs of emotion. Correspondences are quite regular, and the etymology seems reliable.

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