Афразийская этимологическая база на *A-

Здесь представлена реконструированная методами компаративистики этимологическая база (на начальную фонему *A-) афразийского (афро-азиатского, семито-хамитского, хамито-семитского) праязыка, скачанную (по разрешению) из веб-проекта "Вавилонская башня", созданную Сергеем Анатольевичем Старостиным (1953-2005), его последователями и коллегами, представляющими Московскую школу компаративистики.

Данная праафразийская этимобаза состоит из 2671 корней:

  1. - X корней
  2. - X корней
  3. *A - X корней
  4. *B - X корней
  5. *C - X корней
  6. *D - X корней
  7. *F - X корней
  8. *G - X корней
  9. *H - X корней
  1. *G - X корней
  2. *Gh - X корней
  3. *H - X корней
  4. *K - X корней
  5. *L - X корней
  6. *M - X корней
  7. *N - X корней
  8. *P - X корней
  9. *Q - X корней
  1. *R - X корней
  2. *S - X корней
  3. *S^ - X корней
  4. *T - X корней
  5. *T. - X корней
  6. *Y - X корней
  7. *Dz - X корней
  8. *Dzh - X корней

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *ʔ-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔa-
Meaning: walk, go Egyptian: ꜣ (Westc) 'walk' Western Chadic: *ʔa- 'come' East Chadic: *ʔa- 'go' 1, 'go away' 2, 'go home, return' 3
Notes: Cf. a possible derivative in *ʔay- 'come, run'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔab-
Meaning: father Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔab- 'father' Berber: *ʔab(b)- 'father' Egyptian: ꜣb.t 'family' (OK), 'parents' (n) Western Chadic: *ʔa/ub- 'father' Central Chadic: *ʔab- 'father' East Chadic: *ʔab- 'man' (?) Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʔab- 'father' Saho-Afar: *ʔab- 'father' Low East Cushitic: *ʔab- 'father' High East Cushitic: *ʔab- 'father, uncle' South Cushitic: *ʔab- 'father' Omotic: Cf. Ong yooba 'person' ('man' SLLE; given as pl. in ST 129), Dizi ʔyab Fl, yab Bla Om 'person', Sheko Nayi yaab id.
Notes: A nursery word.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔab-
Meaning: stone Beḍauye (Beja): awe Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʔab- 'mountain' Low East Cushitic: *ʔeb- 'stone'
Notes: Attested only in Cush. Probably, an archaism from which a widely attested derivative *ʔabun- 'stone, millstone' was formed.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔab-
Meaning: to fall, descend East Chadic: *ʔVb- 'to fall' Saho-Afar: *ʔob- 'descend' High East Cushitic: *ʔub- 'fall'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔab-
Meaning: (young) goat, kid Egyptian: *ʔb 'kid' Western Chadic: *ʔab- 'goat' Central Chadic: *ʔab- 'he-goat' Beḍauye (Beja): ʔab 'kid'
Notes: Cf. Tak. 82 (Eg, Beja, Diri), Bl Beja 1 (Beja, Eg., Diri, Chi Mrg). {Related to Afras. *bV(ʔ)bV(ʔ)- 'k. of antelope, wild sheep or goat' ?}
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔab- (?)
Meaning: elephant Semitic: *ʔabaw-at- 'elephant' Egyptian: *ʔVb- 'elephant; rhinoceros' (?) Central Chadic: *ʔa(m)b- 'elephant/hippopotamus' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *biw- 'hippo' High East Cushitic: *bVwVy- 'hippopotamus'
Notes: Common AA status questionable. Cf. Bl. Eleph., 198, 202; Eg ꜣb.w may be <*rVb- or *lVb- as well
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa)bad-
Meaning: clean Egyptian: bd (pyr) 'clean (v.)' Central Chadic: *baʔad- 'clean (v.)' ??
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa-)bakw(-Vr)-
Meaning: (young) camel/horse Semitic: *ba/ikur(-at)- 'young (she-)camel' Egyptian: bkꜣ (NE) 'milking cow' (<*bVkVʔ or *bVkVr) (?) Central Chadic: *bVkwVr- 'horse' Beḍauye (Beja): *ʔabukVy- 'camel at training age' South Cushitic: *kubar- 'dikdik antelope' (met.?) Dahalo (Sanye): kórrob_e 'male lesser kudu' (met.?)
Notes: The Beja term may reflect the original Afras. root, later having taken the -r suffix (of hoofed animals?); another possibility not to be ruled out is the loss of Beja -r in Auslaut and reconstruction of Afras. *(ʔa-)bakur- Cf. HSED, 196, *bakVr- 'young animal': Sem. *bakr- 'young camel' and Berb *bVkVr- 'lamb'. Cf. *birk- 'cow, cattle; calf'. Cf. also Sem *bkr 'to be young, early' and *bakur- 'firstborn' and Eg bkꜣ (Pyr) 'der zweite Tag, das Morgen' (EG I 481), 'the morrow, morning' (Foul 61). The Eg form may be rel. to bkꜣ 'become pregnant' (MK).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔabaw/y-
Meaning: a k. of plant Semitic: *ʔabVw- 'reed, papyrus' Egyptian: wꜣb 'root', cf. ꜣbw 'plant used in medicine' (med) Central Chadic: *ʔabay 'leaf'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa-)bil-
Meaning: door Semitic: *ʔabul- 'door, gate' Western Chadic: *HVbil- 'door' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *bil- 'door' 1, 'hole, window' 2 Low East Cushitic: *balbal- 'door'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔa-bul-
Meaning: male genitals, penis Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔabal- 'genitals, sexual organ' Berber: *balul 'penis' Egyptian: bnn 'beget; become erect' (BD); sign of phallus (late) (<*bVlVl?) Western Chadic: *ḅwal- 'penis' Central Chadic: *bwal- ~ *bVlVw- 'penis' 1, 'male genitals' 2 Saho-Afar: *balaʕ- 'testicle; groin'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔabun-
Meaning: stone, millstone Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔab(V)n- 'stone' Egyptian: bnw.t (ME) 'stone, millstone' Western Chadic: *ʔabun(i)- 'millstone' Central Chadic: *bun- 'millstone' 1, 'stone (? of grinding)' 2
Notes: Status of *ʔa- is not quite clear. Presumably, it is a prefix not preserved in Eg. On the other hand, cf. HS *ʔab- suggesting a segmentation *ʔab-un-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa-)bVḳ-
Meaning: run away Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔVbiḳ- 'run away (of slaves)' Berber: *bVḳVy- 'hurry, hasten' Egyptian: bḳ 'run' (pyr) Central Chadic: *ʔabVḳ- 'drive' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *buḳ- 'run away' Saho-Afar: (?) *buk- 'running away' Low East Cushitic: *baḳ- 'run away' High East Cushitic: *baḳ- 'flee' Omotic: *biḳ- 'run away'
Notes: Probably connected with Sem *bVḳaʕ- 'go away' (Arab bqʕ [-a-]).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔabVnan- (?)
Meaning: k. of bird (duck?) Semitic: *ʔabun(n)- 'kind of bird' Egyptian: ꜣbnn (n) 'kind of bird' (NK) (?) East Chadic: *bVnan- 'duck'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa-)bVray/w-
Meaning: horse, ass Semitic: *ʔabbīr- 'stallion; bull' Egyptian: ỉbr (18) 'steed' (?) Western Chadic: *buri(ŋ)- 'horse' Central Chadic: *(ʔi-m-)bury/w- 'ass' East Chadic: *bu(H)uraw/y- 'horse, ass' Mogogodo (Yaaku): *bar-t- 'horse' Omotic: *baray- 'mare'
Notes: Cf. HSED, 229 (ECh: Dng., Mig., Birg.; Om.: Kafa, Moča; further comp. to CCh. and ECh. Mok., with "consonantal alternation *-w- ~ *-y-").
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa-)bVr(Vy/w)-
Meaning: bull Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *(ʔi-)bar- 'ox, bull, calf' Egyptian: *br(w) 'bull' (?) Western Chadic: *bar- 'buffalo' Central Chadic: *bari- 'bull' East Chadic: *bur- 'bull' Beḍauye (Beja): bVʔray 'bull, cow' (
Notes: Related to *baʔraw/y- 'k. of antelope'? Cf. LGur. 151; HSED 183, 340, EDE II, 54-55; cf. Brb. Zng. ta-barār-t 'chamelle'. Cf. Sem. *bVʕVr- 'large cattle; camel' (<*bVʕ-Vr-?) - cf. Dah. ḅe:ʕa, pl. ḅe:ajú 'buffalo' EEN 33. Cf. Dolg ND 225a.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔa-cin-
Meaning: foot, leg Semitic: *sinʕ- 'pelvis, crotch, curve of thigh' 1, 'wrist, ankle' 2 Western Chadic: *ʔa-cinH- 'foot' Central Chadic: *ʔa-sin- 'foot'1, 'leg' 2, 'knee' 3 East Chadic: *ʔV-sin- 'foot' 1, 'leg' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *sin-H- 'calf of leg'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔacir-
Meaning: bind, tie Semitic: *ʔVsir- 'bind, join' 1, 'hobble' 2 Western Chadic: *cir- 'rope, tendon' (cf. *car-ak- 'rope, tendon') Central Chadic: *ca-car- 'plait, weave' 1, 'tie' 2 East Chadic: *saʔir- 'tie' High East Cushitic: *ʔusur- 'tie'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔaĉVw-/*ʔaĉVy-
Meaning: illness Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔaŝVy- 'illness (of head)' Egyptian: ꜣšy.t (med) 'kind of illness' East Chadic: *ʔVĉVw- 'fever'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔačayl-
Meaning: big reptile, snake Semitic: *ʔat_(h)al(y)- 'a mythical reptile, dragon' Berber: *Hassil- 'snake, viper' Dahalo (Sanye): t_áʔala 'puff-adder' Omotic: *ʔaylašuw- 'crockodile'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔad-
Meaning: elder female relative; lady Semitic: *ʔVd-Vt- 'lady' Central Chadic: *ʔadi ~ *dada 'grandmother' (?) East Chadic: *ʔadid- 'mother-in-law, grandmother, daughter-in-law' Beḍauye (Beja): enda 'Mutter' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʔad- 'mother' Low East Cushitic: *ʔadad- 'paternal aunt'1, 'aunt' 2 High East Cushitic: *ʔadad- 'maternal aunt, mother' Warazi (Dullay): *ʔatit- 'elder sister' Omotic: *ʔind- 'mother'
Notes: Cf. Nubian indī id.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔad-
Meaning: go and come, move Borean etymology: Borean etymology Saho-Afar: *ʔVd- 'go' Low East Cushitic: *ʔad- 'go somewhere, leave for' South Cushitic: *ʔad- 'go, tread'
Notes: Cf. *dʔw/y- 'move' (met.?). Cf. *ʕadaw- ~ *waʕad- ~ *daʕ- 'go away, out; leave; pass by'. Cf. HEC *had- 'go' (Sid haadi) and Omo *doh- 'return' (Ome doh-) and (?) *ʔaḍ- 'go' (Ome aaḍ-).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔad- ~ *daʔ-
Meaning: father; chief, lord; man Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔad- 'father' 1, 'lord' 2 Berber: *(H)ud/*(H)idaw 'people, men' (pl.) - or to 34 Western Chadic: *n/ʔVdaʔ- 'chief' 1, 'father' 2, 'form of respect ' 3 Central Chadic: *(ʔV)daʔ/w- > dV-f- 'father' 1, 'religious chief' 2 , 'person' 3 (or > 34) South Cushitic: *daH- 'stranger'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa-)dabay/H-
Meaning: insect Semitic: *daba/iy- 'small locust, ant; bees' Central Chadic: *daḅ- < *dabVH- 'termite' East Chadic: *(ʔa-)dib(dib)- 'tsetse' 1, 'termite' 2
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔadam- ~ *daʔam- (?)
Meaning: man(kind); elder, married man Semitic: *ʔadam- 'man; humankind' South Cushitic: *daʔam- 'elder, married man'
Notes: Insufficient data; metathesis.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa-)da(n)g(w)ir-
Meaning: k. of beans Semitic: *dVgVr- 'beans' East Chadic: dagir 'millet' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʔa-da(n)gʷVr- 'bean' Saho-Afar: *adagur 'bean' Low East Cushitic: *ʔa-da(n)gʷVr- 'bean' High East Cushitic: dangursa 'k. of millet' (?)
Notes: <*da/ingw- k. of beans; corn.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa-)dang(w)Vl-
Meaning: corn; beans Semitic: *ʔa-dangal- 'beans; wild corn' ~ *dalgʷ-am- 'sorghum; porridge' ADD? Western Chadic: *dVgwVl- 'gruel' Central Chadic: *ʔV-di(n)gVl- 'stalk of millet' East Chadic: *dagalw- 'nut' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʔadangʷal- 'bean' Low East Cushitic: *dangʷal- 'bean'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔadar- (?)
Meaning: vessel Semitic: *ʔadar- 'metal vessel' Western Chadic: *ḍyar- < *dVHVr- 'pot' Low East Cushitic: *ʔadar- 'pot'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa)dil-
Meaning: k. of dress Semitic: *ʔadīl- 'attire' Egyptian: dꜣy (pyr) 'coat' Central Chadic: *dul- 'cache-sexe'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔadir-
Meaning: paternal uncle; master, lord Semitic: *ʔaddīr- 'noble, notable' 1, 'majestic, powerful' 2, 'assembly of elders, council' 3 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʔadar- 'master, lord' 1, 'God' 2 Low East Cushitic: *ʔader- 'paternal uncle' 1, 'uncle' 2 South Cushitic: *daʔar- 'chief'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔadus-
Meaning: wall Semitic: *ʔaduš(š)- Central Chadic: *ʔVdus- 'fence' 1, 'town' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔad-Vm-
Meaning: hide, skin Semitic: *ʔada/īm- 'skin' Berber: *HVdum-an 'piece of skin' Western Chadic: *Hadam- 'skin, hide, leather' (?) Beḍauye (Beja): ada 'skin, hide' Saho-Afar: *ʔadd- 'hides, skins' Low East Cushitic: *ʔidm- 'tanned skin' High East Cushitic: *diddaw- 'leather mat' Mogogodo (Yaaku): ata 'bull hide'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa)dVm-
Meaning: to join, gather (of people), integrate, engage in a common enterprise Semitic: *ʔdm 'to share, to have in common, to be at peace with' Egyptian: dmy 'to join, be attached to smb.' (OK), 'share with smb. (joy, crops)' (NE) Western Chadic: *dumV- 'to gather, involve, urge to join' Central Chadic: *ḍVm- 'together' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *yedem (possibly <*ʔadam-) 'to invite to a fiest' Saho-Afar: *ʔadam- 'to hunt' (?) Low East Cushitic: ʔadam- 'to hunt' (?) High East Cushitic: *dumm- 'to gather (of people)' South Cushitic: *dam- 'copulate' (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa-)dVm-
Meaning: face Semitic: *dmy 'to resemble, be like', *ʔa-dVm(-Vt)- 'likeness, shape, image, figure' Berber: *(H)udVm 'face' 1, 'appearance, figure' 2, 'name' 3 Saho-Afar: *dambar- 'forehead' 1, 'eyebrow' 2 (?) Low East Cushitic: *dam/n- 'one half of the jaw' High East Cushitic: *dimm- 'eyebrow' Warazi (Dullay): *tim- (<*dim-) 'eyebrow' Omotic: *dim- 'face' 1, 'forehead' 2, 'eyebrow' 3
Notes: Cf. Bla Review 500-501.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa-)dVm- ~ *diʔm-
Meaning: red Semitic: *(ʔa-)dām- 'red' Berber: *dVmdVm ~ *a-dVmm-an 'violet, brown' Egyptian: *ʔdmy 'red linen cloth' East Chadic: *dind- (<*dimdVm-) 'red' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *dVmm- 'red' Saho-Afar: *dum- 'red' Low East Cushitic: *di(H)m- 'red' High East Cushitic: *duʔm- 'red' South Cushitic: *dimay- 'red'
Notes: cf. HSED, 686 *diʔim- (Akk. dʔm, Amh., Har.; Eg.; Awiya; Saho; Or.; Sid., Dar.; Qw.)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa-)dVm(Vy)-
Meaning: earth (including inhabited and non-inhabited area, cultivated ground/field and uncultivated ground/desert) Semitic: *daym(-ūm)- ~ *damdam- ~ *ʔadam(-at)- 'all (inhabited, arable) land, earth, area' Berber: *dVmna 'cultivated land' Egyptian: *dmy 'town, quarter, abode, vicinity' Western Chadic: *dVm- 'place' Central Chadic: */wu/dam- 'field' 1, 'village'2, 'place' 3 East Chadic: *dVHVm- 'meadow; field; bush' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *widVm- 'uncultivated land, desert' Low East Cushitic: *w/ʔVdVm- 'desert' High East Cushitic: *wudmaʔ- 'desert'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa-)dVng(-al/b)-
Meaning: k. of insect; locust Semitic: *dVg-an- ~ *dagʷab- 'grasshopper/locust, fly, ant' Western Chadic: *HVdang(Vl)- 'newly hatched locust, grasshopper' Central Chadic: *dingil- 'scorpion' East Chadic: *HVdVng- 'k. of grasshopper' Beḍauye (Beja): (*ʔa-)dangalay 'lizard' (?)
Notes: Cf. Sk Hs 55 (WCh: Hs; E.Ch: Lele; C.Cu: Bil; the rest is wrong); Bla Beja 8 (Beja; Tera)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔa-dVr-
Meaning: chest; heart; gut Semitic: *da/ir(r)-at- 'breast, udder' Egyptian: ỉdr 'heart' (late Lit.) Western Chadic: *dur- 'heart' East Chadic: *(ʔa-)da/ur- 'center of a calebase' 1, 'middle' 2 Dahalo (Sanye): d_uura 'gut'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔa-far-
Meaning: dust , sand Semitic: *ʔapar- 'dust, soil; ashes' Western Chadic: *far- 'dry soil' Central Chadic: *Hafur- 'ground' 1, 'flat (piece of) land (field?)' 2 East Chadic: *Puur- 'dust' Low East Cushitic: *far- 'clay'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa-)gal-
Meaning: equid/camel Semitic: *ʔa-gal-/*gilgal-/*gawl- '(young of) an equid; camel (?)' Berber: *ʔagil 'ass' (?) Saho-Afar: *gāl- 'camel' Low East Cushitic: *gāl- 'camel' High East Cushitic: *gāl- 'camel' Warazi (Dullay): *kāl- (<*gāl-) 'camel' Omotic: *gal(l)- 'camel'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa-)gam- ~ *gamgam-
Meaning: seagull, eagle Semitic: *gVmgVm- 'kind of bird' Beḍauye (Beja): *ʔa-gam- 'seagull' Saho-Afar: *gum- 'vulture; eagle'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔaḫ- ~ *ḫaʔ-
Meaning: fire Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: ꜣḫ.t (LM) Central Chadic: *ḫwV- South Cushitic: *ḫaʔ- 'fire' Omotic: *ʔoḫ-on- 'fire'
Notes: Cf. *ḫVʔ- 'roast'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔaḫuǯ-
Meaning: take Semitic: *ʔVḫud_- Central Chadic: *(ʔV)gVǯ- 'search, shove one's hand into smth.' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʔaʒ- 'take' High East Cushitic: *ʔaḍ- (< *ʔaHVʒ- ?) 'take'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔaḫ(w/y)-
Meaning: brother Semitic: *ʔaḫ(ʷ)- 'brother', *(ʔa-)ḫVw-at- 'sister' Western Chadic: *ʔahy- ~ *yahV-nV 'uncle' 1, 'brother' 2 Central Chadic: *ʔaḥiy- 'son'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa-)ḫʷar-
Meaning: burn Egyptian: ḫr.t 'flame' (reg) Western Chadic: *ʔagwar- 'burnt bits' South Cushitic: *ḫwar- 'fry' 1, 'hot' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa-)gʷar
Meaning: k. of antelope; ram; goat Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *(ʔa-)gur(r)- 'ram; kudu' Berber: *gur- 'ram' Western Chadic: *ʔa-gari 'antelope' - *gar- 'oryx' Central Chadic: *n-gwari 'antelope; ram' - *gar- 'antelope' East Chadic: *gVwVr- ~ *gVrw- 'antelope' - *gawar- 'antelope' Beḍauye (Beja): *garVw- 'eland' High East Cushitic: *ga/ura/un/m- 'k. of antelope' South Cushitic: *gʷaraʔi 'k. of antelope' Omotic: *gar- 'antelope dekula'
Notes: SIFKY 72, HSED 898 (WCh: Tsa, Mbr; CCh: Log.; ECh: Tum., Qwn; Bed., Ome; Irq)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔakam-
Meaning: mountain Semitic: *ʔakam- 'hill' Western Chadic: *kyaʔam-
Notes: The alternative HS reconstruction is *keʔam- || Assimilation of vowels in Sem?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔakkʷ-
Meaning: goat, sheep Western Chadic: *ʔakw- 'goat' Central Chadic: *(ʔV)kw- 'goat' East Chadic: *ʔawk- 'goat' Beḍauye (Beja): *ʔawk- 'sheep' Low East Cushitic: *ʔVkk- 'horned stock' Warazi (Dullay): *ʔVkk- 'sheep' South Cushitic: *ʔakw- 'sheep, goat' Omotic: *ʔawk- 'heifer' (?)
Notes: Cf. Bl. Beja Fauna, 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔakul-
Meaning: scratch Semitic: *ʔVkul- 'scratch' Central Chadic: *kaluH- 'scratch'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔakVl-
Meaning: eat Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔVkul- 'eat' Western Chadic: *kal- < *kaʔVl- 'food' Central Chadic: *xali (< *kali?) 'bite'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔa-k(V)win- or *ʔa-kʷin-
Meaning: egg Semitic: *ʔ/wakn- ~ *mak(i)n- (<*ma-ʔ/wakn-) 'nest' 1, 'lay eggs' 2, 'eggs' 3 Western Chadic: *ʔa-kin- 'egg' Low East Cushitic: *ʔu-kun- 'egg' Omotic: *keen- 'egg'
Notes: Cf. *(ʔV-)k(ʷ)ayk- 'egg'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔa-kʷal-
Meaning: k. of hoe/axe Semitic: *(ʔa-)ku/al- 'a hammer/axe-like tool' Egyptian: ỉknw (<*ʔV-kul or *ʔV-k(V)wVl ?) 'hoe' Western Chadic: *kawal- 'hoe' Central Chadic: *kwul- '(handle of) hoe/axe' Beḍauye (Beja): *kwal- 'axe; hoe' Low East Cushitic: *kal-t- 'axe; k. of stick' High East Cushitic: *kal-t- 'small axe' Warazi (Dullay): *-kal- or *ʔa-kal- 'k. of spade' Omotic: *kall- axe; stick'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔa-kʷall-
Meaning: all Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *kʷall- Berber: Ahaggar tu-klǝ-t 'ê. réunir en masse' or < 'to reap, mow'? Egyptian: (Pyr.) t_nw 'each' <*kVlw? Central Chadic: *kal- 'all, every' South Cushitic: *kil- 'much' Dahalo (Sanye): ʔákkale 'all' Omotic: Dime wokkil, Hamer kǝlla, Ong akala 'one'
Notes: Cf. EDE I 51
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa-)kʷVy(kʷVy)-
Meaning: owl, raven, vulture Semitic: *ʔakʷ- ~ *kʷa(kʷ)- 'owl; raven; vulture' Western Chadic: *kaki 'crow' Central Chadic: *kuy- 'falcon, kite' Beḍauye (Beja): *kʷikʷay 'crow, raven' ~ *ʔik- 'crow, raven; hawk' (
Notes: Cf. *kʷay(-t)- 'hen; partridge; dove; chick'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa-)ḳʷay-
Meaning: k. of bird (of prey?) Semitic: *ḳʷVʔ(ḳʷVʔ)- 'large bird (of prey)' Egyptian: ḳy 'bird' (18) Dahalo (Sanye): ʔaaḳaḳo 'sp. crow' Mogogodo (Yaaku): ḳɔtiḳɔtɛ 'hornbill'
Notes: Probably identical with *ḳawḳ- 'partridge, francolin'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa/i-)ḳaw- (?)
Meaning: goat, sheep Semitic: *ʔi/aḳḳaw- '(wild) goat', *ḳVwaḳy- 'flock of sheep' Berber: *ta-ɣat-t (<*-ḳa-t-) 'goat'
Notes: Insufficient data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔa/ir(r)aw- ~ *wVraʔ/y-
Meaning: back, backbone Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔVrāw- ~ *wVrāʔ- 'back' Berber: *(H)Vr(r)aw ~ *wVry 'back' 1, 'shoulder' 2 Western Chadic: *wiyar- 'neck' ~ *ʔari 'back' East Chadic: *ʔar- 'back' ~ *ʔa-wir- 'neck' Beḍauye (Beja): *ʔarVr 'pelvis' Saho-Afar: *ʔiraw 'back, back side' Low East Cushitic: *wi(H)ir-t- 'spine, mid-back'
Notes: Cf. Eg ỉꜣ.t (<*yiʔ or *ʔir-) 'back' in 309. Cf. HSED, 1159 *har- 'back', where Tsagu is compared to E. Chad.: Mubi har, Birgit ʔara (and Akk. e/arûtu); and [Stolb. 1996 31], where E. Chad. *[h]ar- 'back' (square brackets mean that the reconstruction is doubtful [ibid. 10]) is compared to W. Chad. *-Har- 'back', with an unspecified laryngeal.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔa/iw- ~ *waʔ-
Meaning: bull, cow Semitic: *ʔiwVy- ~ *waʔ-(at-) 'gazelle, cow' Berber: *Haww- 'cow' Beḍauye (Beja): *yiw 'bull' South Cushitic: *ʔaw- 'bull' Mogogodo (Yaaku): *waʔ- 'cattle, cow' (met.)
Notes: Cf. HSED 2595 (Eg ỉwꜣ; Beja); Tak I 86 (Eg ỉwꜣ interpr. as *lwʔ)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔaliw- (?)
Meaning: hair Egyptian: iꜣyw (pyr) 'plait' Western Chadic: Hausa lī́lī́ 'feathers on the neck and back of the cock' Central Chadic: Bachama la 'hair' [Sk] East Chadic: *laʔaw-/*ʔaliy- 'hair' 1, 'feathers' 2, 'body hair'3,'down' 4
Notes: Scarce data. Eg phonetics is not clear.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔal-/*ʔil-
Meaning: be Berber: *ʔil- 'be, become' Central Chadic: *ʔal- 'be' East Chadic: *ʔal- 'exist' Low East Cushitic: *ʔal-/*ʔil- 'be'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔalVn-
Meaning: tree Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔaly-ān- '(oak)tree' Egyptian: Cf. ʕnn.w (med) 'tree' Central Chadic: *luHun- 'tree'
Notes: Ch *la/yan- 'bush' (W DB lan, E Dangla lɛ̀lnyɔ̀) probably does not belong to this root.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔaly- (?)
Meaning: fleshy part of the thigh; fat tail Semitic: *ʔaly-at- 'fat tail (of a the sheep); fleshy part of the thigh, buttocks' Western Chadic: *yuwal- 'thigh' Beḍauye (Beja): ʔaali 'back of leg below knee'
Notes: Insufficient data. WCh vocalism different. The Beḍ form may be an Arabism.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔam-
Meaning: woman Semitic: *ʔam- 'maid, girl' Egyptian: imꜣ.t (OK) 'female' (?) Western Chadic: *ʔam- 'woman' Central Chadic: ZB ʔám 'to marry' [Sa] East Chadic: *tama < *ta-ʔam- 'woman' (?) High East Cushitic: Burji aama 'woman, wife' (also 'mother' - v. 2449) Omotic: Ong ʔáima 'woman', Ham ma, mei, Ari ma(a)
Notes: Rather to be separated from *ʔVma ~ *ma(y) 'mother'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔam-
Meaning: eat Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: ʕm (n) 'swallow' - Cf. Western Chadic: *ʔVm- 'eat soft food' East Chadic: *ʔay/wVm- 'eat (hard things)' 1, 'bite' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): Aungi ǝŋ-, Qemant (y)ǝŋ 'to bite' EDE I 93 after Appl South Cushitic: *ʔam- 'chew' ?
Notes: Descriptive stem. Cf. *ham- id. (3120).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔam-
Meaning: catch, seize Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: ꜣmm (pyr) 'catch, seize' Central Chadic: *ʔ/w/yam- 'catch' 1, 'take' 2, 'hunt' 3 East Chadic: *ʔwam- 'catch' 1, 'hold' 2
Notes: Related to *ʔam- 'hand, arm' ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔam-
Meaning: forearm, arm, hand Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔamm-at- 'elbow, forearm' Western Chadic: *ʔam- 'hand' 1, 'arm' 2, 'branch' 3 Central Chadic: *yam-ay- 'hand'
Notes: Cf. HSED, 33 *ʔam- 'hand, arm': Sem; WCh. ( also quoted are Bgh am-ŝi and Geji wom-ẑi, but without any evidence demonstrating that the -ŝi/ẑi element is a suffix or part of a composed stem). Actually 'arm', not 'hand'. The comment "Related to *ʔam- "catch, seize" (for the semantic development cf., for example, Lith ranka "hand" ~ rinkti "grasp, seize")" is wrong as the meaning of both Semitic and WCh. nominal roots points not to 'hand', but to 'arm/forearm/elbow'. The meaning 'hand' is ascribed to the reconstructed root by the authors under the influence of their own idea of relation with "catch, seize". A typical vicious circle of argumentation.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔamas-
Meaning: darkness, evening Semitic: *(ʔa-)mVš- 'night' 1, 'last night' 2, 'yesterday' 3, 'evening' 4, 'twilight' 5 Central Chadic: *mVs- 'evening' Beḍauye (Beja): amas 'late evening' (unless
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔamb-ar-
Meaning: mouth, muzzle, trunk Berber: *Hamb- 'mouth' Western Chadic: *(Ha-)mabar- 'mouth' Beḍauye (Beja): ambar 'mouth' Low East Cushitic: *Humb- 'elephant's trunk' South Cushitic: *Himba(r)- 'aardvark' (?)
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔam-bVr-
Meaning: termite Semitic: *hab(b)ūr- 'spider' 1, 'ant' 2 Central Chadic: *mVbur- 'termite' Beḍauye (Beja): *(ʔem-)bir-at 'termite' Low East Cushitic: *ʔabor- 'termites' (coll.)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔam/n-)giraw-
Meaning: cat, lion Semitic: *girr- 'lion' ~ *gargVr- 'leopard' (~ ǯarwal- 'serwal, lynx' ?) Western Chadic: *ngar- 'wild cat' Central Chadic: *ʔam-gʷar- 'cat' Low East Cushitic: *girw- 'cat' ~ *garm- 'lion' High East Cushitic: *giraʔw- 'cat' ~ *garm- 'lion (unless both < Omot) Warazi (Dullay): *garm- 'lion' Dahalo (Sanye): ŋgūro 'small black longtailed rodent' Omotic: *giraw- ~ *gawar- 'cat' ~ *garm- 'lion'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔan-
Meaning: go, walk Western Chadic: *ʔVn- 'go' Central Chadic: *ʔan- 'return' East Chadic: *ʔanwa- 'come, enter' Low East Cushitic: *ʔan- Omotic: *ʔaŋ-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔan-
Meaning: deictic element in 1st and 2d p. sing. and 1 p. plur. excl. Borean etymology: Borean etymology
Notes: See ND 47; also adding Eg. i'n 'particle introducing the focalized nominal subject in a cleft sentence'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa-)na/if-
Meaning: breath, blowing Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔanp- (<*ʔa-nVp-) 'nose' Berber: *-naf- 'fresh humid wind' Egyptian: nf.t (OK) 'fan', nf (NK) 'breath; wind' Central Chadic: *nip/f- 'breathe' 1, 'life' 2 Beḍauye (Beja): nifi 'to blow (wind)' Saho-Afar: *naf- 'breath, soul' 1, 'face' 2 Low East Cushitic: *na/ēf- 'breath' 1, soul' 2, 'life' 3 Omotic: *nap- 'blow, swell'
Notes: Cf. EDE 126-7. Cf. HSED, 1828 *naf- 'breath' (Eg.; Saho 'breath' and Afar 'face', which is semantically doubtful; Som. 'breath, soul' and Oromo and Arbore 'body' which is very philosophical to relate with 'soul', though wrong, as 'soul' comes from 'breath' and it is hard to imagine the reconstructed term giving rise to 'breath' in some daughter languages and 'body', in others) and 1865 *nif- 'smell, breathe' (Sem. *nVpaḥ- supposedly "secondary formation based on *nap-", which is impossible to prove or disprove; Eg. nfy; CCh. *nif-, with *-f -prompted only by Eg. as both examples quoted have -p). Considering CCh. *-i-, Saho -a-, and Som. -a-/-ē (the other examples in both entries are irrelevant for semantical, and Eg., for phonetical reasons), there is not a least ground to reconstruct two roots.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔanbab-
Meaning: plant, flower Semitic: *ʔanbab- 'fruit, flower, shoot' Western Chadic: *ʔanbib- 'flower' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *Ha(m)bab- 'flower' 1, 'to blossom' 2, 'to perfume the milk jar with the smoke of sweet-smelling herbs' 3 Saho-Afar: *ʔambāb-, pl. *ʔanbōb- 'flower' Low East Cushitic: *abab- 'kind of flower'
Notes: Cf. HSED 43
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔa(n)bVr-
Meaning: wing Semitic: *ʔa/ibr- 'pinion, wing' Beḍauye (Beja): ʔan/mbur 'wing'
Notes: <*bi/arr- 'to fly, jump'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔa(n)d-
Meaning: rock Western Chadic: *daHy- or *Hady- 'stone' 1, 'mountain' 2 East Chadic: *dVHVy- stone 1, mountain 2 Saho-Afar: *ḍaH- 'stone' , cf. High East Cushitic: *ḍah- 'stone ', cf. Omotic: *ʔa(n)d- 'mountain'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔandaw-
Meaning: mouse Central Chadic: *mV-ʔV(n)dVw- 'rat' Saho-Afar: *ʔandaw- 'mouse, rat'
Notes: Scarce data. Cf. Eg ḥntꜣ (med) 'kind of animal' and LEC *ʔantu-: Oromo antu-ta 'mouse'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔan-)gaʔid-
Meaning: upper part of breast with the neck Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔan-gīd(-aʔ)- 'neck' 1, 'breast' 2 Western Chadic: *nV-gʷīʔad- 'neck' East Chadic: *gV(H)Vd- ? 'neck' Low East Cushitic: *gaHad- 'breast'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔan-)ḳʷa(n)ḥ-
Meaning: egg Semitic: *(ʔan-)ḳʷaḥḳʷaḥ- 'egg' Beḍauye (Beja): kʷahi (<*ḳʷaḥ-?) 'egg' Saho-Afar: *ʔunḳoḳoḥ- 'egg' Low East Cushitic: *ʔanḳaḳu 'egg' High East Cushitic: *ḳunḳ- 'egg' South Cushitic: *ḳanḥ- 'egg'
Notes: Borrowing to Eth from ECu or visa versa is possible. Cf. SIFKYa 282; HSED, 1471 *koh- 'egg ': Hs, Grk; Beja; Gaw. Cf. Bla Review 503. Cf. *ʔ/ʕugaḥ/h- 'egg' and *ḳʷay(ʔ)- id.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔan/m-)ḳVr(n)-
Meaning: frog Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *(ʔ/ʕa-n-)ḳVr(-n)- 'frog' Berber: *(ʔam-)ḳ(ʷ)ark(ʷ)Vr 'toad' 1, 'frog' 2 Egyptian: ḳrr 'frog' (n) Western Chadic: *karVnkaw 'frog' Central Chadic: *kVr-Vn- East Chadic: *kVr-Vn-
Notes: Cf. Dolg AAN 18: Arb.; Eg.; Ch. (incl. forms meaning 'turtle')
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔa-nwan-
Meaning: breast, udder Western Chadic: *ʔanʔan- ~ *nwan- 'udder' 1 ,'breast' 2 Central Chadic: *ʔVy/wan- 'breast, milk' East Chadic: Somrai nae, nii 'milk', náē 'udder'[Luk:80] Low East Cushitic: *ʔVnw- 'breast' High East Cushitic: *Hanun- 'breast'
Notes: HEC may alternatively be <*nVʕay- 'breast, udder'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa-n-)ǯVr-
Meaning: feline, viverra Semitic: *ʔa(n)d_ar- 'kind of wild cat' Western Chadic: *ǯar- 'lion' Central Chadic: *ǯar- 'leopard' East Chadic: *ʔV-ǯur- 'leopard' Low East Cushitic: *ʔaǯur- 'viverra' High East Cushitic: *ʔadurr- 'cat' Warazi (Dullay): *ʔatur- 'wild cat' South Cushitic: *ǯeʔir- 'viverra' Omotic: *ǯeHer- 'viverra'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔa-par-
Meaning: sheep, goat Semitic: *parr- 'lamb' South Cushitic: *ʔafur- 'he-goat' Mogogodo (Yaaku): *ʔapur 'sheep'
Notes: Related to *ʔa-pVr- 'bull, calf; buffalo'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔa-pay-
Meaning: mouth Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *pay- 'mouth' ~ *ʔap- 'mouth; opening' Western Chadic: *ʔap- ~ *faw(H)- 'throw into the mouth' 1, 'yawn' 2, 'open' 3, 'mouth' Beḍauye (Beja): yaaf 'mouth' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʔaff- 'mouth' Saho-Afar: *ʔaf- 'mouth' Low East Cushitic: *ʔaf- 'mouth' High East Cushitic: *ʔafaw/ʔ- 'mouth' South Cushitic: *ʔaf- 'mouth' Dahalo (Sanye): afo 'lip, mouth' Omotic: *ʔap- 'mouth'
Notes: Related to *p/faw/y-? Cf. HSED, 46: Sem *ʔanp- 'nose'; Beja, Agaw, Saho-Afar, LEC, HEC, SC, Dah.; Om.; HSED, 47 *ʔap-/*wap- 'to yawn, open mouth' : Eg.; WCh.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔa-pVr-
Meaning: bull, calf; buffalo Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *parr- 'young of small or large cattle' Egyptian: pry 'bull fight' (?) Western Chadic: *fir- 'k. of antelope' Central Chadic: *fu/ir- 'buffalo' Warazi (Dullay): *ʔafur- 'new-born calf' (?)
Notes: Tak. II, 473-4; HSED 1950 (Ug, Hbr, Arb; Eg. pry 'bull-fight'; C.Ch.: Mba.); Dolg. SHAN No. 22a. Related to *ʔa-par- 'sheep, goat'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔaq-
Meaning: field Semitic: *ʔaḫ- 'meadow' Egyptian: ꜣḥ.t 'fertile land' (NK) - Cf. Central Chadic: *xaxa- 'ground' 1, 'clay' 2 East Chadic: *ʔak- 'field'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔar-
Meaning: elephant/hippopotamus Semitic: *ʔVrw-at- 'female elephant' Central Chadic: *ʔarV- 'hippopotamus' Saho-Afar: ̃̃ Low East Cushitic: *ʔV̄r- 'male elephant' High East Cushitic: (?) *rV̄ʔ- 'hippopotamus' South Cushitic: (?) *ʔar- 'large herbivore' Dahalo (Sanye): *ʔār-Vl- 'large antilope (eland)' Omotic: *ʔayir(-in)- 'hippopotamus'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa-)ram-
Meaning: enclosed, fortified dwelling area Semitic: *ʔaram- 'fortified palace' Western Chadic: *ram- 'village, town' 1, 'place' 2 Central Chadic: *ʔV-rVm- 'house', 'build (a wall)' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔarar-
Meaning: container Semitic: *ʔarar- 'barrel (for grain) (?)' Egyptian: ỉrr 'vessel' (n) Low East Cushitic: *ʔarar- 'basket'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔarb-
Meaning: elephant; (rhinoceros) Egyptian: *ʔVrbVʔ 'rhinoceros (?)' Central Chadic: *ʔarf- 'elephant' (?) Low East Cushitic: *ʔarb- 'elephant' High East Cushitic: *ʔarb- 'elephant' Warazi (Dullay): *ʔarap- (<*ʔarab-) 'elephant'
Notes: One wonders whether this root may have been derived from Afras. *ʔar- 'elephant/hippopotamus' (3628), with the -b formant (of harmful animals?). Cf. Blaz. Eleph. 198, 203. In CCh (Kotoko group) *-f versus *-b in other Afrasian is difficult to explain. Cf. ECush: Oromo rōbī, rōṗī; Burji rōbḗ; Sidamo robē, robicco, Darasa rōṗe reconstructed by Blazek as *robH- 'hippopotamus' (Bla. Eleph., 203; add also Geleba rooṗe id. Huds. HEC, 80), likely related with the present root. Blazek also includes in *robH- two forms which are probably related to *lVʔVb- ~ *ʔVlb- 'elephant/hippopotamus' (131).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔariĉ̣-
Meaning: earth Semitic: *ʔar(V)ṣ̂- 'earth' Western Chadic: *HVriĉ̣- 'earth' Central Chadic: *HVrV[ŝ]- 'earth' East Chadic: *ʔiraĉ̣- 'valley' Low East Cushitic: *ʔar(V)d- 'earth' (
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔariw-
Meaning: metal Semitic: *w/ʔVrVw/y- 'copper' Central Chadic: *ʔa/ir- 'iron' East Chadic: *ʔarr- 'iron'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔaruy-
Meaning: (wild?) goat; sheep Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔarwiy- 'wild goat, gazelle' Berber: *HarVy (*H <*ʔ/*h) 'sheep, small cattle' Western Chadic: *ʔ/war- 'ram, goat' East Chadic: *ʔVwr- ~ *ʔarw- 'goats' 1, 'duiker' 2 Saho-Afar: *ʔVray- 'goat' Low East Cushitic: *ʔVri(r)- ~ *riʔ- 'goat' High East Cushitic: *ʔaray- 'sheep/bushbuck' South Cushitic: *ʔari 'goat' Mogogodo (Yaaku): *ʔVrVr- 'antelope sp.' Omotic: *Har(y) 'flock of sheep'
Notes: Cf. Tak. 94,136: comp. Eg. ʕr 'goat' with SCu (<*ʔ-, not ʕ-, which Takac himself sygnalizes) and Dah ēri (mistake: should be hééri - in Ehr., and EhrEldNurse 15). The Chad. forms compared with Eg. ʕr 'she-goat' ([Tak. ibid.]; accepted by [Tak I 136-7]) are reconstructed with *ʕ-. This contradicts the correspondences proposed by Stolbova: for the Sura group, to which Mnt. and Grk. belong [Stolb. 1996 7], Afras. and P. Chad *ʔ- and *ʕ- yield *ʔ- [ibid. 74, table 7], while in the Lai group, to which Lele belongs [ibid. 8], the situation with laryngeals is obscure [ibid. 74, table 7; 97, table 19]. Cf. HSED 50: Can.; Boni eriya, Rnd. ari (both not found in dict. available), Burji; SCu. Bl.Beja Fauna 22: Cu. Cf. Dolg. HSAn.names 2 (Sem, Beja), 4 (to Sem-Eg *ʕyr 'ass': Dah heri 'goat, sheep'; SCu ara 'goats'; WCh ur 'he-goat', Lele ōrē 'goats')
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔarVḫ-
Meaning: cow Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔarḫ- Egyptian: ꜣḫ.t (gr) 'divine cow'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔarVḳ-
Meaning: earth, field Semitic: *ʔaraḳ- 'earth' Western Chadic: *ruḳ- 'field'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔarVm-
Meaning: root Semitic: *ʔarum- East Chadic: *ʔwaram-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔa-rVw-
Meaning: lion Berber: *HVwar- 'lion' Egyptian: rw (pyr) 'lion' Central Chadic: *ruw- 'hyaena' Cf. N 1666 'wild cat' East Chadic: *ʔa-ruw- 'leopard'1, 'lion' 2 Low East Cushitic: *ʔar- 'lion'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa-)rVwVy-
Meaning: tree Egyptian: wry.t 'trees' (18) Western Chadic: *riw- 'tree' 1, 'wood' 2 Central Chadic: *(ʔa-)wur- ~ *riway- 'tamarisk' East Chadic: *ʔaraw- 'k. of tree'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔa-rway-
Meaning: husband, wife; family/clan member Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔary- 'family member, relative' Egyptian: ỉry.t 'friend (fem.)' (old) East Chadic: *rway- 'friend' 1, 'husband' 2 Beḍauye (Beja): reero 'relative' (cf. ʔoor 'child') Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʔar- 'husband' Low East Cushitic: *ʔarr- ~ *rēr- 'wife' 1, 'clan' 2 High East Cushitic: *ʔarʔ- 'husband' Omotic: *ʔar- 'husband'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔary/w- ~ *(ʔV)w/yar-
Meaning: corn, seed, beans Semitic: *ʔarw/y- 'edible plant' Berber: *Hawr-an/*Harw-an 'flour, meal' (?) Egyptian: ỉwry 'bean' Western Chadic: *ʔVr- 'seed' Central Chadic: *ʔiwar- ~ *ʔiraw- 'seed, corn, bean, nut' East Chadic: *ʔa/irway- 'corn, seed' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ar- 'corn, crop' Omotic: *yār- 'seed'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔas-
Meaning: seize, grasp Semitic: *ʔVšVš- 'grasp' Central Chadic: *siy- 'seize'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔaseʔ- (?)
Meaning: iron Semitic: *Hašiʔ- Egyptian: ḥs (med) 'copper slag' Central Chadic: (?) *sVy- 'iron' East Chadic: *sayu- 'iron'
Notes: Scarce data. Highly dubious.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa-)ŝaf-
Meaning: burning Semitic: Ugr špš 'sun' + more? Egyptian: ỉsf 'burn' (XX), 'be painful' (n) Western Chadic: *ŝaʔaf- 'heat, pain' 1, 'heat, boil' 2 Central Chadic: South Cushitic: *ŝuf- 'boil'
Notes: Reconstruction *ŝaʔaf- is also possible
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔat-
Meaning: walk, come Semitic: *ʔVt- 'come' 1, 'pass' 2, 'come back' 3 Western Chadic: *ʔat- 'travel' Beḍauye (Beja): ʔat 'tread' Saho-Afar: Cf. *ʕat- 'tread' Omotic: *ʔat- 'come'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa-)waʕ- (?)
Meaning: beast of prey Semitic: *waʕ-waʕ- 'jackal, fox' Egyptian: wʕ.ty (gr) 'lion' Western Chadic: *Haway- 'lion'
Notes: Descriptive root? Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔawan-/*ʔawin-
Meaning: time Semitic: *ʔawān- 'time, moment, season' Western Chadic: *win- 'day (24 hours)' Central Chadic: *wan- 'year' High East Cushitic: *ʔawin- 'month, moon' Warazi (Dullay): *ʔawVn- 'evening'
Notes: Since CCh might have lost *ʔa- for phonetic reasons, it is not clear if it is a prefix or a part of the root. Is their any connection with Agaw *ʔiman- 'time' (Bil emaanaa), SA *ʔaman- id. (Saho amaana) and LEC *ʔamin- id. (Som amin)?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔawar-
Meaning: curse, insult Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔur- 'curse' Egyptian: wꜣr 'curse' (XXII) Western Chadic: *ʔar- < *ʔwar- 'insult, scold' Central Chadic: *ʔir- 'insult' East Chadic: *war- 'insult' Low East Cushitic: *ʔor- 'threaten' High East Cushitic: *ʔar- 'be angry, be annoyed'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔa-waʒʒ-
Meaning: goose, duck, cock Semitic: *ʔaw(a)z- ~ *waz(z)- 'goose' Berber: *-wVzz 'ostrich' Egyptian: *zVw- 'duck, goose' East Chadic: *ʔuzw- 'chick, cock'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔaw/yas-
Meaning: come, hurry Borean etymology: Borean etymology Berber: *Hawas- 'come' Egyptian: ꜣs (ME) 'hurry, hasten' Western Chadic: *(H)yVs- 'come' East Chadic: *ʔas- 'come' Warazi (Dullay): *ʔas- 'go'
Notes: Cf. *sawVʔ- 'go in and out'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔaw/ys-
Meaning: man Semitic: *ʔiš- 'man' Western Chadic: *w/yas- 'brother' 1, 'uncle' 2, 'father-in-law' 3 Central Chadic: *ʔ/wus- 'man' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʔasaw- 'man' High East Cushitic: *wVs- 'child, boy' (?) Omotic: *ʔas- 'man'
Notes: Cf. *ʔiwas- 'woman'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔawp-
Meaning: sheep/goat Egyptian: wʔp (<*ʔwp?) 'sheep' (Pyr) Western Chadic: *ʔuf- 'goat' South Cushitic: *ʔa/uf- 'goat'
Notes: Cf. HSED, 134: Eg.; WCh (Cagu). Cf. *ʕay/wp- 'goat, ram' (3587).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa-)wVnay-
Meaning: elephant Western Chadic: *(y/ʔa-)wanVy- 'elephant' Central Chadic: *(ʔV-)wVŋVy- 'elephant' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʔ/yVnnay/ŋ- 'elephant' South Cushitic: *(ʔV-)wVnay- 'elephant'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa-)wVr-
Meaning: road Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔurim- (<*ʔury-am-?) 'a big stone indicating a road in the desert' 1, 'road' 2 Egyptian: wꜣ(y).t (< *wVry-?) 'road; street; side' Western Chadic: *ʔaraw- ~ *war- 'road' East Chadic: *ʔVwr- 'road' High East Cushitic: *ʔor- 'road' South Cushitic: *ʔuruw- 'path, way' Omotic: *wor-at- 'road'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔawVr-
Meaning: earth, dust Western Chadic: *ʔur- 'dust' Central Chadic: *wur- 'field' Low East Cushitic: *ʔawar- 'dust'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔay-
Meaning: come, run Semitic: *ʔVyVʔ- 'go and stay' Berber: *ʔVy- 'come' East Chadic: *ʔaw-/*ʔay- 'go' 1, 'come' 2 Beḍauye (Beja): ee- 'come' High East Cushitic: *ʔe- 'enter' Omotic: *ʔay- 'come'
Notes: In Bed and HEC development *-ay- > *-e- seems to be possible. Is there any connection between *ʔay- and *ʔa- 'walk, go'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔay-
Meaning: bird of prey Semitic: *ʔayy- 'bird of prey' Egyptian: ꜣ 'vulture' (Pyr) ~ wyꜣ.t 'k. of bird' (Med)
Notes: Cf. EDE I 50 (Eg ꜣ preferably comp. to Akk. arû)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔayl- ~ *ʔallVy-
Meaning: ram Semitic: *ʔa(y)l- 'ram' Berber: *t-yVHali 'sheep' Egyptian: *ʔVyl- 'ram' (?) Beḍauye (Beja): *ʔalli 'long-haired sheep' Saho-Afar: *ʔilli 'small cattle' Low East Cushitic: *ʔVll-Vm 'ram' South Cushitic: *yVʔal- 'ram' (met.?)
Notes: HSED 67 *ʔa-yil- (Akk. ʔâlu ! Ugr, Pho {not found}; Brb: Nfs Smll; Saho Afar)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔayVl-
Meaning: deer Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔayyal- 'deer, idex' Egyptian: *ʔyl 'deer' (
Notes: HSED No. 66: Sem., Eg., Som., Dah.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔayVm-
Meaning: snake Semitic: *ʔaym- 'snake' Egyptian: ỉmy (LM) 'snake' Western Chadic: *ʔam- 'python'
Notes: Contraction in WCh?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔayVw-
Meaning: jackal, dog Semitic: *ʔVwVy- 'jackal' Egyptian: ỉꜣw 'dog' (MK) Western Chadic: *ʔiy- 'dog' Low East Cushitic: *yayy- 'wild dog; hunting dog; jackal; wolf' High East Cushitic: *yayy- 'hunting dog'
Notes: Originally descriptive.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔayw-
Meaning: be old Egyptian: ỉꜣwy (AE) 'be old' East Chadic: *ʔyaw- 'be old'
Notes: Another possibility should be considered if Eg -ꜣ- goes back to *r. In this case, comparison with CCh *ʔir- 'old' (Mw iʔiri, Bch ʔiyrey and the like) leads to the reconstruction of Afras *ʔir- 'be old'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔaǯ-
Meaning: sun Borean etymology: Borean etymology Western Chadic: Bolewa ǯä-ǹǯa 'star' Central Chadic: *ʔaǯ- Low East Cushitic: *ʔaʒ- 'sun' Dahalo (Sanye): ʔad_o 'sun'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔaǯ- (?)
Meaning: be sad, angry Semitic: *ʔad_ay- 'be sad' Western Chadic: *ʔaǯ- 'be angry'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔaǯV(n)g(ʷ)-Vm-
Meaning: elephant/hippopotamus Egyptian: zʔg- 'fabulous animal' (?) Western Chadic: (Ha)ǯi(n)gʷ-Vm- 'hippopotamus' Mogogodo (Yaaku): *sogomVy 'elephant' (<*ǯVgVm-Vy?) Omotic: *(H)azagVy- (*-z- may render *-ǯ-) 'hippopotamus'
Notes: Cf. Bla. Eleph., 204: NOm., NBauchi and, with a question mark, CCh. (Gidar and Lame) which may not belong here. The Anlaut *ʔ- is proposed on a very tentative basis: in Ngizim, acc. to Stolb., 1996, 74 *h- and *ʔ- may render 0, while in Yaaku, acc. to Bla. CL., 2, only *ʔ yields 0. Cf. HSED 2658: WCh *ǯun-H- 'rhinoceros' (in North Bauchi: acc. to Skin NB 26, all the forms quoted in HSED mean 'hippopotamus'); CCh *čuwan- ("irregulat *č-") 'elephant', ECh *ǯun- id.; Afaw *ǯihun- id.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔhVĉun-
Meaning: be hard Semitic: *h_Vŝun- 'be hard' Central Chadic: *ŝyan-H- 'hardness'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔiʕal-
Meaning: snake Egyptian: ỉʕr.t 'snake on Re's forehead' Central Chadic: *Hwal- 'snake' East Chadic: *ʔiHal- 'snake'
Notes: Scarce data. An unusual combination of -ʔ- and -ʕ- in one root
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔib-
Meaning: thirst Egyptian: ỉb.t (pyr) 'thirst' Western Chadic: *yib- < *ʔib- 'thirst' East Chadic: *ʔib-in- 'thirst' Beḍauye (Beja): yawa, yiwai
Notes: Cf. Arab ʔbb [-u-] 'desire'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔibad-
Meaning: lose, be lost Semitic: *ʔVbVd- 'lose, be lost' Central Chadic: *bidVH- 'be lost' Saho-Afar: *bad- 'perish, be extinguished' Low East Cushitic: *bad- 'be lost' Warazi (Dullay): *pat- 'get lost, disappear'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔibaḫ-
Meaning: insect Semitic: *ʔibḫ- 'kind of bug' Berber: *baḫ- 'insect' East Chadic: *bag- 'locust' 1, 'criquet' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔiban-
Meaning: sleep Egyptian: ỉbꜣn (pyr) 'sleep' Central Chadic: *HVbyan- 'dream'
Notes: Since HS *ʔeben- is hardly possible from the point of view of the vowel pattern, *ʔiben- remains the only tenable reconstruction
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔic- (?)
Meaning: tooth Borean etymology: Borean etymology Western Chadic: *ḥa-/wu-ʔic- 'tooth' Low East Cushitic: DAS īso 'lower jaw' High East Cushitic: *ʔis- 'tooth'
Notes: Scarce data. Phonetically problematic.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔicay- (?)
Meaning: be sad, be bad Semitic: *ʔVsay- 'be sad' East Chadic: *ʔisVy- 'bad'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔigan-
Meaning: vessel Semitic: *ʔigān- 'cup, bowl' Low East Cushitic: *ʔagan-/*gaHan- 'jar'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔigar- ~ *ga/iʔur-
Meaning: wall, house, dwelling Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔigār- 'wall' 1, 'roof' 2 ~ *gʷar- 'back of the house' Berber: *gVrur- 'enclosure'1, 'wall'2, 'place, yard' 3 Egyptian: d_rw 'part of house' (MK), d_ry 'wall', d_ry.t 'dwelling' (gr) Western Chadic: *gar- 'village, town' 1, 'stone wall' 2, 'town-wall' 3, 'low wall or mount' 4, 'corn bin' 5 Central Chadic: *gaHur- 'enclosure' 1, 'shed' 2, 'corral' 3 East Chadic: *giHVr- 'hut' 1, ' house' 2, 'compound' 3, 'village' 4, 'dwelling place' 5 Beḍauye (Beja): gaʔra, gaarʔa 'yard' Low East Cushitic: *guʔur- 'house' 1, 'wall' 2 High East Cushitic: *goʔr- 'shed' South Cushitic: *garVʔ- 'wall of the verandah' Omotic: *gVHol- 'house' - cf.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔiḫ-
Meaning: thing Egyptian: ỉḫ.t (pyr) 'thing' Western Chadic: *ʔyaH 'thing' Central Chadic: *ʔyaH- 'thing'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔikoy-
Meaning: hold, seize Egyptian: ỉt_y (pyr) 'take, catch, grasp' Western Chadic: *kway- < *HVkway 'hold' 1, 'grasp' 2, 'catch' 3 Central Chadic: *kaʔV- 'catch' 1, 'hold' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔi/uǯn- ~ ʔi/udn-
Meaning: ear Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔud_(V)n- 'ear' Egyptian: *ʔidn 'ear' East Chadic: *ʔudu/in- 'ear' (?) Central Cushitic (Agaw): *waǯ- 'hear' Omotic: *waǯ- 'ear' 1, 'hear' 2
Notes: Cf. HSED, 126 *ʔudun-/*ʔuǯun- (Sem.; Eg. with the comment ʔi- palatalized from *ʔ- under the influence of *-u-; EChad.). The Eg. ʔi- may render *ʔi-: cf. ʔi-, not ʔu-, in part of Sem. (Syr. and MSA), and both possibilities in NEth.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔil-
Meaning: eye Borean etymology: Borean etymology Berber: *wall- 'eye' 1, 'eyes' 2 Central Chadic: *Hyal- 'eye' Beḍauye (Beja): líli 'eye' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʕil- 'eye' Low East Cushitic: *ʔil- 'eye' High East Cushitic: *Hill- 'eye' South Cushitic: *ʔil- 'eye' Dahalo (Sanye): ʔila 'eye' Mogogodo (Yaaku): ila 'eyes'
Notes: *ʕ- in Agaw, reconstructed relying on Bilin, may probably be explained by contamination with Afras. *ʕayn- 'eye'. Cf. *ʔilal- 'see, look' (1465), with the same reflexation of *ʔ- as ʕ- in Bilin.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔil-
Meaning: bring Egyptian: ỉny (pyr) 'bring' Western Chadic: *ʔal-/*ʔil- 'bring'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔil-
Meaning: swear; oath Semitic: *ʔVl- 'swear' South Cushitic: *loʔ- 'oath' (met.) Dahalo (Sanye): ʔilo 'oath'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔil- (?)
Meaning: leather container Semitic: *ʔil- 'leather sack' Western Chadic: *ʔalay- 'skin bottle used as an oil container'
Notes: Insufficient data. See *ʔilm- ~ *ʔalim- 'skin' (2973).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔilab-
Meaning: wall Egyptian: ỉnb (AE) 'wall' East Chadic: *labVH- 'fence'
Notes: Another possible reconstruction is *labiʔ-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔilal-
Meaning: see, look Western Chadic: *(H)yal- 'see' East Chadic: *HiwVll- 'see' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʕalal- 'look' (?) Saho-Afar: *ʔilal- 'watch' 1, 'look' 2 Low East Cushitic: *ʔilal- 'watch' 1, 'look' 2 Dahalo (Sanye): ʔeley- 'know'
Notes: Unexpected ʕ- in Bilin. Related to *ʔil- 'eye', with the same reflexation of *ʔ- as ʕ- in Bilin.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔilkʷ-
Meaning: tooth Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔ/ʕVlVk- ~ *ʕalik- 'chew, gnaw' 1, 'molars' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʔilkʷ- 'tooth' Low East Cushitic: *ʔilkʷ- 'tooth' High East Cushitic: *ʔilk- 'tooth' Warazi (Dullay): *ʔilg- 'tooth'
Notes: Cf. SCu: Kwz iŝikuko id.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔillaw/y- (?)
Meaning: saliva Semitic: *ʔillaw/y-t- 'saliva' Western Chadic: *ʔulli- 'saliva' East Chadic: *ʔVlaw- 'saliva'
Notes: Insufficient data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔilm- ~ *ʔalim-
Meaning: skin Semitic: *ʔalim- 'tanned hide used as a cushion' Berber: *Hilm 'skin' Egyptian: ỉnm 'skin' Western Chadic: *ʔalm-Vn- 'hide' ~ *lamoʔ- (met.) 'to skin'
Notes: Derived from *ʔil- 'leather container' ? For *-Vm- see *ʔad-Vm- 'hide, skin'. Cf. HSED, 101: Eg.-Copt.; WCh.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔi-mar-
Meaning: goat, ram Semitic: *ʔimmi/ar- 'lamb' Western Chadic: *mar- 'goat' 1, 'ram' 2 Saho-Afar: *marw- 'ram' Omotic: *mar- 'sheep'
Notes: HSED No. 1729
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔin-
Meaning: cord; tie Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: ỉny 'cord' (MK) Western Chadic: *ʔin- 'tie' Central Chadic: *ʔin- 'tie' East Chadic: *ʔVn-/*ʔVwVn- 'tie'
Notes: Cf. *wan-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔin- (?)
Meaning: flow, be wet Semitic: *ʔin- 'spread (of water)' Western Chadic: *ʔVn- 'be wet'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔinawal-/*ʔinayal-
Meaning: kind of plant Egyptian: ỉnwn 'kind of plant' (med) East Chadic: *ʔinayal- 'grass'
Notes: An ancient composite or a structure with a prefix *ʔi-?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔi-n)gur(gur)-
Meaning: knee; foot Semitic: *ʔi(n)gi/ur- 'foot' Western Chadic: *n-gar- 'leg' East Chadic: *(gV)gVr- 'knee' South Cushitic: *gurungu(n)d- (redupl.) 'knee' SO Omotic: *gurā-t- 'knee' SO
Notes: Note a stunning (chance?) similarity between S. Cush. and E. Chad. (Sokoro) in: (1) reduplication, (2) inserted -n- (a variant stem *gurungurun- to be reconstructed as common Afras.?), and (3) the enigmatic -d- of the last syllable. / / Cf. [HSED 962]: S. Cush. and Sokoro. / / Cf. Sum. GÌR /ŋir/ 'leg, foot' [AHw 1214]
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔint-
Meaning: louse Central Chadic: Mada étet 'louse' [BaMad] Cf. 1145 East Chadic: *ʔint- 'louse' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʔant-/*ʔint- 'louse' South Cushitic: *ʔit- /*ʔitin- 'louse' Dahalo (Sanye): it(t)a 'louse'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔi(n)ṭ-
Meaning: eye Berber: *tV-(H)iṭṭ 'eye' Western Chadic: *ti-[']at- (cf. also *ʔid-) Central Chadic: *ʔi(n)d- 'eye' (?) East Chadic: *ʔi/ud- 'eye' (?) Low East Cushitic: *ʔinṭ- 'eye'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔir-
Meaning: eat, bite Egyptian: ỉr (gr) 'eat' Western Chadic: *ʔVr- 'bite' Saho-Afar: Afar ar 'bite'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔir-
Meaning: eye Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: *ʔir- 'eye' Western Chadic: *yir- (<*ʔir-) 'eye' Central Chadic: *ʔiray- 'eye' East Chadic: *ʔEr- 'eye' Beḍauye (Beja): iray 'see' South Cushitic: *ʔar- 'to see'
Notes: Cf. HSED, 112 *ʔir- 'eye' (Eg. and Ch.) and 75 *ʔer- 'see, know' (ECh. 'see'; Beja iray-, iree 'see' which is a mistake: it means 'das Wissen, Kunde' in Rein. Beḍ, 30; Agaw 'know'; Wrz. 'know'; Om. 'know'; and Rift 'see') with the question "Related to HS *ʔir- "eye"?". Cf. also HSED, 2104 *reʔ- 'see' (part of Sem. and Beja).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔiriʔ-
Meaning: wine Semitic: *ʔiriʔ- 'beer drags' Egyptian: iꜣrr.t (AE) 'wine berry'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔirVy- ~ *ʔVwVrr-
Meaning: stick Semitic: *ʔary- 'twig, stick' Egyptian: ꜣry.t 'kind of stick' (MK) East Chadic: *ʔVwVrr- 'stick'
Notes: Related to *ruy-'tree' (1707)?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔirw/y- ~ *ʔawr-
Meaning: bull, calf Semitic: *ʔi/arw-ān- ~ *ʔawr- 'calf, bull' Berber: HirVy 'calf' Egyptian: *ʔir(y) 'calf' Western Chadic: *ʔarwa 'ox' Beḍauye (Beja): rēw 'cow' Saho-Afar: *ʔawr- 'bull' Low East Cushitic: *ʔawr- 'bull, he-camel' High East Cushitic: *ʔarr- 'bull, calf' Mogogodo (Yaaku): rɛh-ɛʔ 'calf' (<*riʔ- met.?) (?) Omotic: *Harr- 'cow'
Notes: Cf. *war- 'cow, calf; antelope' (3614). Cf. HSED 2527: Eg, Hs warari 'vicious bull'; Bl. Beja F 22; Dolg
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔis-
Meaning: fire Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔišs- 'fire' Berber: *HVs- 'big fire' Western Chadic: *ʔyas- 'fire' East Chadic: *ʔis- make fire' 1, 'burn' 2
Notes: Cf. Rift *ʔaŝ- 'fire' (Irq aŝa, Gor aŝa, Alg aŝa, Bur aŝa) with a lateral *-ŝ-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔiS- (?)
Meaning: call Egyptian: ỉꜣš = ʕš 'call' Western Chadic: *ʔyaŝ- 'speak' East Chadic: Jegu say- 'say' Low East Cushitic: Elmolo -ose- 'say' Black Omotic: Ong ʔis, Dizi (Nayi) yis- (perf.) Bnd Om 216
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔi-)sim-
Meaning: name Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *(ʔi-)šim- Berber: *(H)isVm- 'name' Western Chadic: *sumi Central Chadic: *ŝim-/*ŝyam- East Chadic: *sim-
Notes: Irregular *ŝ in CCh. Related to *sim- 'call, speak'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔisVʔ/w-
Meaning: piece of wood Semitic: *HVššVʔ- 'fir-tree splinter' Egyptian: ỉsw.t 'thick wooden bar' (n)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔit-
Meaning: eat Borean etymology: Borean etymology Western Chadic: *ʔyat- High East Cushitic: *ʔit-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔitaḥ-
Meaning: pull Egyptian: ỉtḥ 'pull' (pyr) Central Chadic: *taH- 'pull'
Notes: *ʔi- may be a prefix
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔiw-
Meaning: call, complain Semitic: *yVw- 'speak' Egyptian: ỉw (reg) 'complain' Central Chadic: *(ʔa-)yiw- 'ask for' 1, 'ask' 2
Notes: Related to *ya-/*yi- 'say'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔi(w)-
Meaning: be, become Egyptian: ỉw 'be' (pyr) Western Chadic: *ʔi- 'become' Central Chadic: *ʔya- 'become' East Chadic: *ay- 'be'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔiwaʕ/ʔ-
Meaning: limb Egyptian: ỉwʕ (pyr) 'part of the leg' Western Chadic: *yVw- 'leg' Central Chadic: *ʔVyaw- 'leg' 1, 'foot' 2, 'thigh' 3 Beḍauye (Beja): eyi 'hand' South Cushitic: *yaʔ- 'foot, leg' Omotic: Ong ʔīʔa 'hand, arm, finger'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔiwas-
Meaning: woman Berber: *(H)issi 'daughters' Central Chadic: *ʔus- 'woman' Central Cushitic (Agaw): ʔ/yus- 'female' (adj.) 1, 'woman' 2 Low East Cushitic: *was- 'to copulate (with a woman)' Omotic: *ʔus- 'woman having a child'
Notes: Cf. *ʔaw/ys- 'man'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔiwat-
Meaning: goat, sheep Semitic: *ʔayaw-t- ~ (and*ʔawiy-?) 'goat' Berber: *ti-hatt- (<*ti-ʔat-t ?) 'sheep' (pl.) Western Chadic: *titw- (<*ti-tVw-?) 'sheep' East Chadic: *ʔataw > *tuu/o 'she-goat' South Cushitic: *ʔaʔat- 'sheep' Omotic: *yat- 'sheep'
Notes: Cf. HSED, 1077 *ʕaw- 'goat, bull' (Eg. ʕw.t OK 'sheep and goats'; CCh. Gis, Bld. 'she-goat'; Irq. Al. Bur. 'bull')
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔk ???
Meaning: hate, evil Borean etymology: Borean etymology
Notes: Sem, Bed - see NDr 18.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔk(k)
Meaning: old man, grandfather, elder relative Borean etymology: Borean etymology
Notes: Ndr 21: Eg, Cush (hardly distinguishable from Ndr 15 *ʔag- 'maternal uncle')
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔ/ʕugaḥ/h-
Meaning: egg Western Chadic: *Hagway 'egg' Low East Cushitic: *ʔug/kaḥ- ~ *Hugug- (met.) 'egg' Warazi (Dullay): *Hugaḥ-it- 'egg' Dahalo (Sanye): ʕogóhi 'egg'
Notes: Cf. *(ʔan-)ḳʷa(n)ḥ- 'egg'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔ/y/wa-dar-
Meaning: k. of (small?) antelope Semitic: *diry-/*ʔaddar- 'humped bull; dwarf-antelope' (?) Berber: *idari 'antelope oryx' Egyptian: ỉdr 'herd (of cattle)' Western Chadic: *(ʔan-)dur- 'ram, goat' Central Chadic: *wVdVr- 'gazelle' East Chadic: *dar- 'gazelle' Saho-Afar: *wadar- 'goats, small cattle' Low East Cushitic: *ʔadVr- 'kudu antelope' South Cushitic: *dVr- 'zebra' Dahalo (Sanye): *dardir- 'kudu antelope' Omotic: *dur- 'sheep'
Notes: Cf. Tak. 380: Eg. zr=Om *dur- ~ *dor- + WChad. *dVr-(gaŝi) apud Stolb.+ doubtful Ch + Ghdms ? + HSED 2634. Cf. *ʔ/y/wa-dar- 'k. of antelope' (3598). Cf. Dolg. SH An. names
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔ/yun-
Meaning: day, sun Egyptian: ỉn 'today' (BD) ~ ỉwnw (gr) 'sun' Western Chadic: *yuni- 'day' Central Chadic: *(ʔu-)nya- 'today' 1, 'yesterday' 2
Notes: Note LEC *yawan- '(this) time' (Or yoowana)?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔry ~ *ʔyr- ~ *rʔy
Meaning: to gather, reap, cultivate Semitic: *ʔrr/y 'to reap, gather, harvest' Central Chadic: *raʔa 'to gather' East Chadic: *rwr- 'to weed' (redupl.) Central Cushitic (Agaw): *HayVr- 'to gather, mow' Saho-Afar: *arar 'to reap, glean' (?) Low East Cushitic: *ʔVrur- 'to gather, collect' High East Cushitic: *rVʔir- 'to pluck' Warazi (Dullay): *Hayr- 'harvest feast'
Notes: (related to *ʔary/w- ~ *(ʔV)w/yar- 'corn, beans'?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔubun-
Meaning: vessel Semitic: *ʔubun- 'vessel' Central Chadic: *bun-H- 'water pot'
Notes: Note LEC *ʔub- 'vessel': Som ubbo
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔu)cuk(ʔ)-
Meaning: temple (not anat.) Semitic: *ʔusukk- 'temple' Egyptian: sskꜣ 'temple' (BD)
Notes: From *cuk- 'pot, vessel'? An areal cultural term?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔuĉ-
Meaning: be gay Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔiŝ- 'joy (?)' Egyptian: wꜣš (a) 'be gay'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔug-
Meaning: burn Semitic: *ʔgg 'to be burned' East Chadic: *ʔig-/*ʔug- 'burn' Low East Cushitic: *ʔVg- 'fire' 1, 'ashes' 2 Dahalo (Sanye): ʔḗga 'fire, firewood' EEN 21
Notes: EDE 1 159
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔuḫ- (?)
Meaning: knife Egyptian: ꜣḫ (gr) 'knife' Central Chadic: *ʔuxwa- 'knife' 1, 'sickle' 2
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔukak-
Meaning: run, jump Egyptian: ỉt_t_ (<*ʔVkk) 'fly' (pyr) Western Chadic: *kwak- 'jump, gallop' East Chadic: *ʔukVk- 'run'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔu/ir-
Meaning: fire, to burn Semitic: *ʔūr- ~ *ʔirr 'fire' ~ *ʔry 'set fire to' Egyptian: ỉr.t (gr) 'flame' Western Chadic: *yar- 'burn' Central Chadic: *ʔur- 'burn' East Chadic: *ʔyar-/*ʔwar- 'burn' 1, 'warm oneself' 2 Saho-Afar: *ʔur- 'burn' South Cushitic: Maʔa iʔora 'ashes'
Notes: Cf. *war- 'to burn, roast', *rVwVy- 'fire; burn', *ḥr 'burn'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔu/ir-
Meaning: fish; spawn Semitic: *ʔirw/y-t- '(fish) spawn' Egyptian: ỉꜣr.t 'part of fish' (med). Western Chadic: *ʔuri- 'kind of fish' Omotic: *ʔor- 'fish'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔunay- (?)
Meaning: meat Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔunVy- 'kind of meat' Central Chadic: *nay- 'meat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔup-
Meaning: strike Egyptian: ỉp 'blow' (n.) (MK) Western Chadic: *ʔup- 'strike' East Chadic: *ʔup- 'strike'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔur-
Meaning: day Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔVr- 'day, light, sun' Central Chadic: (?) *wur- 'morning' Saho-Afar: SaAf ayro High East Cushitic: *ʔor- 'midday'
Notes: Related to *ʔur- 'burn, be hot'? Or to *ʔVr- 'moon'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔurḫ-
Meaning: road Semitic: *ʔurḫ- 'road'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔurid-
Meaning: vessel Semitic: *ʔurīd- 'vessel' Western Chadic: *rūd- gourd for keeping beer
Notes: An alternative reconstruction is *ruʔUd-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔuril-/*ʔurul-
Meaning: reed; flute Semitic: *ʔurull- 'reed' Low East Cushitic: *ʔulul- 'flute' Omotic: *ʔuril- 'flute'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔu)saĉ-
Meaning: nest Semitic: *ʔušaŝ- 'nest' Egyptian: sš (AE) 'nest'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔutal-/*ʔutil-
Meaning: jump Semitic: *ʔVtil- 'take short steps' Low East Cushitic: *ʔutal- 'jump'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔuy-
Meaning: disaster Egyptian: ỉy.t (ME) 'illness, evil' Western Chadic: *wuy- 'disaster'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVbaw-
Meaning: cord; tie Egyptian: wꜣb (sarc) 'cord' Central Chadic: *[HV]bway- 'tie' 1, 'weave' 2, 'twist' 3
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔV-bVʔ-
Meaning: cow, antelope Semitic: *(ʔV-)baʔ-at- 'cow, (young) bull' Beḍauye (Beja): *ʔiwVb- 'bull' Low East Cushitic: *ʔabiy- 'antelope oryx'
Notes: Related to *bVʔ(bVʔ)- 'k. of antelope, wild sheep or goat' (3595)? Cf. Sum. áb 'cow' Falkenstein I, 69; Lieberman
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔV-)bVl-
Meaning: camel; equid Semitic: *ʔibil-at- 'camel' Berber: *(H)abal '(young) camel' Central Chadic: *bVlHin- 'donkey' (cf. also *mbil- 'elephant') East Chadic: *bVl(l)ah- 'mare; donkey' Beḍauye (Beja): balāb- (<*balbal-) '2-3 years old camel' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *bayl-/*biHl- 'mule' High East Cushitic: *buHul- 'mule' Omotic: (?) *bull- 'mule'
Notes: In Cush., borrowing of the terms for 'mule'from Eth or Arb is possible. Cf. *bil(bil)- 'elephant/rhinoceros/buffalo'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVcup-
Meaning: gather, harvest Semitic: *ʔVsVp- 'gather, collect' 1, 'harvest' (v.) 2 East Chadic: *ʔVsup- 'harvest' (v.)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVc̣Vr-
Meaning: load Semitic: *ʔi-ṣVr- 'load (n.)' East Chadic: *suHVr- 'heavy (load)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVc̣al-
Meaning: rope; attach Semitic: *ʔ/wVṣVl- 'join, attach' Western Chadic: *c̣al- 'tree used to make ropes' 1, 'rope' 2 Central Chadic: *caHil- 'rope'
Notes: Cf. Sem *waṣil- 'joint, articulation' SED 289.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVful-
Meaning: set (of the sun) Semitic: *ʔVpVl- 'set (of the sun)' Western Chadic: *ful(ul)- 'night'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔV)fV(ʷ)r-
Meaning: boil Semitic: *pVwVr- 'boil' Egyptian: ꜣfr 'boil' (gr)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVgVr-
Meaning: chew Semitic: *ʔVgVr- 'chew' East Chadic: *gwar- 'chew'
Notes: Initial *ʔV- may be a prefix
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔV)ḥi/ull-
Meaning: (young) equid, camel Semitic: *ḥil(l)ay- 'camel' Berber: *Hulil 'donkey, foal', *HalHul 'young camel' Saho-Afar: *ḥ/ʕillVw- 'colt, foal, young of ass' (?) Low East Cushitic: *(ʔu)ḥVl- 'donkey' Warazi (Dullay): *HV(HV)ll- 'horse' Dahalo (Sanye): *ḥVllVʔ- 'zebra' Omotic: Hull- 'horse'
Notes: Cf. Bl. Beja Fauna, 12; cf. Sasse PEC, 39 *hal- 'she-camel' (Som. hal, Rend. al-o, Or. hal-aa), actually not <*ḥVl-. Cf. also Tna hilälä 'donkey'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVhVl-
Meaning: tent, hut, family Borean etymology: Borean etymology
Notes: ND 35 (Sem. and scattered Cush. forms).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVḥVs- (?)
Meaning: know, see Semitic: *ʔVḥi/uS- 'feel, know' Central Chadic: *ʔus- 'look' East Chadic: *ʔas- 'know, see'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVkan- ~ *kaʔan-
Meaning: catch Egyptian: ỉkn (gr) 'catch' Western Chadic: *kaʔan- 'catch' Central Chadic: *kan- 'grasp'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVkoʔ-
Meaning: stone Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: ỉkw (ME) 'quarry' Central Chadic: *kwaʔ- 'stone'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔV-)k(ʷ)ayk-
Meaning: egg Semitic: *kayk-at- 'egg' Berber: *ta-kaki-t 'egg' High East Cushitic: *ʔukkʷ- 'egg' FILL
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVl-
Meaning: stick Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔal- Egyptian: ỉꜣꜣ.t (ME) 'branch' Western Chadic: *yal- 'stick' Low East Cushitic: *ʔul- 'stick' Warazi (Dullay): *ʔul- 'stick'
Notes: Cf. SA *ʕil- "stick" (Saho ʕiloo, Afar ʕiloo) with initial *ʕ-. Cf. also *ʔirVy- ~ *ʔVwVrr- 'stick'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVl-
Meaning: be exhausted Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔVlVw- 'be unable, be incapable' Low East Cushitic: *ʔel- 'exhaustion'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVl-
Meaning: not Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: ʔa/ul 'not' Berber: Shaw ul
Notes: Sem., Cush., Omot. (Ndr 24).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVles-
Meaning: deceive Semitic: *ʔVliš- 'deceive' Central Chadic: *lyas- 'deceive, lie' East Chadic: *las-< *lyasa- 'deceive, lie'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVma/*ma(y)
Meaning: mother Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔu/imm- 'mother' Berber: *maH 'mother' Egyptian: mw.t (pyr) 'mother' Western Chadic: *maH- 'mother' (?) Central Chadic: *ʔama 'mother' High East Cushitic: *ʔam- 'mother' South Cushitic: *ʔam- 'grandmother' 1, 'sister' 2, 'mother' 3, 'girl' 4 (otherwise to No. 81)
Notes: A nursery word? Rather to be separated from *ʔam- 'woman'. HSED 34: Sem. *ʔam- 'maid, girl', WCh *ʔam- 'woman', HECu *ʔam- 'mother, wife, woman', SCu. Cf. Iraqw Bur mamay, Dah ʔááma 'mother's brother' [Ehret SCP 282].
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔV-)man-
Meaning: sun, day Egyptian: ỉmny 'Sun-god' (reg) Western Chadic: *myan- 'day' East Chadic: *myan- 'day'
Notes: *ʔi- may be a prefix.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVm(m)-
Meaning: group of related people Semitic: *ʔVm(m)- Western Chadic: *ʔVm- 'friend' East Chadic: *ʔVm- 'son-in-law, father-in-law' High East Cushitic: *ʔam- 'companions, (relatives ?)' South Cushitic: *ʔim- 'people' Dahalo (Sanye): ʔame 'uncle' (?)
Notes: <*ʔam- 'mother' (No. 45)? Cf. Isosemantic row 'mother - people': Beja enda, énde 'mother' [СИФКЯ 137] - enda 'people' [ibid. 148].
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVm(Vm)-
Meaning: spice; honey Semitic: *ʔamūm- 'kind of spice' Berber: *ʔamVm- 'honey' Central Chadic: *(ʔa-)mam- 'bee' 1, 'honey' 2 East Chadic: *ʔim-/*ʔum- 'bee, honey'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔV-)mVn-
Meaning: know, test Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *mVnVw- 'count; test, try' ~ *ʔVmVn- 'be certain, believe' Western Chadic: *man- 'know' Central Chadic: *ma/un- 'analyze' 1, 'understand' 2 ,'surely' 3 East Chadic: *min- 'warn' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʔamVn- 'believe' (?) Low East Cushitic: *man- 'mind' Warazi (Dullay): *Hemen- 'see'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVmVw/y-
Meaning: be rotten Egyptian: ỉmw (med) 'pus' East Chadic: *ʔVmVy- 'rotten'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVn-
Meaning: cut Egyptian: ỉnỉn 'cut' (pyr) East Chadic: *ʔVn- 'cut' Low East Cushitic: *ʔon- 'be devastated'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVngʷ- (Sem., Cush., Om., Chad.)
Meaning: brain Borean etymology: Borean etymology
Notes: ND 54.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVnVr- / *ʔVrVn-
Meaning: small predatory mammal Semitic: *ʔVnar- ~ *ʔVran- 'a small predatory mammal' Western Chadic: *ʔinyawr- 'genet' Central Chadic: *(yV)rawn- 'wild cat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔV-nVwVḫ- (?)
Meaning: breathe out; live Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *nVwVḫ/ḥ- ~ *ʔVnVḫ/ḥ- 'shout' 1, 'lament, wail' 2, 'sigh' 3, 'groan, moan' 4, 'whining, moaning' 5, 'coo' 6, 'blow from opposite sides (of two winds) 7, 'pant, breathe with difficulty' 8 Egyptian: ʕnḫ 'live; life' (Pyr) (dissimilation <*ʔVnVḫ?)
Notes: Phonetically and semantically highly problematic.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔV-)pil-
Meaning: flea, louse Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *pVl- 'kind of insect, louse' Egyptian: py 'flea' (med) (?) Western Chadic: *mpil- 'fire-bug, firefly' Central Chadic: *(ʔa-)filay- 'spider' 1, 'flea' 2, 't. of ant' 3, 't. of worm' 4, 'tick, mite' 5 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *pil- 'flea' Low East Cushitic: *fill- 'flea' High East Cushitic: *pill- 'flea' (?) Warazi (Dullay): *fill- 'flea' South Cushitic: *paʔal- 'flying termite' (?) Omotic: *ṗill- 'flea'
Notes: Cf. Bla Beja 9: Beḍ (fallúus 'sandfly' ?); Agaw; Om.: Kafa; Eg. (?); Sem.: Arb. Cf. also EDE II 411-12; 393.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVrib-
Meaning: sew, tie Semitic: *ʔVrib- 'tie (a knot)' Western Chadic: *riḅ- 'sew' East Chadic: *ʔwarVb-/*rwaHb- 'sew', 1, 'untie' 2 Saho-Afar: *rib- 'sew' Low East Cushitic: *ʔerVb- 'sew'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVr-n/m- (?)
Meaning: mountain goat Semitic: *ʔVrn/m- 'mountain goat' Berber: *a-nHir (<*-nVʔir, met. <*ʔVrin?) 'antelope mohor/gazelle dama' (?) Low East Cushitic: *ʔVrVn- 'goat'
Notes: <*ʔaruy-? Cf., however, Dolg. HS An. names No. 2 Alt. *ʔoron
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVrVg-
Meaning: plait, weave; mat Semitic: *ʔVrVg- 'plait, weave' Western Chadic: *rag- 'net' 1, 'thread' 2 Central Chadic: *ragaH- 'mat' East Chadic: *raHag- 'k. of mat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVr(Vr)-
Meaning: chest; stomach Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔir-at- 'chest, breast' Berber: *Harur- 'chest' Central Chadic: (?) *ʔarw- 'chest' East Chadic: (?) *ʔurr- 'navel' Low East Cushitic: *ʔur- 'stomach' 1, 'belly, abdomen' 2 High East Cushitic: *ʔir- 'stomach' Mogogodo (Yaaku): irêh 'belly'
Notes: Cf. [HSED, 144] comparing Akk., Ugr., Somali and Chad. (without Padokwo) including Logone werwer 'lungs' (redupl.; see in *riʔ(-at)- 'lung', SED, No. 224)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔV-)swaʔ-
Meaning: elephant/rhinoceros Central Chadic: (ʔa-)swaʔ- 'elephant' Beḍauye (Beja): *Say- 'rhinoceros' Dahalo (Sanye): *ʔušw- 'bull elephant' Omotic: *ʔu-swaʔ- 'rhinoceros'
Notes: Bla Eleph., 201: "Beja has only doubtful parallels in NOm." (Bask., Wol. and Zaisse; also Kačama šoro not belonging here)..."if we accept a loss of -r- in Beja" (we do not) "if these forms are not borrowed from ECush. *warš-" (they are rather not)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVtay- ~ *taw/y-
Meaning: walk, come and go Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔVtVy/w- 'arrive' 1, 'come' 2, 'return' 3 Berber: *tVwitVwi 'walk hopping (of birds)' Egyptian: tyty (MK) 'trample on (foe)' Western Chadic: *tay(t)- 'go' 1, 'enter' 2, 'go out' 3 Central Chadic: *tya(ʔ)- 'go' 1, 'follow' 2 East Chadic: *ʔVtay- 'go, leave, come' 1, 'drive' 2 Beḍauye (Beja): *ʔat- Central Cushitic (Agaw): *tuH- 'enter' Low East Cushitic: *ti- 'run' Omotic: *Hat- 'come'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVtun- ~ *tVHun-
Meaning: hole Egyptian: ỉtnw (n) 'snake's hole (?)' Western Chadic: *tVHun- 'hole' 1, 'pit' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔV-)way-
Meaning: house Egyptian: ỉwy.t (ME) 'house, town block' Western Chadic: *wa(H)- 'house' Central Chadic: *way- 'house'
Notes: Same as *yaʔ- ~ *ʔay- 'dwelling place, building' ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔV-)wāl- ~ *y/(H)Vlw ~ *layiH- (?) ~ *wā(yV)l-
Meaning: elephant; rhinoceros Semitic: *yaʕal- ~ ʕawāl- 'mythological bull' 1, 'rhinoceros' 2, 'young of the elephant' 3 (?) Berber: *y/(H)Vlw 'elephant' Western Chadic: *ling- (<*liŋ- <*liH-?) 'elephant' (?) Central Chadic: *Haly- (< *ʔ/ʕaly-) 'giraffe' (?) Low East Cushitic: *wiyyèl 'rhinoceros' Dahalo (Sanye): wāla 'rhinoceros'
Notes: Cf. Blaz. Eleph., passim: Brb.; "maybe" Akk. and ECu pBoni *àlíšì 'female elephant'; "if the Berber -w- originates from the older -b-," (impossible - A.M.) "the closest parallels are found in Chad (E) Mukulu ʔêlbi 'elephant' and perhaps (W) Tangale làbàtà id." (ibid., 198); compares Dah. wāla to pSAM *wiyyèl 'rhinoceros' (with Rend. -ǯ- is secondary <*-yy-) and, illogically, to WCh. Angas wŭǯār̆, CCh. wùzil 'hippopotamus' (ibid., 201) where ǯ and z are primary sibilants or affricates.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVw/y-
Meaning: river, tide Egyptian: wꜣw 'tide' (a) East Chadic: *ʔa-/*ʔway- 'water' 1, 'river, water flow' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVw/yVr-
Meaning: tremble Semitic: *ʔ/ḫVrVr- 'tremble' Egyptian: ꜣwr (pyr) 'tremble' East Chadic: *ʔyar- 'tremble'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔy-
Meaning: not Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: Gez. ʔi; Tna. ʔay...n; Tgr. ʔi.
Notes: Sem, Eg, EC, WCh, see ОСНЯ 1, 264-5, NDr 3.

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *ʕ-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕab-
Meaning: drink Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʕVb- 'gulp, swallow in one draught' Central Chadic: *ʔab- 'take mouthful of liquid' East Chadic: *wa-Hib- 'drink, suck' Saho-Afar: *ʕab-/ʕub- 'drink' Low East Cushitic: *ʕabb- 'drink'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕabal-
Meaning: be big Semitic: *ʕVbal-/*ʕVbul- 'be thick' Western Chadic: *baHal- 'large (of fruits)' 1, 'be in plenty' 2 Central Chadic: 'become big' 2, 'become thick' 3 East Chadic: *bVHVl- 'big' 1, 'many' 2
Notes: Cf. also partial reduplications in CCh *ba-bal- 'big' (Msg bobolo) and ECh *bwa-bVl- 'big' (Kera boblo). Cf. *ʕab-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕabil-
Meaning: blood Borean etymology: Borean etymology Western Chadic: *(HV)bVl- 'vein' 1,'nerv'2, sinew' 3 Central Chadic: *HV-bu/el- 'vein' 1, 'blood' 2 Saho-Afar: *ʕabal- ~ *bil- 'blood'
Notes: Cf. Om *buR- 'vendetta compensation': Kaf buroo.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕabir-
Meaning: traveling (along a road), passing by, crossing (rivers) Semitic: *ʕVbVr- 'cross' 1, 'extend beyond (something) 2, 'move through, pass over, by, travel (along a road)' 3, 'inundate, invade' 4, '(river) bank' 5, 'go far away' 6 Berber: *Habar- 'road, way' Western Chadic: *HVbar- 'escape' 1, go out' 2 East Chadic: *birr- 'go by' 1, 'go for a walk' 2 Dahalo (Sanye): ḅariy- (<*HVbar-?) 'go out, depart'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕabud-
Meaning: slave Semitic: *ʕabd- 'slave' Western Chadic: *baHwad-an- 'slave' Central Chadic: *bVHud- 'slave'
Notes: An alternative reconstruction is *baʕud-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕabVl-
Meaning: leaf, grass Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʕVbil- 'fall (of leafs)' Western Chadic: *bul- Central Chadic: *HVbul- East Chadic: *bil- Low East Cushitic: *baHal- 'leaf'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕac̣ar-
Meaning: time, year Semitic: *ʕaṣr- 'feast, time, season (of pressing fruit?), night' Western Chadic: *c̣ar- 'year' (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕacib- (?)
Meaning: pile up Western Chadic: *c/c̣ib- 'pile up' East Chadic: *suub- 'to hoard, to keep in a pile' Saho-Afar: *ʕasab- 'add'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʕa-)c̣ir- ~ *c̣ir(aʕ)-
Meaning: bird (of prey) Semitic: *ʕVṣ̣ū/ir- 'bird' Egyptian: d_ry.t 'kite' (pyr) Western Chadic: *c̣i/ur- 'parakeet' East Chadic: *sir- 'hawk' (
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕaĉ̣ib-
Meaning: sharp weapon Semitic: *ʕaṣ̂b- 'sabre' East Chadic: *sib- 'knife'
Notes: Scarce data. Highly unreliable.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕaĉir-
Meaning: ten Semitic: *ʕāŝir- 'ten' Western Chadic: *ĉaHar- 'ten'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕaĉVr-
Meaning: clan; member of the clan, friend Semitic: *ʕaŝVr- 'clan' 1, 'friend' 2, 'family' 3 Egyptian: ʕšꜣ (ME) 'many; multitude; crowd' Western Chadic: *HVĉ(y)ar- 'friend' 1, 'person equal in age' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕačan-
Meaning: smoke Semitic: *ʕat_an- 'smoke' Western Chadic: *čaHan- 'burn' Mogogodo (Yaaku): ise, pl. isehnɛn 'smoke' (<*ʕisVn- < AA *ʕičVn-?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕačuč-
Meaning: insect Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʕVt_(V)t_- 'moth' Western Chadic: *ʔuSaS- 'ant' Central Chadic: *(HV)čVč- (?) 'louse' East Chadic: *ʔačuč- 'ant'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕaĉ̣- (?)
Meaning: bite; jaw Semitic: *ʕVṣ̂- 'bite' Western Chadic: *ʕaĉ̣- 'bite' Saho-Afar: *(H)VḍV 'cheek' Low East Cushitic: *ʔač̣Vč̣- 'lower jaw, cheek' Warazi (Dullay): *ʕaḍ- 'cheek' Omotic: Dizi wâc̣ 'bite'
Notes: Cf. EDE I 299, where the Cush. forms are compared to Arb. ʕuḍāḍ- 'bone, cartilage'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕač̣m-(at-)
Meaning: bone Semitic: *ʕat_̣m-(at-) 'bone'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕadas-
Meaning: bean Semitic: *ʕadaš- 'lentil' Central Chadic: *HVdas- 'seed'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕadaw- (?)
Meaning: fish Egyptian: ʕdw, ʕꜣdw 'kind of fish' (XVIII) East Chadic: *daw-
Notes: Insufficient data. From *HVdaw-?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕadaw- ~ *waʕad- ~ *daʕ-
Meaning: go away, out; leave; pass by Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʕVdVw/y- 'run' 1, 'cross over, pass by' 2 Berber: *Haddaw 'go' 1, 'come' 2 Central Chadic: *wuHad- 'go out' 1, 'go' 2 East Chadic: *Had- 'go' 1, '(make) go away' 2, 'follow' 3, 'come' 4 High East Cushitic: *had- (?) Dahalo (Sanye): d_aaʕ- (met.) 'leave in a hurry'
Notes: Cf. *daʔ- ~ *ʔad- 'go and come, move'; Sem. *wɣd (Arab, MSA).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕafaw-/*ʕafay-
Meaning: leaf, plant Semitic: *ʕapy- 'reed thicket, canebrake' 1, 'thick foliage' 2 Egyptian: ʕfꜣy.t 'kind of plant' (med) Western Chadic: *ʔaVfVy-/*yaʔVf- 'grass' 1, 'pricky grass' 2 Central Chadic: *ʔaf- 'grass'
Notes: Derived from *ʕaf- 'grass, plant'. Consonantal alternation *-w- ~ *-y-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕag-
Meaning: strike, break Egyptian: ʕꜣg (MK) 'strike' Central Chadic: *HVg- 'break' 1, 'grind' 2 East Chadic: *Hag- 'beat' 1, 'drum' (v.) 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕag-
Meaning: shout, call Semitic: *ʕVgʕVg- 'shout' East Chadic: *Hwag- 'call'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕagab- ~ *gVbVʕ- 'buffalo/bull' (?)
Meaning: bull Semitic: *ʕagab- ~ *gʷabay- 'buffalo' (?) Egyptian: *gVbVʕ- 'bull' (met.?) Beḍauye (Beja): *ʔagab- (<*ʕagab-) 'buffalo' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *kabg- (<*gabgab- <*ʕVgab-?) 'buffalo' (?) Saho-Afar: *ʕagab- 'buffalo'
Notes: Cf. Bla. Beja Fauna, 1 (Beja; Saho; Bil.;Tgr.). The similarity of the Eth., Beja and Saho forms makes one suspect an areal term, borrowed from Eth. to Beja and Saho or from one of the latter languages to Eth. The Bilin form, if related, does not look a loan. The Egyptian parallel, though metathetic, allows, with reservations, for preserving this root.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕaḫ-
Meaning: fly (v.) Egyptian: ʕḫy (ME) 'fly' (v.) Low East Cushitic: *ḫaʕ- 'fly' (v.) Warazi (Dullay): ḫaʕ- fly (v.) Omotic: *ʔaḫay 'fly' (v.) (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕagur-
Meaning: bird Semitic: *ʕāgur- Central Chadic: *yVgur- East Chadic: *gwar-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕagʷam-
Meaning: kind of tree Semitic: *ʕagm- 'palm tree' Western Chadic: *Hagwam- 'tree Balantes egypt.' Central Chadic: *gwagwam- 'bread tree' Low East Cushitic: *ʔagam- 'kind of bush'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕaḥaʕay- (?)
Meaning: maid Egyptian: ʕḥʕy.t (MK) 'maid' Western Chadic: *ḥayay- 'maid'
Notes: An areal Eg.-Chad. term. Note an unusual morphonological structure of this word.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕak-
Meaning: be hot; fire Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʕik-/*ʕuk- 'be hot' Western Chadic: *ʔakwa- 'fire' Central Chadic: *HVk(V)k- 'hot' East Chadic: *ʔak(V)k- 'fire'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕaḳid-
Meaning: tie, spin Semitic: *ʕVḳid- 'bind' 1, 'knot' 2 Western Chadic: *ḳad- 'spin (cotton)' Central Chadic: *kiyad- 'plait' East Chadic: *kVd- 'untie'
Notes: An alternative reconstruction is *ḳiʕad-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕaḳ/k-
Meaning: know, see Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: ʕk 'learn' (a) Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʔaḳ- 'see, know' (?) Low East Cushitic: *ak- 'know' 1, 'see' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕaḳ(V)b- ~ *ḳaʕab- (?)
Meaning: hoof, sole Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʕaḳ(V)b- 'heel' Central Chadic: *kaHab- 'hoof'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʕa-)ḳVrab- (?)
Meaning: insect Semitic: *ʕaḳrab- 'scorpion' Western Chadic: *kurVb- 'ant' Central Chadic: *kir(V)bab- 'flea'
Notes: Cf. Akk kulbābu 'ant'. Related to *ḳird- 'tick, scorpion'? Cf. also Hausa ḳwaro 'insect', ḳwaḳwatā̀ 'louse'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕal-
Meaning: leaf Semitic: *ʕāl- 'leaf, foliage' Berber: ZNG aʔǯǝh (poss. <*ala) Western Chadic: *Hʷal- > *ʔalVh- / *wal- *Hʷal- > *ʔalVh- / *wal- Central Chadic: *ʔyaliy- 'liane' Beḍauye (Beja): BED lāt, rāt (one and the same root? <*laʕ-at-?) Low East Cushitic: SOM ʕáléen, pl. ʕáléemó South Cushitic: IRQ loʕo Omotic: MAO waale (same as 'ear'), KAF wollo, ʔilaši [Bla Omot] (<*ʔil-aš- <*ʕil-?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕal-
Meaning: height, elevation, mountain Semitic: *ʕall- ~ *ʕVlʕVl- ~ *laʕl- 'height, elevation, the above' 1, 'upper part' 2, 'be high, elevated' 3, 'raise, elevate' 4 Saho-Afar: (?) *ʔal- 'mountain' Low East Cushitic: *ʕal- 'mountain'
Notes: Related to *ʕaly- 'rise, climb' (1079)?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕalaḳ-
Meaning: tie, untie Semitic: *ʕVlaḳ- 'be attached' 1, 'hang, be suspended' 2 Western Chadic: *laḳ- 'untie'
Notes: Scarce data. Unreliable.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕalVḳ/g- ~ *lVḳ/gum- ~ *ḳalVm-
Meaning: camel Semitic: *ʕalūḳ- ~ *ʕalig- 'female camel; camel-calf' Berber: *lVḳum- ~ *ḳVlam- 'camel' Western Chadic: *r/l/ŝaḳum- 'camel' (?) Central Chadic: *l/ŝuḳ/gʷam- 'camel' 1, 'horse' 2 East Chadic: *luḳ/gum- 'camel' 1, 'horse' 2 Low East Cushitic: *ḳalim- 'young female camel'
Notes: cf. HSED 1678 (N. and E.Berb.; Ch.). Cf. Sem. *(ʔā-)nāḳ-at- 'she-camel'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕaly-
Meaning: rise, climb Semitic: *ʕVlVy/w- 'be high' 1, 'rise' 2, 'cross' 3 Berber: *Hal- 'be suspended' Egyptian: ỉʕr (t) 'ascend' Western Chadic: *yiHal- 'stand up, rise' Central Chadic: *Hal- 'jump' East Chadic: *ʔal- 'climb'
Notes: Related to *ʕal- 'height, elevation, mountain'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕamVw-
Meaning: plant Semitic: *ʕam(m/w/y)- 'a thornbush' 1, 'plants, herbs in general', 'large palm trees' 3 Egyptian: ʕꜣmw.t 'field plant' (XVIII)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕan-
Meaning: be tired, be ill Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʕanaʔ/y- 'be tired' Western Chadic: *ʕ/han- 'ache' (v.) East Chadic: *ʔVVn- 'illness'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕanaw/y-
Meaning: work, do Western Chadic: *nVy- 'work' (v.) Central Chadic: *wanaH- 'do, make' East Chadic: *nay- 'make' 1, 'do purposely' 2
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕan-/*ʕin- (?)
Meaning: exist Semitic: *ʕVnVn- 'appear' Western Chadic: *ʕan- 'become' (cf., on the other hand *nV 'to be, to exist') Central Chadic: *nV 'to be' Beḍauye (Beja): ʔan- 'be' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʔan-/ʔin- 'be' Saho-Afar: *ʔan-/*ʔin- 'be' High East Cushitic: *yon- 'be'
Notes: Phonetically unclear.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕapar-
Meaning: dust, soil Semitic: *ʕapar- 'dust, soil'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕapy-
Meaning: (pupil of the) eye Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʕap(ʕap)- 'pupil of the eye' Omotic: *Ha(y)pi 'eye'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕar-
Meaning: sky Egyptian: ʕry (gr) Western Chadic: *Har-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕarVḳ-
Meaning: see, understand Egyptian: ʕrḳ (18) 'understand' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʔ/ʕariḳ- 'understand, know' Low East Cushitic: *ʔarVk- 'see' - Cf.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕatuw-
Meaning: pay, give Semitic: *ʕVtVw- 'give (a present)' East Chadic: *ʔatuw- 'pay'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕaw-
Meaning: sheep, goat Semitic: *ʕVyy-at- 'suckling lamb' Berber: *Haw 'sheep' Egyptian: ʕw.t (OK) 'sheep and goats' Central Chadic: *Haw- 'goat' Beḍauye (Beja): *ʔay 'goat'
Notes: Cf. met. *waʕ- 'goat' (3601)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕawag-
Meaning: roast Egyptian: ʕwg (BD) 'roast' East Chadic: *ʔ/wag-
Notes: Cf. also Dhl hagʷ- 'boil' < *HagVw-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕawan-
Meaning: palm tree Semitic: *ʕawān- 'big palm' Central Chadic: *HVwan-H- 'date palm'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕawar-
Meaning: give away Semitic: *ʕVwVr- 'pay debts' Western Chadic: *waHar- 'give back'
Notes: An alternative reconstruction is *waʕar-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕawil-
Meaning: vagina Western Chadic: *Hiwal- 'vagina'1, 'testiculi' 2 Beḍauye (Beja): ʔawil 'vagina' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʕawil- 'vagina'
Notes: Cf. Arb. ɣyl 'cohabiter avec une femme qui allaite un enfant' BK 2 525
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕaw/yaĉ-
Meaning: food Semitic: *ʕVyVŝ- 'feed' Western Chadic: *Hawaĉ- 'food'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕawVyl-im-
Meaning: heart 1, belly Borean etymology: Borean etymology Berber: *wVylVH/m- Saho-Afar: Saho uluʕ- 'belly' with metathesis Low East Cushitic: Somali ʕalol 'belly' Omotic: *ʔVwVyl-(im-) 'belly' 1, 'heart' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕay/wp-
Meaning: goat, ram Semitic: *ʕVyp- ~ *paʕ- 'kid' Berber: *t-ufa 'sheep' (otherwise <*ʔawp- 'sheep/goat' 3648) Egyptian: ʕpwy 'ram' (20 Dyn) Central Chadic: *ʕuf- 'goat' (?) Warazi (Dullay): *piʕ- 'female goat'
Notes: Cf. *ʔawp- 'sheep/goat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕay/wr-
Meaning: donkey (and horse?) Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʕayr- '(male) donkey' Egyptian: *ʕVr- 'ass' Western Chadic: *(H)awr- 'donkey' (otherwise <*ḥ(i/uw)ar(r)- '(young of) donkey, camel') Omotic: *(H)awar- 'horse'
Notes: Cf. HSED 243 (Ugr, Hbr, Arm, Arb; Eg; Omot.); EDE I, 92 (Hbr, Arb; Eg; Pero). Otherwise rel. to Sem *ḥVwār-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕay/wŝ-
Meaning: ripened grain, corn Semitic: *ʕayŝx- 'bread, corn food' Berber: *Hiss 'grain' Central Chadic: *ʔaẑaʔ/y- ' k. of corn' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *HaS- 'to reap' (?) Low East Cushitic: *HVS- 'k. of corn' Warazi (Dullay): *ʕawš- 'to ripen'
Notes: (hardly metathetically related to *ĉi/uʕ(V̄ʕ)- 'grain, ear (of barley)')
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕayVn-
Meaning: eye Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʕayn- 'eye' Egyptian: ʕn, ʕyn 'eye' (a) Western Chadic: *ʔayVn- 'to see' East Chadic: cf. Jegu ʔinn- 'to know' Saho-Afar: *Hin-t- 'eyes' (pl.) (?) Omotic: *Han- 'eye'
Notes: Denominative verbs in Brb *HVnVy 'see' (Ghat Ahg ǝni, Ayr ǝnǝy, Adghaq ǝnhi, Izd inni); WCh *ʕVyan- 'see' (Bol ʔinn, Paa ḥan, Klr riyan, DB yen) and CCh *ʔan- 'see, find' (Gaa ànnì, Grk anana) and Dah ʕeen-aad_ 'see from afar'? Cf. EDE I 125-6, where this root is confused with Afras. *ʔi(n)ṭ- 'eye' (395).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕibVb- (?)
Meaning: load Semitic: *ʕib(b)- 'load (n.)' Central Chadic: *HVbVb- 'heaviness'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕiĉ-
Meaning: do, make Semitic: *ʕVŝVy- 'do, make' East Chadic: *His- 'do, work' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʔiš- 'do, make' Saho-Afar: *ʔis- 'do, make' High East Cushitic: *ʔis- 'do' South Cushitic: *ʕes-im- 'do, act'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕigʷal-
Meaning: calf Semitic: *ʕigl- 'calf' Egyptian: ʕgn <*ʕgl 'cow' (?) Western Chadic: *gal- 'cow' Beḍauye (Beja): guláah 'she-antelope' (?) Dahalo (Sanye): ngólome (*ʕVgul-?) 'male buffalo' Omotic: *gal- 'calf'
Notes: Metathetic of *ʕVlag- ~ *lVgʕ- 'calf, bull; (young of small cattle?)' .Cf. HSED No. 1100: Sem., Bura; Ometo
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕim- (?)
Meaning: know, see Egyptian: ʕm 'know' (n) East Chadic: *Hum- 'see'
Notes: Cf. *ḥmy id.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕindaw-
Meaning: community, fraternity, tribe, family, people (orig. of individuals equal in age or/and social status?) Semitic: *ʕīd-at- ~ *ʕidd- 'assembly, gathering of people' Berber: *(H)ud/*(H)idaw '(gathering of) people; companions, relatives' Western Chadic: *(n)diw- 'people' East Chadic: *(H)induw- 'human' Beḍauye (Beja): *(H)endaw 'people, tribe, crowd', *da 'people' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʕad- 'tribe, clan' Saho-Afar: *Hend- 'clan, tribe, family' Low East Cushitic: *ʕida(n) 'people; tribe; community' High East Cushitic: *ʕayd- 'family' Omotic: *ʕVndVw- 'family'
Notes: Cf. СИФКЯ, 148: Beja, Bil., Saho, Som.; SCu. hee/heeru/heedi hardly belong here; the Eth forms are regarded as Cushitisms.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕin-/*ʕan- (?)
Meaning: answer, talk Semitic: *ʕVnVy- 'answer' 1, 'mean, express' 2 Western Chadic: *ʕan- 'have a talk' (?)
Notes: Scarce data. Unreliable.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕi(n)ʒ-
Meaning: sheep, goat Semitic: *ʕa/inz- 'goat' Western Chadic: *ʔazan 'ram' (met.?) Saho-Afar: *ʕid- 'sheep' Low East Cushitic: *ʔ/ʕiʒ- 'flock of sheep' South Cushitic: *ʕanʒ- 'impala'
Notes: Cf. HSED 1070 (Sem, Bokkos).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕirn-ab
Meaning: tongue Borean etymology: Borean etymology Western Chadic: *(H)yar- 'language' Central Chadic: *Hiran- 'tongue' Saho-Afar: *ʕanrab- Low East Cushitic: *ʕarray(b)- 'tongue' High East Cushitic: *Harrab- 'tongue' Warazi (Dullay): *Harrab- 'tongue' Dahalo (Sanye): ʕééna 'tongue' (<*ʕern-?) Mogogodo (Yaaku): *HVrib- 'tongue' Omotic: *HVri(n)- ~ *HVl/rib- 'tongue'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕirVw-
Meaning: settlement; gate, door Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʕir- 'town' Berber: *Hur- 'door' Egyptian: ʕrw.t (pyr) 'gate' Central Chadic: *HirVw- 'village'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕi-t-
Meaning: time, period of time Semitic: *ʕVt- 'point in time, occasion, time; night' Egyptian: ỉꜣ.t (ME) 'time' (<*ʕVʔ-t?) Western Chadic: *yi- 'year'1, 'time' 2 Omotic: cf. Ong ʕuo 'night'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕiw-/*ʕiy-
Meaning: cry Semitic: *ʕVwVy- 'cry' East Chadic: *way- (possibly < *Hʷay-) 'a cry' Low East Cushitic: *ʕiy- 'cry'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕorVb-
Meaning: mix Semitic: *ʕVrVb- 'mix' Western Chadic: *ɣaryab- 'mix' East Chadic: *HwarVb- 'mix'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕubub-
Meaning: fish Semitic: *ʕabVw- 'k. of fish' Egyptian: ʕwbbw 'kind of fish' (reg) Western Chadic: *Hibwab- (> bibwab-) 'fish' Central Chadic: *bawbaw- 'k. of fish ' East Chadic: *ba- 'fish'
Notes: Cf. HSED 1117 (Eg. and Angas). In EDE II 175, the Chad forms (Sura, Mupun, Log and Ndam) are alternatively comp. to Eg bw.t 'Art Fisch' = 'Barbus bynni'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕuc̣- (?)
Meaning: tail Semitic: *ʕa/uṣa/uṣ- 'tailbone' Western Chadic: *wuC̣- /*č̣uw- 'tail' >'penis' ???
Notes: Insufficient data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕud-
Meaning: count Semitic: *ʕud- 'count' East Chadic: *ʔyadVd- 'count'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕufan-
Meaning: vessel Semitic: *H/wVpun- 'vessel' Egyptian: ʕfn (gr) 'vessel' Western Chadic: *fun- 'calabash' Central Chadic: *fanay- 'pot' 1 ,'calabash' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕug-
Meaning: dig, cut Egyptian: ʕd_ (pyr) 'hoe' (v.) East Chadic: *yi-H(w)ag- 'hoe (v.) 1, 'plough' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕuḳab-
Meaning: vulture Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʕuḳāb- 'vulture' Central Chadic: *kwaHVb-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕu/ir-
Meaning: wild cat Semitic: *ʕVrw/y- 'kind of wild cat' Low East Cushitic: *ʕurr- 'tom-cat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕul[a]y-
Meaning: be high Semitic: *ʕuliy- 'room with a high ceiling' East Chadic: *ʔulay- 'high'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕum-ʕam-
Meaning: animal Semitic: *ʕumām- 'animals' Egyptian: ʕmʕm.w (med) 'animal'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVb(b)-
Meaning: breast, bosom Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʕ/ɣa/ub(a)b- 'bosom, chest; dewlap' Berber: *Habb- 'breast' Central Chadic: *ʔub- > *ḅV-bV 'breast' East Chadic: *baw-, *-ba 'milk' 1, 'breast' 2 Low East Cushitic: *ʕib- 'nipple'
Notes: Sem. *ɣ- < Afras. *ɣ- does not yield 0 either in Brb or CCh, while *ʕ- does; therefore, according to the external data, the Sem version in *ʕ- should be accepted as a primary one, and that in *ɣ, as a secondary variant root.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVbVl-
Meaning: arrow Semitic: *ʕVbVl- 'to fit an iron tip to an arrow' Egyptian: mʕbꜣ 'harpune' (pyr) Western Chadic: *ḅVl- 'arrow' East Chadic: *ḅall- 'arrow' 1, *ḅaal- 'bow' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVĉay-
Meaning: press, squeeze Semitic: *ʕVŝVy- Western Chadic: *ĉ̣ay- 'wring'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVĉ̣ā/īĉ̣-
Meaning: bone Semitic: *ʕVṣ̂ā/īṣ̂- (kind of) bone South Cushitic: Iraqw ʕuĉa 'bicep'? In EDE I 299 rel. to SCush. 'cheek'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVĉ̣Vd-
Meaning: hand, arm Semitic: *ʕa/iṣ̂Vd- 'arm' Central Chadic: *ŝaḍ- (<*ṣ̂ad-) 'hand' 1, 'measure of length equal to the distance between streched arms' 2 , 'lower arm' 3
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVĉ̣-
Meaning: kind of tree Semitic: *ʕiṣ̂- 'tree' East Chadic: *Hus- 'fig tree' Omotic: *HinC̣- 'tree'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVgaʒ-
Meaning: be weak Semitic: *ʕVga/iz- 'be unable, be weak' 1, 'be lazy' 2 Western Chadic: *gaʒiH- 'be tired'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVkaw/y-
Meaning: tie, bind Semitic: *ʕVkVw- 'make a knot (on the horse tail)' East Chadic: *kay- 'tie, plait'
Notes: Scarce data. Unreliable.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVkVs-
Meaning: turn Semitic: *ʕVkiš- 'turn upside down' East Chadic: *kus- 'turn'
Notes: *ʕV- may be a prefix; cf. Sem. *nVkuš- 'turn over' 1, 'fall' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVḳVp-
Meaning: weave, sew Semitic: *ʕVḳip- 'twist' Western Chadic: *ḳup- 'weave' Central Chadic: *kap- 'sew' East Chadic: *kup- 'sew'
Notes: Scarce data. Highly unreliable.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVl-
Meaning: be ill Semitic: *ʕVl- 'be ill' Central Chadic: *Hwal- East Chadic: *ʔill-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVlag- ~ *lVgʕ-
Meaning: calf, bull; (young of small cattle?) Semitic: *ʕulgum- ~ *lagaʕ- 'bull; calf' Beḍauye (Beja): *ʕVla/ig- ~~ *ligH- 'calf, ox' Saho-Afar: *lagadd- (<*laga-t-?) 'lamb' (?) South Cushitic: *lagiʔ- 'goat' (?)
Notes: Metathetic of *ʕigʷal- .
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVlal-
Meaning: do Semitic: *ʕVlVl- 'do, be occupied' Western Chadic: *lal- 'build' Central Chadic: *ʔila 'build' East Chadic: *ʔalay- 'do, make'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVlič- (?)
Meaning: mix Semitic: *ʕVlit_- 'mix' East Chadic: *lis- 'mix'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVm-
Meaning: cereals Egyptian: ʕmʕm (n) 'kind of corn' Western Chadic: *Hwam- 'yam'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVmVʕ- (?)
Meaning: rub Egyptian: ʕmʕ (med) 'rub' Western Chadic: *Hwam- 'rub'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVn-
Meaning: turn Semitic: *ʕVn- 'turn' Egyptian: ʕn 'turn' (MK)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVn- ~ *nVʕw(-an)-
Meaning: finger, fingernail Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *naʕw- 'fissure on the hoof' Egyptian: ʕn (pyr) 'nail' Western Chadic: *niwan- 'nail' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *naHan- 'hand' 1, 'finger' 2 (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVn-ʕVn- (?)
Meaning: monkey Egyptian: ʕnʕn (pyr) 'baboon' Western Chadic: *ʕyamyan- 'monkey'
Notes: Scarce and unreliable data. A descriptive stem?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVng-
Meaning: neck; back; palate Semitic: *ʕVng(-at)- 'neck' 1, 'one having a long neck' 2, 'earring, nosering, chain (for the neck' 3 Beḍauye (Beja): enga (<*ʕVng-?) 'back' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *(ta-)ʕ/ʔang- 'palate'
Notes: Insufficient data. Semantic comparison highly problematic. Cf. *ḥang-ur- 'throat, gorge' (260) and *ʕVnuḳ- ~ *ʕanḳw- (?) 'neck; hump'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVnuḳ- ~ *ʕanḳw- (?)
Meaning: neck; hump Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʕVnḳ- 'neck' Beḍauye (Beja): *ʕanḳw- 'hump (of camel)' (?)
Notes: Insufficient data. Semantic comparison questionable. Cf. *ḥanuḳ(-ar)- 'palate, inside of mouth, gorge' (248); *ʕVng- 'neck; palate' (3739); and *ḳu(n)ḳ- 'throat, gorge' (3705)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVnVḳ/ḫ- (?)
Meaning: kid, goat Semitic: *ʕVnVḳ- 'female kid' Egyptian: ʕnh_ (XIX) 'goat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVp-
Meaning: give Semitic: *ʕVpVw- 'give' Western Chadic: *PVH/y- 'give' Central Chadic: *pVH- 'give' 1, 'pay' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVp-
Meaning: bird Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʕawp- 'bird' Egyptian: ʕpy 'to fly' Omotic: *Ha/ip-t- 'bird'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVrp-
Meaning: cloud Semitic: *ʕVrp- 'cloud' Central Chadic: cf. Mofu-Gudur vár <*HVfar 'cloud, rain'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVruk-
Meaning: rub Semitic: *ʕVruk- 'rub' Central Chadic: *Hurwak- 'rub, peel' East Chadic: *HwarVk- 'rub'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVrw-
Meaning: near Egyptian: ʕrw 'closeness' (MK) Western Chadic: *ruHruH- 'near, close'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVtun-
Meaning: push Semitic: *ʕVtun- 'push' Western Chadic: *tūn (< *tuHun-, metath. < *HVtun-) 'butt (goat)' 1, 'push, drive' 2
Notes: An alternative reconstruction is *tVʕun-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVṭiʔ-
Meaning: be dark Semitic: *ʕVṭVʔ- 'be dark' Low East Cushitic: *ṭiʔ- 'become evening'
Notes: *ʕV- may be a prefix
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVwaʔ-
Meaning: grain Egyptian: ʕwꜣꜣ (NE) Western Chadic: *ʔwaH- Central Chadic: *way-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕVʒVḳ-
Meaning: dig Semitic: *ʕVziḳ- 'dig' Egyptian: Cf. zk (pyr) 'dig (a pond)' Western Chadic: *ʒuḳ- 'till hard earth' 1, 'pick one's teeth' 2

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *a-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *-aku
Meaning: 1st p. pron. Borean etymology: Borean etymology
Notes: Sem, Eg, Berb, see Ndr 19.

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *B-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *b-
Meaning: be big Egyptian: bꜣ-w (if <*bVʔ-) 'Ruhm, Ansehn, Macht, Gewalt, Wille, Schicksalsbestimmung' (OK) EG I 413 Western Chadic: *ba > *bVH- 'big' 1, 'exceed, surpass' 2 Central Chadic: *baʔV *big' 1, 'thick' 2, 'grow'3 , East Chadic: *(ba)ba- - 'big' 1, 'many' 2 (?) High East Cushitic: *Habb- 'be big' South Cushitic: Qwadza baʔ-at- 'to increase (in size)', baʔ-ati 'long'
Notes: Cf. EDE II 13
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baʔ-
Meaning: bush, tree Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: bꜣ.t 'bush' (a) Western Chadic: *baʔu- 'tree' Central Chadic: *baH- 'bush' 1, 'k of tree' 2 Saho-Afar: *bah- 'wood'
Notes: Note *-ʔ versus SA *-h-. Probably belong to different roots.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baʔas-
Meaning: be rotten, be bad Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *bVʔaš- 'be rotten' 1 , 'be poor' 2 Western Chadic: *baʔas- 'stink' (n.) 1, 'bad' 2 Central Chadic: *bas- `angrily refuse to do smth., to speak' 1, 'anger, angry' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *bas- 'be bad' Low East Cushitic: *baʔas- 'spoiled, rotten' High East Cushitic: *buš- 'bad'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baʔ-/*baw-
Meaning: (gourd) vessel Egyptian: bꜣw (med) Western Chadic: *buʔ- 'pot' 1, 'basket' 2 Central Chadic: *ḅu- < *buʔ- 'pot' 1, 'gourd' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *baw- 'gourd bottle'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baʔ-/*baw-/*bay
Meaning: walk, go Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *bVwVʔ- 'go, come' 1, 'enter' 2, 'return' 3 Egyptian: byꜣ 'go away' (pyr). Western Chadic: *baʔ- 'return' 1, 'walk' 2, 'go' 3,'come' 4 Central Chadic: *baʔ- 'go' 1, 'come' 2, 'go away' 3, 'walk' 4 East Chadic: *baʔi- 'go' 1, 'come' 2, 'enter' 3, 'accompany' 4 Beḍauye (Beja): bay- 'go' Saho-Afar: *baʔ- 'go away' Low East Cushitic: *baʔ- 'go out' High East Cushitic: *baʔ- 'go away, go out' South Cushitic: *baw- 'follow' Dahalo (Sanye): be- 'go' Omotic: *baʔ- 'go'
Notes: Consonantal alternation *-ʔ- ~ *-w- ~ *-y-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baʔ/y/w-
Meaning: hole, pit Semitic: *biʔ-'hole' Berber: *baH- 'irrigation ditch' Egyptian: bꜣbꜣ 'hole' (pyr), bꜣꜣ 'snake's hole' (pyr), bꜣy.w 'hole' (n), wbꜣ (LM) 'opening' Western Chadic: *bwaH- 'hole' 1, 'well' 2, 'pit' 3 East Chadic: *bay- 'hole in the ground' South Cushitic: *baʔ- 'pit' Dahalo (Sanye): ḅoowi 'nostril, small hole'
Notes: Related to *ba/uʔ- 'dig, hoe (v.)' (2197).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baʔraw/y-
Meaning: k. of antelope Berber: *-baray 'young of antelope' Western Chadic: *baraw/y- ~ *babar- 'k. of gazelle' Central Chadic: *bVʔVr- 'k. of gazelle' East Chadic: *mbur 'k. of antelope' Low East Cushitic: *bayr- 'antilope, musk deer' South Cushitic: *baʔur- 'oryx' Dahalo (Sanye): *biʔir- 'water buck sp.' (met.?) Omotic: *bVrVw- 'gazelle'
Notes: Related to *(ʔa-) bVr(Vy/w)- 'bull'? Or < *bVʔ-/*bVʔbVʔ- plus -Vr- suffix? Cf. Tak. II, 55 (separates *b-r-w ~ *b-r-y: Brb.; Kaffa; Hs from *b-h-r: Amh. bahor ~ bohar DRS 49; Som., Brg.; WCh Paa Siri; Lele) Mil. 1990, 42-43; HSED 217 (Hgr., Hs, Paa Siri; "prob. rel. to Som & Bur."). Cf. Dolg ND 225a.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ba(ʔ)rVw/y-
Meaning: wolf, hyena, jackal Semitic: *barbar- 'wolf' Berber: (?) *bayrru 'fox' Western Chadic: *barVw/y- 'hyena' 1, (?) 'wild animal' 2 Central Chadic: *mburum- 'hyena' East Chadic: *ba(Ha)r- 'hyena' 1, 'jackal' 2 Dahalo (Sanye): (?) ḅṓr-a 'any dangerous animal' Mogogodo (Yaaku): *bary- 'jackal'
Notes: Cf. HSED 221 *bar- 'beast of prey': Akk.; Eg. bꜣ 'panther'; WCh.: Hs 'hyaena'; EDE II 148: Akk. ("perhaps"); Brb.; Cush.: Yaaku and Dah (both with a question mark); WCh.: Hs; C.Ch. (incl. forms like Gabin purìya and Bura mobulu which are hardly related); E.Ch.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baʔuc-
Meaning: fill Western Chadic: *baʔVc- 'fill to the brim' Low East Cushitic: *bVʔus- 'fill up'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baʔus-
Meaning: be strong Semitic: *bVʔuš- 'be strong' East Chadic: *basuʔ- 'be strong' Low East Cushitic: *buHus- 'fill up', *bis- 'all' (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baʔVd-
Meaning: vessel Semitic: *buʔd- 'implement' Egyptian: bꜣd.t 'dipper' (med) Western Chadic: *baday- 'basket' East Chadic: *bwaʔVd- 'gourd'
Notes: Scarce data. Meanings very different.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baʔVr- ~ *barw-
Meaning: kind of insect Semitic: *bur- 'kind of insect' Berber: *-bVrriw 'locust' 1, 'cricket' 2 Western Chadic: *bur- 'mosquito' Central Chadic: *(m-)bara ~ *bVbV(H)r(Vm)- 'locust' 1, 'bug' 2, 'mosquito' 3, 'gadfly' 4 East Chadic: *bV(H)rbV(H)r- 'bug' 1, 'mosquito' 2, 'dragon-fly' 3 Low East Cushitic: *barw-at- 'bee' South Cushitic: *baʔar- 'bee, fly' Omotic: *bur- 'fly'
Notes: Cf. EDE II 107-8, 142, 413
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baʔVw/y-
Meaning: water Berber: *bVwbVw- 'water' Egyptian: byꜣ (pyr) 'sky-waters' Western Chadic: *bay- 'watering of horses' Central Chadic: *bu/uʔi- 'water' 1, 'water of the main stream' 2 East Chadic: ̄*ba 'river' Low East Cushitic: *baw- 'lake' South Cushitic: *boʔ- 'dew'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baʕ-
Meaning: pour Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *bVʕ- 'rain' (v.) Egyptian: bʕhy 'pour' (pyr) Western Chadic: *baʕ- 'pour' East Chadic: *bway- 'pour'
Notes: Cf. Dhl buʔ- id. and Rift *buʔ- id. (Alg buʔ-) with a different laryngeal. Cf. *ʕay/wb- 'cloud'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baʕ-
Meaning: sun. god Egyptian: bʕ 'Sun-god' (reg) Western Chadic: *bwaH- 'sun' 1, 'sky' 2, 'god' 3
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baʕ-
Meaning: dirt, excrements Western Chadic: *ba 'excrete ' Central Chadic: *ba- 'dirt' 1, 'excrement' (redupl.) 2 South Cushitic: *baʕ- 'mud' 1, 'black' 2 Dahalo (Sanye): baaʕ- 'defecate'
Notes: Cf. *bVw- 'faeces'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baʕar-
Meaning: catch, hunt Semitic: *bVʕVr- 'catch (fish, birds)', 1, 'fish' (v.) 2 Western Chadic: *baHar- 'catch' Central Chadic: *mV-bwar- 'seize, grasp' East Chadic: *baHar- 'hunt'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baʕbaʕ- ~ *ʕab-
Meaning: drink Semitic: *baʕ-baʕ- 'gurgling of water' Egyptian: bʕbʕ 'drink' (pyr) East Chadic: *bwaH-b[wa]H- 'pour' Saho-Afar: AFA ʕab 'drink' Low East Cushitic: SOM ʕab- 'drink' Omotic: DIZ bē, bay <*baʕ-?
Notes: Rel. to *baʕ- "pour"? May be an onomatopoeia.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baʕiĉ̣-
Meaning: part, two Semitic: *baʕ(V)ṣ̂- 'part' Western Chadic: *biHaŝ- 'two'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baʕVl-
Meaning: elder male relative in-law, husband Semitic: *baʕl- 'husband, master, owner' Central Chadic: *bVlaw- 'man' (?) Saho-Afar: *ball-'father-in-law' Low East Cushitic: *HVbbVl- 'brothers and sisters; relatives' ~ *bVHVl- `husband, lover' (
Notes: Related to *baʕVl- 'rule, command; own; be able'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bab-
Meaning: father Semitic: *bāba- 'father' 1, 'grandfather' 2 Berber: *bab- 'father' 1, 'owner, master' 2 Western Chadic: *bab- 'father' Central Chadic: *bab- 'father' East Chadic: *bab- 'father' Beḍauye (Beja): baaba 'father' Low East Cushitic: *ʔa-bab- 'father' South Cushitic: *bab- 'father' Omotic: *bab- 'father'
Notes: A nursery word.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bab-
Meaning: child Semitic: *bawbaw- 'infant' East Chadic: *bVb- 'child' 1, 'son' 2 Low East Cushitic: *bab- 'child'
Notes: A nursery word.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bac̣-
Meaning: coal Semitic: *baṣ(ṣ)- 'coal' Western Chadic: *bic̣- 'coal'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baĉaʕ-
Meaning: tear off, brek off Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *bVŝVʕ- 'tear off' 1, 'pierce' 2 Western Chadic: *baHaĉ- 'break off'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bač(-an)-
Meaning: snake Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *bat_an- 'snake' Low East Cushitic: *(ʔa-)bVs- 'serpent, snake'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bad-
Meaning: separate Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *bud- 'take away' 1, 'separate' 2, 'disperse' 3 Western Chadic: *bad- `split, divide, separate' High East Cushitic: *bad- 'separate' Omotic: *bad- 'split, cut (wood)'
Notes: Cf. LEC *baḍ- 'half, part' (Som baḍ).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bag-
Meaning: pierce Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *bag- 'pierce' Berber: *bVg- 'pierce'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bag-
Meaning: be angry Egyptian: nbd_ 'angry' (OK) East Chadic: *bag-ay- 'be angry'
Notes: CCh *bag- < *bwag-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baggaʕ-
Meaning: goat, sheep Borean etymology: Borean etymology Berber: *bagug 'young ram, lamb' Western Chadic: *(m)bag- 'sheep' 1, 'he-goat' 2 Central Chadic: *bag- 'sheep' East Chadic: *bag- 'goat' 1, 'cattle' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *baggā 'sheep, ram' Omotic: *bagVy- 'goat' 1, 'sheep' 2
Notes: Cf. Eth *bag(g)iʕ- 'goat' (<*Cu.?). Cf. HSED, 44 (Brb., CCh., ECh.: Sbn.; CCu., Om.: Kf. + Bw. - not in Lamb. Bw.). Cf. Dolg ND 185
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baH-
Meaning: good Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *bhy 'be beautiful' Central Chadic: *bayVH- 'good' Low East Cushitic: (?) Elmolo ápó-da Hei El 213 <*ʔab- South Cushitic: W.Rift *baʕ- 'win, surpass, exceed' KM 66 Omotic: (?) Ong ʔabba 'good'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baḥakʷ-
Meaning: male goat Semitic: *baḥakʷ- 'goat' Egyptian: bḥk 'antelope' (?) Central Chadic: *babak- ~ *boHok- 'he-goat' East Chadic: *buk/g- 'male goat' Beḍauye (Beja): bok, book (<*bV(H)Vk?) 'he-goat'
Notes: Chad.and Beja may be alternatively reconstructed with *-ḳ in Auslaut. Cf. HSED 309 *boḳ- (Mafa, Bed.); EDE II, 285; Bla. Beja Fauna, 5-6
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bahaḳ/k(w)-
Meaning: baldness Semitic: *bahaḳ- '(kind of) skin disease' Central Chadic: *bVḳ- 'ulcer' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *baKw- 'baldness' 1, 'bald' 2 Saho-Afar: *bak- 'bald spot' Low East Cushitic: *buḳḳ- 'pull out (hair)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baḥar-
Meaning: cut Semitic: *bVḥar- 'cultivate, cut (camel's ear)' Western Chadic: *baHar- 'cut'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baḥar-
Meaning: choose Semitic: *bVḥVr- 'choose' East Chadic: *baHar- 'choose'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baHil- (?)
Meaning: horn Western Chadic: *baHil(-Vm)- 'horn' Central Chadic: Chibak tǝ-mbǝlǝ́ 'horn' [CLR] - cf. Omotic: *baHal- 'horn'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bahul-
Meaning: pit, well, hole Berber: *baw/lVl- 'breach, opening in the rock' 1, 'pit made in search of a well' 2 Western Chadic: *bVHVl- 'dig' Central Chadic: *bul- 'hole' East Chadic: *bVl- 'well' 1, 'hole' 2, 'hole in a wall' 3 Low East Cushitic: *bahol- 'hole, pit, well' High East Cushitic: *baHVl- 1 'hole', 2 'ravine', 3 'precipice' Warazi (Dullay): *pVHol- 'well'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baḥVr-
Meaning: sea, lake Semitic: *baḥr- 'sea, lake' Western Chadic: *bwaHVr- 'pond' 1, 'rivulet' 2 East Chadic: *bwar- < *bwaHVr- 'sea, river'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bak-
Meaning: squeeze, strike Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *bVk- 'press, squeeze'1, 'tear' 2 Berber: *bVk- 'strike, pound' Egyptian: bk 'kill (with a sword)' (gr) Western Chadic: */m/buka 'pound, beat' 1, 'knock' 2 Central Chadic: *ba/uk- 'beat' 1, 'push' 2 East Chadic: *bok- 'break off, push' Saho-Afar: *bak- 'destroy'
Notes: ECh *ḅak- < *HV-bak- 'push' (Bid ḅak) may be related to this root. Note also Dhl ḅakk-eed- 'kindle (fire)' (<'strike'?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baḳ-
Meaning: cut, split Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *bVḳ- 'split' Western Chadic: *ḅak- 'cut'1, 'split' 2, 'divide' 3 Central Chadic: *ḅak- < *ba(Ha)ḳ- 'cut' Low East Cushitic: *baḳaḳ- 'tear' Warazi (Dullay): *paḳ- 'chop'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baḳ-
Meaning: fear East Chadic: *ḅikak- <*biḳaḳ- 'be afraid' 1, 'frighten' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *baḳaḳ- 'horror, fright' Low East Cushitic: *baḳ- 'be afraid'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baḳVr (?)
Meaning: bull, cow Semitic: *baḳar- 'large cattle' Berber: *buɣir 'one-year old camel' Western Chadic: *baḳur-n- 'duiker' East Chadic: *barki 'bull' 1, 'cow' 2 (met.)
Notes: Cf. EDE II, 291 (Eg-Brb.; the other forms quoted are not convincing); HSED 310 (Sem, Wlm. bɣr; Ch. 'goat'). Related to *bi/aḳaw- 'bull, buffalo'? Cf. Dolg ND 188
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baḳʷ-
Meaning: pot, gourd bottle Semitic: *baḳbūḳ- 'bottle' Western Chadic: *ku-bak- 'clay gourd' (?) East Chadic: *bwak- 'basket' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *baḳw- 'gourd bottle' Low East Cushitic: *buḳ- 'gourd' High East Cushitic: *bukk- 'gourd' (?) Omotic: *buḳk- 'gourd'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baḳʷ-
Meaning: pour, flow Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *buḳ- 'pour out' 1, 'rain' (v.) 2 Berber: *bVḳ- 'dive into, sink' East Chadic: *ḅwak- < *baḳ- 'rain (v.)' 1, 'ooze' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *baḳw- 'flow' Low East Cushitic: *baḳ- 'flow'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ba/iḫ-
Meaning: burn, be hot Egyptian: bḫḫ 'burn' (reg) Western Chadic: *ba/waH- 'heat' 1,'roast' 2 Central Chadic: *bVH- 'hotness' 1, 'fire' 2 East Chadic: *biHwa- 'grill, roast'
Notes: Otherwise Eg and WCh *bVḳḳ- <*bVq̇-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ba/ir-
Meaning: blood Borean etymology: Borean etymology Western Chadic: *bir-an blood East Chadic: *bar- blood Beḍauye (Beja): bo(o)y (<*bVr-?) 'blood' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *birr- 'blood'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ba/ird_-awn- ~ *baʒ/ǯr- (?)
Meaning: mule; mare Semitic: *ba/ird_-awn- ~ *baz/d_r- 'mule, horse' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *bad/zr- 'mare'
Notes: Highly problematic. Two hypotheses: (1) a Cushitic term (borrowed into Proto-Eth.) related to Sem. *barid_- 'mule' with metathesis and (2) Sem. *ba/ird_-awn- ~ *bad_r- 'mule, horse' > Eth *bazr-at (borrowed into Cush).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ba/uʔ-
Meaning: dig, hoe (v.) Egyptian: bꜣ 'hoe' (v.) (OK) Western Chadic: *buʔ- 'bury, dig' 1, 'hoe' (v.) 2 Central Chadic: *baʔ- 'dig' 1, 'burying' 2 Low East Cushitic: *boʔ- 'furrow'
Notes: Related to *baʔ/y/w- 'hole, pit' ?. Eg bꜣ may otherwise reflect *bVr-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ba/u(ʔ)r-ay- ~ *ba/urba/ur- (redupl.)
Meaning: flour, groats Semitic: *burbūr- 'crushed wheat' Berber: *-baray 'rough flour' Egyptian: *bVrVy (>bꜣy 'grain food', bꜣy.t 'cake') Western Chadic: *bar(bar)i 'flour, gruel' Central Chadic: *buʔray- 'gruel, flour' East Chadic: *bura 'flour ' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *bur- 'groats' Low East Cushitic: *bur- 'flour'
Notes: Relative adjective derived from *bar- 'a cereal', with the meaning 'processed grain'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ba/ukir-
Meaning: (young) sheep, goat Semitic: *bukr- 'reedbuck' (?) Berber: *bakir 'young sheep, goat' Western Chadic: *bukar- 'goat' Central Chadic: *bV(n)kir- 'he-goat'
Notes: Cf. met. *bark- 'sheep/goat' (2536).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ba/urVm-
Meaning: plaited cord Semitic: *barVm- 'string' 1, 'cord made of two strings' 2 Western Chadic: *ta-barVm- 'mat' Central Chadic: *bulim- 'plait' (?) East Chadic: *buryam- 'cord'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ba/uṭ-
Meaning: vessel; bottom of a vessel Semitic: *baṭ(ṭ)- 'vessel' 1, 'leather vessel' 2 Berber: *buṭ- 'bottom of a vessel' Western Chadic: *ḅat- < *baṭ- 'gourd' 1, 'melon' 2 (?)
Notes: Scarce data. Related to *ba/uṭ(n)- 'belly'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ba/uṭ(n)-
Meaning: belly Semitic: *baṭn- '(big) belly', *bʔṭ, bṭṭ 'lie on the stomach' Berber: *buṭ- 'navel; belly' Egyptian: bnd (med) 'difficult delivery' (?) Western Chadic: *buṭ- 'belly, stomach'
Notes: Related to *ba/uṭ- 'vessel; bottom of a vessel' ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bal-
Meaning: cloud, sky Borean etymology: Borean etymology Central Chadic: *bal- 'sky' 1, 'cloud' 2 East Chadic: *bal- 'rain' Beḍauye (Beja): bal 'cloud'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *balaʕ-
Meaning: eat, swallow Semitic: *bVlaʕ- 'swallow' 1, 'eat' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *balVʕ- 'eat' < Sem
Notes: < Sem. *balVʕ/ɣ- < AA *balVʕ- 'uvula'. Agaw must be borrowed from Sem.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ball-
Meaning: feather, wing Semitic: *nu-ball- (<*mu-ball-?) 'eagle's feather' Berber: *bulbul 'feather' Western Chadic: *bV-bāl- 'shoulder' 1, 'arm' 2 - cf. Central Chadic: *mu-bal- 'arm'1, 'shoulder' 2 - cf. Saho-Afar: *bal- 'feather' Low East Cushitic: *bal(l)- 'wing' High East Cushitic: *ball(aʔ)- 'feather' Omotic: *bal- 'feather'
Notes: If Chad forms are related with a meaning shift 'wing' > 'shoulder/arm', a variant stem with a prefix *mV- (dissimilated in Sem and assimilated in WCh) should be reconstructed as.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *balVʕ-
Meaning: uvula, larynx Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *balVʕ/ɣ- 'uvula; gullet, gorge' Berber: *bilbil ~ *bilul 'uvula' Egyptian: bʕn (pyr) 'neck (of bird)' Western Chadic: *bVlVʔ- ~ *bilbil- 'uvula' 1, 'uvular' 2, 'crop' 3 East Chadic: *bVl- 'throat, voice' Beḍauye (Beja): balaʔa 'gullet' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *bul- 'bull's hump' (?) Saho-Afar: *biliʕ- 'necklace' Omotic: *balaH- 'neck'
Notes: Metathetically related to *ɣilab- 'neck' ? Cf. EDE I 96; Bla Review 500.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ban-
Meaning: field Egyptian: bn.t 'field' (n) Western Chadic: *Hi/bi-bwan- 'garden' Low East Cushitic: *ban- 'open space, plain'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ban-
Meaning: open Semitic: *ʔVbVn- 'open, discover' Western Chadic: *ban- 'open, uncover' Central Chadic: *ban-H-/*byan-H- 'pierced, open' East Chadic: *bVn-H- 'open' Low East Cushitic: *ban- 'open'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ban- (?)
Meaning: inflammation, pimple Egyptian: bnw.t (med) 'inflammation' Western Chadic: *HVban- 'pimple'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ba(n)ḳ-
Meaning: insect Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *baḳḳ- 'gnat' 1, 'bug' 2 Western Chadic: *baḳy- 'scorpion' High East Cushitic: *bVnḳ- 'tick'
Notes: Cf. Dolg ND 190 (Sem. *baḳḳ- comp. to Oromo bookee).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baQil-
Meaning: mule Semitic: *baɣ/ḳl- 'mule' Western Chadic: *bikil- 'horse' Beḍauye (Beja): *bagal- 'mule' (
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bar-
Meaning: child, son, daughter Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *bar- 'son' Berber: *barar- 'son' Egyptian: Dem bry 'young', COP beri 'new' Western Chadic: *bar-/*byar- 'young girl' 1, 'child' 2, 'son' 3 Central Chadic: *bar- 'young boy, male animal' South Cushitic: *mbur- 'older boy, lad, young man' Dahalo (Sanye): *bōr- 'boy'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bar-
Meaning: man Western Chadic: *(mV-)baHr- 'person' Central Chadic: *(mV-)baHr- 'man, person' East Chadic: *bar- 'man' 1, 'person' 2, 'father' 3 Saho-Afar: *barr- 'man'
Notes: Related to *bar- 'child'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bar-
Meaning: thread, band Central Chadic: *mV-bar- 'thread' East Chadic: *bār- 'thread'1, 'rope' 2 Saho-Afar: *bōr- < *bVHor- 'loin-cloth' 1, 'band' 2 Omotic: *būr- 'belt'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bar-
Meaning: clean, wash Semitic: *bVr- 'clean (v.)' Western Chadic: *bVr- 'wash' Central Chadic: *bar- 'wash, purify' 1, 'cleanness' 2, 'bathe' 3
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bar-
Meaning: take Borean etymology: Borean etymology Berber: (?) *HabVr- 'take (in handfuls)' East Chadic: *bar- 'touch' Beḍauye (Beja): bari 'get, collect, have' Saho-Afar: *bar- 'grasp, hold'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bar-
Meaning: wind Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *bāriḥ- 'hot wind' Western Chadic: *bur- 'harmattan' Central Chadic: *b/ḅar- 'wind' 1, 'tornado' 2 East Chadic: *-bar- 'wind' 1 > *bawar-/*ʔabar- 'blow (wind)' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bar-
Meaning: see, know Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *bVrVy- 'see, examine' Egyptian: br 'see' (gr). Central Chadic: *bur- 'think, consuder 1, 'remember' 2 Saho-Afar: *bar- 'learn' Low East Cushitic: *bar- 'learn' Dahalo (Sanye): ḅar- 'know'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bar-
Meaning: quail; partridge; dove Semitic: *bVr- 'kind of bird; pigeon' Berber: *barr- 'quail, partridge' Egyptian: bꜣ 'kind of bird' (a) Western Chadic: *bVr- 'quail' 1, 'dove' 2, 'crested crane' 3 , 'pigeon' 4 Central Chadic: *bVr- 'k. of bird' 1, 'wild pigeon' 2 East Chadic: *bar-/*birbir- 'partridge, quail' High East Cushitic: *bur- 'partridge' Dahalo (Sanye): mbāre 'egret'
Notes: Cf. EDE II 431-2. Probably, a separate root *(m/ʔa-)bar- 'crane, egret' must be reconstructed including Eg bꜣ 'jabiru', W.Ch Jimbin abur- 'crested crane' and Dahalo mbāre 'egret'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bar- > *barr-/baʔr-
Meaning: k. of cereal, corn Semitic: *barr- 'wheat' Berber: *bVra 'sorgho' Egyptian: *bVr- 'corn' Western Chadic: *(ʔi-)buʔr- 'k. of cereal' Central Chadic: *bVyr(bVyr)- 'maize; ground nut' East Chadic: *baʔr- 'Pennisetum millet' Low East Cushitic: *ʔV-mbVr- 'oats' South Cushitic: *bar- 'grain' Dahalo (Sanye): *buʔr- (?) 'maize' Omotic: *bar- 'maize'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baraʔ-
Meaning: recover Semitic: *bVrVʔ- 'recover' Western Chadic: *bar- 'recover'
Notes: Hardly an Arabism in Ch. (not in Hausa).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baraḥ-
Meaning: leave Semitic: *bVraḥ- 'to go far from; to abandon' Western Chadic: (?) *bar- 'leave'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baraw-/*baray-
Meaning: stick, arrow Semitic: *bar(V)y- 'arrow-feathers' Berber: *buray- 'stick' Egyptian: bry 'sticks, canes' (n). Western Chadic: *mV-bar- 'arrow' Central Chadic: *baraw- 'arrow, bow' East Chadic: *ʔa-bawar- 'arrow'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bar(bar)-
Meaning: (bone of) leg, arm Semitic: *ʔi-bar-at- ~ *bar(bar)- 'bone(s) of a foreleg/forearm; radius' Central Chadic: *bawar- 'leg' 1, 'shin' 2 Low East Cushitic: *barbar- 'side' 1, 'shoulder' 2 Omotic: *bar(bar)- 'thigh' 1, 'lap' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bar(bar)-
Meaning: lion Semitic: *barbār- 'lion' (?) Egyptian: bꜣ 'leopard' (pyr), 'panther' (MK) Western Chadic: *(ʔa-)mbVr- 'lion' ~ *barbur- 'cheetah' Central Chadic: *ma-bar- 'panther' 1, 'lion' 2
Notes: Cf. HSED 246 *bawar- 'lion, hyaena': Brb. (rather <*HVwar-, see *ʔa-rVw- 'lion'); W.Ch.; ECh.; Cush. *warab-; Dah.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bard-
Meaning: hail, cold Semitic: *bar(a)d- 'hail, cold'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bariɣ- (?)
Meaning: insect Berber: *bVriḳ- 'mosquito' 1, 'flying ant' 2 Western Chadic: *buruk- 'mosquito' Central Chadic: *bwarVg- 'louse' East Chadic: bVrVg- 'water insect' 1, 'caterpillar' 2
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bariḳ-
Meaning: lightning Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *bariḳ- 'lightning' Central Chadic: *barak- < Sem? Central Cushitic (Agaw): (?) *birVḳ- 'lightning' High East Cushitic: (?) *ban/laḳ- 'lightning' Dahalo (Sanye): (?) *biriḳ- 'lightning' Omotic: *ṗariḳḳ- 'shine'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bark-
Meaning: sheep/goat Berber: *barVk- 'flock of sheep' Western Chadic: *bark-'she-goat'
Notes: Cf. met. *ba/ukir- '(young) sheep/goat' (3617).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bar-/*bur-
Meaning: morning Borean etymology: Borean etymology East Chadic: *bur- 'morning' Saho-Afar: *ber- 'morning' Low East Cushitic: *bar- 'dawn, morning' High East Cushitic: *bar- 'day' Dahalo (Sanye): ḅurra 'morning'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *barVʕ-
Meaning: give Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *bVrVʕ- 'give, yield' Western Chadic: *bar- 'give' Central Chadic: *bar-/*bir- 'give' East Chadic: *baHir- 'give'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *barVḥ-
Meaning: run away, go away Semitic: *bVrVḥ-'run away, flee' 1, 'go away, pass by (time)' 2 Berber: *bVrbVr- 'go out' 1, 'appear' 2 Western Chadic: *ba/war- 'return' Central Chadic: *HVbar- 'run' Dahalo (Sanye): bariy- 'go out, depart'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *barVṭ- (?)
Meaning: boy Berber: *baraṭ- 'child, boy' Dahalo (Sanye): ḅooret_e 'boy'
Notes: Scarce data. Dah reflexes not clear.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bas-
Meaning: cut Berber: *bVwVs- 'be cut, be wounded' Western Chadic: *bas- 'cut off' Central Chadic: *ḅis- 'cut in two' East Chadic: *bayas- Central Cushitic (Agaw): *bas- 'cut (skin)' Omotic: *baš- 'slaughter'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bas- (?)
Meaning: apron Egyptian: bsꜣw 'apron' (MK) Central Chadic: *bas-ay- 'apron' 1, 'loin-cloth' 2
Notes: Scarce data. Ch
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bat-/*bit-
Meaning: cut off Semitic: *bit-/*but- 'cut off, break off' Berber: *bVt- 'cut off, chop off' Western Chadic: *byat- 'cut into pieces' 1, 'cut corn' 2 Low East Cushitic: *ʔabVt- 'strike' 1, 'bite' 2
Notes: Cf. *baṭ- 'pierce, cut'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baṭ-
Meaning: pierce, cut Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *buṭ- 'split, pierce' 1, 'be split' 2 Berber: *bVṭ- 'pierce' 1, 'divide' 2 Western Chadic: *ḅat- < *baṭ- 'cut' East Chadic: *ḅat- (< *baṭ-) Low East Cushitic: *baṭ- 'part; divide'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bawaʔ/y- (?)
Meaning: slave, servant Egyptian: wbꜣ 'servant' (MK) Western Chadic: *baway- 'slave, servant' + Ngamo bìyà 'person' [SchV] East Chadic: Migama ḅàawò séquestrer une femme' [JgM]; cf. Mawa bo 'homme, être humain, personne' [Rob]
Notes: Scarce data. An areal Eg.-Chad. cultural term?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bawil ~ *wabil- ~ *mbVl-
Meaning: ram Semitic: *wābil- 'ram' Berber: *b_/bVli 'sheep, rams' Egyptian: *ybl 'ovis tragelaphus' Western Chadic: *mbil- 'sheep' Central Chadic: *bVlaw ~ *bV(ʔ)wVl- 'ram, goat' East Chadic: *bVl(bVl)- 'goat' Low East Cushitic: *bulal- 'lamb' High East Cushitic: *ʔambul- 'goat' 1, 'ram' 2 South Cushitic: *mbal- 'bush-buck', Tragelaphus scriptus (antelope) (?)
Notes: HSED 2570: Hbr. Eg. Mafa Mkk 'buffalo'. EDE II, 23-24. Cf. *bal- 'sheep' in non-Afras. African languages (C.Sud., W.Atl.)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baw-/*bay-
Meaning: place, house Borean etymology: Borean etymology Berber: *bVw- 'enclosure' Egyptian: bw 'place' (pyr) Western Chadic: *bayi- 'place' 1, 'hut' 2 Central Chadic: *bi- 'place' 1,'hut' 2 East Chadic: *baHi- 'place' 1, 'hut' 2, 'fence' 3 High East Cushitic: *bay- 'place'
Notes: Related to *bay- 'build' and *bayit- 'house'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baw/yar-/*ʔi/abar-
Meaning: fig-tree Semitic: *ʔi/abr- 'sycamore' Berber: *ʔi/abVrir 'flower of male palm' Western Chadic: *ʔVbawr- 'fig-tree, fig-fruit' East Chadic: *baw/yar- 'red fig-tree' Beḍauye (Beja): bīr ' Dumpalm' Low East Cushitic: *baw/yar- 'river palm'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bawVʔ-
Meaning: grass Berber: *buH- 'grass' Western Chadic: *bway- < *bwaʔi- 'kind of wild grass' Central Chadic: *baʔ- 'leaf, annual plant, weed' 1, kinf of grass' 2 East Chadic: *bwaʔ/yi- 'k of grass' 1, 'k of plant harmful to crops' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bawVd-
Meaning: sorcerer Semitic: *ba/ud- 'oracle priest' 1, 'pagan temple, idoleum' 2, 'one who causes harm by means of the evil eye' 3 Western Chadic: *bad- 'sorcerer' (?) East Chadic: *bu-buḍ- 'curse' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *bawVd- 'witch-doctor' 1, 'verwolf' 2 Saho-Afar: *bud- < *bVwVd- 'witch-doctor' Low East Cushitic: *bawVd- 'witch-doctor' High East Cushitic: *bud- 'who has evil eye', 'potter' 2 Omotic: *bud- < *bVwVd- 'witch-doctor'
Notes: An Ethiopism in Cush and Om is possible. Cf. *bud- 'hate (v.)'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bawVn-/*bayVn-
Meaning: rope, band Semitic: *bayn- 'link' (n.) Berber: *baw(V)n- 'leather sack with strings' Egyptian: wbn 'band (on mummy's forehead)'
Notes: Cf. *Habin- 'tie'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bay- (?)
Meaning: chief Egyptian: by.ty 'king of the Lower Egypt' (OK). Western Chadic: Ngamo bìyà 'person' [SchV]- or to 35 ? Central Chadic: *bay- 'chief' East Chadic: Mawa bo 'homme, être humain, personne' [Rob] - rather to 35
Notes: Scarce data. An areal Eg. - ECh term?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bayad-
Meaning: arm with shoulder Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ba/uday- shoulder; body member (arm?) Berber: *bad- 'breast' Western Chadic: *ŝa-bad- 'shoulder' (composed word?) ? East Chadic: *bayad- 'arm'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bayakʷ-
Meaning: disease. illness (malaria, fever) Semitic: *buk- 'scab, wound' Egyptian: *bVk- 'incurable disease' East Chadic: *bakaw- 'to have fever' Saho-Afar: *bVyak- 'pain' or 'illness' Low East Cushitic: *buk- 'become ill' 1, 'malaria' 2
Notes: Cf. EDE II 353
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bayan-
Meaning: be bad, angry; lie Egyptian: byn 'bad, angry' (OK) Western Chadic: *(ʔam-)ban- 'wrath' 1, 'bad' 2 East Chadic: *byan- 'bad' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *bin- 'lie' (n.) Low East Cushitic: *ben- 'lie' (n.)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baybay-
Meaning: part of upper torso including shoulders, armpits and collarbones Egyptian: bb.wy 'collarbones' (dual.) (med) Western Chadic: *bay(bay)- 'back' Central Chadic: *(biʔ)bay- 'upper arm 1, 'back' 2 Beḍauye (Beja): baba 'shoulder, armpit' Low East Cushitic: *bVb- 'armpit' High East Cushitic: *bVb- 'armpit' (unless from Oromo) Omotic: *bVbbi(H)- 'armpit'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bayĉ̣-
Meaning: egg Semitic: *bayṣ̂- 'egg' Western Chadic: *(m-)bwiĉ̣- 'egg'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bay/waĉ̣/č̣-
Meaning: beer Semitic: *būt_̣- Western Chadic: *bayaĉ̣- 'beer' 1, 'fermented maize' 2 (?) Central Chadic: *baṣ̂- 'to ferment (beer)' 1, 'beer' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bay/wr-
Meaning: land designed for cultivation Semitic: *ʔa-bawr- 'land (designed) for cultivation' East Chadic: *baHr-t- 'field' 1, 'fallow' 2 Low East Cushitic: *bVr- 'cultivated land' South Cushitic: *burabur- 'cultivated ground'
Notes: related to *bay/wr- 1, *by/wr ~ *ʔbr 2 'hoe' 1, 'to cultivate, hoe' 2 ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bay/wr- 1, *by/wr ~ *ʔbr 2
Meaning: hoe 1, to cultivate, hoe 2 Central Chadic: *burH- 'till with a hoe' High East Cushitic: *bVyr- 'hoe', *ʔbr 'to cultivate' Dahalo (Sanye): ḅiir- 'cut grass, mow'
Notes: related to *bay/wr- 'land (designed) for cultivation' ? Cf. Eg. bꜣ 'hoe' (if not < *ba/uʔ q.v.).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bay-t-
Meaning: build; building, house Semitic: *bayt- 'house' Berber: *but- 'mud-house' Western Chadic: *bay- 'build' ~ *bit- 'hut' 1, 'shelter' 2, 'place, room' 3 Central Chadic: *bi- 'build' ~ *bit- 'hut' East Chadic: *bay- 'build'
Notes: Arabism in Ch is possible. Dgh bat-iwe "hut" < *bayVt-?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bayVʕ-
Meaning: trade Semitic: *bVyVʕ- 'sell' Western Chadic: *bay- 'trade' 1, 'buy' 2, 'count' 3 South Cushitic: *bVʔ- 'pay' 1, 'buy, sell, trade' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bayVg- ~ *bagVy-
Meaning: (gourd) vessel Berber: *bagVy- 'plate' Egyptian: bd_, bd_ꜣ 'pot' (OK) 'pot' Central Chadic: *bayVg- 'gourd'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bayVl-
Meaning: weapon Western Chadic: *byal- 'knife' 1, 'pointed tool for digging holes' 2 Central Chadic: *bil- 'razor' East Chadic: *byal- - 'axe' 1, 'knife' 2 , 'razor' 3 Low East Cushitic: *bil- 'knife' High East Cushitic: *bil- 'knife'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baʒ-
Meaning: tear off, skin Semitic: *buz- 'tear off' Western Chadic: *HV-baʒ- 'skin' (v.)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baʒ-
Meaning: flow, be wet Berber: *bVʒ- 'be wet' 1, 'pour' 2 Egyptian: bzy 'flow out, sprinkle' (MK) Western Chadic: *baʒ- `spray water from mouth'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baʒar- (?)
Meaning: be torn, be peeled Berber: *bVʒVr- 'be peeled' Western Chadic: *baʒar- 'related to torn (clothes)' (adv.)
Notes: Scarce data. Cf. *baʒ- 'tear off, skin'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *biʔ-
Meaning: pierce Egyptian: wbꜣ 'pierce' (pyr) Western Chadic: *ḅiyu- < *biʔu- 'pierce' Central Chadic: *ba/iHi- 'prick' 2, 'pierce' 1 , 'make holes' 3
Notes: Cf. Eg wbꜣ (pyr) 'open'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *biʔak- (?)
Meaning: slave, servant Egyptian: bꜣk 'servant' (OK) Western Chadic: *biHak- 'slave' Central Chadic: *byak- 'slave'
Notes: Scarce data. An areal cultural Eg.-Chad. term. < *bawaʔ/y- with fossilized -k ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *biʔan-
Meaning: separate, divide Semitic: *bVyVn- 'separate' Western Chadic: (?) *ḅyan- < *biʔan- 'separate' Central Cushitic (Agaw): (?) *bin- 'divide'
Notes: The WCh and Agaw forms may be Arabisms.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *biʔan-/*biyan-
Meaning: look, know Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *bVyVn- 'understand; distinguish; make clear' Western Chadic: *baʔan- 'know' East Chadic: *ʔibin- 'know'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *biʔar-
Meaning: dig; ditch, pit, well Semitic: *biʔr- 'well', *bVʔVr- 'dig (a well)' Western Chadic: *buHar- 'dig' 1, 'grave' 2 East Chadic: *biʔir-/*ʔabir- 'dig' 1, 'dig out, dig a pit' 2 Low East Cushitic: *bVʔVr- 'pit' 1, 'bore, drill' 2 High East Cushitic: *bar- 'ditch'
Notes: Borrowing from Arab in Ch and LEC cannot be ruled out.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *biʔ-/*bay-
Meaning: be angry Egyptian: b 'evil' (l) Western Chadic: *biʔ- 'be angry' Central Chadic: *biH-/*bay- 'angry' 1, 'bad' 2 East Chadic: *bVy- 'anger'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *biʔVy-
Meaning: snake Egyptian: byꜣ 'holy serpent' (gr) Central Chadic: *biʔVy- 'python'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *biʕar-
Meaning: burn Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *bVʕVr- 'burn' (tr. and intr.) Western Chadic: *biHar- 'heat' Central Chadic: *ḅVr- < *bVHVr- 'hot' 1, 'warm ' (tr.) 2, warm' adj. 3 East Chadic: *bVHVr- 'warm up' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *bVr- 'be hot' 1,'flame' (v.) 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *biʕ(-Vr)- (?)
Meaning: bull Semitic: *bVʕVr- 'cattle; camels' Berber: *barar- 'she-camel' (?) Egyptian: ʕb Pyr 'horn' - cf. Saho-Afar: *baʕer- 'bull' (
Notes: Cf. Dolg ND 225a.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *biĉ- (?)
Meaning: spit Egyptian: bšy (pyr) Western Chadic: *biĉ- 'spit' East Chadic: *bVĉ- 'spit' Dahalo (Sanye): ḅut_̣uʕ 'spit' (?)
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bic̣Vḳ- (?)
Meaning: expectorate Semitic: *bVṣ/s/zVḳ- 'expectorate, spit' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *bic̣Vḳ- 'expectorate' 1, 'saliva' 2
Notes: Insufficient data, though the affinity is striking. Hardly a Semitism in Agaw.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bid- (?)
Meaning: monkey Berber: *bidd-Vw- 'monkey' Western Chadic: *bid- 'monkey' Central Chadic: *biḍ- 'monkey'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bihal-
Meaning: emphatic speech Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *bVhVl- 'curse, pray, implore, speak, say' Western Chadic: *biHal- 'anger' 1, '`vicious, angry, cruel' 2, insult' 3
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *biHVd-
Meaning: go, jump, run Central Chadic: *biHVd- 'go' East Chadic: *bVHVd- 'go out' Low East Cushitic: *bVHod- 'jump' Dahalo (Sanye): ḅud_uw- 'run away' Omotic: *biḍ- 'jump' - Cf.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bi/arr-
Meaning: to fly, jump Semitic: *(ʔV)bVr- 'fly' 1, 'to soar, to take wings' 2, 'jump high, climb up' Western Chadic: *bVr-,*ḅVr- (< *ʔVbar-) 'leaping, jumping' (redupl.) Central Chadic: *ba/ir- 'fly' 1, ' jump' 2 East Chadic: *(m) *bVr- 'fly' v. 1, 'jump' 2, 'hop' 3, 'jump *bVr- 'fly' v. 1, 'jump' 2, 'hop' 3, 'jump while dancing' 4 Beḍauye (Beja): *bir 'jump' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *bir- 'jump' 1,'fly' Low East Cushitic: *barr- 'to fly' High East Cushitic: *barar- 'fly' 1, 'jump' 2 Omotic: *bar-an 'to fly'
Notes: Cf. HSED, 219 *bar-: Eg. bhꜣ 'fly' (actually 'fliehen', not 'fliegen' having nothing to do with this root); Musgu, Kwang; Aungi
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bi/ur-
Meaning: fortified place, dwelling Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *bīr- 'fortress, palace' Western Chadic: *bi/ur- 'town' 1, 'place' 2, 'hut' 3 Central Chadic: *bur- 'town' 1, 'house' 2 Low East Cushitic: *bor- 'back (of a house)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bil(bil)-
Meaning: butterfly Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *bilbill- 'winged ant' Western Chadic: *bilbil- 'butterfly' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *bil- 'butterfly' Low East Cushitic: *bil(l)- 'worm' 1, 'butterfly' 2 High East Cushitic: *bil(bil)- 'worm' 1, 'butterfly' 2 South Cushitic: *babal- 'butterfly'
Notes: Related to *bal- 'wing, feather'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bil(bil)-
Meaning: elephant/rhinoceros/buffalo Central Chadic: *m-bilil- 'elephant' East Chadic: *bily- 'buffalo' Low East Cushitic: *bV̄bil- 'elephant' High East Cushitic: *bV̄bil- 'rhinoceros'
Notes: Cf. *(ʔV-)bVl- 'camel; equid'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bin-
Meaning: son, brother Semitic: *bin- 'son' Western Chadic: *mV-bVn- 'person' Central Chadic: *bin- 'brother' East Chadic: Lele bànè 'friend' [WP] ?
Notes: Cf. Eg bnt 'epithet of the Sun-god's son'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bin-
Meaning: building Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: bnbn 'stela' (MK) Western Chadic: *byani(H)- 'upper story' 1, 'hut' 2 Central Chadic: *binVH- 'hut' East Chadic: *byaHin- 'hut' 1, 'straw hut' 2
Notes: Related to *bVn- 'build'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *binVg- (?)
Meaning: bird Egyptian: bng 'kind of bird' (MK) Western Chadic: *binVg- 'rough-coated fowl' Central Chadic: *byanVg- 'bird'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bir-
Meaning: metal Semitic: *bi/urt- 'metal artifact' Egyptian: byꜣ (Pyr - NK, Copt) 'metal (ore, copper?)' Central Chadic: *HV-bir- 'iron' East Chadic: *bir- 'iron' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *bir- 'metal' Saho-Afar: *bir-t- 'iron' Low East Cushitic: *bir- 'metal' High East Cushitic: *bir(r)- 'silver' South Cushitic: *bir-t- 'iron' Omotic: *bir- 'metal'
Notes: Cf. Sum BAR 'iron'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *birk-
Meaning: cow, cattle; calf Berber: *birkaw 'calf' Western Chadic: *birVk- 'bull' East Chadic: *birk- 'bull, cattle'
Notes: Cf. *(ʔa-)bakw(-Vr)- '(young) camel/horse'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *birVg-
Meaning: be high Borean etymology: Borean etymology Berber: *burg- 'rise, be raised' Beḍauye (Beja): birga 'high'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *birVh-
Meaning: eat, bite Semitic: *bVrVh- 'eat' Berber: Ghadames embǝr 'to bite' Central Chadic: *bVr- 'give to eat' East Chadic: *bVHVr- 'eat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *biṭ- (?)
Meaning: speak Semitic: *bVṭ- 'chat' Western Chadic: *baṭ-/*bayaṭ- 'speaking, speak' Central Chadic: *mV-biḍ- 'answer, speak'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *biʒ-
Meaning: sun, day Egyptian: bzy 'Sun-god' (reg) Central Chadic: *byaʒ- 'day' Low East Cushitic: BAY barāǯ-a 'star' (hardly unrel. to *beʒ/ǯ-; with -r- inserted? Cf. also NOmot: Dokka bɛrse id.) High East Cushitic: SID bedd-akko 'star'<*beʒ/ǯ- (cf. Kambatta bezze, BRJ biz-iiḳo 'small star') Omotic: DIZ bī́z, DIM bez 'star'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *biʒar-
Meaning: corn Semitic: *bizr- 'seed' 1, 'peppers' 2 Western Chadic: *baʒar- 'corn' (?) Central Chadic: *buʒal- (<*buʒar- ?) (?) East Chadic: *buʒ- 'seed' (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *b/pi(n)č̣ur- ?
Meaning: pudenda Semitic: *bi(n)t_̣a/ur- 'clitoris, vagina' Central Chadic: *[b]ič̣Vr- > *ḅičVr- (met.of emph.)/*pičVr- (assim.) > čVPVr- 'testicles'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *boḥ-
Meaning: middle Semitic: *buḥbuḥ- 'middle' Western Chadic: *bwaHi- 'heart' Central Chadic: *bwah- 'middle'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *buʕun-
Meaning: rain, sky Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: bʕn 'sky waters' (pyr) Western Chadic: *fiwan- < *fiHʷan- (or < *bHn)- 'rain' Central Chadic: *bun-/*Pan-H 'rain' 1, 'cloud' 2 East Chadic: *bun-H- 'God of the rain' 1, 'sky' 2, 'God'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bubuk-
Meaning: earth, dust Western Chadic: *bubuk- 'dust' Low East Cushitic: *bubbuk- 'swampy place'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *buč-
Meaning: (feminine) pudenda Semitic: *bu(h)t_- 'shame', *b(h)t_ 'be ashamed' Berber: *buč- 'vagina' 1, 'penis' 2 Beḍauye (Beja): bus 'podex, croupe' Saho-Afar: *bus- 'vulva' High East Cushitic: *bis(s)- 'vagina' Omotic: *bos- 'vulva'
Notes: Semantic shift in Sem.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *buc̣al-
Meaning: plant Semitic: *baṣal- 'onion' Western Chadic: *ḅucal- < *buc̣al- 'kind of grass (growing near water)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bud(VH)-
Meaning: stick Semitic: *bad(d)- 'pole, stick, beam' Berber: *budid- 'pole of a hut' Central Chadic: *bV-bVḍ- (< *bVdVH-) 'digging stick'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *buḫ-
Meaning: give birth Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: bh_ 'give birth' (NK) Western Chadic: *bwaH- 'give birth' Central Chadic: *mV-buh- 'give birth'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *buhar-
Meaning: shine Semitic: *bVhar- 'be clear, shine' Western Chadic: *buHVr- 'shine' Central Chadic: *buHar- 'shine'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *buḳ-
Meaning: rot, be rotten Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *bVḳ- 'rot' Western Chadic: *ḅwak- < *bwaḳ- 'suppurate, fester' 1, 'rot' 2 Central Chadic: *buk- 'decay' High East Cushitic: *buḳ- 'rot'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bu/at-
Meaning: vessel Semitic: *batt- 'bottle' Western Chadic: *buHat- 'gourd bottle' Central Chadic: *b/pVt- 'cooking pot' 1,'large water pot' Saho-Afar: *but- 'pot' High East Cushitic: *bot- 'big jar' Omotic: *bat-/*bot- 'gourd, calabash'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bul-
Meaning: hut, village Central Chadic: *bul- 'village' 1, 'yard' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʔa-bVl- 'tent' Saho-Afar: *bul- 'village, town' (?) Low East Cushitic: *bul- 'hut'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bul-
Meaning: dove Semitic: *bull- 'dove, turtle' Egyptian: bn 'kind of bird' (pyr), bnw 'phoenix' (BD) Western Chadic: *(m)bul-/*bV(l)Vl- 'dove' Central Chadic: *mV-bwal- 'turtle-dove' East Chadic: *bVl(l)- 'bird' 1, 'dove' 2 Low East Cushitic: *bulal- 'dove'
Notes: Secondary formation with an inlaut laryngeal in Chadic. Cf. Dolg ND 197 (Oromo, Ch. and Eg.)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bun-
Meaning: hole Western Chadic: *bun- 'spring' East Chadic: *bun- 'hole in the ground'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bun- (?)
Meaning: monkey Egyptian: bnw 'baboon' (BD) Western Chadic: *buni- 'baboon' Central Chadic: *buni- 'monkey'
Notes: Scarce and unreliable data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bur-
Meaning: penis Semitic: *ʔi(-)bar-(at-) 'membrum virile' Egyptian: bꜣꜣw 'potency' (MK) Western Chadic: *bur- 'penis' Low East Cushitic: *bury- 'foreskin'
Notes: Eg. and Som. are semantically questionable. Cf. HSED, 339: Eg.; Hs., Bura
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bur-
Meaning: dry land, sand, dust Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *barr- 'empty place' 1, 'field' 2, '(dry) land' 3, 'region' 4 Western Chadic: *buHVr- 'sand' 1, 'dust' 2 Central Chadic: *bur- 'sand' 1, 'dust' 2 East Chadic: *bar-H- 'field' Saho-Afar: *bur- 'sand' Low East Cushitic: *bur- 'dune' 1, 'earth' 2 Dahalo (Sanye): ḅur-une 'dust'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bur-
Meaning: boil Borean etymology: Borean etymology Berber: *HabVr- 'boil' Egyptian: brbr 'boil' (n) Central Chadic: *mV-bur- 'boil'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bur- (?)
Meaning: boat, ship Egyptian: br 'kind of Nubian ship' (n) East Chadic: *bur- 'boat'
Notes: Scarce data. Eg > Ch?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *buraʔ-
Meaning: build; create Semitic: *bVraʔ- 'create' Western Chadic: *bur- 'build'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bus-
Meaning: fish Egyptian: bss 'kind of fish' (n) Western Chadic: *ḅwas- 'fish' East Chadic: *bVs- 'fish'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bus-
Meaning: plant, grass Egyptian: wbs 'cabbage, greens' (gr) Western Chadic: *bus- 'kind of plant' Central Chadic: *bVc- 'grass'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *buwuṭ-
Meaning: burn; ash Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: wbd 'burn' (mag) Western Chadic: *buw(V)ṭ- 'ash' Central Chadic: *bwut- 'ash' East Chadic: *but- 'ash'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *buʒ-
Meaning: be bad Semitic: *bVzVy- 'treat badly' 1, 'scorn' 2 Central Chadic: *buʒ- 'evil' 1, 'angry' 2, 'quarrel' 3
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVʔ(bVʔ)-
Meaning: k. of antelope, wild sheep or goat Semitic: *bib(b)- 'wild sheep; kudu-antelope' Western Chadic: *bVʔ(bVʔ)- 'duiker' (or < *ʔV-bVʔ- 'cow, antelope'?) South Cushitic: *baʔ- 'k. of antelope' Dahalo (Sanye): *babaʔ- 'bushbuck'
Notes: Cf. SCu *bēʕ- 'sheep, livestock' > Irq Gor bḗʕi [Wh], beʔi [E], Alg bēʕi [Wh], beʔi [E] 'sheep', Brn bēʔ-imo, pl. bēʔ-a [Wh], bēʕ- [Fl], Kwz baʔamuko 'ewe lamb'. Cf. HSED 278 *bibab-: Akk., Angas. Cf. Dolg ND 185. Related to Afras. *ʔab- '(young) goat, kid' (3515) or *ʔV-bVʔ- 'cow, antelope' ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVʔr-
Meaning: pit, well Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *buʔr-
Notes: ND 225 adds some Berb. and Chad. forms
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *b(Vʔ)uḥ- (?)
Meaning: front part of body; penis Semitic: *būḥ- phallus; genitalia (?) Egyptian: bꜣḥ (pyr) 'penis', 'in front of'; cf. ỉbḥ Pyr 'tooth' Central Chadic: *baHu- '(in) front' 1, 'ahead' 2 (?)
Notes: Unreliable in Sem; meaning shift in Ch is highly hypothetic.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVʕ- (?)
Meaning: swell up Semitic: *bVʕ- 'swell' Western Chadic: *ʔu-byaH- 'swell up'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVĉ̣-
Meaning: sand, silt Semitic: *baṣ̂- 'sand, silt' Low East Cushitic: *boṭ- 'muddy'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVĉ/dVr- (<*bVʒ̂Vr-?)
Meaning: announce Semitic: *bVŝVr- 'announce (good news)' Berber: *bVdVr- 'announce'
Notes: Irregular correspondence of affricates. The only detected case of *ʒ̂?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVgur-
Meaning: bird Egyptian: bd_ꜣ 'duck' (OK) East Chadic: *bwagur- 'hen'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVgVl- ~ *gilVb- (?)
Meaning: knee; ankle East Chadic: *bVgVl- 'ankle' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *gwillib- 'knee' Saho-Afar: *gulub- 'knee' Low East Cushitic: *gilib- 'knee' High East Cushitic: *gilub-/*gulub- 'knee' Warazi (Dullay): *kil(V)p- 'knee' Omotic: *gul(l)Vb- 'knee'
Notes: Insufficient data. Metathesis between EChad. and Cush.-Omot.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVɣ-
Meaning: wish; not wish Semitic: *bVɣiw-/*bVɣiy- 'look for' 1, 'wish' 2 | Western Chadic: *baH- 'want' Central Chadic: *bVɣ- 'not wish'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVɣač-
Meaning: bird Semitic: *buɣat_- 'small birds' Central Chadic: *byagVč- 'kite'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bV(H)r-Vm-
Meaning: yellow, gray, black Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *barm- 'particolored' Berber: *bVram- 'yellow straw' Western Chadic: *bVr-(um)- 'piebald, multicoloured' 1, 'grey' 2 , 'black' 3 East Chadic: Mokilko ḅírìny 'black' Low East Cushitic: *boHor- 'yellow'1, 'black' 2 High East Cushitic: *bor- 'grey, brown'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVHVk-
Meaning: rain Western Chadic: *biHVk- 'rain that succeeds sowing' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *bukw-an- 'rain,cloud' (?) Low East Cushitic: *bVHok- 'rain'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVhVw-
Meaning: shine Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *bVhVw- 'shine' Western Chadic: *ḅway- < *bwaH- 'sun, day' Central Chadic: *bVHVw-/*bVHVy- 'light' 1, 'shine' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVk-
Meaning: cock, hen 1, vulture 2 Semitic: *(ʔa)bVk- 'cock' Berber: *bVk-Vt 'goat-sucker' Egyptian: byk 'falcon' (a) Central Chadic: *b(w)ak- 'vulture' East Chadic: *ʔa-buk- 'great bustard' 1, big bird with plumage ' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *bik- 'kind of bird' Omotic: *bakk- 'hen, cock'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVkVʔ-
Meaning: be pregnant; have little milk Semitic: *bkʔ- 'have little milk' Egyptian: bkꜣ 'become pregnant' (MK) Saho-Afar: *bak- 'be born' Low East Cushitic: *baʔakw- 'not giving much milk'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVkʷay-
Meaning: k. of insect Semitic: *bukay- 'kind of insect, worm' Berber: *bVk(k)iw 'worm' Western Chadic: *buk- 'cockroach' Low East Cushitic: *bok- 'mosquito, gnat' High East Cushitic: *bok- 'mosquito' (unless < Or) Dahalo (Sanye): *ḅeket- 'butterfly'
Notes: Cf. EDE II 354: Eg (NE) bt_.w 'Bez. der Giftschlange und des Apophis' compared to Berb. and NBch *b-k(ʷ/y) 'snake' after Jung-Sim (not in Sk NBch), Ngz mbiikḍà 'snake'. Cf. Dolg ND 190 (Sem. *baḳḳ- comp. to Oromo bookee)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVḳ/k-
Meaning: look, see Semitic: *bVḳ- 'examine, observe, look at' 1, 'search, investigate, find out' 2 Egyptian: bꜣk 'see, notice' (l) Western Chadic: *bVḳ- 'looking after, tending carefully' 1, 'look for' 2 Low East Cushitic: *beḳ/k- 'observe' 1, 'know' 2 High East Cushitic: *bek- 'know' Omotic: *baḳ-/*beḳ- 'see' 1, 'know' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVl-
Meaning: cure Semitic: *bVlVl- 'heal, cure' ~ *bill- 'remedy' ~ balal- 'health' Central Chadic: *(ʔa-m-)bi/ul- 'cure' (intr.) East Chadic: *bVl- 'cure'
Notes: Hardly an Arabism in Ch (not in Hausa).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVlan-
Meaning: rain, cloud East Chadic: *bVlan- 'rain' 1, 'sky' 2 Low East Cushitic: *bolan- 'cloud'
Notes: Related to *belal- 'rivulet' ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVlVg- / *bVlVḳ-
Meaning: shine Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *bVlug-
Notes: See ND 204 (Sem. + Cush., Omot.).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVl(Vl)-
Meaning: flow, overflow Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *bilVl- 'moisten' 1, 'rain' 2, 'sprinkle' 3 Berber: *bVlul- 'be liquid' Egyptian: bnn (ME) 'overflow', bnbn 'let flow, pour' (gr) Western Chadic: *bulbul- 'pour out' ~ *buʔul- 'river' Central Chadic: *bulay- 'sea' 1, ' lake' 2, 'rivulet' 3 East Chadic: *baHal- 'pond' ~ *bVlVl- 'overflow' Low East Cushitic: *bulul- 'flow'
Notes: Related to *w/yabal- 'watercourse, spring'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVn-
Meaning: build Semitic: *bVn- 'build' Berber: *bVn- 'build' East Chadic: *byan- 'build'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVq̇(ʷ)-
Meaning: bull, antelope Berber: *biɣaw 'calf; old bull' Egyptian: bh_ 'sacred bull' Western Chadic: *baḳw-an 'buffalo' East Chadic: *bVk- 'cows' Mogogodo (Yaaku): baḫbaḫ 'small dikdik antelope'
Notes: Cf. Dolg. SH An. names: Nostr. *buḲa 'bovines' (compares ECh forms bgr ~ brg 'antelope'. CF. Dolg ND 188
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVr-
Meaning: ram, lamb; goat Semitic: *baʕr- 'lamb' (likely the same as *bVʕVr- 'cattle; camels') (?) Berber: *HVbbur 'ram, lamb' (?) Egyptian: *bar- '(sacred) goat' (?) Western Chadic: *(m)bV(H)r- 'sheep, ram, goat' Central Chadic: *bur- 'goat' Low East Cushitic: *barar- 'lamb' High East Cushitic: *ha/ibVr- ? 'goat'
Notes: Arab ʕ secondary under the influence of *bʕr 'cattle'? Cf. HSED 341 (WCh.: Buli, Tala; CCh.: Hil., Klb., Mwl.; Som.; Yaaku abuur - not in Heine Yaaku). Acc. to Tak. II, 24-25 strangely asserting "In spite of Mlt. 1990, HSED 341, this AA root (Kel Ataram, Som, Yaaku, Tng, Tsagu, SBch) for 'sheep' should be separated from Brj. Qab. (here I rather agree: <*hbr), Bole, CCh."
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVr-
Meaning: evil spirit; sorcerer, diviner Semitic: *bary- 'demon; deviner' Western Chadic: *bur- 'name of a bad spirit' 1 , *mbur-'medician' 2 Central Chadic: *mbVr- 'sorcerer' East Chadic: *bir- 'to promenade (of evil spirit) in order to devour peoples' souls'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVrVʔ-
Meaning: cut Semitic: *bVrVʔ- 'cut, cut down' Berber: *bVrVy- 'cut' Western Chadic: *m-bār- 'cut' Central Chadic: *bur- 'chop' East Chadic: *bVr- 'cut, break' Dahalo (Sanye): ḅiir- 'cut grass, mow'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVs- (?)
Meaning: life, existence Semitic: *bVšVy- 'be, exist' Western Chadic: *bas- 'health' Central Chadic: *bus- 'life'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVŝ-
Meaning: dig, bury Semitic: *nVbuŝ/ŝx- 'dig out' Western Chadic: *mbaŝ- 'bury' 1, 'dig' 2 Central Chadic: *bVẑ- 'bury' East Chadic: *bal- (<*baŝ-?) 'dig up an anthill during the starvation'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVt-
Meaning: move quickly; go away Semitic: *bVt- 'go away' 1, 'go quickly' 2 Berber: *bVt- 'hurry, hasten' (trans.) Western Chadic: *bat- 'go' Central Chadic: *mbat-/*ḅit- 'return' 1, 'go away' 2 Omotic: *bitt- 'jump' 1, 'fly' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVtVḳ-
Meaning: cut Semitic: *bVtVḳ- 'cut, chop' Egyptian: btk 'slaughter' (gr).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVt(-Vm/n/r)-
Meaning: snake, worm Semitic: *buttVyam-at- 'viper' Egyptian: btn.w 'a snake?' Central Chadic: *butur- 'k. of snake' East Chadic: *bV(H)tVr- 'worm' Low East Cushitic: *būt- 'puff-adder' High East Cushitic: *būt- 'puff-adder' Warazi (Dullay): *būt- 'puff-adder'
Notes: Cf. EDE I 316 (Eg btn.w and perhaps Sem *[b]Vt_Vn-); II 355. All or part of the Cush. forms may be loans from Oromo; the Gur forms, however, do not look like Cushitisms.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVw- (?)
Meaning: faeces Egyptian: bw.t (pyr) 'faeces' Western Chadic: *(m)buH- Central Chadic: *ʔu-bi(bi)- 'faeces'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVwaʔ-
Meaning: field Egyptian: bwꜣ (ME) 'hill, field on a hill' Central Chadic: *(ʔu-)bwaH- 'field' East Chadic: *b(w)aw- 'field'
Notes: Related to *ba/uʔ- 'dig, hoe (v.)'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVway/ʔ-
Meaning: open Egyptian: wbꜣ (pyr) 'open' Western Chadic: *ḅway- 'open'
Notes: Cf. Eg wbꜣ 'pierce' (pyr) Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVw-/*bVy-
Meaning: cry, weep Western Chadic: *biy- 'cry, weep' Low East Cushitic: *bo- < *bVw- 'cry, weep'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVy- Egyptian: by.t 'honey; bee' East Chadic: *H/yVbV 'hornet, gadfly'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bVʒ/c̣uḳ- ~ *c̣ubaḳ-
Meaning: spit; saliva Semitic: *bVz/s/ṣuḳ- 'spit' South Cushitic: *c̣ubaḳ- 'saliva'

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *C-, *C., *C^

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *caʔ-
Meaning: tree Western Chadic: *caʔ/y/w/- 'name of a shrub' 1, 'tree with thorns' 2 East Chadic: *SVw- 'tree' South Cushitic: *caʔ- 'tree'

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *C и *C̣-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣aʕ-
Meaning: stick Semitic: *ʕaṣāw/y- 'stick' Egyptian: d_ʕʕ (med) 'twig' Western Chadic: *c̣aH- 'stick' Central Chadic: *nV-Cah- 'stick' (?) South Cushitic: *caḥ- 'arrow-head' - cf.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣aʕaḳ-
Meaning: shout Semitic: *ṣVʕaḳ- 'shout' 1, 'call' (v.) 2, 'thunder' (v.) 3 Central Chadic: *c̣ak- 'ask' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *č̣aw(V)ḳ- 'ask' Low East Cushitic: *ḍawaḳ- 'shout caused by grief' Omotic: *č̣Vy/wVk- 'shout'
Notes: Dissimilation of *ḳ > *k in Eg. and Om.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *cabar- (?)
Meaning: stick Egyptian: sbr 'twig, branch' (med) Western Chadic: *cabar- 'wooden poles' Central Chadic: *saḅir- 'stick' East Chadic: *sibVr- 'stick'
Notes: Scarce data. May be related to Ag: Bil sabaaraa 'flute', Xmr sibraa id.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣ad-
Meaning: shout, speak Semitic: *ṣad- Western Chadic: *c̣ad-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣adaʕ-
Meaning: cut, grind, pound Semitic: *ṣVdaʕ- 'split, separate' Berber: *c̣Vd- 'grind, mill' East Chadic: *sad- < *saHad- 'cut' Omotic: *č̣aHad- 'pound'
Notes: An alternative reconstruction is *c̣aʕad-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *cag-
Meaning: break Semitic: *sVgVʕ- 'pierce' Egyptian: sd_ 'break' (pyr) Western Chadic: *cag- 'cut, make incision in' East Chadic: *sig- 'iron awl'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *cagaḥ- (?)
Meaning: bird Egyptian: sd_ḥ 'kind of bird' (MK) Western Chadic: *cagag- 'ibis' East Chadic: *sagay- < *sagaH- 'vulture' Central Cushitic (Agaw): Aungi čáɣa [Hetz], č̣aġā́ [CR Aw] 'bird'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣ag-(ar)
Meaning: hair Borean etymology: Borean etymology Western Chadic: *c̣ag- 'hair (in the horse's tail' 1, 'hair' 2 Central Chadic: *ʔVm-Cig- 'hair' (?) Central Cushitic (Agaw): *c̣VgwVr- 'hair' Low East Cushitic: *ḍagur- 'hair' South Cushitic: *c̣ag- 'hair'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *caḫal-
Meaning: grass Semitic: *saḫl- 'cresse' Western Chadic: *c/salaʔ- ~ *wVsVl- 'grass' 1, 'food grass (for horses)' Central Chadic: *c/sahal- 'k. of grass' East Chadic: *sV(HV)l- 'bad grass'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *caḥ-
Meaning: bird Egyptian: sḥ.t 'kind of bird' Central Chadic: *Cah- 'kind of bird'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *caḥ- (?)
Meaning: herd Egyptian: sḥꜣ.t 'herd of donkeys' (OK) Western Chadic: *caḥi- 'herd'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *caḥm-
Meaning: black, red, yellow Semitic: *saḥm- 'red, black' Central Chadic: *s/cim- 'yellow'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *cahVw-
Meaning: plaited object Semitic: *sahw- 'curtain' Berber: *zaw- 'cord' Western Chadic: *caw-/*cay- 'plaited cover for a door' South Cushitic: *caḫw- 'snare' - cf.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ca/ib(-ar)-
Meaning: fence, fenced dwelling Semitic: *sib- 'fortification', 'outskirts of a city' ~ (?) *sVbVr- (or <*swr) 'to fence off' Egyptian: sbꜣ (pyr) 'gate' Central Chadic: *čibVH- 'enclose' 1 , 'fence' 2, 'hide' 3 (?) Saho-Afar: *sabsab- 'wall'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *camid-
Meaning: grass Semitic: *samīd- 'spice plant, vegetable groats' East Chadic: *sVmVd- 'grass'
Notes: Related to *cim- 'grass, plant'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *cap-
Meaning: vessel Semitic: *sapp- 'kind of vessel' Egyptian: sp.t 'vessel' (n) Low East Cushitic: *suṗ- 'pottery' South Cushitic: *sep- 'gourd vessel'
Notes: Cf. Om *šiṗ- 'basket' (Mch šiṗo).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣ap-
Meaning: be clean Semitic: *ṣVpVʔ-/*ṣVpVw- '(be) clean' Western Chadic: *c̣ap- 'bathe' 1, 'be clean' 2 Central Chadic: *c̣uf- 'bathe' 1, 'wash (things)' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *caq-
Meaning: earth, field Semitic: *saḫḫ- 'meadow' 1, 'good land' 2 Egyptian: sḫ.t 'field' (pyr) Western Chadic: *swaH- 'earth' Central Chadic: *caqwa- 'field' 1, 'ground' 2, 'sand' 3 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *cVḫ- 'prairy'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *car-
Meaning: know Semitic: *wVsVr- 'remind' 1, 'teach, instruct' 2 Central Chadic: *c/sar- 'remember' 1 , 'look, search' 2 East Chadic: *sVr- 'see' (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *carw-
Meaning: elder, chief Semitic: *sarw(-ay)- ~ (?) *sVran- '(military) chief, prince' Berber: *zVwVr- 'precede, be the first' Egyptian: sr 'high official, elder' (pyr) Western Chadic: *car(am)- 'chief' East Chadic: *sVr- (<*n-sVr-) 'adult'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *caw- (?)
Meaning: faeces Western Chadic: *caw- 'faeces' 1, 'relieve nature' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *caw- 'faeces'
Notes: Scarce data. Cf. *ĉaʔiw- id.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *cawar-
Meaning: dance Semitic: *sVwVr- 'dance' Western Chadic: *c/sVwar- 'dance' (v.) 1, (n.) 2 , playing' 3 Central Chadic: *sur- 'to play'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣awar- (?)
Meaning: roll up Semitic: *ṣVwVr- 'press together' East Chadic: *sa[w]ar- 'roll up'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *cigul- (?)
Meaning: seal; treasure, property; something registered, sealed Semitic: *sigul(l)- '(sealed) registered possession, property' ~ *sgl 'to register' Egyptian: sd_ꜣw.t (AE)
Notes: An old cultural term?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣ihVr- (?)
Meaning: in-law Semitic: *ṣih(V)r- 'son-in-law' 1, 'brother-in-law' 2 Western Chadic: *c̣VHVr- 'in-laws' Central Chadic: *ceHwar- 'in-law'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *cil-
Meaning: female pudenda Berber: *-z(V)lul 'clitoris' Western Chadic: *cil- 'vulva' 1, 'vagina' 2, 'female pudenda'3 Low East Cushitic: *sil- 'vulva' High East Cushitic: *c̣iʔl- 'vagina' (?) Warazi (Dullay): *sil- 'clitoris'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣il-
Meaning: sharp instrument Semitic: *ṣilṣal- 'harpune' Central Chadic: *sil- 'arrow'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣il- (?)
Meaning: snake, worm Semitic: *ṣill- 'adder' Western Chadic: *c̣il- 'tapeworm' Central Chadic: *cil- 'snake'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *cimʕ- (?)
Meaning: leg; backbone' Egyptian: smʕ (pyr) 'leg (of falcon)' Western Chadic: *Hwacim- 'leg' 1, 'foot' 2 Central Chadic: *syam- (< *siHam-) 'leg' South Cushitic: *caʔam- 'foot'
Notes: To WCh cf. an alternative parallel: Sem. *ʕat_̣m- 'bone' SED 25.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣in- (?)
Meaning: sharp object Semitic: *ṣin- 'thorn' Western Chadic: *c̣in- 'sharp point' 1, 'tooth' 2 , 'sharp' 3
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *cinun-
Meaning: bird Semitic: *sinun- 'swallow' Western Chadic: nšin-šin 'small blue bird' Angas [Brq] South Cushitic: *šuʔunun- 'hawk'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *cip-
Meaning: sweep Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *sVp- 'rake up' 1, 'purify, refine' 2 Berber: *cVf- 'plane' (v.) 1, 'wash' 2 Western Chadic: *cVf- 'sweep' 1, 'take off the top layers of washed corn' 2, 'skim' 3 , 'broom,brush' 4 East Chadic: *sVp- 'remove foam' 1, 'foam' 2, 'sweep' 3
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ciqal-
Meaning: sand Central Chadic: *siɣVl- 'sand' Saho-Afar: *caḥil- 'sand' Low East Cushitic: *cVkal-
Notes: = *caḥil- (SAS)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *cir-
Meaning: sharp object Western Chadic: *cir- 'spit meat on skewers, pierce' East Chadic: *sVr- 'spear'
Notes: Scarce data. Derived <*cir- thorn?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣ir-
Meaning: cut Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ṣVr- 'cut, split' Western Chadic: *c̣ar- 'lance, cut' East Chadic: *syar- 'cut in strips' Low East Cushitic: *c̣ir- 'cut'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *cir-
Meaning: thorn Semitic: *sīr- 'thorn, hook' Egyptian: sr.t 'thorn' (BD) East Chadic: *sur- 'thorn'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣it-
Meaning: be quiet Semitic: *nVṣit- 'be silent' Western Chadic: *c̣it- 'quiet, silent'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ciway-
Meaning: trade (v.) Semitic: *siway- 'cost (v.)' Western Chadic: *ciya- 'pay' 1, 'debt' 2, 'payment' 3 (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c/c̣uḳl-
Meaning: thigh, leg, elbow Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *s/ṣuḳl- 'leg; thigh; elbow' Egyptian: sḳr (<*sḳl?) 'arm with an elbow' (phonetic sign) Western Chadic: *sa/u(n)gul- 'elbow' 1, 'leg, foot' 2 East Chadic: *sugul- (*-g- <*-ḳ-?) 'thigh' Low East Cushitic: *č̣/ḍiḳ/kil- 'elbow' 1, 'forearm' 2, 'foot' 3 High East Cushitic: *ṭunḳul- 'elbow' (?) Warazi (Dullay): *ṣ/ḍikil- 'elbow' Mogogodo (Yaaku): ṭokleʔ 'forearm' (?) Omotic: *sukul- 'foot'
Notes: Phonetics varies greatly. Cf. *saḳ- 'thighbone, shinbone'. Cf. CCh. *cukul- 'to step' (ZBa cúkúl 'enjamber').
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣ol-
Meaning: pull Semitic: *nVṣVl- 'pull out' Western Chadic: *c̣walu- 'pull'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *cuḫVl-
Meaning: pierce Semitic: *sVḫVl- 'pierce' Western Chadic: *Sul- 'pierce' Central Chadic: *culV/ʔ/- 'pierce' 1, 'pierce quickly' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *cuk-
Meaning: close Semitic: *suk- 'stop up' 1, 'cover' 2 Central Chadic: *sa-sVkwa- 'stop up' High East Cushitic: *cuk- 'close (with a lid)' CHECK
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣ul-
Meaning: pour, drip Semitic: *mVṣul- 'drip' Western Chadic: *c̣ul- 'pour' Central Chadic: *c̣Vl-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣uraʕ-
Meaning: throw, fall Semitic: *ṣVraʕ- 'throw' Western Chadic: *c̣VHVr- 'fall down' East Chadic: *suHVr- 'fall (fruit, dust)' 1, 'drop, throw' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *curiy-
Meaning: plant, grass Egyptian: sꜣry 'kind of plant' (med) Western Chadic: *cwari- 'grass' 1, 'fodder' 2 East Chadic: *swar- 'kind of grass'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *curVm- (?)
Meaning: intestine Semitic: *sur(u)m- 'intestine' Berber: *-ZVrVm- 'intestines'
Notes: Insufficient data. Variation in Anlaut in Berber.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *cVʔ- (?)
Meaning: pig Egyptian: šꜣy (ME) 'pig' (?) - cf. Western Chadic: *ʔu-cVʔ- Central Chadic: *caH-caH-
Notes: Highly doubtful.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *cVʕ-
Meaning: tear out Semitic: *nVsaʕ- 'tear out' Western Chadic: *ca- 'pull'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣VbVb-
Meaning: throw Semitic: *ṣVbub- 'pour, throw' East Chadic: *syabVb- 'throw to the ground'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣Vḥ-
Meaning: be dry Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ṣVḥ- 'be dry' 2 Western Chadic: *S(y)aH- 'dry up' Central Chadic: *cwaH- 'dry up'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *cVḥaḳ-
Meaning: cut, break Semitic: *sVḥaḳ- 'break, crush' Egyptian: ḥsḳ (pyr) 'cut off' (met.)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *cVmVk-
Meaning: cover Semitic: *sVmVk- 'cover' Egyptian: skm 'wrap' (gr)
Notes: An alternative reconstruction is *cVkVm-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *cVway/H-
Meaning: speak, shout Semitic: *sVH- 'cry (of pain)' (v.) Egyptian: swhy (18) 'shout' Western Chadic: *s/cay- 'say' 1, 'speech' 2 Central Chadic: *suw- 'shout, cry' 1, 'answer' 2 East Chadic: *sway-cry' 1, 'say' 2, 'tell' 3 South Cushitic: *ceʔ- 'shout'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *cVw/y-
Meaning: clothes Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *sū-t- 'garment' Egyptian: syꜣ.t (pyr) 'linen cloth' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *sey- 'wear (clothes)'
Notes: Unless a loan from Eg in Hbr and Phoen.

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *ĉ-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉaʔd-
Meaning: long Central Chadic: *ĉadH- or *ĉaHd- 'long' High East Cushitic: *seHed- 'long' South Cushitic: *ĉed- 'long' Omotic: *ĉad-n- 'long'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉaʔiw-
Meaning: faeces Semitic: *ŝaʔw- 'dung of a camel' Egyptian: šꜣ.w (med) 'faeces' Central Chadic: *ŝi- 'faeces' 1, 'dirt' 2 South Cushitic: *ĉaʔ- 'faeces, dung' Omotic: *šiy- 'faeces'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉ̣aʔn- (?)
Meaning: small cattle Semitic: *ṣ̂aʔn- 'small cattle' South Cushitic: *ŝan- (<*ĉ̣aʔn-?) 'he-goat'
Notes: Scarce data
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉaʔVb-
Meaning: rain Semitic: *ŝaʔbab- 'shower' Western Chadic: *ĉaHVb- 'rainy season'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉaʕ-
Meaning: cut Egyptian: šʕ (pyr) Western Chadic: *ĉaw- 'scratch'1, 'cut' 2 Central Chadic: *ŝayH- 'cut' 1, 'cut with a sickle' 2 East Chadic: *sa(w)- 'cut' South Cushitic: *ŝaH- 'strike'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉaʕ-
Meaning: begin Egyptian: šꜣʕ (ME) 'begin' (rather <*ĉVrVʕ- = Sem) Western Chadic: *ĉaH- 'begin' Central Chadic: Cf. *saH- 'begin'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉaʕVp-
Meaning: tuft of hair Semitic: *ŝV(ʕ)p-at- '(tuft of) hair' Berber: *zi/aff- 'unplaited hair' 1, 'hair' 2 Low East Cushitic: *saṗ- 'pubic hair' High East Cushitic: *saṗ- 'hair, pubic hair'
Notes: The Cu forms may alternatively relate to *saʔap- 'hair' (102).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉaʕVr-
Meaning: hair Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ŝaʕr- 'hair (of body and head)' Berber: *-zHar <*ĉVHar- 'hair' Central Chadic: Mofu ẑára, Gisiga ẑara 'feather'. Irreg. voicing of Ch *ĉ-? East Chadic: *ĉ/čVHVr- 'feather' Omotic: *saHaR- 'hair'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉabak-
Meaning: plaited object Semitic: *ŝabak- 'net' 1, 'veil' 2 Western Chadic: *ĉabVk- 'kind of clothes'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉabḥ-
Meaning: fat Semitic: *ŝabḥ- 'fat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉabir- ~ *ĉarib-
Meaning: hind parts, calf of leg Semitic: *ŝabir- 'buttocks, hind parts, small of the back' Saho-Afar: *sarb- 'calf of leg' Low East Cushitic: *sibir- 'upper part of camel's hind leg' ~ *sarb- 'calf of leg' High East Cushitic: *sar(a)b- 'calf of leg'
Notes: Otherwise *ŝabir- ~ *ŝarib-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉad-
Meaning: pit, well Egyptian: šd.t (AE) 'well (n.)' Western Chadic: *ĉad(d)- 'pit'
Notes: May be derived from *ĉud-/*ĉaʔad- 'harrow, till'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉadw/y-
Meaning: a (measured) plot of open country, cultivated land Semitic: *ŝady- 'a (measured) plot of open country, cultivated land' Egyptian: šdw (<*ĉdw) 'portion of field' East Chadic: *SiHd-/*SidH- 'earth' 1, 'village' 2, 'territory' 3, 'soil' 4 (?)
Notes: related to *ĉdd ~ *ĉdʔ/*ĉʔd 'to hoe (border-furrows); measure/survey and apportion field-plots'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉag-
Meaning: mix Semitic: *mVŝug- 'mix' Western Chadic: *ĉag- 'mix'
Notes: *-wa- > *-a- after *ĉ in WCh.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉagar-
Meaning: tree Semitic: *ŝagar- 'tree' East Chadic: *ĉVgVr- 'palm tree'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉahar-
Meaning: star, moon Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ŝahr- 'new moon' Western Chadic: *ĉaHar- 'star' Central Chadic: *-ŝVr-/ *hwurŝ- ,? met. < *ĉ[a]hur-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉaḥm-
Meaning: fat Semitic: *ŝaḥm- 'fat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉak-
Meaning: weave Semitic: *ŝVk- Western Chadic: *ĉVk- 'plait (string, hair)' Central Chadic: Mafa ma-ŝaka 'habit, tissue' - Cf.
Notes: Scarce data. Highly unreliable.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉa/uki/an-
Meaning: knife Semitic: *ŝakīn- 'knife' Western Chadic: *ĉank- (met.) 'knife' East Chadic: *sugan- (<*ĉukan-) 'knife' Dahalo (Sanye): ŝakane 'sharp (knife)'
Notes: Derived from *ĉuk- 'cut, pierce' ? Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉalay-
Meaning: hail Egyptian: šny.t (pyr) 'hail' Central Chadic: *ŝa-ŝalay- 'hail'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉ̣amb-
Meaning: lizard, frog Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ṣ̂abb- 'kind of lizard' Berber: *ẓVbb- 'k. of small insect living in water' (?) Western Chadic: *ĉ̣umb- 'frog' South Cushitic: *ĉambVʕ- 'frog' Omotic: *ṭibb- 'k. of small insect living in water' (?)
Notes: Semantically too diverse. Cf. DiakStMil 20.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉ̣a(m)b-
Meaning: cloud, fog Semitic: *ṣ̂abāb- 'fog' Central Chadic: *ẑamb- 'cloud'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉambir-
Meaning: flute Western Chadic: *ĉambar- 'kind of musical instrument' Omotic: *šumbir- 'shepherd's flute'
Notes: Related to *ĉab- 'reed flute' ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉap-
Meaning: leaf Western Chadic: *ĉaHVp- Central Chadic: *ŝap- Low East Cushitic: *šaf- High East Cushitic: *šaf-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉar-
Meaning: cut, saw Semitic: *wVŝVr- 'saw' Western Chadic: *ĉar- 'cut (trees)' 1, 'cut (strips)' 2 Central Chadic: *ŝar- 't o saw'1, 'scrape' 2 'be sharp 3 East Chadic: *ĉ/čir- 'cut with a knife' Low East Cushitic: *sar- 'cut'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉar-
Meaning: tree Egyptian: šꜣ 'tree' (18) East Chadic: *ĉar- 'k of bush'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉarah-
Meaning: swallow Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ŝVrah- 'glut' East Chadic: *sar- 'swallow' Low East Cushitic: *sōr- < *soHVr- 'feed'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉarVy-
Meaning: barley Semitic: *ŝaʕVr- 'barley; grass, straw'ꜣ *ŝǝr(-n)ay- 'wheat' Egyptian: šVr-Vt 'barley' Western Chadic: *sir- 'yam' Central Chadic: *ĉVr-t- 'okra' Beḍauye (Beja): ešerri 'Mais' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *šinray 'wheat' (<*Eth.?) Saho-Afar: *sinr- 'wheat' (̥
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉarVy/w/ʔ-
Meaning: tendon, sinew, vein Semitic: *ŝVry/w/ʕ- '(Achilles) tendon; sinew, muscle (of leg)' East Chadic: *ĉa(H)ar- 'vein'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉawVʔ- ~ *w/nVĉaʔ-
Meaning: stand up Semitic: *nVŝaʔ- 'lift, raise' Egyptian: šwy 'raise' (pyr) Western Chadic: *ĉaʔ/w- 'stand up' Central Chadic: *ŝaʔi- 'stand up' East Chadic: *ʔuĉ- 'stand up' South Cushitic: *ĉe-s- 'lift, raise'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉayʔ-
Meaning: thing; what? Semitic: *ŝayʔ- 'thing; what?' Egyptian: ỉš.t (pyr) 'thing', ỉšs-t Pyr <*ʔVĉ- 'what?' Omotic: ONG saay 'who?', MAO kónsiya [Fl], kɔ̀mísìyà [Bla Omot] <*ko-m-siy-? 'what?'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉayṗ-
Meaning: foot, sole; shoe Semitic: *ŝayṗ- 'foot, sole of foot; shoe' Egyptian: šp 'hoof' (Gr) Beḍauye (Beja): šib 'to shoe', šab 'to be shod, put on one's footgear' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *šanp/b- 'foot, heel' South Cushitic: *ʔi-šib- 'sandal'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉayw/ʔ-
Meaning: meat, small or large cattle Semitic: *ŝaw- 'head of small cattle' Egyptian: šꜣy (ME) 'pig' (?) Western Chadic: *ĉa/uw- 'meat' Central Chadic: *ŝuw- 'meat' East Chadic: *s/ĉi- 'bull' 1, 'cow' 2, 'meat' 3 (?) Omotic: Ong č̣ata Fl, čata (Fl Ong, ST, SLLE), likely metathetically related to NOmot Mao oške <*ʔVč-k-, Janjero ašā, Chara ačča, Wolayta ašuwa, Male aški, Dizi ačku id. (Bnd Om 20, 90, 169, 213; cf. also Hozo šaa, Ganza saʔa 'goat' ibid. 355)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉdd ~ *ĉdʔ/*ĉʔd
Meaning: to hoe (border-furrows); measure/survey and apportion field-plots Semitic: *ŝdd ~ *ŝʔd 'to hoe border-furrows; to measure a field, distribute plots' Egyptian: šdỉ (<*ĉdʔ) 'to apportion field-plots' Western Chadic: *ĉadaH- or *ĉaHad- 'to hoe, cultivate' East Chadic: *ĉVddVH- or *ĉVHVdd- 'harvest' 1, 'harvest by cutting with a knife' 2
Notes: related to *ĉadw/y- 'a (measured) plot of open country, cultivated land'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉid-
Meaning: vessel Semitic: *ŝidd- 'kind of vessel' Egyptian: šdy (med) 'vessel'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉin-
Meaning: speak Egyptian: šny (ME) 'speak' Western Chadic: *ĉin- /*Sin- 'speak' 1 , 'call' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉ̣iP- (?)
Meaning: comb or plait hair Semitic: *ṣ̂Vp- 'plait (hair)' (v.) Western Chadic: *ĉ̣yaf- 'comb (the beard)' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *c̣ifc̣if- 'hair'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉiw-
Meaning: darkness Semitic: *ŝiw- 'evening' Egyptian: šw.t (pyr) 'shadow'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉiwam-
Meaning: rat Semitic: *ŝVm- 'kind of mouse, rat' East Chadic: *ĉVwVm- 'rat'
Notes: Scarce data. Cf. CCh *sVHwVm- ~ *HusVm- 'rat: Mofu-Gudur séhwem 2 [BaMof], Logone úχsemii 1 [LkLog].
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉuʕ-
Meaning: knife Egyptian: šʕ.t (pyr) Central Chadic: *ŝuw- East Chadic: *suw-
Notes: Scarce data. Related to *ĉaʕ- 'cut'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉuʕid-
Meaning: cut, scrape Egyptian: šʕd (med) 'cut' Western Chadic: *ĉwaHid- 'tatoo' (v.) 1, 'scratch' 2 Central Chadic: *ŝwadVH- 'chop' East Chadic: *ĉāḍ- (< *ĉaHVd-) 'cut'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉuk-
Meaning: sharp weapon Semitic: *ŝuk- Western Chadic: *ĉakw- 'sharp point' ~ *ĉuk- 'knife' High East Cushitic: *šuk- 'big knife'
Notes: Derived from *ĉuk- 'cut, pierce' ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉuk-
Meaning: cut, pierce Semitic: *ŝuk- 'pierce (with a spear)' 1, 'skewer' 2 Western Chadic: *ĉwak- 'strike (with a knife)' East Chadic: *ĉ/čukk- 'make tattoo on lips' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *suk- 'slaughter' Omotic: *šuk- 'slaughter'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉun- (?)
Meaning: sorcery, magic Egyptian: šn.w (NE) 'sorcerer' East Chadic: *sunya- 'fetish' 1, 'magic, medicine' 2
Notes: An areal Eg.-E.Chad. term.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉuqat-
Meaning: be afraid Semitic: *š/ŝ/ŝxVḫVt- 'be afraid' Western Chadic: *ĉ/SVHwat- 'witch' 1, evil spirit' 2, 'be afraid' 3
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉur-
Meaning: make warm Semitic: *ŝur- 'keep in the sun' Egyptian: ꜣšr (pyr) 'roast'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉuram-
Meaning: big vessel Semitic: *ŝuram- 'big vessel' Egyptian: šꜣm.w (AE) 'big mug'
Notes: Probably, a Wanderwort.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉVʕ-
Meaning: sand Egyptian: šʕy (pyr) 'sand' Western Chadic: *Syay-/ *SyaH- 'sand' Omotic: MAO šáo, SHI siya, DIM šayi
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉ̣Vb-
Meaning: flow, rain Semitic: *ṣ̂ib- 'flow' (v.) South Cushitic: *ĉub-ay- 'shower' Dahalo (Sanye): lub- 'rain' (v.) (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉVḥaṭ-
Meaning: squeeze Semitic: *ŝVḥaṭ- 'squeeze out' Western Chadic: *ĉyaHVṭ-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉVhVr-
Meaning: throw, fall Egyptian: šhr 'throw down' (pyr) Western Chadic: *ĉ/SVHVr- 'fall down' East Chadic: *s/ĉuHur- 'fall (fruit, dust)'
Notes: Cf. Sem *ŝVrVy- 'put flatwise' (Akk šerû)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉVḳ-
Meaning: smell Semitic: *nVŝaḳ- 'smell (trans.)' Western Chadic: *ĉyaḳ- 'inhale smell and sniff up'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉVl-
Meaning: throw Semitic: *ŝVl- 'throw away' Egyptian: sšn (pyr) 'throw down'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉVmb-
Meaning: meet together Semitic: *ŝVʕab- 'gather' Western Chadic: *ĉimb- 'meet together'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉVmVm-
Meaning: be ill Semitic: *ŝVmVm- 'become weak (?)' Egyptian: šm(m) (med) 'be feverous'
Notes: Eg may be < šm, šmm 'be hot, be burning' (OK)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉV(n)f-
Meaning: lip Semitic: *ŝa(n)p-at- 'lip' Egyptian: ỉšf (Med) 'spittle, foam, spume on the lips' Western Chadic: Cf. *ĉup- 'suck' South Cushitic: *ŝuf- 'lip'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉV(n)ḫVr- ~ *ĉVrVḫ- (?)
Meaning: grow up, be long Semitic: *ŝVrVḫ- 'grow up' Berber: *zVgr- East Chadic: *s/cVgVr- 'long' (can not originate from *ĉ)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉVp- (?)
Meaning: suck; absorb Semitic: *nVŝVp- 'absorb' Western Chadic: *ĉup- 'suck' East Chadic: *ĉVp- 'moisten'
Notes: Insufficient data. Both meanings and phonetics questionable.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉVr-
Meaning: root Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ŝVrVŝ- 'root' Berber: *-zar- 'root' Western Chadic: *ĉyar-aw- 'root' Central Chadic: *ŝar- 'root' East Chadic: *ĉyar-aw-'root'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉVr-
Meaning: child Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ŝVr(r)- 'child' Egyptian: šr(y) (pyr) 'child'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉVr-
Meaning: long, big Borean etymology: Borean etymology Berber: *zawr- 'big' Western Chadic: *ĉiyar- 'high, tall' 1, 'long' 2, 'grow' 3, 'big' 4 Central Chadic: *ŝVr- 'grow tall' East Chadic: *ĉVw/y/ʔVr- 'long' 1, 'surpass' 2 Beḍauye (Beja): serā́ra 'long' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *šir- 'long' Saho-Afar: *ḍVr- 'long' ,cf. Low East Cushitic: *ḍer- 'long, tall' , cf.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉVw/yaʔ-
Meaning: want Semitic: *ŝVyaʔ- 'want' Western Chadic: *ĉwaʔ- 'want' Central Chadic: *ŝah- 'be able'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉVwVr-
Meaning: become dry Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: wšr (ME) 'become dry' Western Chadic: *ĉVwVr- 'become dry'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉVyVm- ~ *mVĉVy-
Meaning: go, enter Semitic: *ŝVyVm- ~ *mVŝVy- 'enter' Egyptian: šm 'go' (pyr) ~ COP moši

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *č̣-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čaʔw- ~ *ʔačw-
Meaning: small cattle; meat Semitic: *t_aʔ(w)-at- 'ewe' Berber: *čiw-at- 'kid' (?) Egyptian: ꜣs (med) 'part of the body (of cattle and swine)' Western Chadic: *wuči ~ *ča/iča/i 'goat' 1, 'he-goat' 2, 'sheep' 3 Central Chadic: *ʔis- /*sV- 'meat' East Chadic: *Cuwi (<*čuwi?) 'he-goat' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʔV-sVy- 'meat' Low East Cushitic: *soH/w- 'meat' Omotic: *ʔač- 'meat, body'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čaʕlib-/*čuʕlib- (?)
Meaning: fox, jackal Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *t_VʕVl- ~ *t_aʕlab- Central Chadic: *či-čVlVb- 'jackal' East Chadic: *sullib- 'wolf'
Notes: Scarce data. Cf. HSED *čaʕlib-/*čuʕlib- 464 (Sem, Ch) and 490 *čuʕal- 'beast' (Sem. unconvincingly comp. to Dah t_eele 'lion'); Stolb 1996 46 (Sem, Ch); Dolg ND 391 (Sem, Ch).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čaʕVw- (?)
Meaning: catch in a net, trap Semitic: Akk ašāšu 'to catch (in a net)' + 'reed cover' CAD a2 422 Western Chadic: *čVw/y- 'fish' (v.) 1 , 'fisherman' 2 Central Chadic: *čV 'fish with a basket' 1, 'fish, catch' 2 East Chadic: *čaw/y- 'fish with a net' 1 , 'fish with a fishing-basket' 2 Dahalo (Sanye): t_aʕ-aad 'trap' (v.)
Notes: One wonders if Dah t_ is from *č-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čabVḥ-
Meaning: shout, speak Egyptian: sbḥ (pyr) 'shout' Western Chadic: *čab- 'speak' Central Chadic: *čab- 'ask'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čaḫar-
Meaning: plan Egyptian: sḫr 'idea, plan' (OK) Western Chadic: *čaHar- 'intention, plan' East Chadic: *čaHar- 'imagine, predict'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čak- (?)
Meaning: plait Egyptian: st_ꜣ 'spin' (pyr) Western Chadic: *čak-/*čaHVk- 'plait' Central Chadic: *či-čik- 'twist'
Notes: Cf. ECh *čaHak- 'loom' (Mig čaaka). Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čakin- ~ *čankʷ-
Meaning: net, trap Semitic: *t_ikinn- 'net' Western Chadic: *čankw-/*čakwan- 'bird-snare, fish-trap' 1, 'a "trap" in a game' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ča/iw(a)r- (?)
Meaning: bull/elephant/rhinoceros Semitic: *t_awr- 'bull, ox' Egyptian: šsr (<*čVr-?) 'bull' (?) Central Chadic: *čiw(-ar)- 'elephant' Low East Cushitic: (?) *šV̄r- < *čV̄r-? 'hippopotamus' South Cushitic: *čawr- 'bull' Omotic: *šawr- (<*čawr-?) 'rhinoceros'
Notes: Cf. HSED, 477: Sem. *t_awr- and Eg. šsr. Cf. also Bla. Eleph., 200
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ča/ud-
Meaning: (woman's) breast Semitic: *t_a/ud- '(woman's) breast'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čal- (?)
Meaning: small cattle; large antelope Semitic: *t_Vl- 'head of small cattle; (?) k. of antelope' Western Chadic: šil- (<*čil-?) 'hartebeeste' 1, 'buffalo' 2 Low East Cushitic: *sāl- (<*čal-?) 'oryx' Dahalo (Sanye): sāla (<*čāl?) 'sp. gazelle (impala ?)
Notes: Doubtful both phonetically and semantically. Cf. Sk Ant 11-12 (also in non-AA African languages).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čamaʔ-
Meaning: eat, feed Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *t_Vmaʔ- 'feed (with rich food)' Western Chadic: *čam- 'taste, test' East Chadic: *čam- 'eat (hard food)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čamm-
Meaning: gather, join Semitic: *t_Vmm- 'collect, gather' Western Chadic: *čam(m)- 'link up, join' 1, 'gather' (tr.) 2, 'all' 3 Central Chadic: *čVm- gather, join' 1 , 'gathering' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čapaḥ-
Meaning: catch Egyptian: spḥ 'catch with a lasso' (pyr) Western Chadic: *čaHap- 'catch' East Chadic: *čaHap- 'fish '(v.) 1, 'take` 2, 'take smth out of the pot' 3, 'pull out of the water' 4
Notes: An alternative reconstruction is *čaḥap-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čapVṭ- (?)
Meaning: judge, be true Semitic: *t_VpVṭ- 'judge (v.)' Western Chadic: *čapVṭ- 'right (adj.)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *č̣ar-
Meaning: look, see Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: nVṭ_ar- 'guard' 1, 'look' 2 Berber: *c̣Vr- 'see, look' Western Chadic: *č̣ar- 'guard'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čar-
Meaning: throw Semitic: *t_Vr- 'throw' Western Chadic: *čar- 'throw, shoot' 1, 'strike' 2 Dahalo (Sanye): t_aaro 'pierce'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čar-
Meaning: arrow, spear Egyptian: šsr 'arrow' (pyr) Western Chadic: *čar- 'throw a spear, shoot an arrow' 1, 'fire at, hit (with spear, arrow)' 2 Central Chadic: *čyar- 'reed from which arrow-shaft is secured; arrow-shaft' Dahalo (Sanye): t_aaro 'spear'
Notes: One wonders if Dah t_ is from *č-. Derived from *čar- 'throw'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čarb-
Meaning: fat (animal) Semitic: *t_arb- 'fat (animal)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *č̣aw-
Meaning: mouse, rat Semitic: *ʔanyaṣ- ~ *ʔanṣaw/y- 'weasel' Berber: *ḍaw- 'jerboa' Western Chadic: *č̣iy- 'field rat' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʔi(n)č̣aw- 'mouse' Low East Cushitic: *wawač̣- 'mongoose' Omotic: *ʔi(n)c̣̣aw- 'rat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čawr-
Meaning: be strong Semitic: *t_VrVw- 'be considerable, be big' Egyptian: wsr (pyr) 'strong' Western Chadic: *čwar- 'strength'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čawVb-/*čayVb-
Meaning: clothes Semitic: *t_awb- 'garment' Egyptian: sbby.t 'clothes' (gr) East Chadic: *čVwab- 'take off (clothes)' (?)
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *č̣ihr-
Meaning: tail; back; buttocks Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *t_̣Vhr- 'back' Western Chadic: *č̣ila- 'tail' - Cf. Low East Cushitic: *č̣VHVr- 'tail' 1, 'buttocks' 2, 'vagina' 3 High East Cushitic: *č̣i(HV)r- 'tail' 1, 'anus' 2 South Cushitic: Iraqw ciiri 'sheep's tail' MQK 109 Omotic: *č̣/ḍVHVr- 'tail' 1, 'buttocks' 2
Notes: Cf. Bla Review 506.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *či/ul-
Meaning: seed Semitic: *t_il- 'seed' Western Chadic: *čVl- 'millet' Central Chadic: *čuli- 'seed' East Chadic: *čulwa-'rice'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *č̣ilam-
Meaning: be dark, black Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *t_̣Vlam- 'be dark, be black' Central Chadic: *čilVm- 'dark'1 , 'black' 2 East Chadic: *zilim- 'black' South Cushitic: *c̣alam- 'green'
Notes: Derived from *č̣al-/*č̣il- "shadow". Cf. also LEC *ḍelam- 'return of the cattle home in the evening' (Som ḍelan < *ḍelam, pl. ḍelmo) and ECh *č̣ulum- 'west' < * 'dark (side)': Mig čulum-ti
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čin-
Meaning: move Semitic: *t_VnVy- Egyptian: syn (pyr) 'hurry' Western Chadic: *čin- 'go'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *č̣ipar-
Meaning: fingernail Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *t_̣ip(V)r- 'fingernail' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *c̣ifar- 'finger' (unless
Notes: Cf. HSED, 513: most of Sem.; CCush.; SCush. irregular CCush., HEC and Omot. forms (probably unrelated).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čir-
Meaning: speak, shout Semitic: *t_Vrt_Vr- 'chat' Egyptian: šsr 'speak out' (MK) (?) Western Chadic: *čyar- 'cry out'1, 'explain' 2 Central Chadic: *čir- 'shout' East Chadic: *čyačyar- 'cry (of guinea-fowl)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čir-
Meaning: shine, light Egyptian: šsr (gr) 'shine' Western Chadic: *čyar- 'light' (n.)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čir-
Meaning: medicine Egyptian: syꜣ (med) 'medicine' Western Chadic: *čara- 'medicine' Central Chadic: *čyar- 'medicine' East Chadic: *čyarir- 'medicine'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čir- (?)
Meaning: faeces, dirt Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: sr (gr) 'dirt' East Chadic: *čir- 'faeces, dirt' 1, 'defecate (of birds)' 2 High East Cushitic: *čir- 'faeces'
Notes: Insufficient data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čit-
Meaning: shoot Egyptian: sty 'shoot' (OK) Central Chadic: *čit- 'shoot'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čiy/w-
Meaning: grass, plant Egyptian: sw 'kind of plant' (l) Western Chadic: *čuy- 'grass'
Notes: Cf. Rift *caw- 'reeds' (Irq cawo)? Consonantal alternation *-w- ~ *-y-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čumal-
Meaning: creamy milk Semitic: *t_umāl- 'milk skin' Egyptian: smr 'cream'
Notes: Note Eg -r < *-l-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *č̣ur-
Meaning: flint, flint knife Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *t_̣u/ir- 'flint' 1, 'rock' 2 Berber: *c̣Vr- 'flint'1, 'rock' 2 Western Chadic: *č̣ur- 'knife without handle' Central Chadic: *čur(i)- 'axe' 1, 'hoe' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čVʔ-
Meaning: pierce Semitic: *t_Vʔay- 'pierce, wound' Western Chadic: *[č]way- 'pierce' Central Chadic: *čwaʔ - 'pierce' East Chadic: *čwaʔ- 'pierce' Dahalo (Sanye): t_iʕ- 'punch a hole' (? )
Notes: One wonders if Dah t_ is from *č-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čVbVḫ-
Meaning: hide, close Egyptian: sbḫ (18) 'close' East Chadic: *čVbVH- 'plug, barricade, block'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čVkVm-
Meaning: shoulders, upper part of the back Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *čVkVm-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čVḳ-
Meaning: gather Egyptian: sꜣḳ (pyr) 'gather' Western Chadic: *čak- 'gather' Central Chadic: *čik- 'gather' East Chadic: (*suk- 'gather' not < *č-)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čVm-
Meaning: fog, rain Egyptian: sym (sarc) 'fog' Western Chadic: *čam- 'rainy season'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čVr(a)ʔ-
Meaning: furrow Semitic: *t_irʔ- 'furrow' Berber: *(H)isir- 'furrow' East Chadic: *ča(H)ar- 'furrow'
Notes: The alternative reconstruction is *čiʔar-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čVt-
Meaning: thatch; roof Egyptian: štw.t (18) 'thatched roof' Western Chadic: *čyat- 'thatch'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čVwaɣ-/*čVyaɣ-
Meaning: shout, ask Berber: *sVwVɣ- 'shout' Central Chadic: *čeg- 'ask'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čVyan- (?)
Meaning: encircle Egyptian: šny (pyr) 'encircle, embrace' Western Chadic: *čyan- 'encircle, surround' East Chadic: Cf. *sVn- 'close, cover'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čVyVn-
Meaning: house Egyptian: sn.wt 'palace' (pyr) Western Chadic: *čyan- 'house'

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *C̣-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣aʔal-/*c̣awal-
Meaning: jump Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ṣVwVl- 'rush at, jump at' 1, 'jump in fright' 2 Western Chadic: *c̣al- < *c̣aʔal- 'jump' East Chadic: *ca[w/H]al- 'jump' High East Cushitic: *c̣al- < *c̣aHal- 'jump'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣abal-
Meaning: dust, ashes Semitic: *c̣abal- 'dust, ashes' Central Cushitic (Agaw): Bil šebar, Kham c̣abir 'ashes' (LGz 546) < Eth?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣ac̣af-
Meaning: drip Western Chadic: *C̣aC̣af- 'bubble' Low East Cushitic: *c̣oc̣op- 'drip' Omotic: *č̣af-č̣af- 'keep dribbling'
Notes: Partial reduplication of *c̣of- 'drop'. Derived from *ĉ̣of- 'drop'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣aḥ-
Meaning: be white Semitic: *ṣVḥ- 'be white' 1, 'shimmer' 2, 'be clear' 3 Egyptian: ḥd_(y) Pyr 'white' <*ḥVc̣- with met.? Western Chadic: *c̣ā/ī 'get light, have light (of town)' Central Chadic: *c̣/cay- 'shining' South Cushitic: QDZ caʔati [HRSC] (unless <*c̣aḥ-) Omotic: *c̣aH- 'white'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣aḥ-
Meaning: metal Central Chadic: *caH- 'iron'
Notes: Derived from *c̣aḥ- 'be white'? Cf. Eg d_ḥ 'kind of metal' (XVIII), otherwise < *gVḥ-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣aḥVraʔ-
Meaning: sand Semitic: *ṣaḥraʔ- 'desert' Western Chadic: *ʔac̣VHVr- /*c̣VHir- 'sand'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣at-
Meaning: shout, speak Semitic: *ṣVwat- 'shout' Western Chadic: *Sat- 'speak'1. 'tell' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣awad-/*c̣ayad-
Meaning: hunt Semitic: *ṣVwad/*ṣVyad- 'hunt (v.), take, catch' Berber: mean Central Chadic: *cVḍ- 'lie in wait for pray' East Chadic: *sawad-/*sayad- 'chase'1, 'hunt' (n.) 2 High East Cushitic: *sa[y]ad- 'hunt'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣awaḥ-/*c̣ayaḥ-
Meaning: shout, ask Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ṣVw/yVḥ- 'shout, call' Western Chadic: *c̣VwVḥ-/*c̣VyVḥ- 'ask' East Chadic: *say- (?) High East Cushitic: *c̣eh- 'call' South Cushitic: *ceʔ- (?) 'shout'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣er-
Meaning: speak, shout Semitic: *ṣir- 'shout' Western Chadic: *c̣yaru- 'speak'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣ibVʕ-
Meaning: finger Semitic: *ṣibʕ-(at-), ʔa-ṣibaʕ- 'finger' Berber: *ḍabH- 'fingerring' (?) Egyptian: d_bʕ 'finger' (pyr) Low East Cushitic: *ʕeḍib- 'heel' (?) Omotic: *ʒaHab- 'finger' Cf.
Notes: Cf. EDE I 256-7.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣ic̣-/*c̣uc̣-
Meaning: chick Semitic: *ṣūṣ- 'chick' Low East Cushitic: *c̣uc̣- 'chick' High East Cushitic: *c̣ic̣- 'chick'
Notes: Descriptive root with an alternation of vowels
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣in-
Meaning: smell Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔVṣVn- 'smell' Western Chadic: *ḥV-c̣in- 'nose' (?) Central Chadic: *(xV-/mV)cin- 'nose' (?) East Chadic: *sVn-[Vd]- 'nose' (?) High East Cushitic: *c̣inc̣- 'smell' Omotic: *c̣in- 'smell'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣ipVr-
Meaning: bird Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ṣVp(p)Vr- '(kind of small) bird' Western Chadic: *c̣yapVr- 'guinea fowl' Central Chadic: *cipur- 'guinea fowl'
Notes: Scarce data. Cf. Dolg ND 349 (Sem and Ch., including a lot of forms hardly related).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣iriḫ/ḥ-
Meaning: make/be warm Semitic: *ṣVrVḫ/ḥ- 'warm' (v.) South Cushitic: *c̣iriḥ- 'glow'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣irVʕ-
Meaning: gather, collect
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣ub-
Meaning: clothes Semitic: *ṣib- Egyptian: wd_b 'cloth' (18) Western Chadic: *suḅa- < *c̣uba- 'clothes' 1, 'man's robe' 2 Central Chadic: *suḅ- < *c̣ub- 'clothes'
Notes: Scarce data. Phonetics unclear.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣ur-
Meaning: press together Semitic: *ṣVr- 'press together, wrap' Central Chadic: *nc̣ar- 'press' 1, 'crush' 2 , 'squeeze'3 East Chadic: *sur- 'press, pack' 1, 'be heavy , load' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣VbVr-
Meaning: sharp instrument Semitic: *ṣibār- 'pointed tool' Western Chadic: *suḅir- < *c̣ubir- 'knife'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣Vf(aʕ)- (?)
Meaning: snake Semitic: *ṣipaʕ- 'snake' Egyptian: d_df.t 'snake' (BD) High East Cushitic: *ḍu-ḍuf- 'python'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣VlVl-
Meaning: bird of prey, hawk Semitic: *ṣVlVl- 'kind of bird of prey' Low East Cushitic: *č̣ulul- 'k. of bird of prey' High East Cushitic: *č̣ulul- 'kite' (< Or ?) (?) South Cushitic: *cilil- (<*c̣ilil-?) 'cry of the hawk' Dahalo (Sanye): cílala 'hawk' (?) Mogogodo (Yaaku): ṭil'álu 'kite, European black' (<*c̣ilal-?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *c̣VrVf-
Meaning: burn Semitic: *ṣVrVp- 'burn' Egyptian: d_ꜣf 'burn' (trans.) (NK). Western Chadic: Tala sirvi (< *SVrf-) 'ash' [Cs]

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *ĉ̣-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉ̣abaʔ-
Meaning: army, people Semitic: *ṣ/ṣ̂V̄bVʔ- 'wage war, go to war' ~ *ṣ/ṣ̂ābaʔ- 'army' 1, 'warfare' 2, 'soldiers' 3 Egyptian: d_bỉ 'army' (NE) (
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉ̣afir-
Meaning: plaited hair, braid Semitic: *ṣ̂apīr- 'plaiting' 1, 'braid' 2 East Chadic: *ĉ̣yapir-'k. of pubic hair' Low East Cushitic: *c̣if(V)r- ~ *c̣irf- 'women's hairdo' 1, 'braid' 2
Notes: Related to *ĉ̣Vf- 'plait, comb'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉ̣am-
Meaning: be bitter Borean etymology: Borean etymology Western Chadic: *ĉ̣amam- '(be) bitter' East Chadic: *ĉ̣Vm- 'bitter' Omotic: *c̣am- '(be) bitter'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉ̣ayr-
Meaning: be hostile Semitic: *ṣ̂arr- 1 'enemy', *ṣ̂rr- 'be hostile, inflict harm' Berber: *wVc̣ar- 'to torture' (?) Egyptian: d_ꜣy (pyr) 'be hostile' (<*ṣVrṣVr-?) Western Chadic: *ĉ̣iri- 'do things contrary to usual custom'
Notes: Scarce data. Meanings very diverse.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉ̣ayVp-
Meaning: guest Semitic: *ṣ̂ayp- 'guest' Western Chadic: *ĉ̣ay(V)f- 'friend' 1, 'stranger' 2, 'guest' 3 Central Chadic: *mi-ŝipi 'guest' South Cushitic: *ĉap- 'pay bridewealth'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉ̣im-
Meaning: bind, sew Semitic: *ṣ̂um- 'join, bind' Western Chadic: *ĉ̣im- 'sew' East Chadic: *ĉ̣im- 'sew'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *č̣aʕ-
Meaning: catch, seize Egyptian: d_ʕ (MK) Western Chadic: *č̣aw- 'catch, seize' 1, 'twigs for fire' 2 Central Chadic: *ča-/*či- 'catch, seize' East Chadic: *čuw- 'take'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *č̣ab-Vn- (?)
Meaning: antelope Semitic: *t_̣aby(-at)- 'gazelle' Egyptian: d_bn.w (AE) 'antelope' East Chadic: *nV-ǯwab- 'antelope' (?) Low East Cushitic: *ǯib- 'young bull' (?)
Notes: Scarce data. Cf. DiakStMil 19: Sem.; Eg d_bn; Tumak ("possibly", but unconvincingly also Brb. and Agaw terms for 'boar'). Cf. HSED 2661: Eg d_bʕ 'bull' and Or dib-icca 'young bull' (also erroneously CCh Log ǯibaya 'cattle tax'). Cf. EDE I 258 (Sem., Tumak).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *č̣aḫut-
Meaning: squeeze Semitic: *ṭ_Vḫut- 'extract oil' Western Chadic: *čVH/tut- 'squeeze' 1, 'squeeze out milk' 2 East Chadic: *čVt- 'squeeze'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *č̣al-/*č̣il-
Meaning: shadow Semitic: *t_̣il(l)- 'shadow' Western Chadic: *(nV-)č̣ila- 'shadow' 1, 'shade under trees' 2 Central Chadic: *nV-ǯal- < *nV-čal- 'west' High East Cushitic: *c̣al- 'shade' Dahalo (Sanye): t_iilali 'shadow' (
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *č̣an-
Meaning: think, perceive Semitic: *ṭ_VnVn- 'think' Central Chadic: *č/č̣an- 'hear' 1, 'understand' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *č̣iHVl-
Meaning: shine, be bright Semitic: *t_̣VhVl-'shine' Western Chadic: *čilH- 'white' Low East Cushitic: *c̣ol- < *c̣VHol- 'bright'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *č̣Vf- Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ṣ̂Vp- 'overflow' Egyptian: d_f (n) 'drops' (n) Low East Cushitic: *c̣of- 'drop'
Notes: Cf. Tak. 380. Related to *ĉ̣ef- 'flow, soak'; cf. *c̣ac̣af- 'drip'.

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *D-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dʔw/y-
Meaning: move Semitic: *dydy 'to arrive, come, walk' Berber: *dVw- 'arrive in the afternoon' Egyptian: dꜣ 'run (away)' Western Chadic: *daʔaw- 'return here' Central Chadic: *daw/y- 'go out' 1, 'walk' 2 East Chadic: *diH- 'go' 1, 'come' 2 High East Cushitic: *dV- 'come'
Notes: Cf. *ʔad- 'go and come, move'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *daʔ-
Meaning: place, house Berber: *daH- 'place' Western Chadic: *daH- 'place'1, 'town' 2 Central Chadic: *dVw/y(H)- 'town' 1, 'roof' 2, 'husband's hut in a compound' 3 East Chadic: *daH- 'house' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʔi-dV- 'door' (?) Low East Cushitic: *daʔ- 'hiding place' South Cushitic: *da/i(ʔ-) 'place'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *daʔ- (?)
Meaning: snake, worm Western Chadic: *daʔu- 'snake' 1, 'lizard' 2 Beḍauye (Beja): dʔa, doʔo 'worm'
Notes: Scarce data. See *dVwVd-/*dVyVd-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *daʔ- ~ *w/yVd-
Meaning: child Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: ỉd 'young man' (OK) (metathesis) (?) Western Chadic: *daʔVy- 'child' 1, 'fruit' 2, 'son' 3, 'offspring' 4, '(giving) birth' 5 Central Chadic: *wud- 'children' East Chadic: *dVy- 'son, child' Low East Cushitic: *daʔ- 'baby, child'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *daʔ-/*daw-
Meaning: be wet Semitic: *nVdaw-/*naday- 'be wet' Berber: *dVw- 'soak' Egyptian: dꜣ 'ejaculate' Western Chadic: *daʔ- 'be wet' Beḍauye (Beja): ddaʔ- 'urinate' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *du- 'pour' Low East Cushitic: *daʔ- 'rain' (v.)
Notes: Cf. also reduplication in SA *dad- 'rainy season (Saho dada). Consonantal alternation *-ʔ- ~ *-w-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *daʔud-
Meaning: press, trample Central Chadic: *dVd- 'press' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *dad- 'trample, step'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *daʔVm-
Meaning: spear Semitic: *daʔim- 'spear' Central Chadic: *ʔudum- 'spear'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *da(ʔ)yVw- ~ *wVd-
Meaning: arrow Berber: *wVd- 'lance, dart' (met.?) (?) Western Chadic: *dVyiw- 'arrow' 1, 'knife' 2 East Chadic: *dVHVw- 'dart' (n.) Low East Cushitic: *daw- 'arrow' High East Cushitic: *day- 'arrow' South Cushitic: *daʔ- 'bamboo-cane quiver; bamboo' 1, 'quiver' 2 (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *daʕar-
Meaning: smoke Semitic: *daʕar- 'smoke (v.)' Central Chadic: *dVHar- 'smoke'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dab-
Meaning: skin, hide Western Chadic: *dimb- 'skin, body' East Chadic: *dabVH- 'skin' 1, 'sack' 2 Beḍauye (Beja): adeeb 'skin, hide' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *dabb- 'tanned hide' Low East Cushitic: *dub- 'skin' Omotic: *dabb- 'clothes made of bull-hide'
Notes: Cf. Arb. dabab- 'poil abondant' BK 1 622.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dab-
Meaning: big animal Semitic: *dabb-/*dubb- 'bear' Egyptian: db 'hyppopotamus' (OK) Western Chadic: *dVbb- 'wild animal' Dahalo (Sanye): d_abi 'animal, meat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dab-
Meaning: vessel, box Semitic: *dabb- 'vessel for oil ' Egyptian: db 'box' (n) Low East Cushitic: *dob- 'vessel for oil' (
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dab-
Meaning: trample Semitic: *dVbdVb- 'trample' Western Chadic: *dabVH- 'trample (floor)' Central Chadic: *n-dVḅ- 'beat, thresh' (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dab(ʔ)-
Meaning: follow; walk; come and go Semitic: *dVbb- 'crawl, walk slowly' Western Chadic: *dab/ḅ- 'meet (go to)' 1, 'come' 2 Central Chadic: *HV-dab- 'follow' East Chadic: *diHVb- 'enter' 1, 'run away' 2, 'go out' 3, 'go here and there' 4 Low East Cushitic: *debiʔ- 'return' Omotic: *dab(b)- 'follow'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dab(b)ay-
Meaning: cattle; calf; buffalo Semitic: *dabab/y- 'calf' Egyptian: db (med) 'horn' (?) Beḍauye (Beja): *daʔabi 'breeding male (of all kinds of domestic cattle)' Low East Cushitic: *dibi 'calf, young bull'
Notes: In the Cush. forms, *d- may alternatively originate from *ǯ- to compare to Sem *(ʔa)d_abb(Vy)- 'buffalo; heifer': Arb d_abb-, ʔad_abb- 'buffle' [BK 1 762-3]; Sel. Wol. zäbay 'calf bigger than radä, heifer' [LGur 702]. Cf. Bla. Beja Fauna, 7-8. Cf. HSED, 2661 *ǯibaʕ- 'bull': Oromo; Log. 'cattle tax' (in fact, an Arabic loan); and Eg d_bʕ 'bull' (the postulated correspondence Eg. d_ <*ǯ lacks proof).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dabVr-
Meaning: insect Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *dVb(V)r- 'bee' 1, 'wasp' 2 Central Chadic: *dVbur- 'termite' Low East Cushitic: *darab- 'earth-warm' (met.)
Notes: Derived from, or related to, *dabaʔ- 'insect'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dac-
Meaning: flint knife Egyptian: ds (pyr) 'knife, flint' East Chadic: *das- 'knife'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dac-
Meaning: cut, chop Egyptian: ds 'cut' (t) Western Chadic: *dac- 'cut off by chopping' Central Chadic: *dVs- 'chop' East Chadic: *daHis- <*Hi-das- 'cut'1, 'cut hair' 2
Notes: Related to *dac- 'flint knife' ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dad-
Meaning: flow, be wet Egyptian: dꜣdꜣ 'flow away' Western Chadic: *dVd- 'be wet' Saho-Afar: *ded- 'rainy season' Low East Cushitic: *dad- 'flow of water' High East Cushitic: *dad- 'flow'
Notes: Reduplication of *daʔ-/*daw-'flow, be wet'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dad- (?)
Meaning: (nursing) mother Semitic: *dad- 'nursing mother' Western Chadic: *dad- 'mother' 1, 'sister' 2 Central Chadic: *dad- 'mother' 1,'grandmother' 2
Notes: Scarce data. A nursery word.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dafaʔ-
Meaning: be hot Semitic: *dapaʔ- Western Chadic: *da/if- 'cook (v.)' 1, 'boil' 2 Central Chadic: *nV-ḍVfV 'to heat up (water)' 1, 'hot' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dag-
Meaning: think; know Borean etymology: Borean etymology East Chadic: *ḍVg- < *dVHVg- 'think' Saho-Afar: *ḍ/dag- 'know, learn' High East Cushitic: *da/eg- 'know'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dag-
Meaning: hide Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *dVgVy- 'cover' Egyptian: dgy (ME) 'hide' Western Chadic: *dag- 'hide' Central Chadic: *dug-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dag-
Meaning: forget, lose Borean etymology: Borean etymology East Chadic: *dag-'lose' 1, '(get) lost' 2 Low East Cushitic: *dag- 'forget'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *daḫ- (?)
Meaning: smoke Semitic: *duḫḫān ~ *nidāḫ- 'smoke' Central Chadic: *dyaHu- 'smoke'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dag-/*dig-
Meaning: go (away) and come Semitic: *dig- 'go slowly' 1, 'be slow' 2 Egyptian: dgꜣ 'go' (n) Western Chadic: *daHVg- 'go along quickly, go away' 1, 'follow' 2 Central Chadic: *dVgVy-, *dVgdVg- 'go' East Chadic: *ḍug- <*duHVg- 'enter' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *dig- 'come close' High East Cushitic: *dag- 'come' 1, 'go' 2, 'escape' 3
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *daɣar-
Meaning: be angry Semitic: *daɣar- 'be ill-meaning' Egyptian: (?) dḥr.t (n) 'evil' Western Chadic: *daHwar- 'anger'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *daḥar-
Meaning: drive away, hunt Semitic: *dVḥar- 'drive away' 1, 'divorce' 2 Central Chadic: *dar- 'hunting' East Chadic: *daar- 'a hunt with dogs' Beḍauye (Beja): deer 'drive away' Saho-Afar: *daHar- 'drive away' Low East Cushitic: *day(V)r- 'drive away' 1, 'send' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *daḥ-/*diḥ-
Meaning: push; fall Semitic: *dVḥ- 'push, throw' Western Chadic: *ndaw/ʔ- 'fall' Central Chadic: *diH- 'fall' 1 'bend' 2 East Chadic: *daHwa- 'fall' Omotic: *dih- 'fall'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dahun-
Meaning: lie, deceive Semitic: *dVhun- 'deceive' Western Chadic: *daHun- 'lie, deceive'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *daḥVr- (?)
Meaning: skin Egyptian: dḥr (MK) 'skin' Western Chadic: *[n]dar-Vm- / *HVdar-m- 'bark' East Chadic: *dar- 'skin' 1, 'bark, cork'2
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dak-
Meaning: bench, staircase, niche Semitic: *dVkk- 'bench' 1, 'place'2, 'staircase' 3, 'roof' 4 Berber: *dVwVk- 'niche'
Notes: Cf. WCh *(HV-)dakal- 'low clay platform' (Hs dàkàli).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dakʷ(-ar)- ~ *kawd-an-
Meaning: k. of equid Semitic: *kawdan- 'mule' Western Chadic: *dakʷ- ~ *dVwak- 'horse' Central Chadic: *(n-)dok- 'stallion' 1, 'pony' 2 East Chadic: *dVwk- 'roan-antelope' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *dikwar- 'donkey'
Notes: Cf. HSED 667 (*dawak- 'equid': WCh; SCush *daḳ/ġʷ-; Agaw *dikwar "seems to be derived from this stem"). Cf. Sk Hs 49.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *daḳ-/*duḳ-
Meaning: break, pound Semitic: *duḳ- 'crush' 1, 'break, beat' 2 Berber: *dVḳ- 'strike, pound' Western Chadic: *ḍak- < *daḳ- 'pound' Dahalo (Sanye): ḍuḳ-ud- 'destroy'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *daḳVn- (?)
Meaning: jaw, cheek Semitic: *dḳn 'to hit someone in the jaw' East Chadic: *daKVm 'cheek' (?)
Notes: Scarce data. Cf. 1) Sem *dVḳm- 'mouth; jaw, cheek' SED 49; 2) Afras. *ǯiḳan- 'beard, chin'; 3) Cush. Bilin *diḳn- and Som. duḳ- 'old man' (< 'beard' < 'beard, chin'?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *daḳʷ-
Meaning: clay Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: deḳaḳ-hān (pl.) 'mud' Soqotri Berber: *dVḳ(ḳ)- 'clay' Western Chadic: *daḳ- 'clay soil' Beḍauye (Beja): dekʷa 'dust' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *daḳu- 'clay '
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *da/ibVl-
Meaning: hoofed domestic animal Semitic: *dawbal- ~ *dabayl- 'billy goat, ram; bull; boar, (suckling) pig' Beḍauye (Beja): *dibal- 'a year-old cow' Saho-Afar: *dabēl- 'billy goat' (?) Low East Cushitic: *dabV̄l- 'heifer; buck'
Notes: Cf. Bla. Beja Fauna, 7-8. Related to *dab(b)ay- 'cattle; calf; buffalo' (2538)?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *da/ingw-
Meaning: k. of beans; corn Semitic: *dVng(ʷ)- 'beans' ~ *dagan- 'corn, grain' (met. or <*dag-an-) Berber: *digi(n) 'leguminous plant' (~ *dang-aw 'corn barn' ?) Egyptian: *dVg(V)w 'grain' Western Chadic: *dangw- ' corn, gruel' East Chadic: *digin- 'sorgho' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *bal-dangw- 'beans' (?) Saho-Afar: *bal/r-dangw- 'beans' (?)
Notes: Cf. *(ʔa)da/ingʷ(-Vr/l)- 'beans, leguminous plants; corn'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *da/ug- (or *dagʷ-)
Meaning: fish Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *dāg- '(large) fish' Western Chadic: *n-dugw- 'cat-fish' Central Chadic: *duguw- ' catfish '
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *da/uk-
Meaning: beat, pound Semitic: *duk- 'pound, beat' Western Chadic: *dak- 'pound' Central Chadic: *da/ik- 'strike' 1, 'pound with a club'
Notes: Cf. *daḳ-/*duḳ- 'break, pound'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dal-
Meaning: woman's buttocks Semitic: *dall- 'buttocks' 1, 'hips (of a woman)' 2 Central Chadic: *na/ta-dal- 'buttocks' 1, 'vagina' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dal-
Meaning: be weak, be tired Semitic: *dall- 'small, inferior' 1, 'weak' 2, 'imperfect' Western Chadic: *dwal- 'small' 1, 'short' 2 Omotic: *dall- 'become meager'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dalaḥ-
Meaning: go, walk Semitic: *dVlaḥ- 'walk slowly' Western Chadic: *ḍil- < *dVHVl- 'go out' Central Chadic: *dal- 'go (away)' East Chadic: *dVl- 'go' 1, 'come' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dalaḲ- (?)
Meaning: wild cat; marten; wolf Semitic: *dalaḳ/g- ~ *dVḳal- 'marten; wild cat, lynx' Western Chadic: *gald- 'wild cat' Saho-Afar: *daleh- (<*dalVḳ-?) 'wolf' (Bla NS No.17: *dVl- 'fierce an.'
Notes: Doubtful both phonetically and semantically
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dam-
Meaning: blood Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *dam-, *ʔa-dam- 'blood' Berber: *-damm- 'blood' Egyptian: dmꜣ (Med.) verb related to the blood in the heart Western Chadic: *HV-dam- 'blood' Omotic: *dam- 'blood'
Notes: Cf. HSED, 639 (Sem. *dam-, Brb., WCh, Om.); 640 (Eg.: non-existent Arm. 'to wound')
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dam-
Meaning: live, last, sit Semitic: *dVm-/*dVwVm- 'dwell' 1, 'last' (v.) 2, 'stay a long time in one place' 3 Egyptian: dmꜣ 'lie' Western Chadic: *dim- , *dam- 'live' 1, 'sit' 2, 'place' 3 ,'remain' 4 East Chadic: *dwam- 'sit' 1, 'dwell' 2, rest' 3 , 'last, spend time' 4 South Cushitic: *dam- 'wait'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dam-
Meaning: knife Egyptian: dm.t 'sword' (MK) Central Chadic: *damdam 'throwing knife'1, 'machete' 2
Notes: Related to *dam- 'break, press'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *damaʔ/y-
Meaning: k. of antelope Semitic: *dumm- hornless cow?? Berber: *damVy 'large sp. of gazelle' Western Chadic: *dumun 'duiker' High East Cushitic: damal- (*
Notes: Cf. HSED, 742 *dum- 'antelope' (Brb. Hgr, Wlm, Shwy; Om: Yamma). Cf. an homonimous root *dVm- 'sheep' (Brb. Ued Righ tadment 'brebis'; CCh: Masa dimi, Afade demo, dümmo, Makeri dimmu, dǝmu, Gulfei dumu, dǝmo 'sheep', ECh. Somrai demai 'sheep', Tumak dǝ̄mā id.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dam(dam)-
Meaning: k. of equid Semitic: *damdam- 'mule' Berber: *dVmma 'mehari camel' Central Chadic: *dVmdVm- 'colt, foal' East Chadic: *dām- (?) 'horse' Saho-Afar: *dāmi- 'zebra' Low East Cushitic: *damVr- 'ass'
Notes: Cf. HSED, 641 (Akk.; Brb.: Ayr edǝmi 'mule' - mistake: 'gazelle'; Kera; Afar)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dan- (?)
Meaning: family Egyptian: dn.w.t (18) 'family' Western Chadic: *danH-/*Ha-dan- 'family, clan, people' South Cushitic: *den- 'daughter' (?)
Notes: Scarce data
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dand-
Meaning: follow, run away Western Chadic: *dand- 'emigrate' East Chadic: *dan- 'follow' (?) Central Cushitic (Agaw): *dand- 'run away'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *da(n)gir-
Meaning: monkey Central Chadic: *da(n)gʷVr/l- 'monkey'1, 'adult male of an erd monkey' 2 East Chadic: *dVgVr- Low East Cushitic: *danger- 'monkey' High East Cushitic: *dager- 'monkey'
Notes: Scarce data. Derived from *ding/k- 'dwarf'? Cf. *ḳVr/lVd- and *ǯV(n)g(-Vl/r)- ~ *gal/raǯ- id.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *da(n)g(ʷ)-Vr/l-
Meaning: elephant East Chadic: *di(n)gʷVr/l- 'elephant/rhinoceros' South Cushitic: *dangʷ- 'elephant' Omotic: *dang(ʷ)-Vr- 'elephant'
Notes: Cf. HSED, 650 *dan(g)- 'elephant' (Iraqw; Kafa, Moča and Anf., Bworo; HECu. forms of the dan- type, with an unexplainable loss of -ng; and Dah. d_annaba_, also with a strange loss of -ng- and the presence of -b_- difficult to interpret); and 652 *dangol- 'elephant' (Ometo and ECh: Dng., Mig. and Sok. dogol) further compared with Saho-Afar dakaano and LECu *dagon- (Som. dagon and, strangely inluded into LECu, Dah. dokomi). Cf. also Bla. Eleph., 199, where "the most widespread term for 'elephant' common for most of Cushitic and Omotic languages"...probably "unique pan-Cushitic - Omotic isogloss" includes a lot of diverse terms which I prefer to distribute among several different roots.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *daparan-
Meaning: tree Semitic: *daparan- 'juniper' Central Chadic: *da[p]VrVn- 'accacia' 1 , 'Zyziphus abyssinica' 2
Notes: An ancient composite? For the first component cf., probably, WCh *da[p]- 'leaf' (Krk dafo, Ngm daho, davo)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *daq̇-
Meaning: rock Borean etymology: Borean etymology Berber: *a-dɣaɣ 'mountain' 1, 'stone' 2 Egyptian: dḫ.w.t (n) 'stone block' Omotic: *duḳ- 'mountain'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dar-
Meaning: run, drive away Semitic: *dVr- 'run freely' (< 'be free'), 'run tirelessly' 2 Berber: *dVrVʕ- 'gallop' < Arb. Egyptian: dr (pyr) 'drive away' Western Chadic: *dVr- Central Chadic: */m/dar- 'run' Omotic: *dar- 'drive away'
Notes: Cf. *daḥar- 'drive away' and *dar- 'road'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dar-
Meaning: road, way Semitic: *darar- 'straight way' Western Chadic: *dVHVr- 'road' Mogogodo (Yaaku): dar 'way, road'
Notes: Cf. *dar- 'run, drive away'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dar- (?)
Meaning: dwelling place Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *dār- 'dwelling' 1, 'house' 2, 'granary' 3 Berber: *ta-dar-t 1 'room', 2 'house', 'village' 3 (?) Western Chadic: *dardar-
Notes: Brb
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *darib-
Meaning: road Semitic: *dar(V)b- 'road, street' Berber: *barid- 'road' Central Chadic: *darVb- 'road' (?) Beḍauye (Beja): darib 'road' (?) Central Cushitic (Agaw): *darib- 'road' (?) Saho-Afar: *darib- 'road' (?) Low East Cushitic: *darab- 'enclosure'
Notes: The above Ch and Cush forms are likely loans from Arabic.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *das-
Meaning: vessel Semitic: *dašīʕ-at- 'big wooden vessel' Egyptian: ds (pyr) 'clay jug' (pyr) Western Chadic: *das- 'kind of calabash' Central Chadic: *dasya-/*daswa- 'pot, calabash'
Notes: Secondary -ʕ in Arb?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *daw-
Meaning: day, morning Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: dwꜣ.w 'morning' (MK) East Chadic: *daw- 'during the day' (adv.)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *daw- ~ *w/yadad- ~ *ʔand-
Meaning: sheep, (goat) Semitic: *dūd- ~ *wadān- (~*ʔVndVw-) 'wild sheep' Berber: *wVdad- 'wild ram (Ammotragus lervia)' Western Chadic: *wVd- 'k. of sheep' Central Chadic: *daw- 'goat' Saho-Afar: *yid- 'sheep' Low East Cushitic: *yVdad- 'sheep'
Notes: Cf. Sum. udu 'sheep'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dawal-
Meaning: big vessel Semitic: *dal(V)w/y- 'bucket' Western Chadic: *duwal- 'pot' Central Chadic: *nV-dyal- 'basket' (?) East Chadic: *dal- 'pot' Low East Cushitic: *dawVl- 'measure of weight'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dawir-
Meaning: circle Semitic: *daw(V)r- 'circle' Western Chadic: (?) *daw/ʔir- 'circle'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *daw/yVs-
Meaning: trample underfoot, thresh, pound Semitic: *dVw/yVš- ~ *dVʕ/hVš- 'trample underfoot' 1, 'tread down' 2, 'crush', 'crush underfoot' 4, 'thresh' 5 Western Chadic: *dyas- 'pound' (v.) 1, 'beat' 2, 'forge' 3 Central Chadic: *dus- 'beat ground to loosen soil' East Chadic: *dawis- 'pound' (v.) 1, 'anvil' 2, 'smith' 3 High East Cushitic: *dayas- 'split'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dawn-
Meaning: be strong Semitic: *dVn- 'be strong' Egyptian: wdn 'be strong, heavy' (XVIII) Central Chadic: *dwan- 'strong, strength' East Chadic: *dwan- 'strong'
Notes: Cf. Agaw: Aun duŋguri Fl, dǝngulí Hetz (<*duŋ-ur/l-?) 'big'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dawr-
Meaning: relation by marriage, in-law, friend Semitic: *dawr- 'clan, generation, group of relatives' 1, 'maternal aunt's children' 2 Western Chadic: *dōr- 'friend' Central Chadic: *dar- 'bridegroom' East Chadic: *dār- 'friend' South Cushitic: *dar- 'master' 1, 'marry' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dawul-
Meaning: door, fence Semitic: *dal-t- 'door' Western Chadic: *[wV]dul- 'fence' Central Chadic: *dala 'fence' East Chadic: *dVlVw- 'fence'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dawun-
Meaning: mat, cord Egyptian: ỉdnyw (n) 'mat' Western Chadic: *dawun- 'mat' East Chadic: *dVwVn- 'cord'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dawVḥ-
Meaning: kind of tree Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *dawḥ- 'tall tree' Western Chadic: *dVHw- 'kind of tree' Central Chadic: *duHw- 'kind of tree' East Chadic: *daH- 'tree'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *day-
Meaning: put Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: wdy (pyr) 'put' Western Chadic: *ḍVw/y- (< *dVH(w/y)- ) 'sit' (?) Central Chadic: *day- 'put down' East Chadic: *dway- 'put'1, 'lie down'2 Dahalo (Sanye): Cf. ḍaʕ- 'put into, insert'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *da(y)gur- (?)
Meaning: earth, dust Semitic: *daygūr- 'dust' Central Chadic: *dagVr- 'earth'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *day/ʔ- ~ *yVd-
Meaning: good Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *day- 'good, sufficient' East Chadic: Tum ed Beḍauye (Beja): day Low East Cushitic: Bayso ka-iida <*yid- High East Cushitic: SID aada Omotic: SHI doʔa; KAF deʔō
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dayn-
Meaning: stone Egyptian: dny (n) 'stone block' Western Chadic: *ʔadyan-H- 'whetstone' 1, 'hammer-stone' 2 East Chadic: *dVn-H- 'stone'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *days- or *dayĉ- or *dayŝ-
Meaning: buck of gazelles and goats Semitic: *daSS- 'buck of gazelles and goats' Beḍauye (Beja): *dēš- (<*dayš-?) 'young gazelle' Omotic: *dayš-/*dVšš- 'goat'
Notes: Cf. Bla. Beja Fauna, 8-9: Beja; Om.; Akk. (and Sem. *tayš-, which is hardly related)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *diʔap-
Meaning: follow, hurry (after smbd.) Berber: *dVf- 'enter' (?) Western Chadic: *daʔap- 'follow' Central Chadic: *dVHVf- 'accompany' East Chadic: *diyap-'go on all fours (child)' Low East Cushitic: *daf- 'hurry, hasten' High East Cushitic: *daHap- 'reconnoitre, spy'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *diʔVw-/*diʔVy- (?)
Meaning: k. of bird Semitic: *daʔy(-at)- 'bird of prey' Egyptian: ỉdw (med) 'kind of bird' Western Chadic: *dVH(Vw)-/*dVwVH-/ *diHd- 'bird' Central Chadic: *diHaw- 'bird' 1 , 'k. of bird' 2 East Chadic: *dVHaw- 'night bird'
Notes: Related to *diʔay- 'fly' (v.) ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *diʕ-/*duʕ-
Meaning: speak, call Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *duʕ- 'call 1, 'be called' 2 Western Chadic: *dwaH- 'noise, voice, shout' Central Chadic: *diʔya- 'call, say' East Chadic: *diy-/*daw- 'say' 1, 'cry for help' 2 Beḍauye (Beja): di 'speak, call' Saho-Afar: *daʕ- 'call'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dib-
Meaning: take away Egyptian: dbdb (21) 'grasp, take back' Western Chadic: *ḍyab- 'take away' East Chadic: *dub- 'keep tightly' Low East Cushitic: *deb- 'grasp' 1, 'give back' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dibn- ~ *dabin-
Meaning: enclosure, trap Semitic: *dibn- 'enclosure' Low East Cushitic: *dabin- 'trap'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *diĉ/ŝar-
Meaning: cereal Semitic: *diŝar- 'wild growing cereals' Egyptian: dšr (AE) 'corn'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dič- (?)
Meaning: sneeze Semitic: *dat_t_- 'cold, catarrh' Western Chadic: *dič- 'sneeze' East Chadic: *dVHVč- or *HVdVč- 'sneeze'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *did- (?)
Meaning: bee; fly Western Chadic: *did- 'fly' (n.) Central Chadic: *HV-dyad- 'fly' Saho-Afar: *did- 'wasp' High East Cushitic: *did- 'bee, honey'
Notes: Doubtful as the Cu forms are rather from *ʒiʒ-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dik-
Meaning: k. of bird Semitic: *di/ak- 'rooster, duck, goose' Western Chadic: *dukamV 'guinea fowl' Central Chadic: *dik- 'a bird' Beḍauye (Beja): diik 'rooster' (
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *di/ad-
Meaning: father's brother, uncle; elder; in-law Semitic: *dawid- 'father's brother, uncle; foster-father; honourable title; beloved' Berber: *dad- 'father; father's brother, uncle' Western Chadic: *did- 'chief's title' 1, 'in-law' 2 Central Chadic: *da/id- 'grandfather' 1, 'uncle' 2, 'father' 3, 'in-law' 4 East Chadic: *ʔa(n)did- 'in-law' High East Cushitic: *dadd- form of address to an elder person
Notes: A nursery word.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dilVb-
Meaning: tree Semitic: *dilVb- 'platane' Egyptian: dꜣb (a) 'fig-tree'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dim-
Meaning: go, run Semitic: *dVmdVm- 'march' Berber: *dVm- 'pant (when running)' Egyptian: dmy 'move' (pyr) Western Chadic: *dim- Central Chadic: *dVm- 'enter' East Chadic: *dVm- 'go out'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dim-
Meaning: voice, sound Semitic: *dimm- 'moan' (n.) Western Chadic: *HVdum- 'sound of voice' Central Chadic: *dim- 'song'
Notes: Related to *dVm- 'utter'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *diman-
Meaning: insect Semitic: *dimān- 'insect' Egyptian: dnm (BD) 'worms' (met.) Western Chadic: *daman- 'spider'
Notes: Derived from *dVm- id.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dim-an-
Meaning: cloud, rain Semitic: *da/imm(-an)- 1, 2 ~ *da/imm(-an)- 1, 2 ~ *dVwVm-, dVmVʕ- 3 , dVmVʕ- 3 Western Chadic: *(Ha)dam(-an)- 'rain' 1, 'rainy season' 2, 'cloud' 3 Central Chadic: *dyaman- Central Cushitic (Agaw): *damin- 'cloud' High East Cushitic: *duman- 'cloud' Omotic: *daman- 'cloud'
Notes: Related to *dam- 'drop, drip'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dimāɣ-
Meaning: (top of the) head; brains Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *dimāɣ- '(top of the) head; brains'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *di(m)bur-
Meaning: back Semitic: *dVb(V)r- 'back, hind part' Berber: *dVbVr- 'tail' (?) Western Chadic: *dubur- 'anus' 1, 'buttocks' 2 Central Chadic: *dimbur- 'buttocks' Low East Cushitic: *ḍabar- 'back' Cf.
Notes: Derived from *dub- ~ *damb- 'tail; back'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *din-
Meaning: vessel Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *dann- 'barrel' Berber: *-dun- 'kind of pan' (?) Egyptian: dny.t 'bowl, basket, vessel' (MK) Western Chadic: *nV-dun-H- 'big pot for beer' 1, 'cooking pot' 2 Central Chadic: *ʔudinay- 'pot'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *din-
Meaning: cut off (head), kill Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *dVn- 'cut off' Egyptian: dn (LM) 'kill', 'cut off (head)' (XVIII) East Chadic: *dyan-H- 'kill'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *din-
Meaning: be weak Semitic: *dVwVn- 'be weak' Berber: *dVn- 'be weak' Western Chadic: Goemay dwan 'to be wrinkled (said of old people)' [TAS:79] cf. South Cushitic: *din- 'get old'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ding- (?)
Meaning: bird Western Chadic: *ding- 'guinea fowl' South Cushitic: *ding- 'stork'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ding/k-
Meaning: dwarf Berber: *-ding-al 'dwarf' Egyptian: dng 'dwarf' (pyr) Low East Cushitic: *dink- 'dwarf' High East Cushitic: *dink- 'dwarf'
Notes: An inter-borrowing in LEC and HEC?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dinkar- (?)
Meaning: lizard Western Chadic: *dVnkar- Omotic: *dingar- 'lizard'
Notes: Scarce data. May Omot *-ng- reflect *-nk-?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dinVy-
Meaning: divide; part Egyptian: dny.t 'part' (n) 'part' East Chadic: *ʔi-dinVy- 'divide'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dir-
Meaning: learn, remember Semitic: *dVrVy- 'learn, understand' Central Chadic: *HV-dir- 'remember'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dirac-/*dirac̣-
Meaning: press, beat Semitic: *dVrVs- 'force out, trample' Western Chadic: *dirVc- 'press down' Central Chadic: *dVras/c- 'push, knock smb down'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dir(h)w-
Meaning: bird (hen, dove) Semitic: *dVrr- 'kind of bird (swallow, dove, parrot)' Western Chadic: *dur- 'lark-quail' 1, 'crown-bird' 2 Central Chadic: *dara 'type of bird' East Chadic: *dVr- 'hen' 1, 'dove' 2 Beḍauye (Beja): *ʔan-diirhʷ- 'fowl' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *dir(h)w- 'hen, chicken' Saho-Afar: *do/irh- 'hen' Low East Cushitic: *dur- 'chicken, hen' Dahalo (Sanye): d_éere 'woodpecker' Omotic: *der- 'rooster'
Notes: Cf. Bla Beja 3
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *diwaʔ-
Meaning: be ill; sick; disease Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *dVwaʔ/y- 'be ill, sick' ~ *diʔ- 'grave disease' Berber: (?) *dVH- 'perspiration' Central Chadic: *ḍaw- < *daHaw- 'fever' East Chadic: (?) *daw- 'weak' Low East Cushitic: *dayaʔ- 'be hurt badly' South Cushitic: *diʔ- 'sick person'
Notes: Cf. (?) Eg. dꜣ 'get pregnant' (MK)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *diway-
Meaning: fly (n.) Semitic: *dawVy- 'Spanish fly' Western Chadic: *duH- 'locust' Central Chadic: *dVʔVy- 'fly' East Chadic: *diw- 'fly'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *diy-
Meaning: plant Egyptian: dy 'cabbage' (gr) East Chadic: *Hwa-diy- 'grass'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dub- ~ *damb-
Meaning: tail; back Borean etymology: Borean etymology Western Chadic: *dub- 'tail' Central Chadic: *(mV-)du(H)b- 'back' 1, 'buttocks' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *danb- 'bottom, back' Low East Cushitic: *dVb- 'tail' 1,'buttocks' 2, 'upper back' 3, 'behind' 4 High East Cushitic: *dubb- 'tail; behind' ~ *damb- 'back' Warazi (Dullay): *tup- (<*dub-?) 'behind, after' Omotic: *damb- 'vulva, anus, back' ~ *duṗ- 'tail'
Notes: Agaw *danb- (<*damb, with dissimilation), HEC *damb- 'back' and Om. *damb- 'vulva, anus, back' should probably be separated and reconstructed as a different root *damb- 'back'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dubar-
Meaning: tell, speak Semitic: *dVbur- 'speak' 1, 'retell' 2 East Chadic: *du[b]war- 'speak' (?) High East Cushitic: *dabar- 'answer'
Notes: Derived from *dVb- 'speak, call'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *duč-
Meaning: push, beat Semitic: *dVt_- 'beat, push' Western Chadic: *dVs/č- 'push' 1, 'to whip' 2 Central Chadic: * dVč- 'strike, slap'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dud-
Meaning: pot, cauldron Semitic: *dūd- Egyptian: dd.t 'pot, cauldron'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dug-
Meaning: beat, grind, scrape Semitic: *dug- 'grind (to a powder)' Berber: *dVg- 'forge' Western Chadic: *dVg- Central Chadic: *dVg- 'push' 1, 'hit, strike' 2, 'forge' 3 East Chadic: *dVg- 'strike' 1, 'destroy' 2, 'forge' 3 Low East Cushitic: *dug- High East Cushitic: *dig- 'demolish, destroy'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dug-
Meaning: bird Semitic: *dugg- 'thrush' Central Chadic: *dug- 'kite' 1, 'eagle' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dugan-
Meaning: darkness, night Semitic: *dugn- 'darkness' Western Chadic: *dugʷun-> *duŋ-/*duwun- 'black' Central Chadic: *dVHVn-/*dVnVH- 'black' East Chadic: *dugVn- 'at night' Low East Cushitic: *dukan- 'darkness' High East Cushitic: *dukan- 'darkness, cloud' (< Oromo?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *duḫVn-
Meaning: sorghum, corn Semitic: *duḫn- 'sorghum' Central Chadic: *dwan- 'corn'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *duḥ-
Meaning: low Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: dḥ (21) 'low' East Chadic: *dwaHdaH- 'down'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *duham-
Meaning: be dark Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *duhm- 'black' East Chadic: *dVHam-/*daHVm- 'night' Saho-Afar: *dum- 'be dark'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *duhan-
Meaning: fat Semitic: *duhn-, *daha/in- 'fat' Berber: *-duHan- 'fat' Western Chadic: *diHʷVn- 'fat' 1, 'oil' 2
Notes: Cf. HSED, 726
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dum-
Meaning: split, pierce Berber: *dVm- 'split' Egyptian: dm 'sharpen, pierce' (l) Western Chadic: *dum- 'plunge a weapon into a person'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dumb-
Meaning: ring Borean etymology: Borean etymology Western Chadic: *dumb- 'glass bangle' Low East Cushitic: *dub- 'ring'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dun-
Meaning: be bent Semitic: *dVnVn/ʔ- 'be bent' Western Chadic: *dun- 'bend, bow, stoop, kneel'
Notes: Formations based on biliteral *dVn-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dup-
Meaning: push Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *dVp- 'push' Western Chadic: *dup- 'push' Central Chadic: *duf- 'press with force (a hard object)' South Cushitic: *dif- 'beat' Omotic: *dup- 'throw'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dur-(Vn-)
Meaning: hippopotamus/elephant Western Chadic: *duri/an- 'hippopotamus' Omotic: *dūr- 'elephant'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *duwan- (?)
Meaning: food Egyptian: dwn (gr) 'food' Western Chadic: *ḍuwan- 'food'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dV(ʔ)m-
Meaning: k. of insect Semitic: *dimm- 'locust' 1, 'louse, ant' 2 Central Chadic: *da-daHam- 'k of locust'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dV(ʔ)Vm-
Meaning: feline Semitic: *dVm(m)- '(wild) cat' Western Chadic: *damu- 'hyena' ~ *damis- 'leopard' (?) East Chadic: *damdam- 'cat' Beḍauye (Beja): ǯímo, dimmo 'cat' (
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dVʔVʒ- (?)
Meaning: bow Egyptian: dꜣz 'bow-string' (sarc). East Chadic: *dyaHVʒ- 'bow'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dVb-
Meaning: break, beat Western Chadic: *dyab- 'break' 1, 'break stick' 2 Saho-Afar: *dib- 'whisk, beat' Low East Cushitic: *ḍib-
Notes: Connected with *dab- 'trample'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dVb-
Meaning: speak, call Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *dVbVb- 'speak' Western Chadic: *dwab- 'call' Low East Cushitic: *deb- 'answer'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dVbVl-
Meaning: round Semitic: *dVbVl- 'cake of figs' 1, 'make into balls' 2, 'clump' 3, 'round' 4 Egyptian: dbn (OK) Beḍauye (Beja): debāl round Omotic: *dVbVl- (?) 'round'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dVč-
Meaning: grass Semitic: *dit_ʔ- 'grass, new grass' Western Chadic: *duʔVč- 'thatching grass'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dVfVʔ- (?)
Meaning: sweat, perspire; heat Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *di/ap(a)ʔ- 'heat' 1,'be warm' 2 Berber: *dVf- 'warmth' Western Chadic: *HV-daf- or *daHaf- 'sweat, heat' Central Chadic: *ngu-da/uHVf- 'sweat' 1, 'warm' 2 Beḍauye (Beja): duf 'sweat' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *dif- 'sweat' High East Cushitic: *daf(f)- 'sweat' 1, 'perspire' 2 Mogogodo (Yaaku): tūpo 'hot' <*dup- Omotic: *duf- 'sweat'
Notes: *-f- in the reconstructed Afras form relies on WCh (Ngz) -f- only. Cf. WCh *daf- 'cook' (v.): Hs dafa. Borrowing from Arb in other Afrasian is possible.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dVg-
Meaning: arrow Semitic: *ḥVdig- 'shoot (of an arrow)' - Cf. Western Chadic: *dVg- 'arrow' High East Cushitic: *dog- 'arrow' 1, 'bow' 2
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dVg-dVg-
Meaning: trample, press Semitic: *dVg-dVg- 'trample down' 1, 'press, squeeze' 2, 'tap' 3 Berber: *dVg-dVg- 'break' Egyptian: dgdg 'press, squeeze, trample' (XX)
Notes: Scarce data. Rel. to *dVg- 'forge,beat'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dVḫul-
Meaning: go, enter Semitic: *dVḫul- 'enter' Egyptian: dḫn 'go down' Western Chadic: *dyaHVl- 'enter' 1, 'go out' 2, 'go' 3 East Chadic: *dVHwal- 'enter'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dVgʷVl-
Meaning: look, see Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *dVgVl- 'look' ~ *digl- 'eyesight; view; sign' Egyptian: dgy (Pyr), dgꜣ (med.) 'see, look' (<*dgl?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dVḥVs-
Meaning: skin Semitic: *dVḥVs- 'to skin, peel off' Berber: *dasy- 'tanned hide' Western Chadic: *diHus- 'hide, skin' 1, 'to cut, to skin' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dVḳ-
Meaning: shave, cut hair East Chadic: *ḍVk- < *dVḳ- 'cut (wood, rope, hair)' South Cushitic: *deḳ- 'shave bald'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dVḳ-
Meaning: be small, be thin Semitic: *diḳ(ḳ)- 'be small' 1, 'be thin, fine' 2 Western Chadic: *ḍuk- < *duḳ- 'short' Low East Cushitic: *diḳ(ḳ)- 'become faint, tenuous' 1, 'small' 2
Notes: Related to *daḳ-/*duḳ- 'break, pound'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dVm-
Meaning: worm Egyptian: dm 'worm' (NK) Western Chadic: *dum- 'eel, water -snake' 1, 'snake' 2 Central Chadic: *dum- 'ascarid' High East Cushitic: *dum- 'roundworm' Omotic: *dVm- 'python'
Notes: Semantic change in Omot.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dVm-
Meaning: break, press, destroy Semitic: *dum- 'be destroyed' Berber: *dVm- 'press, squeeze' Western Chadic: *dVHVm- 'beat' Central Chadic: *dyam- 'squeeze'1, 'hit' 2 East Chadic: *daʔim- 'break' Low East Cushitic: *dum- 'be destroyed' South Cushitic: *dam- 'knead' (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dVm-
Meaning: utter Semitic: *dVm- 'moan' (v.) Egyptian: dm 'announce, pronounce' (OK) Western Chadic: *dVm- 'oath' Central Chadic: *hu-dVm- 'swear'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dVn- (?)
Meaning: sound, voice Semitic: *dinn- 'reverberation' 1, 'bang, noise' 2 Berber: *dun(dun)- 'rough voice' 1, 'sing' 2 Egyptian: dny.w.t 'howl' (n.) (MK)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dVnaḫ-
Meaning: go, walk Semitic: *dVnaḫ- 'walk slowly (carrying a load)' Western Chadic: *dang- 'go', 'come' 2 Central Chadic: *du/ing- 'go' East Chadic: *da/inH-/*daHVn- 'run away' 1, 'go away' 2, 'follow' 3
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dVq-
Meaning: hide, bury Egyptian: dḫ (pyr) 'hide' Western Chadic: *ḍVk- < *dVḳ/q̇- 'hide' 1, 'bury' 2 Omotic: *duk- 'bury'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dVr-
Meaning: press, squeeze Berber: *dVr- 'press' Western Chadic: *dVr- 'grind' 1, 'thresh' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dVr-
Meaning: flow Semitic: *dir-/*dur- 'drip' 1, 'flow abundantly' 2 Egyptian: dr 'prevent water from flowing down' (med) Western Chadic: *duʔar- 'pour' Central Chadic: *(nV-)dVHVr- 'flow' 1, 'rainy season' 2 East Chadic: *ḍor- < *dVHVr- Saho-Afar: *darur- 'rain-cloud'
Notes: Cf. *dar- 'run'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dVr- (?)
Meaning: (un)dress Egyptian: dr (gr) 'put on (clothes)' Western Chadic: *duHar- 'put on(clothes)' East Chadic: *duHar- 'take off (clothes)'
Notes: Scarce data. WCh and ECh may contain an old prefix. Cf. also Ar dirʕ- 'cuirasse'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dVs(-Vm/n)-
Meaning: fat belly Semitic: *dVšm/n- 'fat; fatness' Berber: *-dis- 'belly'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dVwan-
Meaning: stand up Egyptian: dwn 'stand up' (med) Western Chadic: *dwan-H- 'stand up'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dVwan-
Meaning: dwell, remain Semitic: *dVwVn- 'remain' East Chadic: *dyan- 'dwell' Saho-Afar: *din- 'sleep'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dVw/yVn-
Meaning: offering Semitic: *dVyVn- 'give, grant' Egyptian: wdn (pyr) 'offering' Western Chadic: *dun- 'tuwo as an offering'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dVwVd-/*dVyVd-
Meaning: snake, worm Semitic: *dud- < *dVwVd- 'worms' Berber: *dVydVy- 'kind of worm' Egyptian: ddy 'snake' Western Chadic: *did- 'snake' Central Chadic: *dVd- 'kind of snake'
Notes: Reduplication derived from *daʔ- 'worm, snake'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dVwVn-
Meaning: register, count Semitic: *dVwVn- 'register' Berber: *dVwVn- 'count' 1, 'compare, estimate' 2 Egyptian: wdn 'register' (NK) Western Chadic: *dVwVn- 'prepare, arrange, fix'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dVwVr- ~ *dVrdVr-
Meaning: turn Semitic: *dVwVr- ~ *dVrdVr- 'turn, rotate' East Chadic: *wVdVr- 'turn' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *dVrdVr- 'turn, rotate'
Notes: An alternative reconstruction is *wVdVr-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *dy/w ~ *ʔ/wd
Meaning: come Semitic: *dydy 'arrive, come' Berber: Izd addu, Zng š-ed etc. Western Chadic: ndɛti <*nV-dV-t- (cf. Kirfi ndo, Dera do-) East Chadic: Mkk ʔī̀dó Omotic: Cha wod, Dime aad-

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *F-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *faʔ-
Meaning: sharp point, arrow Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *pVʔ- 'edge' Western Chadic: *fyaH- 'arrow' Low East Cushitic: *fiʔ-/*fuʔ- 'arrow' South Cushitic: *fay- 'arrow'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *faʔVl-
Meaning: foretell Semitic: *pVʔVl- 'foretell forune' 1, 'wish evil' 2, 'omen' 3 Berber: *affal 'immunity' ~ *-na-falal-, 'magic speech' Egyptian: fnn.wy 'magic speech' Western Chadic: *ful- 'abuse' Central Chadic: *ful- 'spirit' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *fal- 'omen' Saho-Afar: *fal- 'omen' Low East Cushitic: *fal- 'omen' High East Cushitic: *faʔVl- 'deceive'
Notes: For Eg. cf. alternatively WCh Tng ponon 'magic power'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *faʕ-
Meaning: hit, strike Western Chadic: *fVy/w- 'strike' 1, 'hammer of blacksmith' 2 Central Chadic: *fay-fay- 'blacksnith' South Cushitic: *faʔ- 'hit' Dahalo (Sanye): faaʕ- 'smash'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fad-
Meaning: cheetah Semitic: *pahd- 'cheetah' Egyptian: mꜣfd.t OK 'gepard'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *faḥ-
Meaning: fire; burn Borean etymology: Borean etymology Berber: *Hifaw 'fire' 1, 'ashes' 2 Egyptian: wfḥ 'burn' (l) Western Chadic: *fwa/yaH- Central Chadic: *ʔa-fwaH- East Chadic: *ʔVPV- 'burn' Omotic: Dime a(a)f 'burn'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *faḳ-
Meaning: tear open Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *pVḳaʔ- 'pierce, open, tear out (eye)' 1, 'break' 2 Egyptian: fḳ, fḳw 'tear (of a lion tearing its prey)' (20) East Chadic: *pwak- 'pluck (out)' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *faḳ- 'tear' Saho-Afar: *fak- (<*faḳ-?) 'open' High East Cushitic: *foḳḳ- 'open' Dahalo (Sanye): paḳḳ-eed- 'uncover' (?) Omotic: *pa[Ha]ḳ- 'be divided'
Notes: Same as *pVḳʷVʔ- 'bark, husk', 'to skin, peel; tan' ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fa/il-
Meaning: cut, divide Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *pVl- 'strike with a sword, behead, wean' 1, 'divide, separate' 2, 'cut, split' 3 Berber: *fVlVw- 'pierce' Western Chadic: *p/fal- 'behead' Central Chadic: *fal- 'cut' East Chadic: *fal- 'cut' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *fal- 'divide' Saho-Afar: *fVl- 'separate' Low East Cushitic: *fil- 'separate, comb'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fa/ul-
Meaning: liver, lungs Borean etymology: Borean etymology Western Chadic: *fVl-Vk- 'lungs' Central Chadic: *faful- 'lungs' High East Cushitic: *ʔa-fal- 'liver' Omotic: *ʔaṗar- (<*ʔa-fall-?) 'liver'
Notes: The Ch data point to *f-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fan-
Meaning: look for, watch Western Chadic: *fiy/Han- 'to search' 1, 'to look at somebody from the corner of his eye' 2 East Chadic: *fan- 'search' Low East Cushitic: *fan- 'watch, follow'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *far-
Meaning: climb Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *pVrVʕ- 'climb' Berber: *fVrir- 'keep on the surface' (?) Egyptian: fꜣy 'raise high' Western Chadic: *PVr- 'up, upwards' (?) Central Chadic: *far- 'raise' East Chadic: *par- 'climb' Saho-Afar: *far- 'climb'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *far- (?)
Meaning: bone, leg Western Chadic: *ʔa-fur- ~ *faraw- 'leg'1, 'inner part of the leg' 2 South Cushitic: *far- 'bone'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *far(-t)-
Meaning: finger Borean etymology: Borean etymology Western Chadic: *Par-t- 'finger, nail' East Chadic: *fVr- 'claw' 1, 'finger' 2, 'to claw' 3 Saho-Afar: *fer- 'finger' Low East Cushitic: *farr- 'finger' High East Cushitic: *far- 'finger' Omotic: *par-t- 'finger'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fat-
Meaning: wish, desire Semitic: *pVtVw- 'desire, seek' 1, 'decide on a plan' 2 Western Chadic: *fVt- ''wish well to smb' 1, 'hope' 2 , 'to care' 3
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fatar- (?)
Meaning: band, thread Western Chadic: *fatar- 'loin-cloth' High East Cushitic: *fater- 'thread'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fat-/*fit-
Meaning: move Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *pVwVt- 'pass, go (of time)' Berber: *fVt- 'walk' 1, 'pass (of time)' 2, 'having passed' 3 Western Chadic: *fut-/*fit- 'go out' 1, 'come' 2 Central Chadic: Musgu fiti 'road' [Luk] Central Cushitic (Agaw): *fat-/*fit- 'go away' South Cushitic: *fit- 'drive, run after'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fay-
Meaning: lift, go up Western Chadic: *paH- 'fly' Central Chadic: *paw- 'carry away' (?) East Chadic: *fay- 'go up, fly'
Notes: Chad. only. Cf. Eg fꜣy 'lift, carry' (OK), rather <*fVr-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fay- (?)
Meaning: cloth Egyptian: fy (NK) 'cloth' Central Chadic: *fway- 'loin-cloth'
Notes: Scarce data. Related to WCh *fay- 'spin' (Tng pǝyǝ)?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fay/ʔ-
Meaning: sand, dust Semitic: *payp- 'desert' Egyptian: fꜣ.t 'dust (?)' (pyr) Western Chadic: *fwaH- 'sand' Central Chadic: *faw- 'sand, river bed' 1, '(land) clear of vegetation' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fiʔ-
Meaning: blow Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *pVʔVy- 'blow off' Western Chadic: *fiH- 'blow' 1, 'dry' 2, 'blow nose' 3 Central Chadic: *faH- 'blow' South Cushitic: *fiʔ-/*fuʔ- 'catch one's breath, rest' 1, 'sniff, snuff up' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fiʕ-
Meaning: speak, shout Semitic: *pVʕVy- 'cry, shout' Western Chadic: *fiH- 'speak' Central Chadic: *fVy- 'call' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *fiw- 'cry'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fir-
Meaning: be good Semitic: *purr- 'best ones, elite' Berber: *fVrVr- 'be good' Egyptian: nfr 'good, beautiful' Central Chadic: *fa/ir 'love' (v.) 1, 'happyness' 2, 'be happy' 3 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *fir- 'best' Saho-Afar: *fer- 'best'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fir- (?)
Meaning: monkey Egyptian: nfry (gr) 'monkey' Western Chadic: *fir- 'red monkey' Central Chadic: *fir- 'monkey'
Notes: Scarce and unreliable data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *firut- (?)
Meaning: insect Borean etymology: Borean etymology Central Chadic: *fVrut- 'mosquito' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *firrut- 'insect(s)'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *firVṭ-
Meaning: tear off, pluck Semitic: *pVrVṭ- 'pluck (fruit)' 1, 'knock fruit down from the tree' 2 Central Chadic: *fVrt- 'tear'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fit-
Meaning: land Semitic: *pitt- 'area, region' Central Chadic: *futi- 'earth'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fitaʔ-
Meaning: forget Semitic: *pVtaʔ- 'forget' Central Chadic: *fit- 'forget'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fit-/*fut-
Meaning: jump Egyptian: ftft 'jump, spring' (med) Western Chadic: *PVt- 'jump' Low East Cushitic: *futtaʔ- 'spring back'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fiṭ-
Meaning: sweep Western Chadic: *fet- 'sweep' 1, 'wipe off, clean' 2 Central Chadic: *fiṭ/ḍ- 'sweep' High East Cushitic: *fiṭ- 'sweep' Dahalo (Sanye): fit'a 'plaster wall with mud and dung' Omotic: *fiṭ- 'sweep'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fiwaḥ-
Meaning: blow, smell, breathe Semitic: *pVwVḥ- ~ *pVḥḥ- 'breathe, blow, spread (smell)' Western Chadic: *fayVḥ- 'blow' 1, 'smell (intrans.)' 2 Central Chadic: *ʔi-fiyaH- 'smell (intrans.)' East Chadic: *pwaH- < *pVwaH- 'blow' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *fi/ahw- 'to blow' 1, 'breathe' 2, 'take rest' 3, 'breath, soul' 4 South Cushitic: *faḥ- 'blow'
Notes: Cf. *fiwaḫ- 'blow, breathe'; *fu(h/wV)ḳ- 'breathe (heavily)'. Cf. HSED 813, 814.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fiwaq- (?)
Meaning: blow, breathe Semitic: *pVw/yVḫ- ~ *pVḫḫ- 'to snore, blow (of wind), spread (smell); pedere' Western Chadic: *fVk-'blow' Central Chadic: *fu(HV)kw- 'blow' East Chadic: *pukiy- 'breathe' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *fiɣʷ- (<*fiḫ-?) 'blow' 1, 'breathe' 2, 'rest' 3
Notes: Insufficient data. The Agaw-Afrasian correspondences still not clear. Cf. *fiwaḥ- 'blow, smell, breathe'; *fu(h/wV)ḳ- 'breathe (heavily)'. Cf. HSED 813, 814. Cf. Sem. nVpVḫ- 'blow, breathe, inflate' SED Verb 45.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fiyal-
Meaning: cook, boil Borean etymology: Borean etymology Berber: *fVl-fVl- 'boil' Western Chadic: *fwayil- 'boil' Low East Cushitic: *ʔa-fēl- 'cook' (v.)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fu(h/wV)ḳ-
Meaning: breathe (heavily) Semitic: *pVw/ʔ/hVḳ- 'sob; yawn; have hiccups' Dahalo (Sanye): fooḳ- 'catch one's breath, rest'
Notes: Cf. *fiwaḫ- 'blow, breathe' (2284); *fiwaḥ- 'blow, smell, breathe' (2437). Cf. HSED 813, 814.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ful-
Meaning: go up, mount Central Chadic: *fil- 'mount' High East Cushitic: *ful- 'go up, go out'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fung-
Meaning: nose, mouth Egyptian: fnd_ (pyr) 'nose' Western Chadic: *fung- 'toothless mouth' 1, 'mouth' 2, 'hole' 3 Central Chadic: *fun(g)- 'nose' 1, 'se moucher' 2 Beḍauye (Beja): gunuf 'nose' (met.) Warazi (Dullay): Cf. ping- 'opening, hole'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *furVh-
Meaning: fear Semitic: *pVrVh- 'fear' Low East Cushitic: *fūr- < *fuHVr- 'fear'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fus-
Meaning: be angry Semitic: *pVwVš- 'be angry' Western Chadic: *fus- 'anger'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fuwaṭ-
Meaning: cloth Semitic: *puwaṭ- 'table-cloth' Western Chadic: *fwaat (<*fVwat- ) 'cloth' 1, 'loincloth' 2 ,'to weave loincloth' 3
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fuy-
Meaning: chaff, shell Semitic: *puy- 'chaff' Western Chadic: *fwaf- 'shell' Central Chadic: *fuwiy- 'to shell, peel' 1, 'skin' 2, 'bark' 3
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fVʔ-
Meaning: body, flesh, meat Borean etymology: Borean etymology Berber: *fiyy- 'meat' Egyptian: ỉwf, ỉf (met.) 'flesh' (pyr), 'body' (med) Central Chadic: *faw- 'body' South Cushitic: *fuʔ-un- 'meat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fVc̣̆-
Meaning: sweep, clean Central Chadic: *fuč̣- 'sweep' South Cushitic: *fic̣- 'sweep'
Notes: Cf. *feṭ- 'sweep'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fVčVʔ-
Meaning: breathe Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *pVt_Vʔ/w/y- ~ *pVwVt_- Western Chadic: *fyač- 'blow' Central Chadic: *fiS- 'blow' High East Cushitic: *fošeʔ- 'breathe'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fVd-
Meaning: tear, skin Western Chadic: *fyadVH- 'flay, skin, draw a bird' High East Cushitic: *fed- 'tear (cloth)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fVḥVt-
Meaning: hole Semitic: *pāḥat- 'pit' Western Chadic: *fut- 'deep hole' Dahalo (Sanye): faat_ 'dig'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fVl-
Meaning: skin, peel Semitic: *wVpVl-/*yVpVl- 'skin, peel' (v.) Western Chadic: *fVl- 'husk, shell' 1, 'peel' 2, 'shave' 3, 'bark a tree (for making medicine)' 4, 'hatch' 5 Central Chadic: Mulwi fúlkí 'skin, peel' [TMlw] (a derivative?) East Chadic: *Pil- 'bark' (v.) South Cushitic: *fal-/*ful- 'hide'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fVlVg-
Meaning: divide Semitic: *pVlu/ig- Egyptian: fꜣg
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fVs-
Meaning: roast, cook Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: fs 'cook' (a), Copt *fisi id. Western Chadic: *fVs- 'cook' 1, 'boil' 2 Central Chadic: *fVc/č- 'light (a fire)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fVsVḫ- (?)
Meaning: be bad Semitic: *pašaḫ- 'be bad, be spoilt' Western Chadic: *fwas- 'bad'
Notes: Related to *fus- 'be angry' ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fVt-
Meaning: break, cut Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *pVt- 'break' 1, 'destroy' 2 Western Chadic: *fyat- 'slaughter' Central Chadic: *fyat- 'cut into pieces' 1, 'slaughter, kill' 2 East Chadic: *Pyat- 'cut'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fVt-
Meaning: feel aversion, ignore Semitic: *pVwVt- 'ignore' Egyptian: ft 'feel aversion, boredom'
Notes: Connected with *fut- 'vomit'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fVt- (?)
Meaning: vomit Western Chadic: *fuut- 'vomit' Warazi (Dullay): *fatfat- 'vomit'
Notes: Onomatopoetic. Data insufficient.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fVtt-
Meaning: wipe, scrape Semitic: *pVtt- 'wipe oneself with small stones after excreting' Egyptian: ftt 'erase (inscriptions)' Western Chadic: *fwat- 'scratch ground'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fVṭ-
Meaning: pull out, take (out) Egyptian: fdy (pyr) 'pluck, pull out' Western Chadic: *fiṭa- 'take/pull out' 1, 'extract' 2, 'pluck' 3, 'pluck feathers' 4 Omotic: *peḍ- 'tear'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fVṭVḳ-
Meaning: break, split Semitic: *pVtVḳ-, dissim. <*pVṭVḳ- 'break' Egyptian: fdḳ (MK) 'divide, split' Central Chadic: *puḍik- (<*pudiḳ-?) 'split' 1, 'split, fall kola-trees' 2 East Chadic: *paḍVk- (<*padVḳ-?) 'cut in two pieces' Beḍauye (Beja): feḍig 'split, separate'
Notes: Irregular correspondences due to different compatibility rules in individual languages for a dental and velar stop.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fVṭVḳ-
Meaning: pull out Egyptian: fdḳ (ME) 'pull out' Western Chadic: *fa[ṭ]ak- 'lacerate, tear' East Chadic: *fVtVk- 'pull by'
Notes: Derived from *fVṭ- 'pull out, take (out)' (2315)?

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *G-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gaʔ-
Meaning: sing, moan Egyptian: gꜣ (n) 'sing' Western Chadic: *n-gVʔ- - 'sing'1, 'dance'2 Central Chadic: *gwaH- 'sing' 1, 'song' 2 Low East Cushitic: *goʔ- 'moan'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gaʔ-
Meaning: rise Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *gVʔVy- 'rise' 1, 'be high' 2 Western Chadic: *gayV 'climb' 1, 'lift' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *gwiʔ- 'be high'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gaʔid- (?)
Meaning: face Western Chadic: *gaʔid- 'eye' Beḍauye (Beja): gedi 'face, eye'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gaʕ-
Meaning: work, make, do Semitic: *yVgVʕ- 'be tired' 1, 'work' 2, 'feel pain' 3 - Cf. Berber: *gVH- 'make, put' Central Chadic: *gaHya- 'do, make'1, 'build' 2 East Chadic: *giy- 'work' (n.)
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gaʕ-
Meaning: bury Egyptian: cf. d_ꜣ.t (NE) 'tomb' Western Chadic: *gaw/giy- 'dig' 1, 'bury' 2 Central Chadic: *gaʔ- 'bury' Saho-Afar: *gaʕ- 'bury'
Notes: Cf. Eg d_ꜣ.t (<*gVʔ-t?) 'tomb' (NK).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gaʕ-
Meaning: be empty Egyptian: d_ʕ (19) 'be deserted' Western Chadic: *gay- 'empty' East Chadic: *gay- 'desert'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ga(ʕa)d-
Meaning: dog, wolf Semitic: *gadlāʔ- 'she-dog', *gaʕd- 'wolf' Berber: *gVd- 'dog' (?) Western Chadic: *gawVd- 'dog' 1, 'hyena' 2 , 'bite' 3 Central Chadic: *gid- 'dog' 1, 'bite'2 East Chadic: *gVd- (<*gVHd-?) 'dog' 1,'bite'2 Low East Cushitic: *gedal- 'jackal' (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gab-
Meaning: wall, enclosed dwelling Semitic: *gabb- 'entrance, vestibule' 1, 'enclosure' 2 Egyptian: d_bꜣ (AE), gb.w (NK) 'palace' Western Chadic: *ga(H)ab- 'room' Central Chadic: *gVb-ay- 'village, block' East Chadic: *gab- 'wall'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gab-
Meaning: earth, clay Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *gabīb- 'ground, earth' Egyptian: gbb (pyr) 'earth, Earth-god' Central Chadic: *gVb- 'field' East Chadic: *gab- 'clay' Warazi (Dullay): *kap- 'earth'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gab-
Meaning: side, bank, beach Semitic: *ga(n)b- 'side; beside; back; body' Egyptian: wd_b (pyr) 'bank' Western Chadic: *gaḅ- 'bank' 1, 'side' 2, 'put near' 3 Central Chadic: *gubb- 'nearby' Beḍauye (Beja): *gab 'side' 1, 'by, with, near' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *gab- 'side' Saho-Afar: *gabb- 'side (of back)' Low East Cushitic: *gab- 'riverbank' 1, 'next to, near, beside' 2 High East Cushitic: *gab- 'side' Warazi (Dullay): *kap- (<*gab-) 'side'
Notes: Cf. EDE I 223; Bla Review 501.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gab-
Meaning: weapon Semitic: *gabāb- 'sling' High East Cushitic: *gab- 'bow and arrow'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gabaʔ-
Meaning: joint of a limb; arm Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *gubb-at- 'wrist, ankle' ~ *gibār-at- 'wrist' Egyptian: gbꜣ (ME) 'arm' (<*gabaʔ/y) Western Chadic: *gaḅ- < *gabaʔ- 'joint, limb' Beḍauye (Beja): gún/mba 'knee' Saho-Afar: *gab- 'hand'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gabVḥ-
Meaning: be weak Semitic: *gVbVḥ- 'be weak' 1, 'soften' 2 Egyptian: gby (n) 'be weak' Central Chadic: *gaḅ- 'sickness' Low East Cushitic: *ga-gab- 'be exhausted'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gaĉ-
Meaning: be wet Egyptian: gꜣs 'pour out' (n) Western Chadic: *gaĉ- 'wet'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gaĉ/č-
Meaning: weapon (spear, shield, bow) Semitic: *gayŝ- 'army, raiding detachment; shield; spear' Berber: *ganz- 'arc; bow' Western Chadic: *(nV-)gači- 'spear' Central Chadic: *gwas/č- 'spear; knife' ~ *goči 'quiver' East Chadic: *gas- 'spear' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *gaš- 'shield' Saho-Afar: *gaš- 'spear' Low East Cushitic: *gaš/č- 'shield' High East Cushitic: *gaʒ/š- 'shield' Warazi (Dullay): *kašan- 'shield' Omotic: *gayačč/ss- 'shield'
Notes: Phonetically and semantically diverse.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gad-
Meaning: old age group; elder Semitic: *gadd- 'grandfather, ancestor' East Chadic: *gaḍ- (<*gaHad-) 'old' High East Cushitic: *gad- 'age group, generation' South Cushitic: *gad- 'old man'
Notes: Cf. 1287 *gi/ud- 'to be big, many'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gad-
Meaning: river-bed Semitic: *gadd/y- 'river-bank' 1, 'well' 2 Berber: *gVdd- 'reservoir in the rocks; source, spring' Western Chadic: *gud- 'seasonal river' Central Chadic: *nV-gad- 'river' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *gad- 'river-bed' Saho-Afar: *gad- 'river, stream'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gad-
Meaning: cut, split Semitic: *gVd- 'cut off' Western Chadic: *gwa[d]- 'chop' East Chadic: *gad- 'split' 1, 'cut, chop' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gad-
Meaning: foot Semitic: *ga/ud-at- '(part or bone of the) leg of animal' Omotic: *gVdiy- 'foot'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gadan-
Meaning: many, big Semitic: *gVdVn- 'become rich'
Notes: Derived from *gi/ud- 'be big, be many'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gaday(-m/n)-
Meaning: k. of antelope; kid Semitic: *gady- 'kid' Western Chadic: *ga/ud-am/n 'antelope' Central Chadic: *guday 'buck' Low East Cushitic: *gada-m/n- 'greater kudu' High East Cushitic: *gVda-m- 'antelope'
Notes: Sk. Hs., 74 (Ch., ECu). Cf. met. Ch. W: Geruma dugai, Tsagu dòògán; E.: Migama dágàyàm 'sheep' Jung. CLR II, 112-13. Cf. Dolg. SH AN No. 11 (comp. Brb. *ɣaid/ṭ which is not related)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gadil-
Meaning: wall, support Semitic: *gad(V)l- 'pilon' Berber: *gadil- 'wall' 1, 'screen' 2 East Chadic: *gadVl- 'support' (n.) (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gadil- (?)
Meaning: fertile soil Semitic: *gadīl- 'land, beach' Egyptian: d_dꜣ (gr) 'fertilize (field)'
Notes: Related to *gud- 'soil'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gadum-
Meaning: cut; axe, hoe Semitic: *gVdVm- 'cut off' Central Chadic: *ʔV-gudum- 'hoe' East Chadic: *gadum- 'instrument for cutting wood' Beḍauye (Beja): gaduum 'axe' Saho-Afar: *godum- 'axe' Low East Cushitic: *gudim/n- 'axe'
Notes: Derived from *gad- 'cut, split' ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gag-
Meaning: roof, construction; settlement Semitic: *gāg- 'flat roof' Berber: *gVg- 'arch supporting a tent' Egyptian: d_ꜣd_ꜣ 'roof' 1 (NE), 'build' 2 (Gr) Western Chadic: *gagay- 'clay structure' 1, (?) 'town' 2 Central Chadic: *gaʔ- 'build' (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ga/ič(-aʔ)-
Meaning: person Semitic: *gat_āʔ- 'person' Egyptian: d_s (pyr) 'person'
Notes: Probably a chance meaning coincidence of the two derivatives of another root.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ga/ic̣-
Meaning: face Semitic: *gaṣṣ- 'face' Central Chadic: *HV-gis- 'silhouette' (?) Central Cushitic (Agaw): *gac̣- 'face' 1, 'figure' 2 South Cushitic: *gic̣aʔ- 'forehead, face'
Notes: Not quite reliable. The Eth. and Agaw forms may be mutual loans. That Iraqw -c̣ continues Afras. *-c̣ is plausible but not proved. The CCh. form is semantically questionable. Cf. *gʷa(n/h)ĉ̣- 'cheek, chin', *gaṭ- 'cheek, chin, beard', *gʷaʒ- 'cheek, chin, beard'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ga/ubʕ-
Meaning: mountain Semitic: *gabʕ- 'hill, height' Central Chadic: *ɣuḅ- 'mountain' - Cf. Low East Cushitic: *gubb- 'summit' High East Cushitic: *gubb- 'highland' Dahalo (Sanye): (?) guba 'plains'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ga/us-
Meaning: move Semitic: *gVyVš- 'go (home)' Egyptian: gsy (18) 'run' Western Chadic: *gusya- 'move' Central Chadic: *gagas- 'to go very slowly' Low East Cushitic: *goš- 'ply between two places' South Cushitic: *gus- 'drive (away)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gal-
Meaning: go, enter Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *gVwVl- 'go, travel' Berber: *gVl(Vw)- 'go' Western Chadic: *gVl- 'run'1, 'follow' 2 Central Chadic: *gal- 'follow' East Chadic: *gal- 'go out' Saho-Afar: *gal-/*gil- 'run' 1, 'go' 2 Low East Cushitic: *gal- 'enter' High East Cushitic: *gal- 'enter' Omotic: *gal- 'enter'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gal-
Meaning: waters, river Semitic: *gal- 'wave' Berber: *gVlgVl- 'quiet water' (?) Egyptian: wgꜣ (n) 'waters' Western Chadic: *gwal- 'cloud' Central Chadic: *gali- 'river' Low East Cushitic: *galan- 'sea' High East Cushitic: *galan- 'river'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *galab-
Meaning: give Semitic: *gVlVb- 'procure' Western Chadic: *galab- 'give'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *galgal-
Meaning: hunger Semitic: *galgal- 'hunger' High East Cushitic: *gargal- 'famine'
Notes: Reduplication?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *galgil-
Meaning: thunder Semitic: *galgāl- 'continuous thunder' East Chadic: (?) *galgil- 'to thunder'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gam-
Meaning: be full Semitic: *gVmu/im- 'be full' Western Chadic: *gamu- 'fill, be full'
Notes: Cf. Berb *gVm-/*gVwVm- 'scoop, draw (water)' (Kby agʷem)?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gamaḥ-
Meaning: wait Egyptian: gmḥ (MK) 'wait' East Chadic: *gaHam- 'wait'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gam-al- (?)
Meaning: camel Semitic: *gam(a)l- 'camel' Berber: *gim- 'camel' (?) Beḍauye (Beja): gam- 'camel'
Notes: A very doubtful root. There is also a series of wide-spread similar terms in various Cush and Omot languages, but there is little doubt they are loans from Eth or Arb.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gamm-
Meaning: mane, long hair, beard Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ga/umm-at- '(long) hair, mane' Egyptian: gmḥ.t (sarc) 'hairlock' (?) Western Chadic: *gVm- 'beard' Central Chadic: *nV-gum- 'beard' East Chadic: *gum- 'beard' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *gam- 'mane' Saho-Afar: *gamm- 'mane' Low East Cushitic: *gamm- 'mane' High East Cushitic: *gamm- 'mane' Omotic: *gamm- 'mane'
Notes: Borrowing from Eth and/or within Cush and Om is possible.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ganaḥ-
Meaning: bend Semitic: *gVnaḥ- 'bend' Western Chadic: *gan-/*gVHVn- 'bend' 1, 'bend smth.' 2 Central Chadic: *gan- 'bend' 1, 'bend over' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gan-/*gin-
Meaning: go Semitic: *gVn- 'come' (imperative) Western Chadic: *gan- 'go' Central Chadic: *gan- 'walk roundabout' East Chadic: *gin- 'go out'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ganVḥ-
Meaning: wing Semitic: *ganaḥ- 'thorax area and arms; wing' Egyptian: d_nḥ (pyr) 'wing' Central Chadic: *ganH- 'wing' (?) High East Cushitic: *gon(n)- (<*gVnḥ-?) 'wing'
Notes: Cf. *gʷinaʕ- 'arm; elbow; hand' (431).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gany- 1, *gangan- 2 (?)
Meaning: horse 1, mule 2 Semitic: *gany- 'mare, stallion' (
Notes: Insufficient data. Borrowing within Cush. cannot be ruled out. The Sem. Eth. forms are likely to be Cushitisms. Cf. *hu/ig-an/m- 'equid; camel' (3511).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gar-
Meaning: calf Egyptian: d_r (MK) 'calf' Central Chadic: *gar- 'bull' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *gar- 'calf' High East Cushitic: *gar-an- 'calf'
Notes: Eg phonetic interpretation ambiguous.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gar-
Meaning: tie; cord Semitic: *garīr- 'cord' Western Chadic: *ngar- 'tie' Central Chadic: Mafa gur- 'tirer avec une cord' [BMaf] - Cf. East Chadic: *gVr- 'loosen'
Notes: Scarce data. Unreliable.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gar-
Meaning: be angry Semitic: *gVwVr- 'be unjust' 1, 'be audacious' 2 Berber: *gVr- 'be enraged' Central Chadic: *gVrVh- 'anger, angry'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gar-
Meaning: container, vessel Semitic: *garr- 'box' 1, 'jug' 2 Berber: *gVr- 'small wooden vase' Western Chadic: *gar(w)- / *gawar- 'pot (for food)' 1, 'gourd bottle' 2, 'kerosene tin' 3 , 'water pot' 4 Central Chadic: *gur- 'large w-pot' 1, 'calebase' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *garaʕ-
Meaning: cut Semitic: *gVrVʕ- 'cut (hair)' Western Chadic: *nV-gVr- 'cut' Central Chadic: *geger- 'sword' Saho-Afar: *garaʕ- 'cut, strike' Low East Cushitic: *garaʕ- 'cut'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *garab-
Meaning: stomach, belly Semitic: *garab- 'body' ~ *gurgub- ~ *rugab- 'stomach, belly' Western Chadic: *garab- 'chest' Central Chadic: *bVrwag- (met.) 'intestines' East Chadic: *burwag- (met.) 'stomach' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *gerob- 'figure, body, torso' Saho-Afar: *garVb- 'belly, stomach, intestine, heart' Low East Cushitic: *garab- 'big stomach of ruminants'
Notes: Cf. *ḳVrVb- 'interior, inner parts'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *garab- ~ *gabVr- (?)
Meaning: leprosy, syphilis Semitic: *garab- 'leprosy, mange, scab' East Chadic: *gabVr- 'syphilis'
Notes: Metathesis. Data insufficient.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *garm-
Meaning: body; bone Semitic: *garm- 'body; bone'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *garyam- ~ *gumaray-
Meaning: hippopotamus Semitic: *gʷimar(r)ay- 'hippopotamus' (?) Central Chadic: *garyam- 'hippopotamus' East Chadic: *girim- 'hippopotamus' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *gumarī- 'hippopotamus' Saho-Afar: *gumarī- 'hippopotamus' High East Cushitic: *gumarr- 'hippopotamus' Omotic: *gumar- 'hippopotamus'
Notes: A complete coincidence of Eth., CCush. Saho-Afar (-ī in Auslaut), HECush. and Omot. forms (common vocalic pattern) suggests borrowing, probably from Agaw, a decisive item being the interpretation of Ugr. gmr as 'hippopotamus' or not. Cf. Bla. Eleph., 204 where "an evident internal etymology" proposed interprets the CCh. and ECh. terms as composed words consisting of *gar- (Blazek quotes Musgu gari '(big) bull', Muskum gèrré, Vulum gàri 'bull') and *yVm- (quoted is Musgu ye_m, yim 'water'). This etymology is plausible (the latter term for 'water' is attested in other Afras.), but a triconsonantal, though metathetic, root in Cush. and Om. with exactly the same meaning makes our etymology more probable. Cf. also Berb. *a-gmar 'mare'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gaṭ-
Meaning: cheek, chin, beard Borean etymology: Borean etymology East Chadic: *gaḍ- 'cheek' Low East Cushitic: *ga/iḍ- 'chin, beard' 1, 'jaws' 2 Dahalo (Sanye): *gat_̣a 'beard' Omotic: *gaṭ- 'chin'
Notes: Cf. *ga/ic̣- 'face', *gʷa(n/h)ĉ̣- 'cheek, chin', *gʷaʒ- 'cheek, chin, beard'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gaṭ-
Meaning: hunt Western Chadic: *ga[ṭ]- 'hunt' (v.) Low East Cushitic: *ʔu-gaṭ- 'hunt' High East Cushitic: *ʔu-gaṭ- 'hunt'
Notes: Interborrowing in LEC and HEC?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gaw(ʔ)-
Meaning: stone, mountain Egyptian: d_w (pyr) 'mountain' Central Chadic: *gwaʔ- 'stone' 1, 'rock' 2, 'mountain' 3
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gaway-
Meaning: buffalo; elephant Berber: *gi(w)- 'elephant' Egyptian: *gVw 'bull' (ME) Western Chadic: *giw- 'elephant' Central Chadic: *(nV-)guwVy- 'elephant' 1, 'buffalo' 2, 'bush-cow' 3 East Chadic: *gVwVy- 'he-goat' (?) Omotic: *gah- 'buffalo' (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gaw/ʕaʒ-
Meaning: go, walk Semitic: *gawaʒ- 'pass' Berber: *gaʒ- 'go away' Central Chadic: *guz- 'go quickly' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *gaʕVʒ- 'depart'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gawVP- (?)
Meaning: chest; entrails Semitic: *gawp- '(dead) body; chest, belly' Central Chadic: *guguf- 'heart' 1, 'lungs' 2 Omotic: MAL goṗo [Fl], gobi [Bla Omot] 'belly'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gaw(V)y-
Meaning: community group sharing a common territory Semitic: *gaw(V)y- 'community group sharing a common territory' Berber: *gVwVy- 'to crowd, get together' Western Chadic: *gay- 1, *(ʔa-n)-gaway 2 'cooperative work, mutual help' 1, '(common) settlement, dwelling' 2 Central Chadic: *(n)gway- 'compound, (common) settlement, dwelling' East Chadic: *gay- 'people' 1, 'friend' 2 Beḍauye (Beja): *gaw- 'homestead, house, family' Low East Cushitic: *gVw-Vt- 'crowd of people' High East Cushitic: *gVwVy- ~ *gVyVw- '(main) house' Warazi (Dullay): *yVgw- (met. <*gVwVy-?) 'tribe' Omotic: *giyVw- 'neighbour'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gay-
Meaning: move Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *gVyVʔ- 'come, run' Western Chadic: *gay- 'go away' Central Chadic: *gway- 'enter' 1, 'follow' 2, 'return' 3 East Chadic: *giy- 'come' Saho-Afar: *gay- 'arrive' Low East Cushitic: *gay- High East Cushitic: *ge(ʔ)- < *gay- 'arrive' South Cushitic: Irq gow- 'run away'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gay(H)-
Meaning: say Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *gVʕ/ʔVy- 'roar, scream' Egyptian: d_wy (pyr) 'call' (<*gVwVy-?) Western Chadic: *gay/H- 'tell' 1, 'say' 2 Central Chadic: *gay-'call' East Chadic: Kwan ʔógé, Sumray ʔwògǝ̀, Tumak wǝ̀g, Sokoro yēg- 'call' CLR II 59 Warazi (Dullay): Tsamai gǝhǝ 'say' Mogogodo (Yaaku): okhoi id. Bla Lists, oko Hei Ya ('speak'), possibly <*ʔoghoy- Omotic: *gay- 'say'
Notes: No traces of *ʕ in Eg.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gayVr- (?)
Meaning: boat, ship Semitic: *gāriy- 'ship' Western Chadic: *gyar- 'canoe' East Chadic: *gar- 'boat'
Notes: Scarce data. Highly unreliable. Identical with *gar- 'container, vessel'. The Ch forms are likely Arabisms.

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *Hv..-

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *ḫ

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫa-
Meaning: be young Egyptian: ḫ 'young' (med) Central Chadic: *ḥ/haḥ/ha- 'young'1 , 'new' 2
Notes: Cf. ECu: Gawwata qayte <*ḳay-t-, Omot.: Ongota ḳawtita (a lw., acc. to [Fl];
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫ̣aʔ- (?)
Meaning: grind Central Chadic: *h/xaʔ- 'grind' East Chadic: ʔáyáw (< *Hay-) 'ecraser, moudre' Migama [JgM] South Cushitic: *ḫaʔ- 'grind corn'
Notes: Scarce data. Phonetically obscure.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫaʔ/w-
Meaning: altar, throne Semitic: *ḫaʔ- 'throne canopy' Egyptian: ḫꜣw.t 'altar' (pyr)
Notes: Cf. *ḫaʕay- 'house, settlement'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫaʕay-
Meaning: house, settlement Egyptian: ḫʕy.t 'house' (gr) Western Chadic: *g/ɣway- Central Chadic: *ɣay/H- 'town' 1, 'world' 2, 'compound' 3
Notes: Cf. *ḫaʔ/w- 'altar, throne'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫab-
Meaning: water flow Semitic: *ḫVb- 'scoop, draw water' Western Chadic: *gVb- (<*ḫVb-) 'stream' Central Chadic: *Haḅ- 'water'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫ̣abay-
Meaning: dance Egyptian: ḫby 'dance' (v.) Beḍauye (Beja): hawā́y (<*ḥabay?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫabiʔ/b-
Meaning: vessel Semitic: *ḫabiʔ/y- 'jug, bowl' Egyptian: ḫbb 'vessel'(MK) Western Chadic: *ḫabi- 'water pot' 1, 'gourd water-bottle' 2, 'cooking pot' 3, 'pumpkin' 4 Low East Cushitic: *ḥabub- 'large gourd'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫaC-
Meaning: valley, river bed Berber: *gVz- 'river bed, wadi' South Cushitic: *ḫas- 'valley or ravine without running water'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫac̣a/ir-
Meaning: be cold Semitic: *ḫaṣar- 'be cold'
Notes: Cf. Ch *ḥVc- [St 1996 76] 'cold' and Iraqw c̣awḫāt 'cold'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫaĉ-
Meaning: darkness Semitic: *ḫaŝVw- 'become dark' Western Chadic: *(n)gas/ĉ- 'night' High East Cushitic: *hašš- 'evening' 1, 'come (of evening)' 2
Notes: Cf. LEC *ʕas- 'evening'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫaĉaʕ- (?)
Meaning: be silent Semitic: *ḫVŝaʕ- 'be humble' 1, 'be calm' 2 South Cushitic: *ḫaĉ- 'be silent'
Notes: Cf. LEC *Hus- in Som us 'keep silence!'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫac̣-
Meaning: leaf, plant Semitic: *ḫūṣ- 'leaf' Egyptian: ḥd_.t 'kind of plant' (n) - Cf. Western Chadic: *gwac̣- 'young baobab tree' 1, 'leaves of baobab' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ḫac̣- 'leaf' Omotic: *Hyac̣- 'leaf'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫadd-
Meaning: stream Semitic: *ḫa/idd- 'rivulet' Egyptian: ḫdy (pyr) 'go upstream' Western Chadic: *guda(d)- 'flow'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫa/uray-
Meaning: palm tree Semitic: *ḫarw/y- 'palm sprout' Egyptian: cf. ʕrw (med) 'tree' Central Chadic: *ḥ/huray 'Deleb palm' South Cushitic: *ḫuray- 'Borassus palm'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫalum-
Meaning: boat Semitic: *ḫalim- 'raft' Egyptian: ḫmn.ty 'ship' (OK) Central Chadic: *ḥ/hulum- 'boat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫalVṭ-
Meaning: mix Semitic: *ḫVliṭ- 'mix' Western Chadic: *laHwaT- 'mix' Central Chadic: *laHaṭ- 'mix'
Notes: An alternative reconstruction is *laḫVṭ-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫamaʔ-
Meaning: rebel; enemy' Semitic: *ḫamāʔ- 'rebellion' Egyptian: ỉḫm.w 'enemies' (XVIII)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫan-
Meaning: sack Egyptian: ḫn (22) 'sack' East Chadic: *hwan-H- 'sack'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫanaw/y- (?)
Meaning: swim Egyptian: ḫny (pyr) 'sail' (v.) East Chadic: *HanVy- 'swim' Omotic: *(HV)wan- 'swim'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫa(n)ĉab-
Meaning: wood Semitic: *ḫaŝab- 'timber' Western Chadic: *C̣abag- 'long thin sticks o f firewood' 1, 'long slender stick, swich' 2 Low East Cushitic: *hanc̣ab- 'kind of bush' (?) (cf. Sem nṣb)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫanc̣-
Meaning: thigh Semitic: *ḫam/nṣ- 'waist, (upper) thigh' Egyptian: ḫnd_ 'part of the cow thigh' (pyr)
Notes: Cf. *g(ʷ)inʒ- 'knee'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫ̣anzab- ~ *ḥVnbVs-
Meaning: vessel Semitic: *ḫanzab- 'kind of pot' Egyptian: ḥnbꜣs (MK) 'vessel' (MK)
Notes: A cultural areal word?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫanʒiw-
Meaning: beetle, fly, wasp Semitic: *ḫVn/wz- 'kind of insect' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ḥVnǯur- 'wasp' ( Tgr?) High East Cushitic: *HaǯVy- 'wasp' Omotic: *k/haǯVy- 'wasp' (<*ḫaǯVy-?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫarug-
Meaning: go/send away Semitic: *ḫVrug- 'go out, drive out' Western Chadic: *Hwarug- 'drive away' 1, 'go (in)' 2, 'migrate' 3 Central Chadic: *rug- 'run' Low East Cushitic: *HVrVg- 'send'
Notes: Cf. SA *Harak- 'go': Saho, Afar arak-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫary-
Meaning: intestines, excrement Semitic: *ḫVrʔ/y- 'excrement, dregs' Egyptian: wḫʔ 'auslehren' (Med) 'den Leib auslehren' [EG I:353] (?) Central Chadic: *xari 'intestines' 'intestines' 1, 'stomach' 2 Low East Cushitic: *ḥar- (
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫasay-
Meaning: grass Semitic: *ḫašVy- 'thymian' Egyptian: ḫꜣsy.t 'medicinal herb' (med) Western Chadic: *g(w)as- (if < *ḫ(w)as-) 'grass' 1, 'a common herb' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫatam- (?)
Meaning: ring, seal Semitic: *ḫatm- 'ring' 1, seal (on a ring)' 2 Egyptian: ḫtm 'stamp, seal' (OK) Western Chadic: *katam- 'ring' (
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫayb-
Meaning: charcoal Central Chadic: *ɣ/gubin- 'charcoal' South Cushitic: *ḫab- 'charcoal'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫaʒad-
Meaning: rot, be rotten Egyptian: ḫzd 'rot' (n.) East Chadic: *ʒaHwad- 'rot' (v.)
Notes: An alternative reconstruction is *ʒaḫod-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫiʔ-
Meaning: plaiting Semitic: *ḫiʔ- 'kind of clothes' Egyptian: h_ꜣ.t 'kind of cloth' (NE)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫip-
Meaning: be light Semitic: *ḫVpp- 'be light' Western Chadic: *fif- 'light (adj.)' East Chadic: *HyafVf- 'light (adj.)' Low East Cushitic: *haṗṗ- 'thin, light'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫ/ʕalVb- (<*ɣalb-?)
Meaning: forest, tree Semitic: *ḫal(V)b- 'forest' 1, 'wooded hill' 2 Egyptian: ʕꜣb (pyr) 'tree'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫ/ḥac̣- (?)
Meaning: axe Semitic: *ḫaṣṣ- 'axe' High East Cushitic: *hac- (<*ḥac̣-?) 'chopping tool'
Notes: Phonetically obscure. Connected with *ḫVc̣- 'break' ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫ/ḥucig-
Meaning: stone Semitic: *ḫusīg- 'stone' Egyptian: ḥsg 'stone' (XVIII)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫ/ḥup/bin- (?)
Meaning: fist, handful; five Semitic: *ḥupn- 'hollow of the hand, handful; fist' Central Chadic: *bin- 'arm' 1, 'hand' 2, 'feather' 3, 'arm from ellbow to wrist' 4 (or rel. to Ara. bnn 'finger'?) Low East Cushitic: *ḥubin- 'limb' 1, 'muscle' 2, 'power, strength' 3 Warazi (Dullay): *ḫubin- 'five' Mogogodo (Yaaku): ḫoopi 'five' <*ḫub- (
Notes: Semantic difference and phonetic variations in Anlaut and Inlaut make the comparison highly problematic. Cf. Bla Review 502.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫub-
Meaning: hole, pit Semitic: *ḫabb- 'pit' Berber: *ḫVb- 'hole' Central Chadic: *ɣub- 'hole'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫubVʔ-
Meaning: hoe, till Semitic: *ḫabVʔ- 'hoe' Egyptian: ḫbꜣ 'dig, till' (pyr) Western Chadic: *g/Huḅ- 'hoe (n.)'1, 'hoe-handle' 2 Central Chadic: *hib-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫubVs-
Meaning: vessel Semitic: *ḫubVš- 'clay vessel' Egyptian: ḫbs 'vessel for myrrha' (gr)
Notes: Cf. *ḫansab- 'vessel'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫud-
Meaning: cut Semitic: *ḫud- 'cut' 1, 'dig, till' 2 Central Chadic: *ɣud- 'cut' 1, 'chop' 2 , 'harvest' 3
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫum- (?)
Meaning: stink, blow Semitic: *ḫVm- 'stink' Egyptian: ḫmw (t) 'breeze'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫun-
Meaning: voice, speech Egyptian: ḫn 'speech' (MK) Western Chadic: *gun- 'sound of voices' Central Chadic: *xun- 'voice'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫun-
Meaning: storage place; tomb, grave Semitic: *ḫan- 'storage place' Egyptian: ḫnw 'tomb, burial place' (XVIII) East Chadic: *gun- 'grave'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫund-
Meaning: go, enter Egyptian: ḫnd 'go' (gr) Western Chadic: *wanḍ- <*Hwand- 'enter' Central Chadic: *hVnd- 'to approach' (?) East Chadic: *Hundya- 'enter' 1, 'go out' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫunʒ(-ir)-
Meaning: pig Semitic: *ḫV(n)zīr- 'pig' Berber: *-gVnduz 'calf' 1, 'piglet (?)' 2 (?) Western Chadic: *gunVʒ- 'wild boar' ~ *gursun-'pig' Central Chadic: *ḫaʒ-in- 'pig' ~ (H)avanʒ(-Vr)- 'porcupine' East Chadic: *ku/inǯ(-u/ir)- 'porcupine' 1, (?) 'pig' Omotic: *guʒin/m- 'pig'
Notes: Otherwise <*qunʒ(-ir)-, cf. ECh. Cf. CCh Daba guldom- 'pork' and Oromo golǯaa, Sid golǯo 'boar'. Cf. HSED 1374 (Sem; WCh: Hs; ECh: Dgl Kbl; note LEC, HEC); Sk Hs 93; Lamb Sh 313 (Old Cush *gudim- 'dog/pig')
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫur-
Meaning: dig Semitic: *ḫVr- 'dig' Western Chadic: *ḫur- 'dig' 1, 'enlarge (a well, a hole)' 2 Central Chadic: *Hur- 'dig'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫur-
Meaning: hole, pit; grave Semitic: *ḫurr- 'hole' 1, 'grave' 2 Egyptian: ḫr 'tomb' (n) Western Chadic: *ḫir- 'hole' 1, 'grave' 2, 'pit, cave' 3 Low East Cushitic: *hur- 'hole'
Notes: Related to *ḫur- 'dig'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫurs-
Meaning: mountain Semitic: *ḫurš- 'rock, mountain' Egyptian: ḫꜣs.t 'mountainous region, desert' (pyr) Western Chadic: *rwaHas- 'mountain' (met.) (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫurVb-
Meaning: bend Egyptian: ḫꜣb 'crooked' (19) Central Chadic: *Hur[f]- 'bend (down)' 1, 'to squat' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫVbuč-
Meaning: be angry Semitic: *ḫVbut_- 'be angry, be malicious' Western Chadic: *HVbač- 'angry, bad' 1, 'ugly' 2 East Chadic: *buč- 'hate, curse'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫVĉ̣ar-
Meaning: be green Semitic: *ḫVṣ̂ar- 'be green' Western Chadic: *ĉ̣ar- 'unripe beans' 1, 'green, unripe' 2 Central Chadic: *ŝVrk- 'green' ? met. < *qVĉ̣Vr-(but cf. NBauchi Cagu aŝirka 'leaf' )
Notes: Any connection with *ḫVĉ̣ib- 'be green'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫVĉ̣ib- (?)
Meaning: be green Semitic: *ḫVṣ̂ib- 'be green' 1, 'paint' (v.) 2 Central Chadic: (?) *ẑyab- 'green'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫVf-
Meaning: break Semitic: *ḫVpVy- 'break' Egyptian: ḫfḫf 'break (a statue)' (sait)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫVlVy- ~ *ḫVy/wal-
Meaning: pierce, cut Semitic: *ḫVl- 'pierce' 1, 'cut' 2 Western Chadic: *Hyal- 'pierce' East Chadic: *h/gVl- 'pierce' 1, 'cut (animal) into pieces' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫVm-
Meaning: be sick, be ill Semitic: *ḫVmVy- 'become weak (?)', 'be paralysed (?)' Egyptian: ḫm 'illness (of stomach)' (med) East Chadic: *Hwam- 'suffer'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫVn- (?)
Meaning: do, make Egyptian: ḫn 'do, make' (n) Central Chadic: *ɣwan- East Chadic: *gin- 'make'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫVr-
Meaning: be full Egyptian: h_r (ME) 'full' Central Chadic: *hVr- 'full' 1, 'big' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫVr-
Meaning: dry up Semitic: *nVḫVr- 'dry' (adj.) Central Chadic: */n/ɣʷari 'dry up' 1 'be dry' 2, 'dry' (adj.) 3 East Chadic: *gwar-gwar- 'dry season'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫVr-
Meaning: hoe; to hoe Semitic: *ḫVrVr- 'to dig with a hoe' Egyptian: ḫꜣ <*ḫVr-? 'hoe' High East Cushitic: *hawwur- ~ *harʔ- 'to plough'
Notes: < *ḫur- 'dig'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫVraʒ-
Meaning: hole Semitic: *ḫur(V)z- 'hole' Western Chadic: *nV-ḫar(V)ʒ- 'hole, pit' Low East Cushitic: *hor(V)d- 'make a hole'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫVr(ḫVr)- (?)
Meaning: snore Semitic: *ḫVrr- 'snore' Western Chadic: *Hagar- (<*ḫaḫar-?) 'snore' (n.) 1, (v.) 2 Central Chadic: *ɣurɣur- 'snore' (n.)
Notes: A descriptive root. Insufficient data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫVrVc̣-
Meaning: receptacle Semitic: *ḫVrṣ- 'basket'1, 'waterjar' 2 Central Chadic: *ɣwarVc- 'small pot' Low East Cushitic: *ḥoroc̣- 'pot'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫVsul- (?)
Meaning: despise Semitic: *ḫVšul- 'despise' Western Chadic: *sal- 'disgust'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ḫV)tik-
Meaning: cut, divide Semitic: *ḫVtVk- 'cut off' Western Chadic: *tik- 'divide' 1, 'separate' 2 Central Chadic: *tik- 'divide'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫVwiṭ-
Meaning: tie, sew Semitic: *ḫVwiṭ- 'sew' Western Chadic: *HwayVṭ- 'untie' Central Chadic: *Haḍah- 'tie, untie' Saho-Afar: *ḥiḍ- 'attach camels in Indian file' Low East Cushitic: *ḥiṭ- 'tie' High East Cushitic: *hiṭ- 'tie'
Notes: Cf. *ḥawid- 'tie, sew; thread'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫVwVl-
Meaning: road Semitic: *ḫVwVl- 'way' Egyptian: ḫ(ꜣ)r(w) (n) 'street'
Notes: Otherwise Eg may be compared to Akk ḫurrānu 'road'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫVwVy-
Meaning: stomach Egyptian: ḫ-t 'belly' Central Chadic: *ḫway- 'stomach' 1, 'belly' 2, 'intestines' 3
Notes: Scarce data. Cf. *ḥawVy- 'guts, interiors'. Cf. EDE I 171
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫVy/war-
Meaning: be good Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḫVyVr- 'be favorable' Central Chadic: *xwar 'good' (
Notes: Arabism in CCh?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫVyVṭ-
Meaning: see, watch Semitic: *ḫVyVṭ- 'observe' Egyptian: (?) ḫty 'see'(BD)
Notes: Unreliable. Eg -t <*-ṭ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫVǯVf-
Meaning: throw Semitic: *ḫVd_ip- 'throw' Western Chadic: *ǯyaf- 'throw'

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *ḫʷ

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫʷaʔar- (?)
Meaning: crow, goose Egyptian: ḫꜣr (LM) 'goose' Western Chadic: *(n)gwa(ʔV)r- 'crow' East Chadic: *ʔagVr- 'crow' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ḫur- 'crow' South Cushitic: *ḫwaʔar- 'crow'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḫʷac̣-
Meaning: break Semitic: *ḫVṣw- 'break off' Central Chadic: *Hwac̣- 'break'

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *G..-

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *G

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *giʔ-
Meaning: see, look Egyptian: gꜣgꜣw (18) 'look' Western Chadic: *giʔ- 'look'1, 'stare at' 2 Central Chadic: *gVH- 'see' 1, 'look for' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *giʕ-
Meaning: beer Semitic: *giʕ- Western Chadic: *giH/y- (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *giʕar- (?)
Meaning: hyaena Semitic: *gaʕār- East Chadic: *gVr- 'hyaena'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *giʕur-
Meaning: seek Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: d_ʕr (ME) 'seek' Central Chadic: *gira- 'look for' 1, 'keep guard, watch' 2 Saho-Afar: *gVHur- 'seek'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gif-
Meaning: strike, pierce Semitic: *gVwVp- 'pierce (a sword)' Central Chadic: *gwap- 'spear' East Chadic: *gifVy- 'strike (with a sword)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gi/ud-
Meaning: be big, be many Semitic: *gidd- 'many, much' Berber: *gud- 'many' 1, 'be numerous' 2 Western Chadic: *gVd- 'increase' 1, 'many' 2 Central Chadic: *gVḍ- <*gVHad- 'many' Saho-Afar: Af gide 'amount, quantity', gidiidin 'the entire, complete' PH 113 Low East Cushitic: *gud(d)- 'big, large' Omotic: *gVd- 'big'
Notes: Cf. 66 *gVd- 'old age'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gil-
Meaning: cloud, dew Semitic: *ʔīgVl- 'dew drops' Western Chadic: *nV-gil- 'cloud'1, 'sky' 2
Notes: Forms with prefixes in both Sem and WCh. Derived from *gal- 'waters, river'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gim-
Meaning: receive Egyptian: gmy (NE) 'receive, find' Western Chadic: *gVm- 'receive' 1, take' 2 Central Chadic: *gVm-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gin-
Meaning: grind, pound Egyptian: d_n (med) 'grind' Central Chadic: *gi-gin- 'thrash' East Chadic: *gin- 'mortar'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gin-
Meaning: fire Semitic: *gawn- ~ gVnVʔ- sun 1, warm 2 (?) Egyptian: d_nd_n.t (sarc) 'fire' Central Chadic: *gun- fire' (cf. also'smoke')
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gin-/*gun-
Meaning: build Berber: *gVn- 'set up (house), lay off (garden)' Western Chadic: *gin- 'build' Central Chadic: *gun-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gir-
Meaning: fire Semitic: *gir- 'fire, deity of fire' Egyptian: d_r (gr) Western Chadic: *gir-gir- 'hot' Central Chadic: *gVr-gVr- 'hot' Saho-Afar: *gir- High East Cushitic: *gir- South Cushitic: *giʔir- 'embers'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gir-
Meaning: live Semitic: *gVwVr- 'live' 1, 'be close by' 2 Low East Cushitic: *gir- 'be, exist'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gir-/*gur-
Meaning: go, run Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *gVrVy- 'run, flow' 1, 'pass' 2 Berber: *gVwVr- 'go, walk' Western Chadic: *gVʔVr-/*gVrVʔ- 'go around' 1, 'come (out)' 2 Central Chadic: *gwar- 'go (into)' 1, 'return' 2, 'follow' 3 East Chadic: *gir- 'come'1, 'run' 2 Beḍauye (Beja): agir 'return' Low East Cushitic: *gor- High East Cushitic: *geHer- 'run'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gism- (?)
Meaning: body Semitic: *gišm- 'body' Central Chadic: *kVsVm- (or <*KV-sVm-?) 'body'
Notes: Phonetics uncertain.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *guʔ-
Meaning: container Egyptian: gwꜣ.t (ME) 'box' Western Chadic: *guʔgaʔ- 'pail' Central Chadic: *gwaʔ- 'basket' 1, 'pot' 2 East Chadic: *guʔ- 'basket'
Notes: Scarce data (Eg and Ch only). Cf. reduplication in WCh *gug- 'gourd' (Krf gùuɣú, Glm gùugú, Gera gòowá) and ECH *gig- 'basket' (Tab gīgū).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *guʕad- (?)
Meaning: stick Egyptian: d_ʕdd (n) 'stick' Western Chadic: *gwaHVd- 'stick' Central Chadic: *gad- 'stick'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *guʕal-
Meaning: divide Semitic: *gVʕVl- 'divide' Central Chadic: *gal- 'part' 1, 'half' 2 East Chadic: *gal- 'side' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *guHal- 'divide'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *guʕal- (?)
Meaning: insect Semitic: *guʕal- 'scarabeus' Western Chadic: *ga/ul- 'termite'1, 'locust' 2 Central Chadic: *gwal- 'termite' East Chadic: *gal- 'locust'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gub-
Meaning: clothes Semitic: *gubb- 'jubba, kind of clothes' Western Chadic: *gab- 'k. of clothes' Central Chadic: *gVbay- 'man's clothes'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gub-
Meaning: hole, well Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *gub(b)- 'well (n.)' 1, 'moat' 2 Central Chadic: *gub- 'hole' 1, 'well (n.)' 2 East Chadic: *gub- 'hole'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gub-
Meaning: burn Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *gVb- 'roast' Western Chadic: *gwab- 'set a fire to' Low East Cushitic: *gub- 'burn' Dahalo (Sanye): gub- 'burn (trans.)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gub- (?)
Meaning: fish Egyptian: gb.t (AE) 'kind of fish' Western Chadic: *gub- 'k of fish' (mud-fish) East Chadic: *gub- 'k. of fish'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gud-
Meaning: back room Semitic: *gudd- ~ *gidgad- 'wall, back room' Western Chadic: *gid- 'compound' 1, 'hut' 2 Central Chadic: *gu/iHVd- 'house' 1, 'room' 2 , 'enclosure' 3 Low East Cushitic: *god- 'hut' High East Cushitic: *god/ḍ- 'place, cattle-pen' Warazi (Dullay): *kot- 'house'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gud-
Meaning: find, seek Semitic: *wVgVd- 'find, seek' Central Chadic: *gud- 'look for'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gud-
Meaning: soil Semitic: *gad- 'soil, ground' Central Chadic: *na-gada 'earth' East Chadic: *gVd- 'fertile soil' Dahalo (Sanye): gud_d_e 'land'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *guḥas-
Meaning: skin, scratch Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *gVḥaš- 'skin (v.)' Western Chadic: *gwaHVs- 'scratch' Central Chadic: *nV-gas- < *nV-gVHas 'mark, make scratches on pottery'
Notes: Prefix *nV- in Chadic
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gu/arm-
Meaning: young man Egyptian: d_ꜣm (ME) 'young men' Western Chadic: *gur(u)m- 'person' 1, 'man' 2 East Chadic: *ʔagarVm- 'brother-in-law' Low East Cushitic: *gorom- 'young man' South Cushitic: *garm- 'boy'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gu/iĉ- (?)
Meaning: fingernail Borean etymology: Borean etymology Central Chadic: *giŝ- 'fingernail' 1, 'claw' 2 East Chadic: *gus/ĉ- 'fingernail' Omotic: *guš- 'fingernail, claw'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gulul-
Meaning: vessel Semitic: *gull- 'bowl' Central Chadic: *gul(ul)- 'gourd' 1, 'straw-bottle' 2
Notes: Cf. *gʷalVl- 'be round, go around' (2836).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gum-
Meaning: cut Central Chadic: *gum- 'cut off' 1, 'chop' 2 South Cushitic: *goʔim- 'carve'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gumb-
Meaning: knee Beḍauye (Beja): gumba Omotic: gumba
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gun-
Meaning: occiput Central Chadic: *gun- 'occiput, neck' East Chadic: *gun- 'occiput' Omotic: *gon- 'nape'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gun- (?)
Meaning: poultry Egyptian: d_nd_n (ME) Western Chadic: *gwan- 'cock'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gur-
Meaning: hole Semitic: *gūr- 'cavity' ~ *gurVn- 'basin, tank' Western Chadic: *gir- 'water hole, well' 1, 'vagina' 2 Central Chadic: *gwa-gur- 'enlarge a hole' East Chadic: *gur- 'hole'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gur-
Meaning: pull Semitic: *gur- 'pull' Central Chadic: *gur- 'pull (with) a rope' East Chadic: *gur- 'pluck weeds'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gur-
Meaning: ash, coal Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *gurār- 'hot ash' Western Chadic: *gur- 'ash' 1, 'charcoal' 2, 'soot' 3 Central Chadic: *guri 'coal' 1, hearth' 2 East Chadic: *gur- 'charcoal'
Notes: Related to *gir- 'fire' ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *guray-
Meaning: hen Egyptian: gry 'poultry' Western Chadic: *gyar- 'hen' Central Chadic: *ga-gVr- 'cock' 1, 'guinea fowl' 2 East Chadic: *gVr-ay- 'cock' 1, 'hen' 2 Low East Cushitic: *gogor- 'guinea fowl'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gus-
Meaning: be small Egyptian: nd_s (pyr) 'small' Central Chadic: *gusu- 'short'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *guʒur-
Meaning: food; eat Semitic: *gVzVr- Western Chadic: *guʒur-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *guǯ(-ab)-
Meaning: stomach Berber: *-gazaw- 'paunch, offal' Western Chadic: *guǯiy- 'internal organ (of a bird)' ~ *gaǯib- 'kidneys' Central Chadic: *guǯ- 'stomach' East Chadic: *gu/iǯ- 'belly' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *gʷi/aǯgʷ(Vǯ)- 'stomach' Saho-Afar: *gud- 'belly' Low East Cushitic: *gud- 'intestines' High East Cushitic: *gʷVdab- 'belly'
Notes: Cf. CCh *gVdVf- 'belly': Gid gǝdǝf [CLR: 21]
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVbVl-
Meaning: bank, side Egyptian: gbꜣ 'side of a room' (westc.) Western Chadic: *gVlVb- 'bank (of a river)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVĉ-
Meaning: side; side of body; chest Semitic: *gVŝŝ- 'side of body; body; chest' Western Chadic: *nV-gwVĉ- 'chest' 1, 'shoulder' 2 Omotic: *gaš- 'riverbank, edge' 1, 'border' 2
Notes: Cf. EDE I 202; Bla Review 502. Сf. Eg. gs (pyr) 'side' (-s instead of *-š).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVd-
Meaning: road; run Semitic: *nV-gadd- 'road'+Arab ǯādd-at-? Western Chadic: *gud- 'run (away)' East Chadic: *gad- 'run' Saho-Afar: AFA gíddā [R Af], gìta [P-H] (unless
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVdVl-
Meaning: be big Semitic: *gVdVl- 'big' 1, 'be big' 2, 'become big, strong' 3 Central Chadic: *digwal- 'big'
Notes: Derived from *gid-/*gud- 'be big, be many'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVd(V)l-
Meaning: limb Semitic: *gVd(V)l- 'limb'
Notes: < *gad- 'foot'? Cf. *gVdVl- ~ *dagVl- foot, leg 2680
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVdVr- (?)
Meaning: be able Semitic: *gada/ur- 'be able' East Chadic: (?) *gVdir- 'can, be able'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVḥ- (?)
Meaning: metal Egyptian: d_ḥ (18) 'kind of metal' Central Chadic: *ʔa-gyaH- 'iron' East Chadic: *gaHya- 'iron'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVḥ-gVḥ- (?)
Meaning: monkey Egyptian: d_ḥd_ḥ (reg) 'monkey' Western Chadic: *gwa-gwa- 'monkey' 1, 'baboon' 2 Central Chadic: *gaw-gaw- 'any large monkey'
Notes: Scarce and unreliable data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVl-
Meaning: throw Semitic: *gVlaʔ- 'throw, overturn' Western Chadic: *gyal- 'throw ( a stone)' East Chadic: *gVl- 'throw (stone0'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVlal-
Meaning: be weak Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: gnn (AE) 'be weak' East Chadic: *gyalal- 'weak' 1, 'old (person)' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVlan-
Meaning: soup, sauce Egyptian: gnn (n) 'kind of food' Central Chadic: *gunan- 'soup' East Chadic: *gwal[a]n- 'soup'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVl(gVl)-
Meaning: head; skull Semitic: *ga/ulga/ul-at- 'skull, head' Central Chadic: *gVl- 'head' 1 > *n-gul- 'temple' 2 East Chadic: *gVl- 'head' Omotic: *gayl- 'head'
Notes: Cf. EDE I, 66-67.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVmaʕ-
Meaning: gather, meet together Semitic: *gVmaʕ- 'gather' Western Chadic: *gwama(H)- 'gather' 1, 'meet' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVn-
Meaning: bend Semitic: *ḥVgin- 'become curved' Western Chadic: *nV-gun- 'bend'
Notes: Related to *ganaḥ- 'bend'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVn- (?)
Meaning: woman; mother Central Chadic: *gVn- 'woman' East Chadic: *gVn- 'female' 1, 'vagina' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *gan- 'mother' Omotic: *gen- 'woman' 1, 'queen, lady' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVnVʔ-
Meaning: interior, stomach, heart Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ga/in(a)n- 'interior; heart' Egyptian: gnnw 'the fat between and around intestines' Central Chadic: *ʔa-gwin- ~ *ginuʔ- 'intestines'1, 'stomach' 2 East Chadic: *gVgVn- 'stomach' Beḍauye (Beja): *ginʔa 'heart' South Cushitic: *gunuʕ- 'navel'
Notes: Cf. Bla Review 501.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVn(Vn)-
Meaning: cheek, face Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *gu/in- ~ *ʔ/wVgn- 'cheekbone' Berber: *-ganan 'cheekbone, jaw' Egyptian: d_nn 'skull, head' Western Chadic: *guHn- 'cheek' 1, 'face' 2 Central Chadic: *gin- 'cheek' East Chadic: *gin- 'forehead' Beḍauye (Beja): genū́n 'chin, jaw' Dahalo (Sanye): gáḳane (<*gangan-?) 'chin' (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVr- (?)
Meaning: dog, cub Semitic: *gVr- 'whelp, cub' East Chadic: *gVr- 'dog'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVrVʔ-
Meaning: stomach Semitic: *girīʔ- 'stomach (of a bird)' Berber: *gar- 'stomach' Central Chadic: *gari- 'belly' East Chadic: *gur- 'stomach' Beḍauye (Beja): gari 'body' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *gir(r)- 'stomach' 1, 'intestines' 2 Low East Cushitic: *garaʔ- 'belly' Warazi (Dullay): *karaʕ-t- 'belly' South Cushitic: *guraʔ- 'belly' Omotic: *gar- 'belly'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVs- (?)
Meaning: fish Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: d_s (n) 'kind of fish' Western Chadic: *gwasi- 'fish' East Chadic: *gwas- 'fish'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVsVʔ-
Meaning: antelope Egyptian: gsꜣ (AE) 'antelope' Western Chadic: *gas- 'kind of antelope' East Chadic: *gawas- 'antelope' Low East Cushitic: *gu-guš- 'antelope' South Cushitic: *ga-gVs- 'antelope'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVwar-
Meaning: catch Egyptian: nd_ry 'catch' (a), nd_r 'seize' (18) Western Chadic: *gwar- 'hold tightly' Central Chadic: */n/-gVr- 'pick up, lift' East Chadic: *gwar- 'catch'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVwar-
Meaning: steal, rob Semitic: *gVwVr- 'raid (v.)' East Chadic: *ʔogr- 'steal'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVw/yVb-
Meaning: call, answer Semitic: *gVwVb- 'answer' Western Chadic: *ga/ub- 'call, speak' East Chadic: *gyab- 'call'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVwun-
Meaning: be black Semitic: *gVwVn- 'be black' Berber: Semlal a-ssgan 'black' Western Chadic: *(wV)gun- 'dirty' or Fyer ŋgwèn 'night' [JgR] < gwn?
Notes: An alternative reconstruction is *wVgun-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVʒim-
Meaning: cut Semitic: *gVzim- 'cut' Berber: *gVʒVm- 'cut'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *g(w)a/in(y/H)-
Meaning: area, plot of land producing edible plants Semitic: *gann- 'garden' Berber: *gan 'tree; forest' Western Chadic: *gwan- 'field, farm' East Chadic: *ganH- 'field, farm'
Notes: (likely related to *g(w)ny/w/ʔ 'to cultivate, till field; to crop')
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gwar- or gu/ar-
Meaning: to collect, harvest Semitic: *gʷar (?) 'season of agricultural activities, harvest' Berber: *grw 1, *a/i-mgir 2, *mgr 3 'to crop' 1, 'sickle' 2, 'to harvest' 3 Egyptian: d_rʕ 'gather' (XX) Western Chadic: *gur(gur)- 'cut short grass' 1, 'gather' 2 High East Cushitic: *gūr- 'pick up, collect'
Notes: related to *(HV)g(w)Vr- cultivated field; tilling, hoeing? Cf. also *g(ʷ)i/ar- ~ *garga/ir- 'grain; bean'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gwāʔ-
Meaning: die; kill Semitic: *wVgVy- 'castrate by crashing the testicles' Egyptian: ngꜣ 'kill' Pyr <*n-gʔ? Low East Cushitic: *ʔag- ~ *gaʔ- 'die' 1, 'kill' 2 South Cushitic: *gwāʔ- 'die' 1, 'kill' 2 Mogogodo (Yaaku): -kɛhɛ <*gVh- 'die'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gwiraf- ~ *gʷirfar- (?)
Meaning: guest/stranger, servant Western Chadic: *(m/na-)gwiraf- 'guest' 1, 'stranger' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *gʷirfar- 'servant'
Notes: Scarce data; the form in Bilin is not clear.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *g(w)ny/w/ʔ
Meaning: to cultivate, till field; to crop Semitic: *g(w)ny/ʔ 'to gather, crop' Egyptian: *gny 'hoe'? Western Chadic: *gʷan- 'to cultivate' Central Chadic: *gun-/*ma-gingan- 'hoe' East Chadic: *gawn- 'to cultivate'
Notes: likely related to *g(w)a/in(y/H)- 'area, plot of land producing edible plants'

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *Gʷ

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *g(ʷ)aʔil-
Meaning: egg Berber: *-glay- 'egg' Western Chadic: *gʷal- 'testiculi' Central Chadic: *gaʔil- 'egg' East Chadic: *giHil- 'lay eggs' Saho-Afar: *gVlVl- 'egg'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gʷab-
Meaning: bend Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: /Arb/pBHbr Egyptian: gb (gr) 'stoop' Central Chadic: *gwaḅ- 'bend' East Chadic: *gwab- 'bend' Saho-Afar: *gub- 'be bent'
Notes: Cf. LEC *gop- "hunchback" (Or gooṗpo)?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gʷaĉal- (?)
Meaning: ant Semitic: *gaŝl- Western Chadic: *gwaĉal-
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gʷagʷ- (?)
Meaning: skin Central Chadic: *gwagwa- 'skin' Low East Cushitic: *gog- 'skin' High East Cushitic: *gog- 'skin' (?) Omotic: *gog- 'skin' 1, 'bark' 2 (?)
Notes: Insufficient data, especially if HEC and Omot. are loans from Oromo.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gʷalVl-
Meaning: be round, go around Semitic: *gʷVlVl- 'go around' 1, 'roll' 2, 'round object' 3 Berber: *gVlVl- 'be round' Western Chadic: *gulu- 'ball' Central Chadic: *gwal- 'round'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gʷan-
Meaning: chief Western Chadic: *gwVŋ- 'chief' High East Cushitic: *gann- 'chief'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gʷand/ṭ(-an/m/r/ʕ/b)-
Meaning: locust; ant; worm Semitic: *gʷand(-an/ʕ/b)- ~ *gudgud- 'ant; cricket, locust' ~ *gʷandar- 'worm' Western Chadic: *gu/and(-ib)- 'k. of ant' East Chadic: *gudHin- 'k of ant' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *gʷVnd-an 'ant' (
Notes: Cf. HSED 941 (ECh: Kera; ECu: Or); Sk Hs 97; Lamb Wol 380. Cf. *(ʔa-)dVng(-al/b)- 'k. of insect; locust'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gʷa(n/h)ĉ̣-
Meaning: cheek, chin Semitic: *gʷin/mṣ̂- ~ *gahṣ̂-am- 'cheek' 1, 'chin' 2, 'big-headed and round-faced' 3 Berber: *ga/iẓ 'cheek' 1, 'lower jaw' 2 Western Chadic: *guĉ̣- 'cheek' (and KIR gwàŋàl 'bone'?) Central Chadic: *nV-guŝ- or *HV-guŝ- 'cheek' High East Cushitic: *gač̣- 'chin' 1, 'jaw' 2, 'beard' 3
Notes: Cf. the forms with unclear correspondences of the sibilants: Agaw *gas- 'chin' (Xmr gas) and LEC *gos- 'chin, beard' (Arb. góos). Cf. *ga/ic̣- 'face', *gaṭ- 'cheek, chin, beard', *gʷaʒ- 'cheek, chin, beard'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gʷann- ~ *g(ʷ)Vng(ʷ)Vn-
Meaning: neck and chest; (upper) torso, body Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *g(ʷ)ann- ~ *ga/inga/in- 'breastbone and side of body' Central Chadic: *gwan- 'neck' East Chadic: *gun(gun)- 'occiput' Saho-Afar: *gin- 'figure, body' Low East Cushitic: *gon- 'body' Omotic: *gonn- 'nape'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gʷar-
Meaning: back Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *gʷar- 'back, rear; buttocks' Central Chadic: *gwar-Vn- 'back' Low East Cushitic: *gurmu(ʔ)- 'shoulder' High East Cushitic: *gor- 'back'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gʷarʕ-
Meaning: throat, neck Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *gVrʕ- 'throat' ~ *gʷar(gʷ)ar- id. Western Chadic: *gwar- 'trahea' 1, 'neck' 2 Central Chadic: *gwar- 'neck' East Chadic: *gyaHar- 'neck' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *gwirgʷ-Vm- 'throat, neck' Saho-Afar: *garaʕ- 'throat' Low East Cushitic: *gawraʕ- 'throat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gʷargʷar-
Meaning: plant, leaf Semitic: *gurgur- 'plant' Egyptian: d_rd_r 'leaf' (Amar) Western Chadic: *gwargwar- 'kind of grass' Central Chadic: *gwagur- 'k. of grass'
Notes: Cf. LEC *gor- 'fruit found in the forest' (Or goraa)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gʷar(i)d-
Meaning: neck, throat Semitic: *gar(i)d- 'back of neck' Saho-Afar: *gurdum- 'gorge, throat'
Notes: Cf. *ḳard- ~ *garṭ- 'neck'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gʷay-
Meaning: body; corps; belly Semitic: *gaw(w)iʔ- or *gʷay(y)aʔ- 'body; corps; chest, belly; interior' Egyptian: d_.t (pyr) 'body' (<*gV-t?), ngꜣyy 'belly' Western Chadic: *gaw- 'corpse, carcass' East Chadic: *gway- 'breast' 1, 'corpse' 2 Omotic: *gaw(w)- 'belly'
Notes: CF. EDE I 250; Bla Review 502.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *g(ʷ)ayĉ- ~ *ʔa-n-guĉ-
Meaning: chief by inheritance Semitic: gyŝ 'collect tribesmen for battle or help' ~ *ngŝ 'to collect tribute; to rule' Berber: *-gazzVy- 'nephew, sister's son/daughter, grand son/daughter; sister's posterity' Central Chadic: *ma-nVgaĉ- 'bridegroom' Low East Cushitic: *ʔu-gas- 'tribal chief' ~ *ha-ngas- 'eldest son, first-born son, father's heir' High East Cushitic: *gos- 'kinship, common ancestor, relatives' 1, 'God, master' 2 South Cushitic: *ʔa-gogeš- 'uncle' Omotic: *(ʔan-)gus/š- 'man' 1, 'first-born son' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gʷaygʷ-
Meaning: crow Semitic: *gʷagʷ- 'owl, raven, hawk' Western Chadic: *(n)gag- 'crow' Central Chadic: *N-gaɣʷak- (if < *gaɣʷa-k) 'crow' East Chadic: *gag- 'crow' Beḍauye (Beja): guug 'owl' (
Notes: Related to *gʷay(-gʷay)- 'swan; hen, partridge; dove' ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gʷay(-gʷay)-
Meaning: swan; hen, partridge; dove Semitic: *gʷagʷ-an- 'swan, ibis' Egyptian: d_wy.t (sarc) 'kind of bird' (<*gVwVy-t?) Central Chadic: *gya(-gya)- 'bird' 1, 'hen' 2 East Chadic: *guy- 'partridge' Low East Cushitic: *gug- 'dove' High East Cushitic: *gug-Vn- 'dove' (
Notes: Related to *gʷaygʷ- 'crow; owl' ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gʷay/ʔ-
Meaning: chin, jaw; bite Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: wgy.t (pyr) 'lower jaw' Western Chadic: *(nV-)gay/H- 'chin' 1, 'beard' 2 Central Chadic: *gʷay- 'chin' 1, 'beard' 2 High East Cushitic: Burji gam-, Hadiya gaʔm, Sidamo gaʔm 'bite' Omotic: *gaʔ/ʕ- 'bite'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gʷaʒ-
Meaning: jaw, cheek; face Semitic: *gawz- 'maxillary gland' East Chadic: *gaǯ-um- 'cheek' Beḍauye (Beja): *gʷaǯ 'face; eye' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *gaʒ- 'face' Saho-Afar: *gaʒ- 'face' Warazi (Dullay): *kaws- 'chin'
Notes: Cf. *ga/ic̣- 'face', *gʷa(n/h)ĉ̣- 'cheek, chin', *gaṭ- 'cheek, chin, beard'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *g(ʷ)i/ar- ~ *garga/ir-
Meaning: grain; bean Semitic: *gargir- 'bean, grain' Berber: *-g(ʷ)ar(ir) 'pod ' Western Chadic: *gVyur- 'millet, bean ' Central Chadic: *ʔa-gʷVr- ' bean, corn' East Chadic: *gVr(gVr)- 'bean, nut, millet' Low East Cushitic: *gari 'seed' High East Cushitic: *gar- 'seed' (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gʷil-
Meaning: knee; hand Egyptian: *gVl- (d_ꜣt, d_rt) Pyr 'hand' (?) Western Chadic: Hausa gwī́-wā̀, pl. gwīyā 'knee' (most likely <*gwil-) Central Chadic: *gVlaw- 'thigh' Low East Cushitic: DAS gíl 'hand' South Cushitic: *guhul- 'knee' 1, 'ankle' 2 Dahalo (Sanye): gilli 'knee'
Notes: Cf. *bVgVl- ~ *gilVb- 'knee, ankle'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gʷilaʕ-
Meaning: prepuce; testicles; clitoris; vagina Semitic: *gilaʕ- 'prepuce, clitoris' Western Chadic: *gʷa(Hi)l- 'testicles' Central Chadic: *gʷayl- 'vagina', 'testicles' 2 East Chadic: *gula/il- 'testicles' 1, 'penis' 2 Beḍauye (Beja): gálo 'scrotum' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *gʷal- 'testicles' Low East Cushitic: *gu/el- 'genitals' 1, 'vagina' 2 South Cushitic: *gulal- 'testicles', *gʷalay/ʔ- 'vagina'
Notes: Cf. Bla Review 501.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gʷinaʕ-
Meaning: arm; elbow; hand; leg Borean etymology: Borean etymology Western Chadic: *kV-gwanH- 'arm' 1, 'shoulder' 2 Central Chadic: *gwan- 'elbow' 1, 'leg' 2 East Chadic: *gyan- 'hand' Beḍauye (Beja): ganaʔa, ganʔa 'hand' Saho-Afar: *ginaʕ- 'hand' Low East Cushitic: *gaʕan- 'arm, hand' Warazi (Dullay): *kanaʕ- 'hand' 1 , 'palm' 2 South Cushitic: *gVngVḫ- 'elbow' (?) Mogogodo (Yaaku): kinnɛʔ- 'hand' Omotic: *gan- 'leg'
Notes: Cf. *ganVḥ- 'wing' (240).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *g(ʷ)inʒ-
Meaning: knee Central Chadic: *gwinʒ- 'knee' Omotic: *giʒ- 'knee' 1, 'foot' 2
Notes: Cf. *ḫanc̣- 'thigh, knee'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gʷVʔVy- (?)
Meaning: carry Egyptian: d_ꜣy (gr) 'bring' Western Chadic: *gway- 'carry (on the back)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gʷVlaḥ- (?)
Meaning: be bald Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *gʷVlaḥ- 'make bald' 1, 'become bald' 2, 'be shaved' 3 Beḍauye (Beja): gʷɔlʔa 'baldness' (
Notes: Only Sem. if the Cush. forms are from Eth.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gʷV(n)daʕ/ʔ-
Meaning: injure, damage Semitic: *gʷVdaʕ/ʔ- 'mutilate (of nose or lips)' 1, 'cut' 2, beat' 3, 'damage' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *gwad- 'injure' (Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gʷVr-
Meaning: (wild) pig East Chadic: *gVrw(-in)- 'wild pig' Omotic: guri 'pig'

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *Gh-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ɣaʔ-
Meaning: stone Berber: *tV-ɣoɣ- 'stone' Egyptian: ʕꜣ.t 'stone' (OK) Western Chadic: *ɣayi-/*ɣaw- 'rock, stone' Central Chadic: *xwaʔ- 'mountain' 1, 'stone' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ɣabur-
Meaning: dust Semitic: *ɣabar- 'dust' Western Chadic: *ɣab(V)r- 'dust' Central Chadic: *hurVḅ- 'sand'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ɣal-
Meaning: kill Semitic: *ɣVwVl- 'make smb. perish quickly' Central Chadic: *ɣwal- 'kill'
Notes: Cf. Sem: Jib letǝɣ, Mhr lutōɣ, Soq ḷataʕ 'kill' (two met.<*lɣ-t <*ɣl-t??)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ɣaluč̣-/*ɣiluč̣-
Meaning: be heavy, be thick Semitic: *ɣaliṭ_-/*ɣaluṭ_- 'be fat, be bulky' Saho-Afar: *ʕilVs- 'heavy' Low East Cushitic: *ʕiluč-/*ʕuluč- 'heavy'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ɣam- (?)
Meaning: river, pond Semitic: *ḫamm- <*ɣam-? 'pond (?)' Egyptian: ʕmm (gr) 'Nile'
Notes: Highly unreliable.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ɣar(n/m)āḳ-
Meaning: crane; raven/crow Semitic: ɣVrnīḳ- 'crane' Western Chadic: *gau/mrāk- ~ *garmāk- '(crested) crane' East Chadic: *ngarāk- '(crested) crane' Saho-Afar: *kāk- 'raven' High East Cushitic: *haraḳ- 'raven' (<*ɣaraḳ-?) Mogogodo (Yaaku): ḫaryaq-a 'crow' (<*ɣaryaḳ-?) Omotic: (?) *ḳurāk- (<*ḳuraɣ- with met.?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ɣawaʔ-
Meaning: deceive Semitic: *ɣVwaʔ- 'deceive, tempt' Central Chadic: *xVw(Vʔ)- 'lie, deceive'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ɣawaɣ- (?)
Meaning: locust Semitic: *ɣawɣ-aʔ- 'locust (beginning to fly)' Western Chadic: *ɣVwaɣ- 'locust'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ɣa(y)č-
Meaning: darkness Semitic: *ɣayč(-an)- 'smoke' 1, 'rainy cloud' 2 Low East Cushitic: *ʕas- 'evening'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ɣay/wb-
Meaning: cloud Semitic: *ɣayb- 'cloud' Egyptian: wʕb.t (gr) 'sky' Western Chadic: *H(y)ab- 'cloud' East Chadic: *ʔub- 'cloud'
Notes: Cf. *baʕ- 'pour'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ɣaʒal/r/n-
Meaning: k. of antelope Semitic: *ɣVzāl- 'gazelle' Berber: *-za/ulaɣ 'goat' (met.) Western Chadic: *ganǯar- (<*ganʒar-?) 'bushbuck' (?) Central Chadic: *kaǯal/r- ~ *ma-ngazaw ~ *Zalag/k- 'k. of antelope, gazelle, reedbuck' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʔagazin- 'agazen antelope'(?)
Notes: Cf. HSED 381; Sk Hs 77
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ɣilab- (?)
Meaning: neck Semitic: *ɣ/ʕilb- 'have a thick neck' Western Chadic: *galab- 'neck' East Chadic: *gilVḅ- 'craw, goitre'
Notes: Scarce data. The consonant in the Anlaut is not clear. Metathetically related to *balVʕ/ɣ- 'uvula, larynx'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ɣ/ʕVpar-
Meaning: kind of clothes Semitic: *ɣ/ʕVpar- 'kind of clothes' Egyptian: ʕpr (gr) 'clothes'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ɣub-
Meaning: faeces Semitic: *ɣVb(b)- 'dung' 1, 'faeces' 2, 'to defecate' 3 Egyptian: ʕbw 'dirt' (sarc) Central Chadic: *ʔubV 'faeces' (? irregular reflex of AA *ɣ-)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ɣuf- (?)
Meaning: cleaned grain, flour Semitic: *ɣVpVy- 'clean, hull (grain)' Central Chadic: *ɣ(w)ap-, *xuKup- 'flour'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ɣufr- ~ *ɣVraf- (?)
Meaning: k. of antelope Semitic: *ɣ/ʕupr- 'young of deer' Western Chadic: *gVraf- 'reedbuck' 1, 'hartebeast' 2
Notes: Scarce data. Correspondences in Anlaut obscure.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ɣulum-
Meaning: young man Semitic: *ɣulām- 'young man, young slave' Central Chadic: *ɣ/gula 'young man' 1,'bridegroom' 2, 'child' 3 South Cushitic: *Ḳʷalim- 'little children' 1, 'child' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ɣum-
Meaning: cover, shut Semitic: *ɣum- 'cover' Western Chadic: *ɣwam- 'shut' 1, 'bury' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ɣurl- (?)
Meaning: male organ Semitic: *ɣurl-(at-) 'foreskin, prepuce' East Chadic: *gurl- 'testicles' (
Notes: Insufficient data, though the affinity is striking. Can be an Arabism in Mubi, but note the difference in meaning.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ɣurVb-
Meaning: crow, raven Semitic: *ɣurayb- 'crow, raven' Egyptian: ʕbw (Lit MK) 'kind of bird?' (<*ʕꜣb <*ʕrb?) (?) High East Cushitic: *ḳ/gurrub- 'crow' Warazi (Dullay): *ḳurrup- 'crow'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ɣuwuṭ-
Meaning: dig Semitic: *ɣVwVṭ- 'dig' Western Chadic: *guwuṭ- (<*ɣuwuṭ- ?) 'scrape an impression in the ground)' Central Chadic: *nV-guṭ- 'dig'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ɣuyVĉ̣-
Meaning: be small Semitic: *ɣVyVṣ̂- 'become small' East Chadic: *gwaǯ- 'small'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ɣVwar-
Meaning: beat hard, kill, plunder, raid Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ɣVwVr-'raid, attack' (v.) ~ *ɣar- 'army' Egyptian: ʕwꜣy 'plunder' (OK) Western Chadic: *h(V)war- 'discipline (a person), break in (a horse)' Central Chadic: *hVr- 'cut the throat, kill' South Cushitic: *ḫwar- 'beat hard' 1, 'punish' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ɣVwVḳ- (?)
Meaning: go Semitic: *ḫVwVḳ- 'go' Egyptian: ʕḳ (math) 'meet' High East Cushitic: *hiḳ- < *hVyVḳ- 'approach'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ɣʷar-
Meaning: skin Semitic: *ɣa/ur-/*ɣarɣar- 'skin, dewlap' Egyptian: ḫʕr 'skin' Central Chadic: *Har- 'skin' 1, 'to skin' 2 (?) East Chadic: *gVr- 'skin' 1,'egg-shell, bark' 2 Low East Cushitic: *ḳur- 'skin' Warazi (Dullay): *ḳʷVr- 'skin'

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *H- и *H.

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥaʔ-
Meaning: seek, find Egyptian: ḥꜣ 'seek' (pyr) Western Chadic: *ḥyaʔ- 'find' East Chadic: *ʔyaw- 'find'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *haʔad-
Meaning: be weak Egyptian: ꜣhd 'weak' (med) East Chadic: *had- 'be weak' 1, 'be ill' 2
Notes: An alternative reconstruction is *ʔahad-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *haʔem-/*haʔom-
Meaning: tent, room Western Chadic: *ʔahwam- 'room' South Cushitic: *hēm- < *haʔem- 'tent'
Notes: An alternative reconstruction is *ʔahem-/*ʔahom-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *haʔ-/*hay-
Meaning: take Egyptian: hꜣy 'capture' (MK) Western Chadic: *haʔ- 'catch' Central Chadic: *huʔ- 'take (one)' East Chadic: *hay-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥaʕ-/*ḥuʕ-
Meaning: stand up, climb, move upwards Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: ʕḥʕ 'stand up' (pyr) (?) Western Chadic: *Haʔ- 'raise' 1, 'mount, climb' 2 Central Chadic: *xuʔ/*xay- 'lift' 1, 'stand up' 2 'climb ( a tree)' 3 East Chadic: *ʔu- 'lift'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥab-
Meaning: cereals Semitic: *ḥab(b)- 'grain, corn' East Chadic: *ʔabuy- 'k. of sorgho'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hab-
Meaning: cut, split Semitic: *hub- 'cut' Dahalo (Sanye): hab- 'split firewood'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥabal- (?)
Meaning: rope; tie, plait Semitic: *ḥabl- 'rope' Western Chadic: *baHal- 'tie'
Notes: An alternative reconstruction is *baḥal-. Scarce data. Highly unreliable.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *Habin- (?)
Meaning: tie Berber: *b_Vn- (<*HVbVn-) 'tie' Central Chadic: *Habin- 'tie' East Chadic: *binVn- 'cord' 1, 'tendon' 2
Notes: Scarce data. Cf. *bawVn-/*bayVn-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *habiṭ-
Meaning: fall Semitic: *hVbi/uṭ- 'fall' Western Chadic: *HVbiṭ- 'fall down' 1, 'push' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥac̣ir-
Meaning: press, squeeze Semitic: *ḥVṣir- 'press, squeeze' East Chadic: *Hasir- 'press, squeeze'
Notes: Derived from *c̣ir- 'cut'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥaĉw-
Meaning: chest, lungs Semitic: *ḥaŝw/y- 'lungs, entrails' Central Chadic: *Haŝw- 'chest'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥac̣aʔ-/*ḥac̣ay-
Meaning: count Semitic: *ḥaṣy- 'number' East Chadic: *Has- 'count'
Notes: Consonantal alternation *-ʔ- ~ *-y-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *had-
Meaning: take Semitic: *hVyVd- 'rob, take by force' 1, 'be taken away' 2 Egyptian: hd (MK) 'grasp, seize' Western Chadic: *ʔad- 'take' 1, 'carry' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *had-
Meaning: thorn Egyptian: hd.t (med) 'thorn' Central Chadic: *hadaw- 'thorn'
Notes: Related to *had- 'cut' ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *Hadil- (?)
Meaning: divide Central Cushitic (Agaw): *Hadal- Saho-Afar: *ḥadil-
Notes: Only Cush. Related to *hed-/*had- 'break, strike'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥadur-
Meaning: come, descend Semitic: *ḥVdir-/*ḥVdur- 'descend' Western Chadic: *HVdyar- 'go down, descend' 1, 'unload' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *had(Vd)-
Meaning: forge Semitic: *ḥVdVd- 'forge, sharpen' Central Chadic: *ḥwad- 'smith'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥadVg-
Meaning: load
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥak-
Meaning: stone Egyptian: ḥt_ 'stone' (n) Western Chadic: *ḥVk- 'stone' Central Chadic: *xaku- 'stone'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hakay-
Meaning: snake Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: hky (pyr) Central Chadic: *hakaw- East Chadic: *Hakay-
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥakuk- (?)
Meaning: scratch Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḥVkuk- 'scratch, rub, scrape' Saho-Afar: *ḥakuk- 'scratch'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥakum-
Meaning: cord Semitic: *ḥakam- 'martingale' South Cushitic: *ḥagum- 'trap' 1, 'rope' 2
Notes: Scarce data. Highly unreliable.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥaḳVr-
Meaning: be angry Semitic: *ḥVḳir- 'despise' Western Chadic: *Haḳwar- 'hatred'1, 'anger' 2, 'be angry' 3
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥa/iḳʷ- (?)
Meaning: hip, thigh Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḥi/aḳʷ- 'loins, hip, lap' Egyptian: ḳʕḥ (MK) '(upper) arm, shoulder, elbow' - cf. Low East Cushitic: *ḥVwVk- 'shin; strength' Omotic: *yiḳḳ-
Notes: Irregular Sem *-ḳ ~ LEC *-k
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ha/im-
Meaning: go, walk Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *hmy ~ *hym 'wander, stray, travel' Egyptian: ỉhm (ME) 'go slowly' Western Chadic: *yim- 'return' Central Chadic: *(H)im- 'enter' East Chadic: *HiʔVm- 'go out' High East Cushitic: *ham- 'go, walk' South Cushitic: *hiʔim- 'walk' Omotic: *ham- 'go, walk'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥa/ull- ~ *ḥVw/yal-
Meaning: hoe; farming Semitic: *H/wall- 'hoe' Berber: *Hulli/*walli 'plow' Egyptian: ḥnn (<*ḥll?) 'hoe' Western Chadic: *Huwal- 'fields, farm' Central Chadic: *(w)ol- 'farm' Low East Cushitic: *(H)ayl- 'to sow' High East Cushitic: *ḥayl- 'hoe; agricultural work' Warazi (Dullay): *ḥull- 'harvest fiest' Omotic: *Hayl- 'to sow'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥal-
Meaning: be sweet Semitic: *ḥVlaw-/*ḥVlaw- 'be sweet' Western Chadic: *ḥall- 'sweet juice sucked from the abdomen of a hornet' Central Chadic: *Hal- 'sweet'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥal-
Meaning: wash Semitic: *ḥVl- 'clean (adj.)' 1,'wash, clean' 2 Western Chadic: wálà 'good, clean' (<*Hwal-) Pero [FrP] Low East Cushitic: *ḥal- 'wash'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥalag/k-
Meaning: (cotton) clothes Semitic: *ḥVlVg- 'card cotton' (?) Western Chadic: *galVk- 'loin-cloth' Beḍauye (Beja): halak 'cloth, kerchief' Saho-Afar: *ḥalag- 'rag, clothes'
Notes: Scarce data. Phonetics unreliable. Any connection with Sem *ḫulāḳ- 'old or torn clothes' (Akk ḫulāḳu, Hbr ḥalūḳ, Aram ḥalūḳā, Arab ḫalūḳ, Soq ḥalaḳ)? The Sem word may be derived from Sem *ḫVlVḳ- 'be torn'. In any case the correspondence of velars is irregular.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥalaḳ-
Meaning: be smooth Semitic: *ḥālaḳ- 'smooth' Western Chadic: *Halaḳ- 'smooth'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥalib-
Meaning: milk, fat Semitic: *ḥalīb- 'milk' 1, 'fresh milk' 2, 'fat' 3 Western Chadic: *laHab- 'fat, grease' South Cushitic: Cf. *ʔilib- 'milk'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥal-/*ḥil-
Meaning: go Egyptian: ḥn 'go' (n) Central Chadic: *ḥVl- East Chadic: *Hal- Saho-Afar: *hal- 'enter' Low East Cushitic: *ḥil- 'enter'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hal/ram-
Meaning: river Egyptian: hnm.t (<*halVm-) 'spring, source' (med) Western Chadic: *haram- 'river'1, 'reservoir' 2
Notes: Irregular correspondence of liquids.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ham-
Meaning: flow, water Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *hVmVw/y- 'pour' Berber: *Ham-an (pl.) 'water' Western Chadic: *ham- 'water' East Chadic: *ʔam-'water' 1 , 'rain' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥam-
Meaning: in-law Semitic: *ḥam(m)- 'father-in-law' Egyptian: ḥm (pyr) 'servant'; ḥm.t 'wife' Central Chadic: *Hwam- 'chief' 1, 'in-law of the same level' 2 ,'father-in-law' 3 Beḍauye (Beja): hámo 'mother-in-law' Dahalo (Sanye): ḥam 'uncle'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ham-
Meaning: eat Semitic: *nVham- 'be insatiable' Central Chadic: *ham- 'eat hard things' East Chadic: *hwam- 'eat soft food' Dahalo (Sanye): ham- 'toss a portion of food in the mouth'
Notes: Cf. *ʔam- id. (1928).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥamʕ/ʔ-
Meaning: salt Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḥVmVʕ- 'be sour' Egyptian: ḥmꜣ.t 'salt' (med) Western Chadic: *Ham- 'salt' Central Chadic: *xwam- 'salt' 1, 'vegetable salt' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥamad-
Meaning: ashes Semitic: *ḥamad- 'ashes'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥamar-
Meaning: earth, clay Semitic: *ḥVmVr- 'clay' Western Chadic: *maHar- 'field' East Chadic: *maHar- 'wet earth'
Notes: Cf. *mar- 'earth, land' and Sem. *ʕumr- 'ashes'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥamay-
Meaning: defend Semitic: *ḥVmay- 'defend' East Chadic: *Hamay- 'guard'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥamč- > *ḥumč-
Meaning: belly, womb Semitic: *ḥamt_- > *ḥumt_- '(lower) belly, uterus, womb'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ham(-t)-
Meaning: liver Western Chadic: *ham-t- 'liver' Mogogodo (Yaaku): ahman <*ham-an 'liver'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥan-
Meaning: tumour Egyptian: ḥnḥn.t 'tumor' (med) East Chadic: *Han- 'swell, be swollen, swelling'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥang-ur-
Meaning: throat, gorge Semitic: *ḥangūr- 'larynx' 1, 'goiter' 2, 'throat' 3 Berber: *(H)VngVr 'lament, mourn' (?) Egyptian: ḥngg (18 Dyn) 'gorge' Low East Cushitic: *hangur- 'throat' (?)
Notes: In LEC h- instead of the expected *ḥ- (an Arabism?). Cf. *ʕVng- 'neck; palate'; *ḥank(-ar)- 'palate, gorge, uvula' and *ḥanuḳ(-ar)- 'palate, inside of mouth, gorge'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥank(-ar)-
Meaning: palate, gorge, uvula Semitic: *ḥanak-/*ḥink- 'palate' Berber: *hVnVkk- 'to wheeze by gorge' ~ Hankar- 'gorge' Beḍauye (Beja): *ḥanak- ~ *ḥankar- 'palate, gorge, throat'
Notes: Cf. *ḥanuḳ(-ar)- 'palate, inside of mouth, gorge' (248) and *ḥang-ur- 'throat, gorge ' (260).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥanuḳ(-ar)-
Meaning: palate, inside of mouth, gorge Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḥanḳ- 'inside of mouth' 1, 'Adam's apple' 2 Berber: *Hanḳ- 'palate' ~ *hVnVḳ- 'hiccup' (n.) Western Chadic: *hanḳ- 'throat' (?) Central Cushitic (Agaw): *Hunḳ- 'to cough, be out of breath' ~ *Hanḳar- 'throat, gorge' Saho-Afar: *Hanḳar- 'palate, gorge, throat' Low East Cushitic: *ḥiḳ- 'panting; asthma' ~ *ḥoḳ-at- 'tonsil' High East Cushitic: *(ḥ)aḳ- 'inside of mouth' (?) Dahalo (Sanye): *ḥanḳar- 'palate'
Notes: Cf. *ḥank(-ar)- 'palate, gorge, uvula', *ḥang-ur- 'throat, gorge' and ḳu(n)ḳ- 'throat, gorge'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥanVn-
Meaning: penis, testicles Semitic: *ḥann-at- '(feminine) genital organ; uterus' Egyptian: ḥnn 'penis' (pyr) Central Chadic: *Hamun- 'penis' - Cf. Low East Cushitic: *ḥenin- 'testicles'
Notes: Dissimilation in CCh. ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥanVw-
Meaning: wall, house; build Semitic: *ḥanVw- 'vault, cell' Berber: *Han- 'tent' Egyptian: ḥn (AE) Western Chadic: *ḥwan-H- 'build, plait' 1, 'work' 2, 'hut' 3 Central Chadic: *ḥuna 'build'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥapat- (?)
Meaning: arm, wing Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: ḥpt 'arm, wing' (MK) Western Chadic: *gapVt- (<*ḥapVt-?) 'shoulder, wing', *pVHVt- 'feather' Central Chadic: *pa/yat- 'wing'1, 'feather' 2 East Chadic: *pot- 'arm' 1, 'hand' 2 ,'handle' 3
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥaPi/ur- (?)
Meaning: leg, hoof Semitic: *ḥāpir- 'hoof' Western Chadic: *Hafur- 'leg' 1, 'inner part of the leg' 2
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥapur-
Meaning: pit Semitic: *ḥapr- 'big well; hole, cavity' ~ *ḥVpir- 'dig' Western Chadic: *pur- 'grave'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥar-
Meaning: sky Egyptian: ḥr.t 'sky' (pyr) Western Chadic: *ḥar- 'sky' Low East Cushitic: *haror- 'cloudy weather'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *Har-
Meaning: river Semitic: *ḫarr- 'watercourse' Low East Cushitic: *har- 'lake' 1, 'river' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *haruy- (?)
Meaning: wild boar Berber: *Haruy- 'wild boar' Beḍauye (Beja): harawya 'wild boar'
Notes: Scarce data. Borrowed from some Arb dialect?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *HarVg- (?)
Meaning: wait East Chadic: *HVryag- 'wait' Low East Cushitic: *raHag- 'live long'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥar-Vk-
Meaning: arm Semitic: *ḥarkak- 'upper part of thigh' Central Chadic: *h/xar- 'arm' 1, 'hand' 2 Beḍauye (Beja): harka 'arm' Saho-Afar: *ḥar- 'arm' Low East Cushitic: *Hark- 'arm, hand' Warazi (Dullay): GWT ḥarkó ,TSA harko 'hand' South Cushitic: *-HareK- 'arm' Omotic: *Hir- 'fathom'
Notes: *-Vk- is claimed by some authors to be a body-part marker.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥas-
Meaning: roast Semitic: *ḥVšḥVš- 'roast' Western Chadic: *ḥas- 'roast, bake'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *has-
Meaning: seek, look for Central Chadic: *has- 'search' East Chadic: ʔòs 'show, indicate' Bidiya [JgB] High East Cushitic: *has- 'seek, look for'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥas-
Meaning: sand Semitic: *ḥašaw/y- 'sand, earth' Western Chadic: *HVy/was- 'sand' Central Chadic: *Has- 'sand' Beḍauye (Beja): *ḥVs- 'sand, earth' South Cushitic: *ḥas- 'sand'
Notes: Note Ch -s-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *HaS- (?)
Meaning: fish East Chadic: *Ha[ǯ]- 'sardine' Beḍauye (Beja): Bed aša 'fish' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʕaʒ- 'fish' Saho-Afar: *ʕaʒ- 'fish' Omotic: *Haš- (Kaf haašoo, Mch haašo, Bw aso, Anf haašo, Nao aša) 'fish'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥasik- (?)
Meaning: cereals Semitic: *ḥašik- 'barley' Central Chadic: *syak- 'millet'
Notes: May *ḥa- be a prefix?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥat-/*ḥut-
Meaning: rub off, sweep Semitic: *ḥut- 'rub off' Central Chadic: *hwat- 'scrape' 1, 'sweep,clean' 2 Low East Cushitic: Cf. *ḥaṭ- 'sweep' 1. 'rub' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *Haṭ-
Meaning: dig Semitic: *ḫVṭ- 'dig' 1, 'make signs on the ground' 2 East Chadic: *gatt- (< *ḫVṭ- ) 'dig' Low East Cushitic: *haḍ- 'dig' High East Cushitic: *haḍ- 'dig' Dahalo (Sanye): ḥuḍ- 'dig'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *haw-
Meaning: want Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *hVw- 'wish' (n.) 1, 'want' 2 Central Chadic: *hay- 'love' 1,'like' 2 East Chadic: *(H)wVʔ- 'search, want, wish' Low East Cushitic: *haw- 'wish' (n.) 1, 'want' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hawag-/*hayag-
Meaning: lift Semitic: *hVyVg- 'be lifted' East Chadic: *hag- 'climb'1, 'lift' 2
Notes: Consonantal alternation *-w- ~ *-y-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥawar-/*ḥayar-
Meaning: breed, multiply Semitic: *ḥayar- 'having many cattle and a big family' Low East Cushitic: *ḥor- < *ḥawar- 'multiply( domestic animals)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥaway-
Meaning: strike, break Egyptian: ḥwy 'strike'(pyr) Western Chadic: *Hway- 'break' Low East Cushitic: *ḥaw- 'beat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *haway-
Meaning: blow; wind Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *hVwVy- 'blow' Central Chadic: *Haway- 'wind'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ha(wa)y-
Meaning: be, exist Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *hVwVy- 'be, become' Berber: *iha (<*Hay?) 'be, stay' Western Chadic: *ha 'to be' East Chadic: *ʔay- 'be' Beḍauye (Beja): haay- 'live' Saho-Afar: hay- 'live' Low East Cushitic: *ʔa-hay- 'be'
Notes: Cf. *hay- give birth, *hV(ʔV)y- man, husband
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥawid-
Meaning: tie, knot, sew; thread Semitic: *ḥVyVd- 'knot' (v.) Western Chadic: *Hwad- 'untie' East Chadic: *yid- 'tie' Beḍauye (Beja): haayida 'sew' (imperf.) Low East Cushitic: *hod- 'thread' South Cushitic: *ḫed- 'tie' (?) Dahalo (Sanye): hud_- 'sew' (?)
Notes: Cf. *ḫVwiṭ- 'tie, sew'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥaw/y-at-
Meaning: fish Semitic: *ḥūt- 'fish' Egyptian: mḥy.t (OK) 'fish' (<*mV-ḥVy-t?) Western Chadic: (???)*ḥawud- 'fish' ~ *HVyw- 'to fish, catch, draw out' Central Chadic: (???)*(ʔa)wVt- 'fish' ~ *yiH- 'to fish in shallow water (dip out the fish)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *HawVl- or *Hʷal(l)-
Meaning: many, all Berber: *Hu/all-an 'many' Western Chadic: cf. Kirfi wulo 'enough' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *wull- 'all' Omotic: *wull- 'all'
Notes: Cf. EDE I 101
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥawVr-
Meaning: move away, depart, go; go and come back Semitic: *ḥVwVr- 'return' 1, 'go, depart' 2 Berber: *Hawr- 'come' 1, 'go' 2 Egyptian: ḥry (pyr) 'be far from; go far from, move away', ḥr-t 'road' East Chadic: *HVr- 'go' 1, 'chase' 2 High East Cushitic: *Har- 'go'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥawVy-
Meaning: man, husband Semitic: *ḥwy 'to live'? Egyptian: wḥy (ME) 'family' (MK) Western Chadic: *Hawy- 'chief' (?) Central Chadic: *Huy- 'husband' Saho-Afar: *ḥayaw- 'people' South Cushitic: *ḥaw- 'man, husband' Dahalo (Sanye): ḥááyo, pl. ḥaaʕi 'man, husband'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hay-
Meaning: speak Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: ỉhy 'shout' (pyr) Central Chadic: *Hay- 'voice' East Chadic: *ʔway-'answer' 1,'greet' 2 Beḍauye (Beja): hay- 'say' Low East Cushitic: *hay- 'say' High East Cushitic: *hay-/*hiy- 'say' Dahalo (Sanye): hwayu 'voice, sound, noise' Omotic: *hiʔ- < *hVy- 'say'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hay-
Meaning: cereals Egyptian: ỉhy 'cereal' (OK) Western Chadic: *hay- 'corn' 1, 'kind of millet' 2,'seed' 3 Central Chadic: *xay- 'seed'
Notes: Cf. CCh *ḥay- 'corn, guinea corn' (Zgh ciya, Glv ciya, Gudu cǝi, HNk ca, Kap ca, FK ca, Gdr hay) with a different laryngeal *ḥ-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hay-
Meaning: give birth Egyptian: hꜣy 'be born' (MK) Central Chadic: *Hay- 'give birth' East Chadic: *Hiy- 'birth'
Notes: Cf. *hV(ʔV)y- man, husband, *ha(wa)y- be, exist
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hay-/*haw-
Meaning: fall (upon), return Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *hVy/w- 'fall (upon)' Berber: *hVy- 'fall (upon)' Egyptian: hꜣy 'descend, fall, return' (OK) Western Chadic: *hway 'return' (?) East Chadic: *ʔaw/y- 'fall down' South Cushitic: *huʔ- < *hVw- 'fall' Dahalo (Sanye): haʕ- 'come, arrive'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥay/w-
Meaning: food Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḥVy- Egyptian: ḥw 'food'(pyr) East Chadic: *Hay- 'food'
Notes: Cf. verbal derivative in ECh *ʔay- 'eat' (Lele ai)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *haʒim- (?)
Meaning: lightning, thunder Semitic: *hazīm- 'thunder' Central Chadic: *ʒim- 'lightning'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *Haǯam- ~ *ǯVHVm-
Meaning: hippopotamus/elephant Semitic: *ḥarmad_/z- 'elephant' (?) Central Chadic: *ǯV(HV)mi ~ *(H)VǯVmi 'hippopotamus' East Chadic: *ǯV(HV)m- ~ *(HV)ǯVm- 'elephant' Omotic: (H)azām- 'hippopotamus'
Notes: *ǯ- in the reconstructed form is confirmed by two Ch. examples. In PCh., acc. to Stolbova 1996, 74-75, lanyngeals have disappeared in *HVCVCV roots (*HVCVC > *CVCV), i.e. *ǯV(HV)m- may reflect *(HV)ǯVm-. As for Sem., one cannot rule out an exotic restructuring in Eth.: *ḥarmad_ <*ḥad_mar- <*ḥad_Vm, with metathesis and insertion of -r- under the influence of Gz. harmās 'elephant' (LGz., 219) from Sem. *ha/irmī/āS- (*-S reflecting either *-š < Afras. *-s, or *-s < Afras. *-c) 'elephant, rhinoceros, buffalo' (Arb. hirmīs- 'rhinocéros; buffle; lion féroce' BK 2 1415). Cf. *ǯiHun- ~ *ǯinaH- 'elephant' (3636).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥaǯim-
Meaning: spear, thorn Semitic: *ḥad_im- 'sharp' Central Chadic: *ǯ(y)am- 'spear' East Chadic: *ǯim- 'thorn'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥaǯ(V)y-
Meaning: *ḥad_(V)y- 'breast' Semitic: 'breast'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hiʕVr-
Meaning: excrement Egyptian: hʕyr.t 'excrement' Saho-Afar: *har- 'excrements' South Cushitic: *hor- 'dung'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥidab-
Meaning: bend Semitic: *ḥVdab- 'be curved' Central Chadic: *diHVb- 'bend'
Notes: An alternative reconstruction is *diḥab-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥidVʔ-
Meaning: bird Semitic: *ḥid(V)w/ʔ- 'kite, owl' East Chadic: *hyad-hyad- 'ostrich'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥig-
Meaning: plant Semitic: *ḥig- 'thorny plant' Low East Cushitic: *ḥig- 'kind of aloe'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥi/umār- (?)
Meaning: ass; zebra Semitic: *ḥimār- 'ass, donkey' Beḍauye (Beja): humār 'zebra'
Notes: Insufficient data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥ(i/uw)ar(r)-
Meaning: (young of) donkey, camel Semitic: *ḥVwār- 'young (of camel, donkey)' Berber: *Hawr- 'a year-old camel' (
Notes: Cf. Bl. Beja Fauna, 13 (ECu, Om; Dah. 'goat' does not belong here; in Som. harur 'ein ganz weisses Kamel' rightly quoted as an alternative, h- is <*h, not *ḥ, and does not belong here). Cf. *ḥarr- 'donkey' Sasse PEC, 39 (only Or. is quoted)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hilal-
Meaning: moon Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *hilāl- 'new moon' Berber: *HalVl- 'moon'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *himal-
Meaning: tear (n.) Semitic: *hVmVl- 'shed tears' Central Chadic: *hi/um(al-) 'tear (n.)' High East Cushitic: *Hil(V)m- 'tear'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *himic-
Meaning: walk in and out Semitic: *hVmiš/s- 'walk day and night' Western Chadic: *mV(HV)c- 'to move' 1, 'walking' 2 Low East Cushitic: *hambis-
Notes: Derived from *ham-/*him- 'go, walk' ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥin-
Meaning: grow Egyptian: ḥn 'grow'(gr) East Chadic: *hin- 'grow'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥir-
Meaning: star Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: ḥry.w 'stars' (pyr) East Chadic: *hyar- 'star' Low East Cushitic: *ḥir- 'light of sun or moon'
Notes: Cf. *ḥr 'burn'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥir- (?)
Meaning: snake Egyptian: ḥrr.t 'kind of snake, worm' (reg) East Chadic: *hir- 'snake'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥis- (?)
Meaning: faeces Egyptian: ḥs 'feaces' (pyr) Western Chadic: *His- 'faeces' East Chadic: *His- 'faeces'
Notes: Scarce data. Phonetics obscure.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥisiʔ- (?)
Meaning: cord Egyptian: ḥsꜣ (n) Central Chadic: *(Hi)siʔ-
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hiwam-
Meaning: lion, leopard Semitic: *hVm- 'large wild beast (lion, leopard)' Beḍauye (Beja): hiam 'cheetah' ~ yĭham 'leopard'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥiwVn- (?)
Meaning: boy, son Egyptian: ḥwn 'boy' (Pyr) Western Chadic: *HyVwVn- 'son' 1, 'child' 2, 'children' 3 , 'boy' 4 Central Chadic: Zime Daria wenyón 'child' [CLR] ?
Notes: Scarce data. Eg.-WCh. areal term?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥ/ʕwaṭis-
Meaning: sneeze Semitic: *ʕVṭiš- 'sneeze' Western Chadic: *Haṭis- Central Chadic: *Hwaṭis- East Chadic: *Hwaṭis- Low East Cushitic: *haṭis- 'sneezing' Dahalo (Sanye): ḥaad_iz̄- 'sneeze' (?) Omotic: *Hatis- 'sneeze' 1, 'nose' 2
Notes: Semitism in Cu and Om is not excluded.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥ/ḫabur-
Meaning: wine Semitic: *ḫabur-'kind of wine' Egyptian: ḥbꜣ 'stage in beer fermentation' (med)
Notes: A cultural loanword?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥ/ḫaw-
Meaning: return, go Egyptian: ḥwy 'go'(MK) Western Chadic: *Hway- 'return (home)' Central Chadic: *ḥ[w]ay- 'return' 1, 'come' 2, 'go' 3 South Cushitic: *ḫaw- 'come'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥ/hadar-
Meaning: darkness Semitic: Cf. *ḫadar-'be dark' 1, 'darkness' 2 Western Chadic: *dar- 'night' Central Chadic: *Hadur- 'evening' East Chadic: *daHar- 'evening'1,'darkness'2 Saho-Afar: *h/ḥadar- 'spend the night doing something'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥ/hVm- (?)
Meaning: be black Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḥam- 'become black' High East Cushitic: *h/ḥem- 'be black' South Cushitic: Maʔa hame 'black' Dahalo (Sanye): himm-at_e 'black'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *h/ḥVy/w-
Meaning: enclosure, settled area Egyptian: ḥ(w).t (AE) 'big house, town' ~ ỉhy 'building' (sait), 'enclosure' (n) Western Chadic: *ḥwa[y]- 'door' Central Chadic: *hwa- East Chadic: *hiw- 'enclosure'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(H/wV-)rud-
Meaning: copper (?) Semitic: *(H)urud- 'copper' Berber: *wVrḍam- 'stone with a copper vein' Egyptian: rwd (gr) 'mineral' (
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥr
Meaning: burn Semitic: *ḥr 'burn'
Notes: Cf. *ḥr 'be dry', *ḥir- 'star'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥrḳ ~ *rḳḥ
Meaning: burn Semitic: *ḥrḳ 'burn' Berber: *HVrḳ 'burn' Egyptian: rḳḥ, rkḥ 'to light fire'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hud-
Meaning: break Semitic: *hud- 'break' Egyptian: hd 'break' (MK) Western Chadic: *hyad- 'strike' East Chadic: *hVḍ- 'cut with a sickle' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *Had- 'divide' Low East Cushitic: *had- 'cut, shave' High East Cushitic: *had- 'shave' (
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hu/ag-
Meaning: build Central Chadic: *xug-an- 'build' High East Cushitic: *hog- 'build' Omotic: *hag- 'build'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hu/ig-an/m-
Meaning: equid; camel Semitic: *homedugan- 'young camel, drarius; ass' Berber: *Hugg 'colt, foal' Beḍauye (Beja): hig '3 years old camel' High East Cushitic: *hugVm- 'horse'
Notes: Cf. *gany- 'horse', *gangan- 'mule' (3624).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥul-
Meaning: untie Semitic: *ḥul- 'untie' Western Chadic: *Hal- 'untie' Central Chadic: *ʔol- 'untie'
Notes: Scarce data. Unreliable.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥulaliʔ-
Meaning: dirt Semitic: *ḥulal(V)ʔ- Central Chadic: *laliy-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hulub-
Meaning: soak Semitic: *hVlVb- 'soak, be wet' Western Chadic: *rub- < *HVlVb- (?) Central Chadic: *lVb- 'wash' (tr.) East Chadic: *lub- 'soak'
Notes: The alternative reconstruction reflected by all Chadic branches is *luhub-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥum-
Meaning: drive, move Egyptian: ḥmy 'move away'(pyr) Central Chadic: *xwam- 'drive' 1, 'return' 2
Notes: Cf. *ha/im- 'go, walk'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hum- (?)
Meaning: chief Semitic: *humām- 'hero' Central Chadic: *hom- 'chief'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *humac-
Meaning: grass, straw Semitic: *humṣ- 'tough grass' Central Chadic: *humas-'straw' 1, 'k of gras' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥumil-
Meaning: pregnant Semitic: *ḥVmVl- 'be pregnant' Central Chadic: *muliH- 'pregnant' (??)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥumil-
Meaning: load Semitic: *ḥVmil- 'carry (a load)' Central Chadic: *hulVm- 'load (v.)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hun-
Meaning: belly, stomach Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: hn 'belly (as the place where the heart is)' Central Chadic: *Han- 'intestines' East Chadic: *Huny- 'stomach' (?) Omotic: Chara hīna 'belly'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥunaḥ-
Meaning: be afraid Egyptian: ḥnḥ 'fright' (l) Central Chadic: *hunax- 'be afraid' 1, 'coward' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hunay-
Meaning: be small Semitic: *hunay- 'a little' East Chadic: (?) *hVn- 'small' 1, 'a little' 2
Notes: An Arabism in ECh?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hur-
Meaning: pierce East Chadic: *hVr- 'pierce' Low East Cushitic: *hur- 'pierce'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hur-
Meaning: rest Egyptian: hr.t 'rest, peace'(OK) East Chadic: *hwar- 'rest'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hurVy-
Meaning: be pregnant Semitic: *hVrVy- 'to be pregnant, conceive' Central Chadic: *hur- 'pregnancy' East Chadic: *Hurr- 'be pregnant'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hus-
Meaning: grind Semitic: *huš- 'break into small fragments' Western Chadic: *ʔyas- 'grind' Central Chadic: *hus- ''cramble smth dry' 1, 'grind by hand' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥusam-
Meaning: sharp weapon Semitic: *ḥušām- 'sabre' East Chadic: *sum- 'axe'
Notes: Scarce data. Highly unreliable.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hut-
Meaning: dig Egyptian: htht 'dig' (BD) Western Chadic: *Hat- 'dig out' Central Chadic: *hwat- 'dig'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *huṭar-
Meaning: fortified site, yard Berber: *Huṭar- 'fortified site' High East Cushitic: *huṭ- 'fence, enclosure', *HuṭVr- 'yard'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hV(ʔV)y-
Meaning: man, husband Egyptian: hꜣy 'husband, nobleman' (pyr) Central Chadic: *hay- 'man' (?) Beḍauye (Beja): hiyo 'man, husband' Saho-Afar: *hey- 'man' South Cushitic: *he- 'man' Omotic: *Hiy- 'person'
Notes: Cf. *hay- give birth
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(hV)ba/ig-
Meaning: strike, slap Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *hVbag- 'strike' Western Chadic: *HV-bag- 'beat' East Chadic: *mV-big- 'slap' Beḍauye (Beja): bag- 'slap' Low East Cushitic: *bog- 'slap'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(hV)ban-
Meaning: gazelle Egyptian: hbn (ME) 'gazelle' Western Chadic: *ban- 'gazelle'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥVbVl-
Meaning: to be ill; labour, travail Semitic: *ḥVbVl- 'to be pregnant, conceive; to labour, travail' Central Chadic: *bVl(Vl)- 'weakness' 1, 'be paralized' 2 East Chadic: *hVbal- 'weaken'
Notes: Both phonetically and semantically doubtful. Cf. Kogan Review.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *HVbVn-
Meaning: vessel Semitic: *ḫaban- 'vessel' Egyptian: hbn.t 'big mug' (OK) Western Chadic: *HVbyan-/*bVHyan- 'gourd, gourd bottle' East Chadic: *bVn- 'pumpkin'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hVbVt-
Meaning: throw down, push, beat Semitic: *hVbit- 'throw down, beat, destroy' Western Chadic: *HVbVt- 'push' 1, 'knock down' 2 Low East Cushitic: *HVbot- 'give a blow'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥVči/uk-
Meaning: knife Egyptian: ḥsk.t 'knife' (BD) Western Chadic: *či/uk- 'knife'
Notes: *ḥV- may be a prefix. Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hVda/iʔ-
Meaning: be quiet Semitic: *hVdaʔ- 'rest (v.)' Central Chadic: *(ʔya-)diH- 'silent' 1, 'rest' 2 East Chadic: *dyaHu- 'be silent'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥVgil-
Meaning: go, cross Semitic: *ḥVgi/ul- 'skip along' Western Chadic: *ga/ul- 'walk' 1,'follow'2 Central Chadic: *gil- East Chadic: *ʔVgVl- 'cross'1, 'jump' 2
Notes: Related to *(wV-)gal- 'go, enter'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hVgol-
Meaning: throw; fall Semitic: *hVgul- 'throw' Western Chadic: *gwal-'throw' East Chadic: *HagVl- 'fall'
Notes: Related to *nVgul- 'throw' (2295)?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(HV)g(w)Vr-
Meaning: cultivated field; tilling, hoeing Semitic: *(ʔV-)g(w)ar- (or *hugar-)/*garh- 'field, arable land' Berber: *HigVr 'field, arable land' Western Chadic: *gwVgr- (<*gwVrgVr-?) 'to till the soil' Central Chadic: *ŋgwurum- 'hoe'
Notes: < *ʔV-gʷar- related to *gwar- or gu/ar- 'to collect, harvest', with *ʔV- prefixed, or < *hVgwVr- to compare to Eth. *garh-, with metathesis.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥVkay- (?)
Meaning: tell, call Semitic: *ḥVkVy- 'tell, inform' East Chadic: *H(y)ayak- 'call'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *HVl-
Meaning: close, lock Semitic: *ḫVl- 'lock' (v.) Egyptian: ḥn 'close' (XXII) East Chadic: *gūl- 'close'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hVlak- (?)
Meaning: go, drive Semitic: *hVlVk- 'go' Central Chadic: *lakwa- 'drive'1, 'enter' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥVlp- ~ *lVpḥ-
Meaning: hog, pig Semitic: *ḥallūf- 'hog, pig' (
Notes: EDE I 89
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥVlVʕ-
Meaning: pull Semitic: *ḥVlVʕ- 'pull out' Western Chadic: *Hyal- 'draw, pull'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *HVlVm-
Meaning: child East Chadic: *hulum- 'person' 1, 'man, somebody' 2 Saho-Afar: *ʔilVm- 'bastard' Low East Cushitic: *ʔilVm- 'son' High East Cushitic: *(ʔa-)lam- 'son'
Notes: Same as *liʔam- 'get together; be relative, companion'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥVmaĉ̣-
Meaning: be sour Semitic: *ḥVmaṣ̂- 'be sour' Egyptian: ḥmd_ 'vinegar' (n)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥVmus-
Meaning: roast Semitic: *ḥVmuš- 'roast' Central Chadic: *mVs- 'roast'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥVmVd-
Meaning: be beautiful Semitic: *ḥVmVd- 'beauty' East Chadic: *mVḍ- 'beautiful'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥVnbal-
Meaning: corn Semitic: *ḥunbul- 'haricot' Western Chadic: *mV-bwal- 'beans' Central Chadic: *HVbul-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥVng-
Meaning: ant, termite Western Chadic: *ŋgVn/m- 'termite' 1, 'insect' 2 Beḍauye (Beja): hang'ane 'ant, emmet' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *Hang- 'ant' Dahalo (Sanye): ḥóŋguruse 'sp. large caterpillar' (?)
Notes: Cf. Bla Beja 13 (Beḍ, Aungi); Sk Hs 84 (WCh; Beḍ); Dolg AAN No. 22 (WCh comp. to Sem *naml-)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥVngʷ-
Meaning: worm, snake Semitic: *ḥV(n)g- 'kind of black worm, centipede' Western Chadic: *ŋgʷV-n- 'snake' Central Chadic: *gʷi- 'snake' East Chadic: *HVng- 'snake'
Notes: Cf. Dolg AAN 3 (Ch comp. to Arab ʔaym-). Comp. to IE *angʷhi- 'snake, worm', etc.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥVnṭ/d-
Meaning: kind of cereal Semitic: *ḥi/unṭ- 'wheat, barley' Egyptian: ḫnd 'kind of cereals' (?) Western Chadic: *ḥu/and/ṭ- 'millet, bean, nut' Low East Cushitic: *ḥVṭ- 'corn' High East Cushitic: *hayṭ- 'barley'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥVnVʕ-
Meaning: fill Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: ḥnʕ 'fill' (gr) Western Chadic: *ḥyan-H- 'fill' Central Chadic: *hyan- 'fīll' East Chadic: *ʔawVn- 'fill' 1, 'full' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥVpid-
Meaning: go Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḥVpid- 'hurry, hasten' Western Chadic: *pVHVd- 'go' Central Chadic: *p[a]Hid- 'go' 1, 'return' 2
Notes: An alternative reconstruction is *pVhid-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hVr-
Meaning: sheep, goat Berber: *hVr- 'ram' 1, 'sheep' 2, 'sheep and goats' 3 Central Chadic: hara 'meat (animal)' Bachama [Meek] Dahalo (Sanye): heeri 'goat, sheep'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥVr-
Meaning: be dry Semitic: *ḥVr- 'be dry' Western Chadic: *Hār- 'to dry smth.' East Chadic: *ʔ/yVr- 'to dry'
Notes: Cf. *ḫVr- 'dry up'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hVraw/y-
Meaning: day Egyptian: hrw 'day' (pyr) Central Chadic: *yiraw- 'day' East Chadic: *ʔyariy- 'noon'
Notes: Cf. Sem *ʔVr- 'daylight'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥVrVč-
Meaning: till land Semitic: *ḥVrut_- 'till' 1, 'plow' 2, 'plowland' 3 Berber: *tirs <*tV-Hirs <*-ḥirč? 'fertile soil good for cereals, large field' Western Chadic: *ras 'to sow' East Chadic: *rVs- 'to sow'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥVsaw-/*ḥVsay-
Meaning: drink Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḥVšVw- 'drink' Berber: *Ha/isw 'drink' Western Chadic: *swaH- 'drink' Central Chadic: *si-/*sa- 'drink' East Chadic: *saw/y- 'drink'
Notes: *ḥV- may be a prefix.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥVŝVŝ-
Meaning: dry grass, leaf Semitic: *ḥaŝxVŝx- 'straw' 1, 'dry grass' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *Haš- 'leaf' Low East Cushitic: *haš- 'leaf' Warazi (Dullay): *ḥaš- 'leaf' Omotic: *Hwayš- 'leaf'
Notes: The Cushomotic forms may alternatively rel. to *ḫasay- 'grass'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hVtim- ~ *tVhVm-
Meaning: strike Semitic: *hVtim- Egyptian: thm 'push, pierce' (med) Western Chadic: *tVm- 'strike'1 , 'destroy'2, 'break' 3
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hVtur- ~ *tihur-
Meaning: tear Semitic: *hVtur- 'tear, rip' Western Chadic: *tVr- 'pluck' 1, 'break rope' 2 Central Chadic: *twar- 'tear (in pieces)' 1, 'pluck' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥVṭVr-
Meaning: pay Semitic: *ḥVṭVr- 'pay' Egyptian: ḥtr 'pay' (n)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥV(w)ʔ-
Meaning: fire Semitic: *ḥaww- 'fire' ~ *nḥw/y 'to burn' Western Chadic: *ḥway/H- 'burn' 1, 'roast' 2 Central Chadic: *huʔ/w- 'fire'1,'fry'2 East Chadic: *ʔuwa fire Central Cushitic (Agaw): Bilin ḥaws 'to burn', Khamir háu-y, Khamta ḫawš 'to heat' (all trans.), considered by D. Appleyard borrowings in Agaw from Eth. suggested by the presence of ḥ.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥVwaʕ-
Meaning: medicine, poison Egyptian: wḥʕ.t 'poison' (n) Central Chadic: *xway- 'medicine'
Notes: Cf. Asa hoʕ- 'cure' (v.)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hVwab-
Meaning: give, send Semitic: *wVhVb- 'give' Egyptian: hꜣb 'send' (?) Western Chadic: *hwab- 'borrow'
Notes: Cf. Berb *hub- 'drag, pull along' (Ahg hub-ǝt, Ayr hub-ǝt)?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥVwal-
Meaning: jump, fly Semitic: *ḥVwVl- 'jump (on horse back)' Egyptian: ḥry <*ḥly (Copt. hōl) 'to fly' East Chadic: *Hwal-/*Hal- 'jump'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥVwas-
Meaning: cold Egyptian: ḥsy 'cold'(NK) Central Chadic: *xVs- 'coldness' East Chadic: *Hwas- 'cold' 1, 'cold wind' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hVwat-
Meaning: fire Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: hwt 'fire' (sarc) Western Chadic: *Hut-/*Hwat- Central Chadic: *xwat-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥVw/y-
Meaning: rain, water Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḥʷay- 'rain (n.)' 1, 'water' 2 Egyptian: ḥw-t 'rain', ḥwy 'flood' Pyr East Chadic: *hVw- 'rain' (v.) Omotic: Sheko (h)ai, Dizi aai 'water'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hVwVy-
Meaning: snake Semitic: *hVwVy- 'kind of worm, snake' Egyptian: hyw 'snake' (pyr) Central Chadic: *ʔu/ya-huʔ- 'snake; python'
Notes: Cf. HSED 1202 (Eg and Zime)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥVyk-
Meaning: wait Semitic: *ḥVkVy- 'wait' Western Chadic: *ḥyak- 'wait'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *hVǯ(-ur)-
Meaning: to sleep Semitic: *hVd_Vy/w- 'to be mad, talk without sense; produce incoherent sounds (in one's sleep)' Central Chadic: *hinǯ- 'to sleep' East Chadic: *Hawḍi (<*huǯVy-?) 'to sleep' Dahalo (Sanye): had_d_ura 'sleep'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥwr
Meaning: be black and white Semitic: *ḥwr 'be black and white'

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *K..-

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *K-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kaʔ-
Meaning: game Egyptian: t_ꜣ.w 'game' (sait) Western Chadic: *kawa (> *kwa) 'game' 1, 'play' 2, 'dance' 3, 'toy' 4
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kaʔ-
Meaning: groats. corn Semitic: *kaʔ- 'groats' Egyptian: t_ꜣ (pyr) 'corn'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kaʔas-
Meaning: cut, tear Semitic: *kVsVḥ- 'cut' (?) Western Chadic: *kas- 'cut (wood)' 1, cut (fish)' 2 , 'adze' 3 Central Chadic: *kas- 'chopping' South Cushitic: *kaʔas- 'split'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kaʔ-/*kaw-
Meaning: bull Egyptian: kꜣ 'bull' (pyr) Central Chadic: *kaw- 'bull' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *kiw- 'buffalo'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kaʔ/wac-
Meaning: vessel, receptacle Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *kaʔs- 'vessel for beer' 1, 'bowl' 2 Egyptian: kꜣs 'vessel' Western Chadic: *kVʔwac- 'kind of a drum'1, 'gourd-dipper' 2 Central Chadic: *kwac- 'quiver' East Chadic: *kV-kVs- 'pot, mug'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kaʔup-
Meaning: house Semitic: *kupp- 'building' Egyptian: kꜣp 'house' (MK) Western Chadic: *kap(VH)- 'hut' Central Chadic: *kup- 'house'
Notes: Connected with *kaʔup- 'cover, close'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kaʔup-
Meaning: cover, close Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: skꜣp 'cover' (caus.) Western Chadic: *kup- 'cover, thatch' Central Chadic: *kap- 'cover (with cloth)' Warazi (Dullay): *kup- 'close' South Cushitic: *kuf- 'close, shut' Dahalo (Sanye): kupi- 'cover'
Notes: Cf. Sem. *kpr 'to cover'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kab-
Meaning: shoe, sandal Egyptian: t_b.t, t_bw 'sandal' (pyr) Western Chadic: *kab- 'shoes' Saho-Afar: *kabel- 'shoe, sandal' (?) Low East Cushitic: *kab-/*kob- 'shoe, sandal' Warazi (Dullay): *cop- 'shoe, sandal'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kab-
Meaning: burn, roast Semitic: *kVb- 'burn' 1, 'smoulder' 2 Central Chadic: *kab- 'roast'
Notes: Cf. Eg ḳb 'warm up' (gr) with an unexpected emphatic in the anlaut.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kabb- (~ *kib-t- ~ *kaHb-/*kabH-)
Meaning: kind of corn (wheat?) Semitic: *kVb(b)- 'wheat ' Berber: *kabb- 'ear of corn ' Egyptian: t_ꜣbb (gr) 'ear (of cereals)' Western Chadic: *kabH-/*kaHb- 'corn' Low East Cushitic: *kabb- 'wheat' Warazi (Dullay): *kab-Vt- ' barley' Omotic: *kVbb- 'maize, corn'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kab(i)d-
Meaning: liver; stomach, entrails Semitic: *kab(i)d- 'liver; stomach, entrails'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kabir- (?)
Meaning: bull, buffalo Central Chadic: *kVbVr- 'bull' 1, 'antelope' 2 High East Cushitic: *kobir- 'buffalo'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kab-/*kib-
Meaning: (gourd) vessel Egyptian: kb 'vessel' (n) Western Chadic: *kabVH- 'calabash' Dahalo (Sanye): kibo 'gourd'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kabVr-
Meaning: be big Semitic: *kVbar- 'be big, be thick' Western Chadic: *kabVr- 'thickness' 1, 'be thick' 2, 'be heavy' 3 Omotic: JAN kuṗira 'all'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kacaf- (?)
Meaning: metal Semitic: *kasp- 'silver' Central Chadic: *kVsaf- 'iron'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kacw-
Meaning: back with shoulders Semitic: *ka/iska/is- ~ *kVsʔ/w- 'back, side or front part of the body (of a sheep?)' Western Chadic: *kwasi- 'buttocks' East Chadic: *kVHas- 'back' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *kas- 'shoulder' Low East Cushitic: *kaš- 'shoulder' Warazi (Dullay): *kaš- 'shoulder'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kaḫ-
Meaning: house Semitic: *ka/uḫ- 'hut' Western Chadic: *kag- 'house 1', 'house with clay walls' 2 Saho-Afar: *keH- 'place' (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kahu/il-
Meaning: lower neck Semitic: *kāhil- 'part of the back below the neck' Central Chadic: *HVkul- 'throat' East Chadic: *kuHul- 'throat' High East Cushitic: *koHVl- 'neck' Dahalo (Sanye): *yVkkVl- 'inner shoulder'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kahVp- ~ *kVpVḥ-
Meaning: hole Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *kahp- 'cavern' Egyptian: *kpḥ.t (pyr) 'hole' (Copt. 'vault, cave') Western Chadic: *kap- 'hole' Warazi (Dullay): *kap- 'irrigation ditch'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kakul-
Meaning: basket Semitic: *kukkul- (<*kulkul-) 'basket' Western Chadic: *kukul- 'cooking pot' Central Chadic: *kVkVl- 'basket' East Chadic: *kwakwal- 'cooking-pot' South Cushitic: *kakul- 'half-calabash'
Notes: Derived from *kʷalay- 'vessel, pot' (769).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ka/u(n)p-
Meaning: palm of hand, sole of foot Semitic: *kapp- 'palm, flat of hand or foot' Egyptian: kp (NE) 'sole'; 'enemy's hands separated from his arms; cut off hand' (n) Low East Cushitic: *kunuf- 'claw' 1, 'nail' 2, 'finger' 3, 'hoof' 4
Notes: Cf. Bla Review 502. Related to *ka(n)P- 'wing' (195)?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ka/urVm-
Meaning: mountain with a vineyard, woody mountain Semitic: *karm- 'mountain with a vineyard on it' Egyptian: *kVrVm- 'wineyard' Western Chadic: *kurVm- 'wood, forest'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kal-
Meaning: daughter-in-law, wife in a family of her parents-in-law Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *kall- 'daughter-in-law'1 , 'bride' 2, 'sister-in-law' 3, 'wife's sister' 4 Berber: *yVkl- 'be a guest at one's parents-in-law' Western Chadic: *kul- ~ *kayl- 'make concubine of slave; keep wife in guard' 1, 'female-in-law' 2, 'woman' 3 Central Chadic: *kol- 'marry' Low East Cushitic: *kalaw- 'presents given to bridegroom by his relations' South Cushitic: *kwalaʔ- ~ *kwaʔal- 'widow'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kalap-
Meaning: be red Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *kalap- 'red, brown' Central Chadic: *kVpal- 'red'
Notes: Scarce data. Doubtful
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kalim-
Meaning: charcoal Western Chadic: *kyalVm- Central Chadic: *kimyal- 'charcoal' East Chadic: *kVlVm- 'charcoal' South Cushitic: *kalem- 'charcoal'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kall-
Meaning: fish Semitic: *kal(kal)- 'purple-fish' 1, 'whale' 2 Western Chadic: *kulm- 'big fish' Central Chadic: *kalik-/*kila 'k. of fish' Saho-Afar: *kullum- 'fish' Low East Cushitic: *kallum-
Notes: Cf. Dolg. AN 424: E. Cush.; Hs.; MSA, Akk. (also C. Chad. forms of the *kVlp- type; hardly related)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kam-
Meaning: hold, grasp Semitic: kamû 'capture' Akk [CAD :128] Western Chadic: *kam- 'seize, take hold of' 1, 'arrest' 2, 'pick one by one' 3 South Cushitic: *kom- 'hold, have' Dahalo (Sanye): kam- 'hold'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kam-
Meaning: big, strong Egyptian: t_mꜣ (AE) 'mighty' Western Chadic: *kam- 'strong' Omotic: *kVm- 'big'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kamaʔ/y-
Meaning: food Egyptian: kmy (gr) 'food' (gr) Western Chadic: *kamam- 'to snack' East Chadic: *kaʔam- 'mush' 1, 'eat soft food' 2 Low East Cushitic: *ḳaHam- 'munch' - Cf.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kan- (?)
Meaning: bark Semitic: *kan- 'bark' High East Cushitic: cf. Burji kano 'bark' Mogogodo (Yaaku): ̣çéʔnó <*kiʔn- 'bark'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ka(n)p-
Meaning: wing Semitic: *kanap- 'wing' Western Chadic: *kyap- 'wing, feather' Central Chadic: *kopaḫ- (<*kopak- <*kVpkVp- with reduplication?) 'wing' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *kanf/b- 'wing' (?) Omotic: *kaP- 'wing; bird'
Notes: In CCh *-p > Tera -p (and *-f > Tera -f) according to Stolbova 1996, 142. Contradictory reflection of *-p in Agaw. Related to *ka/u(n)p- 'palm of hand, sole of foot' (3192)? Cf. Bla Review 502.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kapaʔ-
Meaning: go, come Semitic: *kVpaʔ- 'go away' Western Chadic: *kap- 'come'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kar-
Meaning: sun Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *karar- 'day heat' Western Chadic: *kār- 'sun' Central Chadic: kiwíri 'dry season' Mbara [TrMba]
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kar(i)ĉ- ~ *kirĉ-
Meaning: belly, stomach, uterus Semitic: *kar(i)ŝ- ~ *kirŝ- 'belly, stomach, uterus' East Chadic: Cf. Dng korlo 'oesophage'[Fd] ? < ECh *kVrĉ-, assim. (Dng -l- < *l, *ŝ). Omotic: Chara karas 'ventre' Cer 225
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ka(r)kar- = 545
Meaning: circle, ring Semitic: *kakkar-/*kikkar- 'round bread, disk' East Chadic: *kakVr- 'arm-ring'
Notes: Reduplication of *kur- (2398).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kar-/*kayar-
Meaning: dog Semitic: *wakar- 'fox' Western Chadic: *kyara- Central Chadic: *kur-/*kir- Saho-Afar: *kar- 'dog' Low East Cushitic: *kayir- 'dog' Warazi (Dullay): *kaHar- 'dog' South Cushitic: *ta-kur- 'bat-eared fox' 1, 'wild dog' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *karS(-Vb/p)-
Meaning: k. of insect Semitic: *kʷars/z(-ap/b)- 'k. of insect, locust, ant' Berber: *tV-bVrZVk 'ant' Low East Cushitic: *kasaray-ta 'big tick' High East Cushitic: *kančafar- 'locust' Mogogodo (Yaaku): kɔrɔǯei 'maggot' (<*kVrVʒ-) Omotic: *kastVl- 'flea'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kar(w)-
Meaning: ram, goat; lamb, kid Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *karr- 'ram' Berber: *kVrr 'ram, goat', *kVrw 'lamb, kid' Western Chadic: *karwa 'sheep, ram' 1, 'cattle' 2, 'goat' 3, 'reedbuck' 4 East Chadic: *kara-ŋ (<*kara-n or *karaH) 'goat' Low East Cushitic: *kVr- 'goat' Warazi (Dullay): *kVr-Vn- 'female goat' Mogogodo (Yaaku): kurum- 'goat, young; lamb'
Notes: Cf. HSED 1432 (Sem, Brb, WCh, Arb); Dolg. SHAN 19
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kas-
Meaning: fall Semitic: *nVkuš- 'fall' Central Chadic: *kas- 'fall'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kat- (?)
Meaning: back, hump Borean etymology: Borean etymology East Chadic: *kat- 'back' South Cushitic: *kat- 'cow's hump' Omotic: ? Janjero katā 'belly'
Notes: Insufficient data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kat(kat)-
Meaning: move, go Egyptian: ktkt 'move' (Amar) Western Chadic: *kat(kat)- 'first efforts of a child to walk' 1, 'go back' 2 Central Chadic: *kat- 'go here and there withou aim, loaf' East Chadic: *kaHwat- 'go' 1, 'go out' 2, 'follow' 3 Low East Cushitic: *kat- 'run' Omotic: *kVt- 'road' 1, (?) 'make fast' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *katum- (?)
Meaning: cast metal Semitic: *kVtm- 'goldsmith' 1, 'gold' 2 Western Chadic: *katum- 'a 'pig' of iron'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kaw(kaw)-
Meaning: be dark Semitic: *kukk- 'darkness' Egyptian: kkw (pyr) 'be dark' Western Chadic: *kuwi- 'darkness' 1, 'absolutely dark' 2, 'became black' 3
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kaw/ʔ/ʕ-
Meaning: say, shout Egyptian: kꜣ 'say' (NK) Western Chadic: *kuw- 'cry, shout' (n.) 1, 'shouting' 2, 'cry, sob' 3 Central Chadic: *kaH- 'say' 1, 'call' 2, 'cry' 3 East Chadic: *kaH/w- 'say'1, ' speak' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *kuy- 'emit sounds' South Cushitic: *kaw- 'tell' Dahalo (Sanye): kaaʕ- 'shout'
Notes: *-ʔ in Eg versus Dah *-ʕ is difficult to explain.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kaw/hab-
Meaning: go, follow Semitic: *wVkVb- 'go slowly' 1, 'enter' 2 Western Chadic: *kwab- 'go by' Central Chadic: *k(VH)ab- 'go' Mogogodo (Yaaku): khabi 'follow'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kaw/y/ʔ- ~ *ʔ/yakʷ-
Meaning: set fire Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *kVwVy- 'burn' 1, 'kindle fire' 2 Western Chadic: *kaʔ- 'burn' Central Chadic: *kuw/y- 'hot(ness)' 1, 'fire' 2, 'burn' 3, 'fry' 4 East Chadic: *kawVy- 'set fire' 1, 'roast' 2, 'stove' 3 South Cushitic: *ʔ/yakʷ- 'firestone' Mogogodo (Yaaku): ikú 'fire' (Hei 125); rather <*ʔikʷ- than <*ʔig-
Notes: Cf. EDE I 159
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ka(w)r-
Meaning: fish Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *kVwVr- 'kind of fish' Low East Cushitic: *kar- 'fish' Warazi (Dullay): *kari(-t)- 'fish' Omotic: *kar- 'fish'
Notes: Cf. HSED 2061 *q̇ar- 'fish' (Eg ḫꜣ.t and Hs ḳarāyā compared to Gel kaara, Warazi *ḫar- and Hamar kara, all <*kar-). Cf. Nub (Kenuzi, Dongola) káre 'fish'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kawʒ-
Meaning: knot, plait Semitic: *kVwaz- 'unite, collect' (?) Egyptian: t_z 'knot' (v.) (a), 'unite' (n) Central Chadic: *kaʒ- 'plait' East Chadic: *kwaʒ- 'spin'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kiʔ- (?)
Meaning: put on (clothes) Egyptian: t_ꜣy 'put on (clothes)' (NK) Central Chadic: *kiH-/*kaH- 'put on (clothes)'
Notes: Scarce data. Ch
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kiʔ-riw-
Meaning: feline Egyptian: t_ꜣ-rw (gr) 'lion' East Chadic: *kya-riw- 1 'leopard', 2 'panther' (
Notes: Eg > Ch? Related to *ʔa-riw- 'lion'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kiʔVd-
Meaning: earth, ground Semitic: *kīd- 'outside region' Western Chadic: *kiHad- 'earth' Central Chadic: *kVd- 'earth' East Chadic: *kiHVd- 'earth'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kicw- ~ *kucy-
Meaning: clothes; to cover Semitic: *kusī-t- ~ *kisū-t 'kind of clothes', *ksw 'wear' Egyptian: kꜣs 'kind of clothes' (late) Western Chadic: *kic-/*kwac- 'finish the plaiting of a grass roof, mat' 1 , 'mat floor' 2 Central Chadic: *kVc- 'clothes' East Chadic: *kwaS- 'spin' High East Cushitic: *kacc- `dress'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kič-
Meaning: basket, container Berber: *kVs- 'vase' Western Chadic: *ku/ači- 'basket' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *kič- 'basket' (?) Low East Cushitic: *kiš- 'sack' (probably an Arabism) (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ki(ha)n-
Meaning: know, learn Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *kVhVn- 'act as a priest' 1, 'to have second sight, profecy' 2, 'priest' 3 Egyptian: t_ny 'learn'(MK) Western Chadic: *kinn- 'know' Central Chadic: *kan- 'truth' 1, 'true' 2 East Chadic: *kVny- 'knowledge' Beḍauye (Beja): kan- 'know' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ki/an-t- 'learn' Low East Cushitic: *ḳaHin- 'know' - cf. High East Cushitic: *ken- 'know' Mogogodo (Yaaku): (?) -gehen- 'know'
Notes: *ḳ- in Som and -g- in Yaaku remain unexplained.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kiHVc-
Meaning: be angry Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *kVʕVs- 'be ill-tempered' Egyptian: khs 'anger' (18) Western Chadic: *kuHac- East Chadic: *kVs- 'blame, abuse'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kilam-
Meaning: ivory Semitic: *kilām- 'ivory' Egyptian: kmry 'ivory' (n)
Notes: Ancient Wanderwort? The alternative reconstruction is *kimal-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kin-
Meaning: cereal Semitic: *kin- 'cereal' Western Chadic: *kVn- 'seed'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kir- (? )
Meaning: steal Western Chadic: *kir- 'theft' 1, 'steal' 2 Central Chadic: *kur- 'steal' Warazi (Dullay): *kereʕ- 'steal'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kirkVr- (?)
Meaning: camel; (pack ox) Semitic: *kirkar- 'she-camel' Berber: *kǝrkur 'camel' Western Chadic: *karkar- 'pack ox' Low East Cushitic: *kVrVn- 'castrated/barren camel' (?)
Notes: Cf. HSED, 1462 *kir-kar- 'camel' (Hbr.; Brb.). Cf. *kʷar(r)- '(young) donkey' #64
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kiry- ~ *kVw/ʔVr- 'garden, cultivated field' (Akk., Ch. W., Eg.)
Meaning: garden Semitic: *kiry- 'garden' Egyptian: *k(ʔ)r(r)y- 'gardener' Western Chadic: *kVwVr- ~ *kuHVr- 'farm, fields'
Notes: Likely related to *kwr (Ch., Cu.) ~ *ʔkr (Sem.) 'to cultivate', *ʔa/ikkār- 'laborer'(Sem, Eg.)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kiw/y-
Meaning: wind Egyptian: t_ꜣw 'wind, air' (pyr) Western Chadic: *kyay- 'wind' Central Chadic: *ki 'blow (wind)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *k/ganpVr-
Meaning: lip; muzzle Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ka/inpa/ir- 'tip of the nose; lip' Berber: *k/gVnfur- 'lip, muzzle' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *kanpar- 'lip' Saho-Afar: *kamfer- 'muzzle' Low East Cushitic: *gafur- 'muzzle' South Cushitic: *k/gamp(ar)- 'chin' 1, 'beard' 2
Notes: Borrowing from Arb (in Brb) and Eth (in Cush) is possible.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *k/ḳin-
Meaning: count Egyptian: t_nw 'count' (pyr) Western Chadic: *ḳuni- 'count'
Notes: Irregular correspondence of *k ~ *ḳ .
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kuʕab-
Meaning: upper part of breast Semitic: *kuʕ(V)b- 'breast' South Cushitic: *kwaʕab- 'throat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kub-
Meaning: bend Semitic: *nVkub- 'incline' Central Chadic: *kwab-ay- 'bend'
Notes: same as 'round'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kuč̣ir- (?)
Meaning: fat, grease Semitic: *kuṭ_r- 'suet' Western Chadic: *kič̣a/ur- 'fat, grease' Central Chadic: Gisiga kocay, kwačay 'belly'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kud-
Meaning: work, be tired Semitic: *kud- 'work (hard), be tired' Central Chadic: *kuḍ- 'be tired' East Chadic: *kad- 'be tired' Warazi (Dullay): *kod- 'work'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kuf-
Meaning: river Semitic: *kupp- 'water spring' Central Chadic: *kuf- 'river' 1, 'lake' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kuhaʔ-
Meaning: speak, shout Egyptian: khꜣ 'utter a cry' (MK) Central Chadic: *kāh- 'speak'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kulup-
Meaning: worm, crocodile Semitic: *kulup- 'worm' Egyptian: kꜣp.w 'crocodile' (MK)
Notes: Related to *kulum- 'fish'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kum-
Meaning: vessel Egyptian: km.ty 'vessel' (XVIII) Western Chadic: *kwam- 'kind of calabash or gourd' Central Chadic: *kwam- 'calabash'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kum-
Meaning: be black Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔVka/um- 'black' Egyptian: km 'black' (pyr) Central Chadic: *kaHim- 'shadow' 1, 'yesterday' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *kVm- 'be evening' Warazi (Dullay): *kum- 'black'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kum-
Meaning: fowl Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *kumVy- 'waterfowl' Western Chadic: *kwam- 'grey partridge' 1, 'old hen/guinea fowl' 2, 'bush fowl' 3
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kum-
Meaning: hold, take, obtain Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḥVkum- 'take' (?) Western Chadic: *kām- 'receive' Central Chadic: *kum- 'obtain' East Chadic: *ʔwakum- 'keep/carry smth in the mouth' 1, 'catch a falling thing' 2 South Cushitic: *kom- 'have' 1, 'grip' 2 Dahalo (Sanye): kam- 'hold'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kunač-
Meaning: cereal Semitic: *kunat_- 'emmer' Central Chadic: *kanVs- 'sorghum'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kunak-
Meaning: tree Semitic: *kanak- 'kind of tree' Western Chadic: *kunak- 'shea-butter tree'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kund-
Meaning: hand, fist Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *kun/m(V)d- 'forearm, cubit, fist, thumb' South Cushitic: *kund- 'fist'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kur-
Meaning: boat Egyptian: kr 'boat'(n) East Chadic: *kur-ay- 'boat'
Notes: An areal cultural term?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kur-
Meaning: (be) round Semitic: *kur- 'ball' Western Chadic: *kwarkwar- 'round' 1, 'around' 2, 'encircle' 3 Central Chadic: *kwar-(kware) 'round' East Chadic: *kar- 'rotate'
Notes: Cf. Dhl kiir-ood- 'make in a ball'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kur-
Meaning: river, lake Western Chadic: *kur- 'pond' East Chadic: *kur-/Vy/ 'pond' 1, 'river' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *kur- 'river' Low East Cushitic: *kur- 'rivulet'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kur-
Meaning: mountain Borean etymology: Borean etymology Western Chadic: *kir- 'hill' Central Chadic: *ku/wari 'stone' 1, 'mountain' 2 Low East Cushitic: *kur- 'mountain'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kurcVʕ-
Meaning: tarsus; knee Semitic: *kursū/iʕ- '(meta)tarsus, fetlock' Low East Cushitic: *kurs(an)-t- 'kneecap' 1, 'knee' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kus-
Meaning: rub, pound Semitic: *kuš- 'pound' Western Chadic: *kwa/us- 'rub' 1 'pound' 2 Central Chadic: *kwas- 'rub' East Chadic: *kwakis- 'pound'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kus-
Meaning: be small Semitic: *wVkVš-/*yVkVš- 'become small' Western Chadic: *kus- 'short' Central Chadic: *kus- 'small'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kV(ʔ)Vs-
Meaning: tooth Semitic: kss 'have small teeth' (?) Berber: SML á-k_us 'tooth' and ZNG ūkš-ǝn 'teeth' Egyptian: t_s 'tooth' (MK) Beḍauye (Beja): koos 'tooth' Low East Cushitic: káč-u [Tos Das] Warazi (Dullay): TSA káasala 'molar' (
Notes: Cf. LEC *gos- 'molar' (Som goos); SCu *gos- (Irq goso 'incisor'); Om *gaš- id. (Kaf gaašoo, Mch gaašo, Bw gaaša, Anf gaaššo, Gim gaaš).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVʕar- (?)
Meaning: drive (away) Semitic: *kVʕar- 'drive, push' Western Chadic: *kwaHar- 'drive away' Central Chadic: *kar(uw)- 'hunt' 1, 'driving animals away' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVbĉ/ŝ-
Meaning: ram; gazelle Semitic: *kabŝ- 'ram' Dahalo (Sanye): *kibVwŝ- 'sp. small gazelle'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVbVn- (?)
Meaning: boat, ship Egyptian: kbn.t (19) Central Chadic: *kwamb- 'boat'
Notes: An areal cultural term? Eg > Ch?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVcVm-
Meaning: beat, break Semitic: *kVsim- 'beat, break into pieces' Egyptian: ksm 'strike' (MK)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVĉ-
Meaning: dig Semitic: *nVku/iŝ- 'empty (v.); dig (a well)' East Chadic: *kyas- 'dig in' 1, 'bury' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVč-
Meaning: be big Semitic: *kVt_- 'be massive' ~ *kVt_Vr- 'many' Central Chadic: *kwa[č]- 'many, much' Beḍauye (Beja): kā́ris, kars (met. <*kačr-?), kass (<*kars-?) 'all' Central Cushitic (Agaw): Khamta eksät 'many'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVhan-
Meaning: shine, light Egyptian: t_hn 'shine' (pyr) Western Chadic: *kVn-H- Warazi (Dullay): Cf. *ḳan- 'day'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVl-
Meaning: move Borean etymology: Borean etymology Berber: *kVl- 'go, march' Egyptian: mt_n 'road'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVl-
Meaning: fence, house Western Chadic: *kwal-/*kyal 'place'1, 'house' 2 East Chadic: *kul- 'hut, town' Low East Cushitic: *kel- 'compound, fence'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVl-
Meaning: dog, wolf Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *kʷahil- 'fox-like animal' ~ *ta-kʷVl- 'wolf, jackal' (
Notes: > Sem *kalb-, with b- suffix of harmful animals? Cf. Bla Beja 24: Eth; Cush; Om; CCha (Uzam)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVm-
Meaning: cereals Egyptian: kꜣm.wt.t 'barley' (BD) Western Chadic: *kwam- -*kima 'peanut' 1, 'maize' 2, 'grain' 3 Central Chadic: *kwam- 'corn'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVm- (?)
Meaning: cattle Western Chadic: *kwam- 'cow' Central Chadic: *kwam- 'meat' East Chadic: *kam- 'buffalo' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *kim- 'cattle, cow'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVmVʔ-
Meaning: bind Semitic: *kVmVʔ- 'bind' Egyptian: t_ꜣm 'binding' (XVIII)
Notes: The alternative reconstruction is *kVʔVm-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVn-
Meaning: co-wife, sister-in-law Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *kann-at- 'daughter/sister-in-law' ~ *kinatt- 'menial 2, (?) concubine' Berber: i-kniw 'twin; be twin, be co-wife' ~ *ta-kna(w) 'co-wife, concubine' Western Chadic: *kin- 'co-wife'1, 'sister' 2 , 'marry' 3 Central Chadic: *kunu 'co-wife' 1, 'grandmother or her sibling' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *kiyan 'marriage'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVn-
Meaning: rise, raise Egyptian: t_ny 'raise high' (pyr) Western Chadic: *kwan- 'rise'1, 'lift' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVnaḥ-
Meaning: darkness; night Egyptian: knḥ.w 'darkness'(BD) Western Chadic: *kwan- 'overshadow' 1, black' 2 , 'night' East Chadic: *kyanaH- 'night'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVnum-
Meaning: darkness Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: knm.t 'darkness' (BD) Western Chadic: *kanVm- 'dark colour' 1, 'black' 2 Central Chadic: *kyanum- 'night' East Chadic: *kVlyam- 'shadow' 1, 'darkness' 2, 'dark, black' 3
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVn-Vm-
Meaning: louse Semitic: *kVnn(-Vm)- 'a harmful insect' East Chadic: *kakkum- (<*kankum-?) 'louse'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVnVy-
Meaning: say, call Semitic: *kVnVy- 'call (by name)' Egyptian: kny 'call' (reg) Western Chadic: *kwa/un- 'say' 1, 'tell' 2 Central Chadic: *kawun- 'speech'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVraʔ-
Meaning: load Semitic: *kirāʔ- 'load (n.)' Central Chadic: *kura- 'load (n.)' East Chadic: *kiHir- 'weigh'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVr(kVr)-
Meaning: round object Semitic: *kikār- 'encirclement' Central Chadic: *kar- 'arm ring' East Chadic: *kakVr- 'arm bracelet'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVrVb-
Meaning: ask Semitic: *kVrVb- 'ask, request' Egyptian: ỉꜣkb 'complain' (pyr)
Notes: The alternative reconstruction is *rVkVb-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *KVrVd-
Meaning: k. of insect Semitic: *garad- 'kind of insect (locust; spider)' Berber: *k/gurid- 'louse'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVrw-
Meaning: soul, self Egyptian: (?) t_ꜣy (Pyr) 'man', kꜣ (22) 'soul' Western Chadic: *kurw- 'soul; ghost' Central Chadic: *kir- 'self; will'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVs-
Meaning: turn, bend Semitic: *nVkuš- 'turn up, incline' Western Chadic: *kas- 'be bent'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVs-
Meaning: pierce East Chadic: *kVs- 'pierce' 1, 'hammer in' 2 Omotic: *koš- 'pierce' (Cf. *koč-)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVṣVḥ-
Meaning: cold (adj.) Semitic: *kVṣVḥ- 'cold (adj.)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVwVč-
Meaning: grass, leaf Semitic: *kVwVt_- 'have leaves' Western Chadic: *kuč- 'grass' Central Chadic: *kwa-kwač- 'grass' East Chadic: *kwačkwač- 'k. of grass (serpentaire)' Low East Cushitic: *kic- 'sprout'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVwVy- (?)
Meaning: monkey Egyptian: kyw (ME) Central Chadic: *nV-kwi- 'baboon'
Notes: Scarce and unreliable data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVʒ-
Meaning: be dry Semitic: *kuz- 'be dry' Central Chadic: *kaʒ- 'dry up'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kVʒ-
Meaning: slave Semitic: *kizVy- 'servant' Central Chadic: *ku[z]- 'slave'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *KVʒ/ǯVm/n/l-
Meaning: dog Berber: SIW agurzǝni <*gu(r)ʒ/ǯin-, SHW a-ɣǝrzul <*ḳV(r)ʒ/ǯul- Egyptian: t_zm MK<*k- Central Chadic: *kazim- 'a male baboon, monkey, or dog' Central Cushitic (Agaw): BIL gidíŋ, pl. gižíŋ [R Bil], gǝdǝŋ [Appl IC] 6; KHM gǝ́zǝŋ, pl. gǝsǝŋ 6; AUN gséŋ (Kunfäl kassaŋ [Appl IC])
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *k(w)lw 1, *k(ʷ)alaʔ- (Akk., Arab.) 2, *kal(w)- (Ch., Cu.) 3
Meaning: to cut, mow, gather (grass) 1, forage, fodder 2, pasture 3 Semitic: *kwVlāʔ- ? 'pasture; forage' Berber: *klkl (redupl. stem of intensive action) 'to gather' Western Chadic: *kal- 'field' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ku/il(kil)- 'pasture; lowland' (?) Low East Cushitic: *kalw- 'pasture' High East Cushitic: *kalw- 'pasture'
Notes: To separate as early as the Proto-Afrasian level, from a phonetically and semantically close root *kal(aʔ)- 'earth, land': Sem.: Arb. klʔ II 'atterrir, approcher de la terre (un navire)' (BK 2, 919-20), kallāʔ- 'rivage' (Ibid. 920); Brb.: Qbl. a-kal 'terre; sol; bien, propriété foncière (terrain cultivable)' (Dallet 1982, 401), Ntf. a-kal 'terre, sol, terrain', etc. (Laoust 1920, 359); Ch. W.: Tng. kálau 'soil, earth, ground'; E.: Tum. kǝ̀lǝ̀ 'earth' (Takács 1999, 68). Cf. Takács (Ibid.) comparing Eg. ꜣkr 'earth-god Aker'(see in No. 18) to Arb. kalaʔ- 'pasture', Brb. *a-kal 'earth', Mpn. čál 'field, grassy area', Pero kálà 'place for growing plants, farming land', Tng. kálau 'soil, earth, ground', Tum. kǝ̀lǝ̀ 'earth' and Or. kalō 'pasture land'. To separate as early as the Proto-Afrasian level, from a phonetically and semantically close root *kal(aʔ)- 'earth, land': Sem.: Arb. klʔ II 'atterrir, approcher de la terre (un navire)' (BK 2, 919-20), kallāʔ- 'rivage' (Ibid. 920); Brb.: Qbl. a-kal 'terre; sol; bien, propriété foncière (terrain cultivable)' (Dallet 1982, 401), Ntf. a-kal 'terre, sol, terrain', etc. (Laoust 1920, 359); Ch. W.: Tng. kálau 'soil, earth, ground'; E.: Tum. kǝ̀lǝ̀ 'earth' (Takács 1999, 68). Cf. Takács (Ibid.) comparing Eg. ꜣkr 'earth-god Aker'(see in No. 18) to Arb. kalaʔ- 'pasture', Brb. *a-kal 'earth', Mpn. čál 'field, grassy area', Pero kálà 'place for growing plants, farming land', Tng. kálau 'soil, earth, ground', Tum. kǝ̀lǝ̀ 'earth' and Or. kalō 'pasture land'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kwr (Ch., Cu.) ~ *ʔkr (Sem.) 1, *ʔa/ikkār- (Sem, Eg.) 2
Meaning: to cultivate 1, laborer 2 Semitic: *ʔkr 1, *ʔa/ikkār- 2 Egyptian: *ʔkr 'earth-god' Western Chadic: *kura-mi- 'hoe', *kwr 'to reap', *kVwir- 'sickle' Central Chadic: *kwr ~ *krw 'to hoe', *kawira(-mi)- 'hoe' South Cushitic: *kur- 'to cultivate'
Notes: Likely related to *kiry- ~ *kVw/ʔVr- 'garden, cultivated field' (Akk., Ch. W., Eg.)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kwVHen-
Meaning: dog Borean etymology: Borean etymology Berber: *kun- 'dog' Western Chadic: *kwin-H- 'dog' East Chadic: *kany- 'dog' Mogogodo (Yaaku): kwehen 'dog' Omotic: *keHen- 'dog'

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *Kʷ-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kʷaʔaP- (?)
Meaning: door, gate Western Chadic: *kwaʔaf- 'doorway, gateway' South Cushitic: *kaʔaf- 'door, gate'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kʷaʕVḥ-
Meaning: joint; shoulder Semitic: *kʷaʕ-(t-) 'joint; wrist; ankle' Egyptian: ḳʕḥ (MK) '(upper) arm, shoulder, elbow' (?) South Cushitic: *kwaḥ- 'shoulder'
Notes: Changes caused by incompatibility rules. In Sem, ʕ and ḥ are incompatible, in Eg, k is incompatible both with ʕ and ḥ. Cf. EDE I 281; Bla Review 502.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kʷahar- or *kuhar-
Meaning: skin Western Chadic: *kʷaHVr- 'skin', 'leather' South Cushitic: *kahar- 'skin' Mogogodo (Yaaku): hreke (met.) 'skin' Omotic: *kur- 'skin'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kʷakʷal-
Meaning: go Central Chadic: *ka-kVlVh- 'return' Saho-Afar: *kalah- 'travel'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *k(ʷ)a/il(-m)-
Meaning: biting insect Semitic: *kʷal-m-at- 'parasite, vermin; louse' Berber: *kalk-at 'be lousy' Western Chadic: *galgalm- ~ *gVml- 'wasp' (?) Saho-Afar: *kilim- 'tick' Low East Cushitic: *kilm- 'tick'
Notes: Cf. *ḳaml- 'louse, flea'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kʷalay-
Meaning: vessel, pot Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *kalVy- ~ *kayl- 'vessel' 1, 'measure' 2 Egyptian: t_ꜣ.t 'vessel' (OK) Western Chadic: *kali-/*kyal- 'pot' 1, 'calabash' 2, 'gourd' 3, 'gourd-bottle' 4 Central Chadic: *kʷalay- 'pot' 1, 'calabash' 2 East Chadic: *kwali- 'cooking pot' 1, 'pot' 2 Low East Cushitic: *kill- 'small bowl' ~ *(ʔV-)kVli- 'skin bucket'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kʷalVb-
Meaning: container Semitic: *kVlūb- 'basket' Egyptian: t_rb 'vessel' (n), t_ꜣb (XVIII) Western Chadic: *kwalab- 'bottle' Central Chadic: *xwalub- 'pot' Low East Cushitic: *kolVb- 'horn-cup' FILL
Notes: Derived from *kol- 'gourd, calabash'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kʷaly-
Meaning: kidney Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *kʷaly-at- 'kidney' Egyptian: Copt.: Fay Sah kala-hē(hē <ḫt) Central Chadic: *kwul- 'kidneys' East Chadic: *ʔa-kwal- 'liver' Beḍauye (Beja): ʔɔnkʷelʔa 'kidneys', kálawa 'belly' Low East Cushitic: *kal(a)l- 'kidney' High East Cushitic: *kal- 'kidney' Warazi (Dullay): *kall- 'kidney' South Cushitic: *kʷal- 'lumbar area' Dahalo (Sanye): kalle 'kidney' Omotic: *kVllaw- 'kidney'
Notes: Borrowing from Eth in some Cush and Om cannot be ruled out.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kʷar-
Meaning: be disgusted, angry Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *kVrVh- 'be unhappy, be disgusted' 1, 'hate' 2 Western Chadic: *kwar- 'hate' 1, 'dislike' 2, 'disgust' 3 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *kʷar- 'be angry' Saho-Afar: *kur- 'anger, wrath' Dahalo (Sanye): kor- 'be in trouble' Omotic: *kar- 'be angry'
Notes: Also Sem. *nVkar- 'ignore, disapprove'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kʷar(kir)- (?)
Meaning: goose, hen, duck; guinea-fowl; stork, crane Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *kurkiy- 'goose, crane' Berber: *-kVr-t 'nestling, young of a bird; young of ostrich' ~ *ta-karaw 'k. of bird' Egyptian: *kVr- 'young bird (swallow, raven)' (Pyr) Western Chadic: *kwar- 'hen' 1, 'bush fowl' 2, 'guinea-fowl' 3 Central Chadic: *kʷVr(kʷVr)- 'dove' 1, 'duck' 2 , 'hen' 3 East Chadic: *kʷVr(kʷir)- 'cock' 1, 'duck' 2, 'hen' 3 Beḍauye (Beja): kaakarret 'hen' South Cushitic: *karaʔ- 'stork' Omotic: *kur- 'crow'
Notes: Cf. HSED 1505 (Sem; CCh; "descriptive stem"); Dolg AAN 20 (WCh and CCh comp. to Sem. *ḳāriʔ- 'partridge'. Cf. Beḍ kwiire, Som goray, Boni korii, koree 'ostrich', Saho gàrya, gàraay, Afar goroyya id.; (?) CCh: Wandala/Mandara Padukwo žírrwe, Uzam žirwe id. (<*girw-?); Arab ǯawraq- 'Struthiocamelus mas' (Freytag) Bla Beja 18 (<*kwir- ~ *garay- ~ *girw-).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kʷar(r)-
Meaning: (young) donkey, ass Semitic: *(ʔa-)kurr- 'young of an ass, colt' Berber: ̣ Western Chadic: *kwar- 'donkey' Central Chadic: *kwar- 'ass' 1, 'horse' 2 East Chadic: *kwar- 'ass' Low East Cushitic: *(ʔin-)kurār- 'young donkey' Omotic: *kur- 'donkey'
Notes: Cf. HSED, 1480 (Arb.; WCh, CCh, ECh; Om.).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *k(ʷ)at-
Meaning: be small Semitic: *kVt- 'weak' Egyptian: kt 'small; weak (of an enemy)' (MK) Western Chadic: *kat- 'small' 1, 'decrease, diminish' 2 ~ *kat- ~ *kwit- 'small, narrow' Central Chadic: *kwati- 'small'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kʷay(-t)-
Meaning: hen; partridge; dove; chick Semitic: *kaykay- ~ *kVtkVt- 'hen, chick' Berber: *ikaHi 'cock' (<*ʔV-kay?) Western Chadic: *kʷay(kʷay)- 'hen' 1, 'cock' 2, 'pigeon' 3, 'goose' 4 Central Chadic: *kway(kway)- 'partridge' 1, 'hen' 2 East Chadic: *kway- 'bird' 1, 'white dove' 2 Beḍauye (Beja): kaw 'partridge' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *koy- 'partridge' Mogogodo (Yaaku): kɔkɔ 'fowl' Omotic: *kutt- 'hen, chicken' ~ *ʔ/wak- 'chicken; fowl; chick'
Notes: Cf. Bla Beja 18 (Beḍ and Bilin). Cf. *(ʔa-)kʷVy(kʷVy)- 'owl; raven; vulture'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kʷir-
Meaning: knife, sickle Egyptian: krkr 'knife' (gr) Western Chadic: *kwari- East Chadic: *kur- 'knife' South Cushitic: *kirar- 'axe'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kʷirnāʕ-
Meaning: knee with a shin; leg; elbow Semitic: *kʷir(n)āʕ- 'knee with a shin; leg; elbow' Central Chadic: *kur-n/m- knee (?cf.Sem *kVr(V)m- 2118)

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *Ḳ-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳaʔ-
Meaning: see Egyptian: ḳꜣkꜣ 'look' (n) Western Chadic: *ḳwaʔ- East Chadic: *kaH-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳaʔ-/*ḳaw-/*ḳay-
Meaning: move upwards, fly Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: ḳꜣ 'be high' (pyr) Western Chadic: *ḳaH- 'rise' Central Chadic: *ḳwaH- 'raise, lift' East Chadic: *kay- 'fly' (v.) 1, 'rise' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳaʕḥ- (?)
Meaning: earth, sand Semitic: *ḳaʕ- 'earth' Egyptian: ḳꜣḥ 'earth' (MK) Central Chadic: *kaʔi-kaʔi- 'sand' Omotic: Shinasha ā́ḳa 'black' - cf.
Notes: ʕ and ḫ are incompatible both in Sem and Eg.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳab-
Meaning: vessel Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḳab- 'goblet' Egyptian: ḳby 'mug' (MK) Western Chadic: *k(w)aḅ- < *ḳ(w)ab- 'basket' 1, 'water pot' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳab-
Meaning: cold Egyptian: ḳb, ḳbb 'cold' Low East Cushitic: *ḳab- 'cold'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳab-
Meaning: speak, shout Semitic: *ḳVb- 'say' Western Chadic: *ḳab- 'answer' 1, 'name' (v.) 2 East Chadic: *kVb- 'talk' Low East Cushitic: *ḳab-ḳab- 'shout' (n.)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳabl-
Meaning: heart, stomach Semitic: *ḳalb- ~ *ḳabl- 'heart, middle of the body' Western Chadic: *ḳabul- ~ *bVḳul- 'stomach'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳac̣-/*ḳuc̣-
Meaning: cut Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḳuṣ- 'cut' Berber: *ḳas- Western Chadic: *ḳac̣- Central Chadic: *kac̣- 'cut off' Low East Cushitic: *ḳac̣- 'press' Dahalo (Sanye): ḳac- 'circumcise' Omotic: *ḳuc̣- 'circumcise'
Notes: Cf. *ḳuĉ̣- 'cut, pierce'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳač-
Meaning: divide East Chadic: *kač- 'divide, divorce, distribute' South Cushitic: *ḳas- 'divide'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳad- (?)
Meaning: skin Semitic: *ḳʷa/id(d)- 'lamb skin' 1, 'strip of skin' 2, 'skin of body' Western Chadic: *ḳad- 'skin' 1, 'leather loin cloth' 2
Notes: Unless an Arabism in WCh.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳadiḥ-
Meaning: burn, set fire Semitic: *ḳadVḥ- 'set on fire' Egyptian: Copt Sah koht, <*ḳhd (cf. Med. ḳꜣhd 'Fleisch räuschern') Western Chadic: *kiḍ- 'burn' Central Chadic: *(ʔa-)akud- 'fire' East Chadic: *kodud- 'hot'
Notes: Cf. *wḳd 'burn'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳad-/*ḳawad-
Meaning: strike Central Chadic: *kaḍ- < *ḳad- 'strike' (v.) East Chadic: *kawaḍ- < *ḳawad- 'strike' (v.) Beḍauye (Beja): kaḍaw 'strike' (v.)
Notes: The original morphological structure is preserved in CCh
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳaduḥ- (?)
Meaning: fly (n.) Semitic: *ḳadūḥ- 'fly' (n.) Western Chadic: *(HV)ḳud- Central Chadic: *kuḍ- 'sand-fly'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳaḥ(ḳaḥ)- (?)
Meaning: cough (v.) Semitic: *ḳḥḥ 'to cough' Central Chadic: *kaHag- 'to cough' East Chadic: *kaHak- 'to cough' 1, 'spit' 2 Low East Cushitic: *ḳakk- 'severe cough'
Notes: Descriptive root. Unreliable.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳahVl-
Meaning: gather Semitic: *ḳVhVl- 'gather' Western Chadic: *ḳal- 'gather'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳal-
Meaning: fall Semitic: *ḳVyVl- 'fall' Western Chadic: *ḳwayVl- 'make smth fall to the ground' Central Chadic: *kal- 'fall' 1, 'drop down' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳal(Vl)-
Meaning: be small Semitic: *ḳVlVl- 'be small, be light' Western Chadic: *ḳalVl- 'small' 1, 'thin' 2 Central Chadic: *kul- 'short' 1, 'a little' 2 Low East Cushitic: *ḳalʔ- 'thin, slender'
Notes: Cf. CCh *kul- 'short': Gudu kul
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳam-
Meaning: rise, lift Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḳVwVm- 'stand (up), rise' Berber: *ḳaym 'sit'? Western Chadic: *ḳam- 'lift'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳaml- (?)
Meaning: louse, flea Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḳaml- ~ *ḳalm- 'louse' Western Chadic: *ḳuma(l)- 'flea (of rats, dogs)' (?) Central Chadic: *kwamal- 'red ant' (
Notes: Scarce data. Cf. Dolg AAN 16. Cf. *ka/il(-m)- 'biting insect'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳamVḥ-
Meaning: flour Semitic: *ḳamḥ- 'flour' High East Cushitic: *ḳam(ay)- 'flour'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳamVḥ- (?)
Meaning: stick Egyptian: ḳmḥ 'twig' (n) Western Chadic: *ḳam- 'stick'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳanVw-
Meaning: plait, tie Borean etymology: Borean etymology Berber: *ḳVn- 'tie' Egyptian: ḳn 'weave' (gr) Western Chadic: *ḳanu- 'tie' Central Chadic: *kanwa- 'plait' East Chadic: *kwan- 'plait'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳapay-
Meaning: occiput, back of the head Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḳapy- 'occiput, back of the head' Berber: *iḳaf- (<*ḳapy) 'head' East Chadic: *kup- 'occiput'
Notes: Cf. Milit. Lib., 264; HSED, 1548 (Syr., Arb.; Ghd., Qbl.; ECh.)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳar-
Meaning: horn Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḳarn- 'horn' Egyptian: kr.ty 'horns' (dual) (NK) - Cf. Omotic: *ḳar- 'horn'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳar-
Meaning: mountain Semitic: *ḳar- 'single mountain, hill' Egyptian: ḳꜣꜣ 'hill' (<*ḳVrr-?) Low East Cushitic: *ḳar- 'high mountain, summit'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳar-
Meaning: burn; fire Egyptian: ḳrr 'burn (pots)' (pyr) (unless <*ḳVlVl), cf. Copt kr/lm 'ashes, fire', krmts 'smoke' Western Chadic: *ḳar- 'burn' Central Chadic: *kar- 'fire' 1, burn' 2 East Chadic: *kar- 'become hot' 1, 'hot' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳaraʕ-
Meaning: cut Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḳVrVʕ- ~ *ḳVʕVr- 'to tear, rend' 1, 'cut (trees)' 2 Western Chadic: *ḳar- 'cut', slaughter' 1 , 'cut off' 2 Central Chadic: *kVr/Vw/- East Chadic: *kVr- 'carve' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ḳaraʕ- 'cut' Low East Cushitic: *ḳar- 'sharp, point' (v.) High East Cushitic: *ḳar- 'be sharp' Warazi (Dullay): *ḳar- 'sharp' Dahalo (Sanye): ḳeer- 'cut'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳard- ~ *garṭ-
Meaning: neck Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḳard- 'neck, throat' Berber: *-ḳǝrd- ~ (?) *-gǝrḍ- 'lower neck' Central Chadic: *gurḍ- 'neck'
Notes: Note *gVrḍ- in Brb and CCh (shift of emphatization?). Cf. WCh *ḳirʒ- 'chest' (Hs ḳirǯi, pl. ḳiraza; Gwan giriǯi); cf. also Om *ḳirṭ- (Kachama qirṭa 'mammella' Con Ross) in Bla Review 503. Cf. *gʷar(i)d- 'neck, throat' (207).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳar-tum-
Meaning: fish Semitic: *ḳarmūṭ- 'sheat-fish' (met.?) (?) Low East Cushitic: *ḳur-tum- High East Cushitic: *ḳVr-tum-
Notes: Composed from *ḳar- 'fish' and *tum- id.? Cf. *q̇ar- 'k. of fish'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳarVʔ-
Meaning: shout Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḳVrVʔ- 'call, shout' 1, 'read' 2 Berber: *ḳarr 'say' Western Chadic: *ḳaHar- 'exclaiming, crying out, a sound' Central Chadic: kwar- 'speak'1, 'voice' 2 Low East Cushitic: *ḳor- 'examine, question', *ḳorḳor- 'ask' High East Cushitic: *ḳor- 'ask (in investigation)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳasʕ-
Meaning: dog, wolf, hyena Semitic: *ḳaŝʕ- 'hyena, wolf' Berber: *ḳVsi 'wolf' Omotic: *ḳaski 'dog'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳaṭ-/*ḳuṭ-
Meaning: cut, break Semitic: *ḳʷVṭ- 'cut' 1, 'cut grass' 2 Low East Cushitic: *ḳat- < *ḳaṭ- 'circumcise' South Cushitic: *ḳat- 'circumcise' Dahalo (Sanye): ḳaaṭ-aad- 'divide' Omotic: *ḳuṭ- 'cut'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳa(wa)l-
Meaning: speak Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḳVwVl- 'speak; voice' Western Chadic: *ḳwal- Central Chadic: *kilakw- 'words, speech' East Chadic: *ḳVwal- 'speak' 1, 'call' 2, 'cry' 3, 'words, speech' 4 Saho-Afar: *ḳal- 'say, think' Low East Cushitic: *ḳa[w]al- 'word'
Notes: The original biconsonantal root structure is preserved in SA.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳawat-
Meaning: food Semitic: *ḳawt- 'food' Western Chadic: *kuṭ- 'flour' 1, 'guinea-corn' 2, 'k of food made of ground nuts', 'prepare soup' 4 Central Chadic: *kwat-'food'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳaway-
Meaning: nail, claw Western Chadic: *ḳaway- 'finger-nail' East Chadic: *kawak- 'claw' Warazi (Dullay): *ḳoy- < *ḳaway- 'claw'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳa(w)ḥil- ~ *ʔVn-ḳulaliḥ-
Meaning: egg Semitic: *ḳa(w)ḥil- ~ *ʔVn-ḳulaliḥ- 'egg' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʔVn-ḳwalal- 'egg'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳaw(ḳ)-
Meaning: bark of tree Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: ḳḳ 'peel', ḳk.ty 'bark' (gr) Western Chadic: *(ʔa-)ḳuḳ- 'bark' 1 , 'empty shell of seed' 2, 'skin' 3 Low East Cushitic: Mossiya ḳoʔa 'bark' Warazi (Dullay): Tsamai ḳaḳe SLLE, qaqqatte ST, Ḍopasunte q'aaq'-ičče, Gollango qóoq-e (Bla Om) 'bark' Omotic: Ong ʔaqata 'bark', Mao ḳóḳíšê, Shin ḳooḳ-ra, Moča óqqo id.
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳawḳ-
Meaning: partridge, francolin Semitic: *ḳawḳay- 'partridge' Beḍauye (Beja): kook. pl. kak 'francolin' (
Notes: Cf. LGz 438 (Sem; Cush); Bla Beja 15 (Beḍ; Agaw; Saho; Eth, Syr). Probably identical with *(ʔa-)ḳʷay- 'k. of bird (of prey?)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳa(w)s- ~ *ḳis-
Meaning: bow and arrow Semitic: *ḳa(w)š- 'bow' Egyptian: ḳꜣs (pyr) 'cord; bind', (MK) 'string a bow' Central Chadic: *kis- 'bow' 1, 'arrow' 2 East Chadic: *kis- 'bow' 1, 'arrow' 2 South Cushitic: *ḳas- 'arrow'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳayac̣-
Meaning: end, finish Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḳVyVṣ- 'end, finish' (n.) 1, '(road) to end, finish', 'end, end of a road' 3 Western Chadic: *kyac- 'end, finish'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳayč̣-
Meaning: summer Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḳayt_̣- 'summer', *ḳVyVt_̣ 'be hot' Western Chadic: (?) *ḳič̣- 'summer' East Chadic: *kuč̣a 'warm' 1, 'fever' 2 Omotic: *ḳič̣- 'be hot, be warm'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳayVʔ-
Meaning: house, village Western Chadic: *ḳawVy- 'village' Central Chadic: *kyay- 'house' 1, 'compound' 2 Low East Cushitic: *ḳeʔ- 'house' Omotic: *ḳeʔ- 'house'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳiḥ-
Meaning: moon Semitic: *ḳḥ 'light red, rose' Egyptian: ḳḥy 'moon'(BD) Central Chadic: *kiy- 'moon' East Chadic: *kway- 'moon'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳir(-an)-
Meaning: monkey Western Chadic: *kyar(an)- 'monkey' 1, 'red monkey' 2 Low East Cushitic: *ḳaran- 'vervet monkey'
Notes: Related to *ḳVr/lVd- 'monkey'? Cf. HSED 1569.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳit-
Meaning: measure Semitic: *ḳit- 'measure' 1, 'all' 2 Low East Cushitic: *ḳiṭṭ- 'equal' High East Cushitic: *ḳiṭṭ- 'accurate'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳṭp
Meaning: pluck, tear Semitic: *ḳVṭVp- 'pluck (leaves, fruit)' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *katVb- 'tear' Saho-Afar: *katVf- 'tear'
Notes: Cf. GS *kidif- 'tear' (Som kidif-).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳuʕar-
Meaning: pour, urine Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḳVʕar- Western Chadic: *ḳur- 'urine' Central Chadic: *kuray-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳub-
Meaning: cupola, cover Semitic: *ḳubb- 'cupola' Central Chadic: *kuḅ- 'a cover (of a pot)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳud-
Meaning: cut, tear Semitic: *ḳud- 'cut' 1, 'tear' 2 Central Chadic: *kuḍi- 'tear, pluck' East Chadic: *kaḍ- 'separate vegetables from their root with a hand' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ḳidid- 'tear' Low East Cushitic: *ḳod- 'divide'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳudaḥ-
Meaning: dig Semitic: *ḳVdVḥ- 'make holes' East Chadic: *kud- 'dig' Warazi (Dullay): *ḳod- 'dig'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳudVḥ- (?)
Meaning: be painful Semitic: *ḳVdVḥ- 'to have inflammation' Western Chadic: *kuḍ- 'throb (of pain)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳu/it-
Meaning: beat, break Semitic: *wVḳVt-/*yVḳVt- 'beat (smb.)' Western Chadic: *kVwVt- 'to hit' East Chadic: *kut- 'break (pot)' South Cushitic: *ḳet- 'break in pieces'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳul-
Meaning: earthenware Semitic: *ḳull- 'clay mug' 1, 'jug' 2 High East Cushitic: *ḳol- 'jar'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳul-
Meaning: lift, rise Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḳVlVl- 'raise' Berber: *ḳul- 'rise' Central Chadic: *kul- 'lift' East Chadic: *kal- 'mount'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳum-
Meaning: sweep Semitic: *ḳVm- 'sweep' Western Chadic: *Kum- 'sweep'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳum- (?)
Meaning: be hot, burn Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḳVm- 'burn' Western Chadic: *kum- 'become hot'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳu(n)ḳ-
Meaning: throat, gorge Semitic: *ḳayḳ-am- 'one having a large gorge' ~ (?) *ḳʷanḳʷa 'language' Western Chadic: *ma-ḳoḳ- 'goitre' Low East Cushitic: *ḳunḳ- 'throat, larynx' High East Cushitic: *ḳo(n)ḳ- 'throat' South Cushitic: *ḳunḳ- 'throat?' Dahalo (Sanye): *ḳuḳ- 'throat' Omotic: (?) *ḳuḳḳ- 'nape'
Notes: Cf. *ʕVnuḳ- 'neck; hump' ~ *ʕanḳw- (3737) and *ḥanuḳ(-ar)- 'palate, inside of mouth, gorge' (248).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳup-
Meaning: container Semitic: *ḳupp- 'box' 1, 'basket' 2 Central Chadic: *kwap- 'calabash' 1, 'pot' 2 East Chadic: *kwap- 'box' Low East Cushitic: *ḳuf- 'basket'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳur-
Meaning: go around, follow Semitic: *ḳiraʔ- Western Chadic: *ḳur- Central Chadic: *kur- 'accompany' East Chadic: *kwar- 'go away' 1, 'follow, turn' 2 Low East Cushitic: *ḳor- 'run back and forth'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳur(aH)- (?)
Meaning: bark Borean etymology: Borean etymology Western Chadic: *Kura(H)- 'bark' Omotic: *ḳur- 'bark'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳurom-
Meaning: cut, bite Semitic: *ḳVrum- 'cut with teeth' Western Chadic: *ḳurwam- 'cut or bite head off' 1, 'cut' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳuṭun-
Meaning: be small Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḳVṭVn- 'be small, be thin' Central Chadic: *kutun- 'short, small'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVʕVḥ-
Meaning: put Central Chadic: *kVx- 'put' Low East Cushitic: *kay/ʕ- 'set, place'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳV(ʕ)Vr-
Meaning: well, hole Semitic: *ḳVʕar- 'dig (a well)' Egyptian: ḳrr.t (ME) 'hole'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVc-am/n-
Meaning: locust; ant; larva Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḳVṣam- 'locust, (locust) larva' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ḳiC̣- 'worm' Low East Cushitic: *ḳuC̣aC̣/n- 'ant' High East Cushitic: *ḳissan- 'spider' Warazi (Dullay): *kuč̣ač̣- 'small ants' Dahalo (Sanye): ḳúci 'bee larva' Omotic: *ḳaC̣/s- 'red ant' 1, 'black ant' 2, 'louse' 3
Notes: Cf. *ḳʷVṭVn/m- 'small insect, worm'. Cf. Lamb Wol 428; 380
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVĉr-
Meaning: scale, bark Semitic: *ḳVŝr- 'scale, bark'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVĉ̣-
Meaning: cut, pierce, break Semitic: *ḳVyVṣ̂- 'break, split' Western Chadic: *ḳVĉ/ĉ̣- 'cut, chop' 1, 'break(stick)' 2 Central Chadic: *kaŝ-'chop ' 1, 'cut' 2 East Chadic: *keĉ̣- 'break , split' South Cushitic: *ḳuĉ- 'cut'
Notes: Cf. *ḳac̣- 'cut'. Alternatively, SCu may be compared with Sem *ḳVṣ̂- 'pierce' (Arab ḳḍḍ u)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVdḳVd-
Meaning: skull, head Semitic: *ḳVdḳVd- 'skull, head'
Notes: Rel. to AA. *ḳʷad- 'calabash, vessel'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVdur- (?)
Meaning: clay vessel Semitic: *ḳidr- 'earthenware' East Chadic: *gudur- 'clay pot' 1, 'big pot' 2
Notes: Correspondences doubtful.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVḳ-
Meaning: eat, bite Egyptian: ḳḳ 'eat' (XVIII) Western Chadic: *ḳVḳ- 'bite' 1, 'pick, scrape (teeth)' 2
Notes: Cf. GS *ḳoḳ- 'hunger': Or qooqa.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVl-
Meaning: be hot, burn Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḳVlVw- 'roast' Egyptian: Copt krōm, Fay klōm Central Chadic: *kwal- 'hotness'
Notes: Cf. Eg. ḳrr (pyr) 'burn (pots)' (see *ḳar- 'burn; fire')
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVlVS- (?)
Meaning: spit Semitic: *ḳVlVs- 'spit' Egyptian: ḳꜣs 'spit'
Notes: Insufficient data. Phonetics uncertain.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVmar- (?)
Meaning: moon Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḳamar- 'moon' Western Chadic: *ḳyaram- 'moon' (Arabism?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVn-
Meaning: (be) white, (be) yellow Semitic: *(ʔV-)ḳVnVʔ/w- color of lapis lazuli Egyptian: ḳny.t 'yellow color' (NK) Central Chadic: *kun-H- 'white'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVnd/ṭ-
Meaning: sexual parts Semitic: *ḳanṭ(-ā/īr)- 'small penis; clitoris; female genital organ' Central Chadic: *kuḍ- (<*ḳud-?) 'testicles' 1, 'penis' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ḳwid/ṭ- 'anus' 1, 'vulva' 2 Low East Cushitic: *ḳod/ḍ- 'penis' South Cushitic: *ḳendi 'vulva'
Notes: Secondary emphatization (*-d > *-ṭ in the vicinity if *ḳ-) in Sem and Bilin.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVr-
Meaning: snake Egyptian: ỉꜣkr.w 'kind of snake' (pyr) - cf. Western Chadic: *ḳar- 'viper'1, 'snake' 2, 'black cobra' 3 Central Chadic: *ḳuriy- 'snake'1, 'ground worm' 2 East Chadic: *kwar- 'guinea worm'
Notes: Scarce data, unclear correspondences in Eg. Cf. a denominative formation in Sem *ḳur- 'hiss (of a snake)': Arab ḳrr [-u-].
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVr-
Meaning: finish Egyptian: ḳr 'end (of a book)' (n) Western Chadic: *ḳarya- 'finish' Central Chadic: *kur-ay- East Chadic: *kar- 'finish'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVr-
Meaning: dry Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḳVr- 'drying' Berber: *ḳʷar- 'be dry' Central Chadic: *kiwir- 'dry season' East Chadic: *kar- 'to make dry (cereals, land)' Low East Cushitic: *ḳar- 'dry'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVraʕ-
Meaning: break Semitic: *ḳVraʕ- Western Chadic: *ḳir- 'forge' 1, 'blow' 2 Central Chadic: *kur- 'grind' 1, 'forge' 2 Low East Cushitic: *ḳuraʔ- 'hit, bat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVrad/d_-
Meaning: rat Semitic: *g/ḳVrād_/d- 'kind of rodent' Berber: *-ḳǝrda 'rat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVr/lVd- (?)
Meaning: monkey Semitic: *ḳVrd- 'monkey' Egyptian: *ḳnd (hierogl.) 'ape, monkey' (<*ḳVld?) East Chadic: *mV-kyar(V)d- 'monkey' (
Notes: AA status highly doubtful. Cf. Related to *ḳir(-an)- 'monkey'? Cf. *ǯV(n)g(-Vl/r)- ~ *gal/raǯ- and *da(n)gir- id.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVrVʕ-
Meaning: shield Egyptian: ḳrʕ.w 'shield' (19) East Chadic: *kwa-kyaHVr-
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVrVb-
Meaning: interior, inner parts Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḳVrb- 'inner part; middle of the body' Egyptian: ḳꜣb 'gut' (med) (?) Central Chadic: *kirVb- 'lungs' Warazi (Dullay): *kVr(V)p- 'breast' (?)
Notes: Eg. -ꜣ- may reflect *-r- or *-l-. Cf. *garab- 'stomach, belly; body'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVrVS-
Meaning: cut Semitic: *ḳVrVS- 'cut into parts' High East Cushitic: *ḳores- 'break (bread)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVrVs-
Meaning: freeze Semitic: *ḳVrVš- 'freeze' Berber: *ḳVris- 'frozen water, ice'
Notes: Derived from *ḳar- '(be) cold'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVs-
Meaning: strike, break Western Chadic: *ḳwas- 'strike' East Chadic: *kwas- 'break' Low East Cushitic: *ḳos- 'knock, peck' High East Cushitic: *ḳas- 'strike, pierce'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVtVr-
Meaning: be small Semitic: *ḳVtir-/*ḳVtur- 'live modestly, make meager' Central Chadic: *kwatVr- 'small' East Chadic: *kwatVr- 'short'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVṭm-
Meaning: ashes Semitic: *ḳVṭm- 'ashes'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVwal-
Meaning: look, see Semitic: *mVḳul- 'look' (<*mV-ḳul-?) Berber: *ḳVl- 'look' (?) East Chadic: *kal- 'see' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ḳwal- 'look, see' Low East Cushitic: *ḳolal- 'see'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVw-/*ḳVy-
Meaning: remain, wait Semitic: *ḳVw- 'remain' 1, 'wait' 2 Western Chadic: *kwa-/*kya- *kwa-/*kya- 'wait' 1, 'to last' 2 Omotic: *ḳVwVy- 'remain, wait'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳz(ḳz)
Meaning: be cold Semitic: *ḳz(ḳz) 'be cold' Omotic: Dime ḳiž-, Hamar ḳâǯi

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *Ḳʷ-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳʷaʔVl-
Meaning: back of head, nape Borean etymology: Borean etymology Western Chadic: *ḳwal- 'brain ' 1,'scull' 2 East Chadic: *kwakVl- (redupl.) 'brain' Low East Cushitic: *ḳawl- 'nape' High East Cushitic: *ḳoʔl- 'nape, back of neck' Omotic: *ḳVllaw- 'head'
Notes: Cf. HSED, 1583: Brb. Izy. aqeḷquḷ (<*-ḳVrḳVr , cf. Qbl. a-qarru); Hs., Kwan; Oromo, Had., Kmb.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳʷabaḥ-
Meaning: cloud, sky Egyptian: ḳbḥ.w 'sky' (pyr) Western Chadic: *kwabVH- 'cloud'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳʷad-
Meaning: calabash, vessel Egyptian: ḳd 'pot' (med) Western Chadic: *kwaḍ- < *ḳwad- 'calabash' Central Chadic: *nV-ḳwad- 'bottle' East Chadic: *kwaḍ- < *ḳwad- 'small jug' Low East Cushitic: *ḳod- 'receptacle' Dahalo (Sanye): k'ood_o 'kind of calabash'
Notes: Cf. Sem. *ḳVdḳVd- 'skull, head'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳʷalḥ-
Meaning: testicles Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḳʷVlḥ- 'genitals; testicles' Western Chadic: ḳʷal- 'testiculi' Central Chadic: *kwalay- 'testicles' 1, 'penis' 2 East Chadic: *kVlH- 'testicles' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ḳʷil- 'testicles' (?) Dahalo (Sanye): *ḳʷall- 'have an erection' Omotic: *ḳur- 'testicles' (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳʷalip- (?)
Meaning: bark Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḳ(ʷ)alip- 'scale; shell; skin; foreskin (?); peel; bark of tree' Saho-Afar: *kolof- 'bark' (?) Low East Cushitic: *ḳolof- 'bark' 1, 'foreskin' 2 Warazi (Dullay): *ḳofol- 'bark'
Notes: Problematic data. The Cush. forms may be loans from Eth. Cf. *ḳʷirap- 'bark'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳʷaniʔ-
Meaning: kill, break, bite Semitic: *ḳnʔ 'kill' Egyptian: ḳn 'kill' (reg) Central Chadic: *kyan- 'break in pieces' Central Cushitic (Agaw): Bilin kwaŋ 'to bite' Low East Cushitic: *ḳanin- 'to bite'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳʷan(ḳʷan)-
Meaning: k. of insect Semitic: *ḳunḳān- 'kind of worm/insect' East Chadic: *konkon- 'spider' Low East Cushitic: *ḳinḳan- 'wood beetle' (
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳʷar-
Meaning: block of houses, settlement, town Semitic: *ḳʷary- 'town' Berber: *a-ɣaram 'town, settlement' Western Chadic: *kwaru- 'hut' 1, 'foundation of a house' 2, 'abode, world, life' 3 Central Chadic: *kwakwar- 'world, region' East Chadic: *kwVr- 'place' (?) Low East Cushitic: *ḳor- 'block' South Cushitic: *ḳor- 'brick house' Omotic: *ḳer- 'house, dwelling'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳʷar-
Meaning: crow (also 'partridge; crane'?) Semitic: *ḳāriʔ- 'partridge' ~ *ḳāriy- 'kind of bird' ~ *ḳʷariy 'crane' ~ *ḳarr- 'chicken' ~ *ḳaḳayr-/*ḳʷVr- 'crow' Berber: *-ḳrVw-t 'raven' Low East Cushitic: *ḳur- 'crow' 1, 'kite' 2 High East Cushitic: *ḳur(an-t)- 'crow' Omotic: *ḳur- 'crow'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳ(ʷ)as-
Meaning: bone Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḳʷayṣ- or *ḳʷaṣṣ- 'joint, point of connection between bones' Berber: *i-ḳass 'bone' Egyptian: *ḳas- 'bone' Western Chadic: *ḳas- ~ *ḳyas- 'bone' Central Chadic: *kVs-k- 'bone' East Chadic: *kVs- 'bone' Low East Cushitic: *ḳas- 'bone, leg' Warazi (Dullay): *mi-ḳeč- 'bone' (?) Omotic: *ḳus- 'bone'
Notes: Secondary emphatisation in Sem. Cf. HSED *ḳas- (1557) and *ḳac̣- (1530), a faked root: the Agaw forms show no traces of *ḳ- and go back to Cush-Om *mVḳ-it, where "Warazi" (indeed, Harso and Dobase) miḳeče also belongs, cf. Golango miḳatté, Gawwada, Dalpena maqte, maḳḳe.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳʷay(ʔ)-
Meaning: egg Semitic: *ḳ(ʷ)ayḳ(ʷ)ay- 'egg' Berber: *waḳy 'testicles' Western Chadic: *ḳwaʔi- 'egg' Central Chadic: [*kʷa ] Dahalo (Sanye): ḳawe 'eggshell' Omotic: *kew- (<*ḳiw-?) 'egg'
Notes: Cf. *(ʔan-)ḳʷa(n)ḥ- id.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳʷi/arab-
Meaning: bark, skin Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḳʷirb-at- 'skin' 1, 'leather bag or basket' 2 Central Chadic: *kwalab- (<*ḳwarab-?) 'bark' East Chadic: *kilab- (<*kirab-?) 'skin' Beḍauye (Beja): kurbe 'skin' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *kwarb- (?) 'skin' 1, 'bark' 2 Omotic: *ḳurub- 'bark'
Notes: Cf. *ḳʷirap- 'bark'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳʷirap-
Meaning: bark (n.) Semitic: *ḳ(ʷ)irap- 'bark (n.)' 1, 'peel' 2, 'legumes and vegetables which are peeled' 3 Western Chadic: *ḳwarap- 'bark (n.)' Low East Cushitic: Cf. *furuḳ- 'smallpox'
Notes: Cf. *ḳʷalip- id. and *ḳʷi/arab- 'bark, skin'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳ(ʷ)ird-
Meaning: tick, scorpion Semitic: *ḳʷird/ṭ(aʕ)- ~ *ṭariḳay- ~ *ṭaḳur(ay)- 'mite, tick; wasp' Berber: *(H)iḳird-am 'scorpion' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ḳʷVrʔad- 'tick' (< Eth or > Eth?) High East Cushitic: *tarḳ- 'flea' (dissim. <*ṭarḳ-?) Mogogodo (Yaaku): (?) ṭɛŋkɛlɛi 'wasp' Omotic: (?) *danḳuw- 'tick'
Notes: Cf. Diak-St-Mil 24 (Brb. and Bil; further compared to Hausa ḳwaro and Sem. *ʕaḳrab- 'scorpion'); Dolg AAN 20a (Arb., Tgr., Tna; Bil > Tgr ḳʷärʔäday, Tna ḳʷärʔädät). Cf. Hausa ḳwaro 'insect', ḳwaḳwatā̀ 'louse'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳ(ʷ)VʔVʕ-
Meaning: vomit Semitic: *ḳ(ʷ)yʔ (or *ḳy/wʔ) 'to vomit' Egyptian: ḳꜣʕ 'vomit' (MK) East Chadic: *kaHakay- 'spit'
Notes: A descriptive root? In Sem, ʔ and ʕ are incompatible.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳʷVdVḥ- (?)
Meaning: insult Semitic: *ḳVdVḥ- 'give a bad reference to smb.' Western Chadic: *ḳwad- 'insult'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳʷVrVr-
Meaning: cold Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḳʷirr- 'cold' Low East Cushitic: *ḳor(r)- 'intense cold' (?) High East Cushitic: *ḳor(r)- 'cold' (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳʷVṭiʕ-
Meaning: end, finish Semitic: *ḳVṭVʕ- 'finish, be finished' 1, 'be spent' 2 Western Chadic: *kVt- 'end, finish' Central Chadic: *kat- 'end, finish'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳʷVṭVn/m-
Meaning: small insect, worm Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḳʷVṭVn- 'bug, louse' Low East Cushitic: *kuḍin- 'worm' High East Cushitic: *ḳoṭam- 'ant' (otherwise <*ḳoC̣in- <*ḳVc-am/n-) Omotic: *guṭun/m- 'worm'
Notes: Cf. *ḳVc-am/n- 'locust; ant; larva'. Cf. Lamb Wol 380; 428

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *L-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *laʔ-
Meaning: be tired, be sick Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *lVʔay- 'be tired' 1, 'be slow' 2 Western Chadic: *laH- 'to tire' 1, 'sickness' 2, 'ache' 3
Notes: Cf. ECh *law- 'to become weak for lack of water (of plants)': Bid law.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *laʔ(laʔ)-
Meaning: small cattle Semitic: *lV(ʔ)lV(ʔ)- 'kid' Berber: *laHVy 'wooly ram' Low East Cushitic: *lal- 'she-goat' High East Cushitic: *la-t- 'lamb' South Cushitic: *lVʔ- 'goat'
Notes: HSED 1647 *lal- 'goat, cattle' (Akk, Soq; Or Rnd 'cattle' {'cows'}; HEC 'cattle')
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lab-
Meaning: cereals Semitic: *lāb- 'roasted corn' Egyptian: nb 'cereal' (gr)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lab-
Meaning: side of body Semitic: *labb(-at)- 'body from neck to rump; back and flank' Beḍauye (Beja): léew (<*lVb-) 'side' Saho-Afar: *lab- 'side of the body' ~ (?) *lab-k- 'shoulder' High East Cushitic: *laṗ- 'side' (?)
Notes: Cf. *li/ubb- 'heart' (217) probably related. Cf. Bla Review 503.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *labVʔ- ~ *lVb-ar-
Meaning: large feline Semitic: *labiʔ- 'lion' 1, 'lioness' 2 Egyptian: *laʔb- 'lion' (?) Central Chadic: *ʔa-libar-- 'lion' East Chadic: *larb- 'leopard' (met. <*lab-r-) Saho-Afar: *lub-ak- 'lion' Low East Cushitic: *lib-aḥ- 'lion'
Notes: Cf. HSED 1636 (Sem.; Sura; CCh; SaAf; Som.); EDE I 61 (Eg. ꜣby 'panther' XVIII; Sem.; Agaw *yib-; PSam *libā-ḥ; SaAf; cf. Hs râbíí 'leopard')
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *laday-
Meaning: sun Egyptian: ndy (pyr) Central Chadic: *la[ya]d-
Notes: Semantics problematic.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ladd- ~ *lVʔVd-
Meaning: plot of land (of a specific kind) Semitic: *lVdw/y/d- 'field; garden' Egyptian: ỉꜣd.t (<*lʔd?) 'field' East Chadic: *laHad- 'field' Low East Cushitic: *ladd- 'one person's area, property'
Notes: Cf. HSED, No. 1633: Jegu; Eg.; Or.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ladVn- ~ *lVnd- (?)
Meaning: wet, soak Semitic: *lada/un- East Chadic: *lwand-
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lag-
Meaning: river Western Chadic: *lak- 'river' Central Chadic: *la(n)Kwa- 'river' Low East Cushitic: *lag- 'river' High East Cushitic: *lag- 'river'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *laḫ- (?)
Meaning: knife, spear Egyptian: nḫꜣ 'knife' (TS) Central Chadic: *laɣ- 'spear'
Notes: Scarce data. Phonetically obscure.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *laḫm-
Meaning: large water animal Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *laḫm- 'kind of large aquatic animal' Egyptian: ḫrm(w) (<*ḫVlVm-?) 'crocodile'? (NK) Beḍauye (Beja): *leHem- 'crockodile' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *(H)alm- 'Boa constrictor' Saho-Afar: *(H)i/ul(u)m- 'crockodile/hippopotamus'
Notes: Cf. Bla. Beja Fauna, 20: Beja; Eg. with reservations; Bilin; Saho Afar; Tigre ʔälma 'crockodile' (a loan < Saho?); also Nub.: Kenuzi-Dongola élum, Mahas úlum (Cush.?) Chad.: *Haram- 'crocodile'(Nub ulum [Hoh:326]/ *lVg- 'crocodile'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *laɣ-
Meaning: jaw and upper part of neck Semitic: *lVɣ- 'jaw' Western Chadic: *wila(H)- 'neck' Central Chadic: *wila(H)- ~ *luy(H)- 'neck' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ḳVlm- <*ḳVl-m- (met.?) 'neck' Low East Cushitic: *luḳ-un/m 'neck' Dahalo (Sanye): laḳa 'area under chin' Omotic: *luɣom- 'neck'
Notes: Otherwise to compare to Sem. *luɣ(ɣ)- 'throat, pharynx' (SED 176); the Chad. forms, with unclear *-H- may be also compared to Sem. *liḥ(a)y-(at-) 'cheek, jaw' (SED 178). Cf. *laɣ- 'speak'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *laɣ- (?)
Meaning: speak Semitic: *laɣ-/*luɣ- 'speak, chat' Western Chadic: *lak- 'speak' East Chadic: *lwag- 'lament'1,'ask for smth ' 2 Low East Cushitic: *lag- 'be forbidden' (?)
Notes: The reflexation of Sem *-ɣ- in Ch and LEC is not clear. Cf. *laɣ- 'jaw and upper part of neck'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *laḥaḳ-/*laḥiḳ-
Meaning: clay Semitic: *laḥaḳ- 'clay' Berber: *laḳ- 'clay' Beḍauye (Beja): likʷ 'clay'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *laḥam-
Meaning: food Semitic: *laḥm- 'bread' 1, 'meat' 2, 'eat' 3 Western Chadic: *laHam- 'meat' 1, 'k of gruel' 2
Notes: Note Hs lamai 'tuwo'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *laḥm-
Meaning: fight, killing Semitic: *lVḥum- 'kill, fight' Central Chadic: *lam- 'war'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lak-
Meaning: think Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: nkꜣ 'think' (MK) Central Chadic: *lak- 'think' Low East Cushitic: *lak(k)- 'esteem smth. as' High East Cushitic: *lakkaʔ- 'measure' (v.)
Notes: CHECK LEC
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *laḳ-
Meaning: kite Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *laḳ(w)- 'she-kite, female eagle' Western Chadic: *lVwVḳ- 'vulture'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *la/ipʔ-
Meaning: inner organ; chest and belly with interior Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *li/apiʔ- 'adipose, fleshy tissue, fat; marrow, pith' (?) Western Chadic: *(ma-)lap- 'spleen' 1, 'liver' 2 Saho-Afar: *ʔalef- 'spleen' Low East Cushitic: *laṗṗ- 'heart' (rather <*lVb-) 1, 'chest' 2 Dahalo (Sanye): lafi 'lungs' Omotic: *liṗ- 'belly' 1, 'heart' (rather <*lVb-)
Notes: In LEC and Om may originate from, or be contaminated with, *li/ubb- 'heart'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lam-
Meaning: speak, shout Egyptian: nmy 'shout, cry' (MK) Western Chadic: *lyam- 'say' Central Chadic: *lam- 'speak'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lam-
Meaning: be soft Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *lmlm ~ *lmʕ 'shine, become verdant, tender (of plants)' Western Chadic: *lVm- > *lamam- 'soft' 1, 'soften leather' 2 Central Chadic: *lulum- 'soft' East Chadic: *lam- 'soft' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *lim- 'be tender'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lam(ʔ)-
Meaning: wood, tree Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *lamm- 'tree' Egyptian: ỉmꜣ (pyr) 'fruit-tree, wood' Central Chadic: Cf. Musgu alma 'acacia' [LkMsg]
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lap-
Meaning: beans, corn Semitic: *lupp- 'beans' Egyptian: npy 'seed, grain' (n) East Chadic: *lap- 'millet'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lap-/*lawap-
Meaning: be wet Egyptian: npꜣ 'wet' (sarc) East Chadic: *lwap- 'wet'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lat-
Meaning: destroy, split, grind Semitic: *lVtaʔ- 'split' 1, 'strike' 2 Egyptian: nt 'slaughter' (gr) Western Chadic: *latu- 'grind'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lat- (?)
Meaning: skin Egyptian: ntnt (<*lVtlVt?) 'skin' (med) Western Chadic: *lat- 'skin' 1, 'loin cloth leather'2, 'loin-cloth' 3
Notes: Scarce data. Cf. denominative verbs in WCh *lut- 'to skin' ( Fyer lut) and ECh *lVt- id. (Kwn oltē).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lawiʔ-
Meaning: cattle Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *lVʔ-, lVʔ-at- 'head of large cattle' Egyptian: iwꜣ (pyr) 'bull' (?) Western Chadic: *lwa- '(wild) animal' 1,'meat' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *luway 'cow' Saho-Afar: *laʔ- 'cow, cattle' Low East Cushitic: *loʔ(loʔ)- 'cows' High East Cushitic: *lal- 'cows, cattle' Warazi (Dullay): *loʔ-, pl. *leʔ- 'cow' South Cushitic: *lVʔ- 'bull'
Notes: Cf. met.: E.Cu.: Somali weeyl, Had. woʔl-a 'calves' Bla. Beja Fauna, 2; Brb.: Izayan t_a-wala 'troupeau de boeufs, sangliers' Loub., 583. Cf. Tak. 86; HSED 2595; Chic. 3999
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *law/y- (?)
Meaning: put on (clothes) Egyptian: nw 'put on (clothes)' (l) Western Chadic: *lay- 'dress' (v.) East Chadic: *lVw- 'put on (clothes)'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lawVy-
Meaning: twist, bend Semitic: *lVwVy- 'twist, bend' 1, 'turn' 2 Western Chadic: *law- 'bend, turn' Central Chadic: *lay- 'fold' East Chadic: *lay/w- 'plait'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lay-
Meaning: water; pour Western Chadic: *laʔVy- 'pour' 1 'overflow' 2 Central Chadic: *lawVy- 'to bubble' East Chadic: *lVw/y/ʔ- 'flow, pour (out)' Saho-Afar: *lay- 'water'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lay/w- ~ *ʔVll- ~ *w/yVlal-
Meaning: k. of corn (millet ?) Semitic: *laylay-an- 'grain' ~ *yil-t- 'peas' Berber: *y/HVl(V)l- 'millet, sorghum' Egyptian: iny.t (med) 'date seed' Western Chadic: *yal- 'corn, grain' 1, 'nut' 2 Central Chadic: *law- 'okra' East Chadic: *ʔulaw- ~ *wVyal- 'seed' Beḍauye (Beja): *wVll- 'corn' Saho-Afar: *yVlaw- ' corn' Low East Cushitic: *HVl- 'porridge' (?) High East Cushitic: *Hal- 'millet ' Warazi (Dullay): *H/walal- 'sorghum, beans' Omotic: *wall- 'corn'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lḥc̣ ~ *ḥlc̣
Meaning: to peel, take off Semitic: *lḥṣ ~ *ḥlṣ 'to peel, take off'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lhḳ
Meaning: grow Semitic: lhḳ 'grow'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *liʔam-
Meaning: get together; be relative, companion Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *lʔm, *lmm 'to get together, unite by common consent, peace treaty', *liʔa/ām- 'union, fraternity, people' Egyptian: rmt_ 'person' <*lVm-Vk? Cf. Fay lōm-i id. Western Chadic: *lilim- 'assembly for special occasions' Central Chadic: *luma 'market' (?) East Chadic: *lamVm- 'gather' (intr.) 1, 'gather, pile' 2 Low East Cushitic: *lamm- 'companion, relative' High East Cushitic: *lámm- 'person' ~ *mVll- 'close relative' (met.) South Cushitic: *lama(l)- 'age-set'
Notes: Related to *lVm- 'big, many'? Same as *HVlVm- 'child'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *liʔi/af-
Meaning: fingernail, claw Egyptian: ỉꜣf.t 'claw (of the vulture)' Central Chadic: *lilif- 'fingernail' Beḍauye (Beja): neʔaaf 'fingernail, claw' (?) Saho-Afar: *lifiʕ- 'fingernail, claw'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lič(-Vm)-
Meaning: lion, leopard Semitic: *layt_- 'lion' Western Chadic: *lu/išu/im- 'leopard' Beḍauye (Beja): loliš, noliš 'cat' (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *liḥap-
Meaning: cover Semitic: *lVḥap- 'envelop, cover' Egyptian: ḥꜣp 'cover' (MK) Western Chadic: *liṗ- 'cover (oneself)' 1, 'covering' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *liḳam-/*liḳim-
Meaning: eat, swallow Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *lVḳam- 'swallow, eat, gobble (a mouthful)' East Chadic: *ligam- 'eat soft food' Low East Cushitic: (?) *liḳim- 'swallow'
Notes: Derived from *lVḳ- 'lick'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *li/ubb-
Meaning: heart Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *libb- 'heart' Egyptian: ỉb 'heart' (pyr) Western Chadic: *lVb- 'lungs' Central Chadic: *libib- 'heart' ~ *liḅ- 'belly' East Chadic: *ʔu-lVb- 'heart' Beḍauye (Beja): lɛw (<*lib-?) 'pylorus' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *lVb-ak- 'heart' Saho-Afar: *lubb- 'heart, soul, yolk, soft part' Low East Cushitic: *lu/abb- 'heart' 1, 'soul, spirit' 2, 'chest' 3 High East Cushitic: *lubb- 'soul' South Cushitic: *li/ub- 'chest' 1, 'spleen' 2 Omotic: *yib- (<*lib-?) 'heart'
Notes: Some of the Cush forms may be Semitisms. Cf. *la/ipʔ- 'inner organ; chest and belly with interior'. Cf. also *lab- 'side of body' probably related. Cf. Bla Review 503-4. Cf. *nib- 'heart'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *li/ur- (?)
Meaning: clothes Egyptian: iryw (gr) Western Chadic: *lir- Central Chadic: *lur- (?) East Chadic: *laHur-
Notes: Scarce data. Phonetics unclear.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lil-
Meaning: water; be wet Berber: *lil- 'sea, river' Western Chadic: *lVlV/*ʔallV 'wash' 1, 'make wet' 2 Beḍauye (Beja): lil- 'be wet'
Notes: Reduplication of *lay- 'water; pour'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *limag-
Meaning: chew Semitic: *lVmug- 'taste' (v.) Western Chadic: Tangale lagme 'taste, touch, try, search'[Jg] Central Chadic: *lig- 'swallow' < *lVg- Cf. E Kera ligi 'swallow' ? not from 'taste' East Chadic: *lagVm- 'eat soft food'
Notes: Cf. GS *lVḳVm- 'munch, swallow': Or liqimsa, luquuma.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *limaH-
Meaning: shine, day Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *lVmaʕ/ḥ- 'shine' Western Chadic: *liHam- 'sun' 1, 'sky' 2, 'God' 3, 'moon' 4
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lis-
Meaning: tongue Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *liš(š)ān- 'tongue, language' Berber: *ilVs- (<*ʔV-lis) 'tongue' Egyptian: ns 'tongue' (pyr) Western Chadic: *ḥa-lis-um- 'tongue' Central Chadic: *ʔV-lyas- 'tongue' East Chadic: *lyas-an- 'tongue' 1, 'my tongue' 2 Omotic: *mi-las- 'tongue' (probably < Amh mǝlas) (?)
Notes: See *lahas- 'lick'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *liŝum- (?)
Meaning: fish Berber: *ŝulmay- ~ *liŝma- ~ *lVmšay 'fish' (
Notes: Scarce data. Rather an Eg loan in Berb, and Berb loan, in Hs
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *liw-
Meaning: cloud, sky Egyptian: nw.t 'sky' (pyr) Western Chadic: *liw- 'cloud'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *liwVč-
Meaning: mix Semitic: *lVwVt_- 'knead, mix' East Chadic: *liwVs- 'mix' 1, 'mix guinea corn' 2 (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *l?nVm-
Meaning: tell lies Semitic: *nim-/*num- 'lie, gossip' Western Chadic: *num- 'lie' Central Chadic: *lVm- 'tell a lie' East Chadic: *lam- 'lie' South Cushitic: *lam- 'lie'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lub-
Meaning: be thirsty Semitic: *lVwVb- 'be thirsty' Dahalo (Sanye): luub- 'sip'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lubaḫ-
Meaning: strike Semitic: *lVbaḫ- 'strike' Central Chadic: *lyabVH- 'strike' 1, 'sharpen by pounding' 2 East Chadic: *lVb- 'strike' Dahalo (Sanye): lub- 'beat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *luf-
Meaning: cloud, fog Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: nfy (gr) 'fog' Western Chadic: *lVfVf- 'cloud' Central Chadic: *lu[f]- 'cloud'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *luɣab-
Meaning: be tired Semitic: *lVɣab-/*lVɣub- 'be exhausted' Western Chadic: *lub- 'become tired' Central Chadic: *labuH- 'tiredness' 1 , 'be tired' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lu/ak-
Meaning: road Central Chadic: *lak- 'road' Low East Cushitic: *luk- 'crossroads of forest paths'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lum-
Meaning: chew Semitic: *lum- 'chew' Western Chadic: *lum- 'chewing by a toothless mouth' Central Chadic: *li/um- 'eat hard food' 1, 'bite' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lunaḳ-
Meaning: net Egyptian: ỉnḳ 'net' (LM) Western Chadic: *lunaḳ-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lVʔ-
Meaning: shine Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *lVʔ-lVʔ- 'shine' Western Chadic: *lyaʔ- 'begin (of day)' East Chadic: *lal- shine (sun) Saho-Afar: *lelaʕ- 'day'
Notes: Any relation to Irq loʔa 'sun, God', Bur letu 'sun', Alg leleʔa id. in Rift? Cf. also Eg rʕ 'sun'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lVʔVb- ~ *ʔVlb- (?)
Meaning: elephant/hippopotamus Western Chadic: *lab-at- 'elephant' East Chadic: *ʔVlb- 'elephant' High East Cushitic: (?) *lVʔVb- 'hippopotamus'
Notes: Cf. HSED, 1662 *leb- 'elephant' comparing Eg. ;bw, Tangale and Mokilko forms; and also Logone nevi 'elephant' with "irregular n- <*l-" (hardly comparable).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lVb-
Meaning: ashes Semitic: *lhb 'flame' - cf. Egyptian: nby (pyr) 'ashes, flame; burn' Central Chadic: *lVḅ- 'ash' Beḍauye (Beja): luw <*lub- 'burn' Warazi (Dullay): *lub- 'burn'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lVbaḥ-
Meaning: be wet Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: ỉbḥ (MK) Western Chadic: *lubVh- Central Chadic: *HVlub-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lVhab-
Meaning: burn, be hot Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *lahab- 'flame', 'fever' ~ *lVhab- 'burn, be bright' Egyptian: rhb 'hot ashes' (BD), 'glow' (LM) Central Chadic: *laḅ- 'make fire, put a lot of fire wood' 1, warm' 2 East Chadic: Cf. *ruḅ- 'burn clay vessels' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *lib- 'heat, cook' (v.)
Notes: Cf. also Bed liw- 'burn' as a possible continuation of *lib-. Related to *lVb- 'ashes'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lVhVm-
Meaning: big, many Semitic: *lVhVm- 'thousand; great number' Western Chadic: *lumum- 'in quantity' High East Cushitic: *lum- 'big'
Notes: Related to *liʔam- 'get together; be relative, companion'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lVk-
Meaning: hip, thigh Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *Hilk- waist, posterior (lower part of Siamese twins' body) (?) Berber: Ayr tǝ-lănkaw-t 'tail' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *likʷ- 'leg, hip' Saho-Afar: *lak- 'hip, thigh, leg' Low East Cushitic: *lukk- 'leg, hip' High East Cushitic: *le/ukk- 'leg, hip' Dahalo (Sanye): luka 'thigh'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lVk- (?)
Meaning: be weak Semitic: *lVk- 'be weak' Egyptian: iꜣt_ (ME) 'ache (v.)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lVḳ-
Meaning: lick Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *lVḳ(lVḳ)- 'lick' 1, 'lap' 2 Berber: *lVḳ- 'lick' Western Chadic: *laḳ- 'eat greedily' 1, 'lick' 2 Central Chadic: *lVk- 'lick' East Chadic: *li-lik-/*lwa-lwak- 'taste with the tip of the tongue' 1, 'dribble' 2 Beḍauye (Beja): lak- 'lick' Low East Cushitic: *liḳ-/*loḳ- 'swallow, lap'
Notes: Deverbatives in WCh *lyaḳ- 'tongue' (Geji leka, Tule lyāga, Zul lǝ̀ka) and Agaw *lanḳ- id. (Bil lanḳii, Xmr laḳ, Kwr lanx, Dem lanx, Kem lanx).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lVm- (?)
Meaning: boat, ship Egyptian: ỉmw 'kind of ship' (OK) Central Chadic: *lum-
Notes: Scarce data. Eg > Ch?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lVw-
Meaning: house, dwelling place Berber: *liw- 'room' Egyptian: nw.t 'village, town' (pyr) Western Chadic: *luw- 'house, hut' Central Chadic: *luw- 'town' East Chadic: *ʔa-luw- 'inside, in the house' 1, 'straw hut' 2 Dahalo (Sanye): lawa 'village'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lVyan-
Meaning: be soft Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *lVyVn- 'be soft, become soft' 1, 'soften' 2 Western Chadic: *lyan- < *lVyan- 'soft'

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *M-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ma
Meaning: not Semitic: *ma 'not' Saho-Afar: AFA mā- Low East Cushitic: SOM má...in; ARB máala South Cushitic: IRQ má Omotic: ONG mi-, HAM -ma
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *maʔ-
Meaning: water Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *maʔ/y- 'water' Egyptian: mw 'water' (pyr) Western Chadic: *maH- Central Chadic: *maʔi/u- 'water' 1, 'river'2, 'dew' 3 Beḍauye (Beja): muʔ- 'liquid' South Cushitic: *maʔay- 'water' Dahalo (Sanye): maʔa 'water'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *maʔin- ~ *ʔamin-
Meaning: woman, wife Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: mnʕ.t (pyr) '(nursing) mother' <'cow'? Western Chadic: *mVn- 'woman' 1, 'wife' 2 Central Chadic: *mVnn- 'woman' 1, 'mother' 2, 'wife' 3 East Chadic: *maHan- 'co-wife' Low East Cushitic: *min-/*ʔamin- 'woman' High East Cushitic: *men-/*ʔamen- 'woman' South Cushitic: *ʔamen- 'wife' Dahalo (Sanye): maani 'barren woman' Omotic: *maHin- 'wife'
Notes: Likely related to *ma/in- 'man'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *maʕaw-/*maʕay-
Meaning: wind Egyptian: mꜣʕw 'wind' (MK) Western Chadic: *mVʔ- 'coldness, harmattan, cold season'1 Central Chadic: (?) *HVm-/*mVw 'cold wind' 1, 'wind' 2, cold 3 , 'hail' 4 East Chadic: *maHay- 'wind'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *maʕid-
Meaning: stomach, belly Semitic: *maʕid- 'stomach' East Chadic: *myad-Vt- 'belly' Low East Cushitic: *muḍḍ- 'waist' = Omot *mVč̣č̣- 'belly' (Rather a separate root)
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mac̣-
Meaning: press, cut Western Chadic: *mac̣- 'press, squeeze' Central Chadic: *mwac̣- 'cut' Omotic: *mač̣- 'cut'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mac̣- (?)
Meaning: drink Semitic: *mVṣ- 'suck' Low East Cushitic: *mac- 'drunk'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mag-
Meaning: be numerous, be big Borean etymology: Borean etymology Central Chadic: *mVgw- 'long' 1, 'high' 2, 'big', 'length' 4 East Chadic: *mag- '(be) many, much' Saho-Afar: *mag-/*mang- 'be strong' 1, 'be numerous' 2, 'fill' 3, 'plenty' 4
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mag-
Meaning: be bad Western Chadic: *mug- 'evil' Beḍauye (Beja): maag 'be bad' Low East Cushitic: *mag- 'be bad'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *magaʕ- (?)
Meaning: name Borean etymology: Borean etymology Saho-Afar: *migaʕ- Low East Cushitic: *maKaʕ- Warazi (Dullay): *makaḥ-
Notes: Cush. only.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *maḫ-
Meaning: tie Egyptian: mḫꜣ 'tie' (MK) <*maḫ (ꜣ conveys -a-) East Chadic: *maH- 'tie'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *maḫiʔ- (?)
Meaning: beat; whip Semitic: *maḫy- 'whip' Egyptian: mḫꜣ (gr) 'push'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *maHal-
Meaning: box, basket Semitic: *maḫal- 'box, basket' Egyptian: mhn 'box' (n)
Notes: Sem loanword in Eg?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mahar-
Meaning: suck, milk Egyptian: mhr 'suck, milk' (gr) Western Chadic: *maHar- 'suck'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ma(Ha)r-
Meaning: be ill, weak Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *marih- 'weak, suffering pain' Egyptian: mr 'be ill' (pyr) East Chadic: *maHar- 'become weak' 1, 'illness' 2 South Cushitic: *maHar- 'weak'
Notes: Cf. also LEC *mar- 'kind of smallpox' (Or maaree).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *maḥas- (?)
Meaning: big snake, crocodile Egyptian: msḥ 'crocodile' (OK) Western Chadic: *maHas- 'python' High East Cushitic: *hamas- 'snake'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mahaw/y- ~ *hVm-
Meaning: forget Egyptian: mhy 'be forgetful (of heart)' (MK) Western Chadic: *Ham- 'forget' Central Chadic: *hum-/maw- 'forget' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *may(H)- 'forget'
Notes: Consonantal alternation *-w- ~ *-y-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ma(hi)r-
Meaning: servant, slave Semitic: *mary/w- / *mahir- 'subordinate; service man, soldier' Egyptian: mr.t 'serf' (OK) Western Chadic: *mar- 'slave' Central Chadic: *mVr- 'slave'
Notes: Related to *marʔ- '(young) man'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *makay-
Meaning: stick Semitic: *makVy- 'stick' Central Chadic: *mak- 'stick' 1, 'mallet' 2 '
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *makil-
Meaning: boat Semitic: *magīl- 'barque, boat' Egyptian: mkr 'ship' (XXII)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ma-kVr-
Meaning: (be) red Semitic: *ma-kVr- 'red' Egyptian: t_r Pyr. <*kVr-; mkrr 'unknown color' (gr) Central Chadic: *mV-kVl- (< *mV-kVr-) red
Notes: Cf. Sem *krkm 'yellow' and AA *kʷar- 'black'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *maḳVʔ-
Meaning: vessel Semitic: *maḳVʔ- 'vessel for offerings' Central Chadic: *mikaw- 'water jag' High East Cushitic: *maHaḳ- 'jar for milking'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ma/ič-
Meaning: child, small boy Semitic: *ma/it_- 'child' 1, 'twin' 2, 'man, husband, male, grown-up' 3 Egyptian: ms 'child' (pyr) Central Chadic: *mwaS- 'give birth' East Chadic: *mič- 'small boy' 1, 'child' 2, 'son' 3
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ma/in-
Meaning: man Borean etymology: Borean etymology Berber: *i-man 'person, man' Egyptian: mnyw (OK) 'shepherd' (?) Western Chadic: *man- 'man' Central Chadic: *mVn- > *mVn-d- 'man' 1, 'person ' 2 East Chadic: *mVn- 'chief of a tribe' 1, 'husband' 2, 'someone' 3 Low East Cushitic: *mun- 'male' High East Cushitic: *man- 'people' Omotic: *mVn- 'people' 1, 'warrior' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ma/iṭw- ~ *may/wṭ-
Meaning: stick; branch (of a palm tree?) Semitic: *ma/iṭ(ṭ/w)- ~ *mVyṭ- 'staff, rod, branch of a tree' Egyptian: *mṭw 'stick, baton, staff' Central Chadic: *mVṭ- 'baobab' (?) East Chadic: *mawaT- 'k. of tree' (?) Low East Cushitic: *mayṭ- 'palm tree' High East Cushitic: *mayṭ- 'palm tree' Omotic: *mi(n)ṭ- 'tree'
Notes: Cf. HSED, 1750 *maw/yaṭ- 'tree' (CCh, Mok.; Oromo) and 1807 *muṭ- 'stick' (Hbr. maṭe, mistake, and Eg.)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mal-
Meaning: herd Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *mawl- ~ *mVly-at- 'herd, rich in cattle; booty; bride-prize' Egyptian: mnmn.t (ME) Low East Cushitic: *māl- 'livestock; milking' High East Cushitic: *māl- 'meat' 1, 'lending out of cattle' 2 Omotic: *māl- 'cow'
Notes: Scarce data. Cf. Lamb Wol 474: Om.: Koyra (comp. to unrelated Om. forms); Cush.: HEC; Som. (SaAf 'money' and Bil 'livestock, richness' are evidently Arb. loans').
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *malaw/ʔ- (?)
Meaning: desert Semitic: *malaʔ- 'desert' Egyptian: mrw 'desert' (18)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *malik- (?)
Meaning: stranger, chief Semitic: *malik- 'king' Western Chadic: *mVlVk- 'stranger' Central Chadic: *malak- 'stranger'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mam-
Meaning: forget, doubt Western Chadic: *mam(w)a- 'forget' Low East Cushitic: *mam- 'doubt'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mang-
Meaning: millet, lentils Semitic: *mang-/*magg- 'beans, lentils' Central Chadic: *mag-ay- 'millet' East Chadic: *mVng- 'millet' High East Cushitic: *manḳ- 'millet' (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *man-/*min-
Meaning: house Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: mn 'room' (MK) Western Chadic: *min- 'house' 1, 'place' 2 Central Chadic: *min- 'door' East Chadic: *man- 'place' Low East Cushitic: *man-/*min- 'house' High East Cushitic: *min- 'house' Warazi (Dullay): *man- 'house' Dahalo (Sanye): mini 'house'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *manVʕ-
Meaning: hold, take Semitic: mVnVʕ- 'hold, take hold of' Western Chadic: *manH- 'take' 1, 'pick up, carry' 2 East Chadic: *mun- 'steal'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mar-
Meaning: bearded chin Berber: *ta-mar-t 'beard' 1, 'chin' 2 Egyptian: mrt 'chin' (Lit MK) Western Chadic: *mar- 'beard'
Notes: Scarce data. Probably a cultural areal term.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mar-
Meaning: bind, roll up Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: mr 'bind, tie' (med) Western Chadic: *myar- 'twist, wring' Low East Cushitic: *mar- 'roll up, turn' South Cushitic: *mar- 'twist'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mar-
Meaning: walk Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *mur- 'go away' Berber: *mVr- 'pass by' Western Chadic: *mVr- 'walk'1, 'run' 2 East Chadic: *mwar- 'go by' High East Cushitic: *mar- 'go' Dahalo (Sanye): mar- 'go round'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mar-
Meaning: house, building Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: mr 'pyramid' (OK) Western Chadic: *mawar- 'roof' East Chadic: *mawar- 'granary' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *mar- 'yard' Low East Cushitic: *mōr- 'manger' 1, 'home' 2 Warazi (Dullay): *mor- 'meeting area' South Cushitic: *mar- 'house'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mar-
Meaning: drop, rain Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *mar- 'drop' Berber: *mVr- 'pour' East Chadic: *mar- 'rain'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mar-
Meaning: be sour Semitic: *mar- '(be) bitter' Egyptian: ʕmꜣ 'become sour' (pyr) Western Chadic: *mar- 'sour'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mar-
Meaning: earth, land Semitic: *mar- 'earth' Berber: *-mur- 'earth, land, soil' Egyptian: mr 'pasture' (OK) East Chadic: *mār- 'humid land'
Notes: Cf. Sem. *ʕumr- 'ashes'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mar-
Meaning: recover, be healthy Semitic: *mar- 'healthy, strong' Western Chadic: *mar- 'recover (from poverty)'
Notes: Scarce data. Meaning shift problematic. Same as *mVr- 'be good' ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mar-
Meaning: cow, calf Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *mVrVʔ- 'bull' Egyptian: mr.t 'cow' (Gr.) Western Chadic: *marir- 'oryx antelope' Central Chadic: *maray- '(sacrificial) bull' (?) Low East Cushitic: *mār- 'calf' High East Cushitic: *mV̄r- 'calf' Warazi (Dullay): *mār- 'heifer' Omotic: *marr- 'calf'
Notes: Cf. HSED 1728: Eg.; CCh.: Mafa; Cush.: Arb.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *marʔ- ~ *maʔar-
Meaning: child, (young) man Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *marʔ- 'son, boy' 1, 'child' 2, 'lord' 3, 'man' 4, 'husband' 5 Egyptian: mr.w 'people' (OK) Western Chadic: *mVr- 'boy' 1, 'person' 2, 'male' 3, 'family' 4 Central Chadic: *ma/ur- 'man' East Chadic: *maHar- 'uncle' (?) High East Cushitic: *mur- 'infant' Omotic: Ong maara (Fl)'baby', North Mao meri 'child' (Grottanelli)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mariʔ-
Meaning: fat, oil Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *mrʔ 'to be fat' Western Chadic: *mwaHir- 'oil' Central Chadic: *mar[H]- 'oil' (unless <*mVrḥ-) Central Cushitic (Agaw): Aun mori 'fat' n.lw? Low East Cushitic: *mor- 'fat' Warazi (Dullay): Tsamay mooru 'fat' Omotic: Ong mōra, Male mōrɛsi [Bla Omot] <*mor-as- 'fat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *marVʕ-
Meaning: be right, be true Egyptian: mꜣʕ (a) 'be true' (a) Central Chadic: *mar- 'correct' (adj.)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *marVg- (?)
Meaning: field Semitic: *marg- 'meadow' (
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ma-rVḳ-
Meaning: stair, staircase Semitic: *marḳ- 'stair' Egyptian: mꜣḳ.t (< m-ỉꜣḳ) 'staircase' (pyr)
Notes: Scarce data. Arb. may be Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mary-
Meaning: wild cat, lion, leopard Semitic: *namir- 'leopard' (<*na-mir- or met. <*mir-an-) Egyptian: mꜣy (pyr) 'lion' Western Chadic: *mur(mur)- 'cheetah' 1, 'jackal' 2, 'hyena' 3 Central Chadic: *mVrVw- 'lion' 1, 'wild cat, serval' 2 East Chadic: *muʔi- 'lion' (if <*musi) Low East Cushitic: *mor- 'lion' South Cushitic: *mary- 'wild cat' 1, 'leopard' 2, 'lion' 3 Omotic: Ong mirila (ST) = merнla / mirнla id., morle "serval, genet" (Fl) = Ts moralle "leopard" (ST) + NS
Notes: Cf. HSED 1760 (*mer- 'beast of prey': CCh.; SCush.) and HSED 1886 *numur-: Sem. 'leopard' (<"spotted"); W.Ch. (Ron) 'hyaena'. Cf. also EDE I 56-7: Eg.; ECush.; S.Cush.; C.Ch.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *maS-
Meaning: be drunk Semitic: *mays- 'mead, drink made from fermented honey' Western Chadic: *miwaS- 'beer' 1, 'alcoholic drink' 2 Low East Cushitic: *maS- 'be drunk' Omotic: *maš- 'be drunk'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *masak-
Meaning: skin Semitic: *ma/išk- 'skin' Egyptian: mskꜣ 'skin, hide' (pyr)
Notes: Beḍ mesík 'Haut, Fell' (Rein Beḍ 173) must be an Arabism.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *masiʔ-
Meaning: take, steal Semitic: *mVšVʔ- 'rob' Western Chadic: *mus- 'take' 1, 'receive' 2, 'take away' 3 East Chadic: *mā/īs- 'steal' High East Cushitic: *mas- 'take'
Notes: The alternative reconstruction is *maʔis-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mat-
Meaning: come, march Egyptian: nmt 'march' (pyr) Western Chadic: *mat- 'come' 1, 'go' 2 Saho-Afar: *mat- 'come'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *matal- ~ *mVlVt-
Meaning: stone Semitic: *matal- 'precious stone' Egyptian: mnt.t (AE) 'stone'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *matiʔ-
Meaning: spear Egyptian: mtꜣy.t 'spear' (BD) Western Chadic: *mataʔ- 'arrow' East Chadic: *myat- 'spear'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mawac̣-/*mayac̣-
Meaning: wash Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *mVwVṣ- 'wash' Central Chadic: *maS- 'wash body' 1, 'wash' 2 Low East Cushitic: *mVyVc̣- 'wash' High East Cushitic: *mVyVc̣- 'wash' Omotic: *mayac̣- 'wash'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *maw/y-
Meaning: grass, stalk Egyptian: mꜣw.t (LM) 'stalk' Western Chadic: *mVy- 'grass'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mawVc̣-
Meaning: grass Semitic: *maw(V)ṣ- 'straw' Central Chadic: *mas- 'grass'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mawVt-
Meaning: die Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *mw/yt 'die' Berber: *immut 'die' Egyptian: mwt 'die' Western Chadic: *mawut- 'die' Central Chadic: *mVtV- 'die' East Chadic: *mawut- 'die' Low East Cushitic: *mVwVt- 'die' 1, 'death' 2, 'become very weak and close to death' 3, 'mourning' 4
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *may-
Meaning: go, come Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: nmy 'go' (pyr) Western Chadic: *may- 'return' Central Chadic: *may- 'go'1, 'come' 2 East Chadic: *may- 'outrun' Saho-Afar: *maH- 'come' Low East Cushitic: *may- 'come'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *may-
Meaning: grain, cereals Western Chadic: *may- 'yam' East Chadic: *may- 'millet'
Notes: (Ch only)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *may-
Meaning: mouth Berber: *-mi, pl. -maw- 'mouth' Western Chadic: *miy- 'mouth' Central Chadic: *may- 'mouth'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mayas-
Meaning: know, hear Western Chadic: *maH/yas- 'know' Beḍauye (Beja): maasu(w)- 'hear'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *may/ʔ-
Meaning: child, son, boy Egyptian: my 'sperm, son' (XIX) Western Chadic: *mVw/y- 'child, boy' 1,'baby' 2 East Chadic: *may- 'child' (?) Warazi (Dullay): *miʔay- 'baby, boy'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *may/ʔ-
Meaning: be new Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: mꜣ 'new' (OK) otherwise <*mVr- Western Chadic: *mwaH- 'new' Central Chadic: *mway- 'new'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mays-
Meaning: salt, acid, mead Western Chadic: *mas- 'salt' Central Chadic: *maš- 'sour, acid' Beḍauye (Beja): moos 'salt'
Notes: Cf. SIFKJa 304, 306
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *maǯiʔ-
Meaning: vessel Semitic: *mad_iʔ- 'bronze vessel' Egyptian: (?) md_ꜣy 'vessel' (n)
Notes: Sem loanword in Eg?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *miʔ- (?)
Meaning: antelope Egyptian: mꜣ 'antelope' (pyr) Central Chadic: *myaʔu- 'gazelle' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *miHiw- 'kind of gazelle'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *miʔVS-
Meaning: tree Semitic: *mVHVs- 'kind of tree' Western Chadic: *myas- < *miHyas- 'mahogany' 1, 'locust-bean' Central Chadic: *myas- < *mVHyas- 'tamarind' High East Cushitic: *miʔes- 'cedar'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *midr-/*ramad-
Meaning: dust, dirt, ashes Semitic: *midr-/*ramad- 'dust, dirt, ashes'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mik-
Meaning: stone Semitic: *mikk- 'stone' Egyptian: mꜣt_ 'granite' (OK)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mi/aṭ- (?)
Meaning: ant Central Chadic: *mad- (<*maṭ-?) 'termite' Low East Cushitic: *miṭ- 'worm' 1, 'black ant' 2 High East Cushitic: *miṭ- 'ant' Dahalo (Sanye): Cf. mut_a 'small ant'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *min-
Meaning: kind; manner, way Semitic: *min- 'kind, type' Egyptian: mn.t (ME) 'manner, way'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *min-
Meaning: want Semitic: *mVnVy- 'love' 1, 'be favorable' 2, 'desire, want' 3 Western Chadic: *mVn- 'love, like' Central Chadic: *mun- 'love, want' ́, 'prefer' 2 East Chadic: *mVn- 'favorite (co-wife)' 1, 'preferer' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *min(n)-
Meaning: insect; worm Semitic: *mVn(Vn)- 'kind of insect' Berber: *-minaw- 'louse's eggs' 1, 'k. of fly' 2 Low East Cushitic: *minn- 'tapeworm' High East Cushitic: *minn- 'tapeworm' South Cushitic: *menan- 'tapeworm' Mogogodo (Yaaku): ámáten 'locusts' (met.?)
Notes: Cf. HSED 1771 *min- 'worm': Akk.; Twl; Cush
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *minVʕ- (?)
Meaning: cow Egyptian: mnʕ.t 'cow' (pyr) Central Chadic: *mwan-H- Central Cushitic (Agaw): *miHVn- 'young cow'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mir-
Meaning: river Egyptian: mr 'channel, pond' Central Chadic: *mir- 'river'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *miṭ-
Meaning: pull Semitic: *muṭ- 'pull, stretch' Central Chadic: *mit- 'pull'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *m/nVcVṭ-
Meaning: squeeze Semitic: *mVsuṭ- 'squeeze' Western Chadic: *nyacut- 'squeeze' Central Chadic: *nVsiṭ- 'press'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mnḥ
Meaning: give Semitic: *mnh 'to give, offer' Western Chadic: *mun- 'give'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *muʔ-
Meaning: man Western Chadic: *mu/iʔ- 'man' 1, 'person' 2, 'brother' 3, 'relative' 4 , 'husband,male' 5 Central Chadic: *may/ʔ- sg. *miʔ-pl. 'chief' 1, 'friend' 2, 'husband' 3, 'people' 4 East Chadic: Dangla mee 'maitre (religieuse or politic)' [Ebb] - Cf. Low East Cushitic: *moH- 'man' South Cushitic: *muʔ- 'people' Omotic: *maʔ-/*moʔ- 'man'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *muʕVṭ- or *muṭaḥ-
Meaning: tear Semitic: Arab mʕṭ 'tear out' Berber: Zenaga a-ʔmoḍ_ 'to bite' (?) Central Chadic: *muḍ- 'tear off, pluck' Low East Cushitic: *muḍaḥ- 'tear off'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *muc̣Vḥ-
Meaning: belt Semitic: *muṣuH- 'kind of clothes' Egyptian: md_ḥ (AE) 'belt'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mud-
Meaning: speak Berber: *mVwVd- 'ask, pray' Egyptian: mdw 'speak' (pyr) Western Chadic: *muḍ- 'answer' Central Chadic: *mawuḍ- 'speak' East Chadic: *ma[w]Vd- 'ask'1, 'call' 2
Notes: Cf. LEC *mod- 'think' (< *mVwVd-?): Som mood-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mud-
Meaning: stretch Semitic: *mdd 'stretch, spread, measure' Western Chadic: *muḍ- 'lie down'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *muk-
Meaning: press Semitic: *muk- 'be pressed' Western Chadic: *muk- 'press' East Chadic: *mak- 'pound' 1, 'pound with a pestle' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *muk- (?)
Meaning: suck, drink Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *muk- 'suck' Western Chadic: *mukwak- 'sip' 1, 'chew' 2
Notes: Insufficient data. Semantics questionable.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *muluʕ- (?)
Meaning: lizard Borean etymology: Borean etymology Western Chadic: *muluH- 'gray lizard' Saho-Afar: *muluʕ- 'lizard' Low East Cushitic: *muluʕ- 'lizard'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mun-
Meaning: be, remain Egyptian: mn 'remain' (pyr) Western Chadic: *mun- 'remain, stay (in a place)' Central Chadic: *min- 'stay, be, find oneself'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mun-
Meaning: heart, liver Borean etymology: Borean etymology Central Chadic: *mu/in- 'liver' 1, 'intestines' 2, 'womb' 3 South Cushitic: *mun- 'heart' Dahalo (Sanye): muna 'heart'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mun- (?)
Meaning: bird Egyptian: mnw.t 'dove, turtle' (OK) Western Chadic: *mun- 'bird' East Chadic: *minin- 'kind of bird'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *muqq-
Meaning: brain, marrow Semitic: *muḫḫ- '(top of the) head; brain; marrow' Egyptian: ỉmꜣḫ 'spinal cord, spinal marrow' (Coffin texts) Central Chadic: *muK- 'head' 1, 'brain' 2 High East Cushitic: *mug- 'head' South Cushitic: *muH- 'head' (?)
Notes: Cf. EDE I 69-70.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *muq̇Vʔ-
Meaning: strike, pierce Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: mḫꜣ 'pierce (with a spear)' (gr) Western Chadic: *muq̇- 'strike' East Chadic: *muk- 'beat' Dahalo (Sanye): mukk-eed- 'take by force, plunder'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mutVl-
Meaning: chief, warrior Semitic: *mutVl- 'princely' Egyptian: mtr.w (19) 'soldiers'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *muyir-
Meaning: snake Western Chadic: *mVyir- 'python' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *mir-/*mur- 'snake'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *muǯ- (?)
Meaning: cattle; ox Egyptian: md_.t (OK) 'cattle' East Chadic: *muǯ- 'ox'
Notes: Scarce data. Highly doubtful phonetically.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mVʔ-
Meaning: lead, come Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: mꜣ (a) 'lead' Low East Cushitic: *meʔ- 'come' High East Cushitic: *miʔ- 'come'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mVʔad-
Meaning: be large Semitic: *mVʔad- 'many, much' 1, 'very' 2 Berber: *mVd- 'all' Western Chadic: *mVḍ- 'long' 1, 'big' 2 Central Chadic: *mVd- 'large' 1,'surpass' 2 East Chadic: *māḍ- 'grow'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mVʔVl-
Meaning: gather, be full Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *mVlVʔ- 'be full' Berber: Ahaggar amâli 'tout, entier' Central Chadic: *mul- 'gather' East Chadic: *mwaʔVl- 'gather'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mVʕay-
Meaning: entrails Semitic: *maʕay/w- 'intestines, entrails'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mVʕVḥ-
Meaning: tomb; bury Egyptian: mʕḥʕ.t (MK) 'tomb, cenotaph' Central Chadic: *mwaʔ- 'bury' Warazi (Dullay): *may- 'bury'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mVd-
Meaning: knife, axe Semitic: *mVdy- 'knife' Western Chadic: *ʔi-mVd- 'small axe' Central Chadic: *mVd- 'axe'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mVday-
Meaning: sun, day Egyptian: mdy (pyr) Central Chadic: *m[a]diy- East Chadic: *mVḍay-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mVdun-
Meaning: vessel Berber: *mVdun- 'kind of pan' 1, 'kind of basin' 2 Western Chadic: *nVduŋ 'beer pot' East Chadic: *ʔwand- (< *nVd ) big jug
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mVl-
Meaning: speak, call Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *mVl- 'speak' Berber: *mVl- 'say, indicate' 1, 'shout, call' 2 Central Chadic: *myal- 'call'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mVn-
Meaning: move Berber: *mun- 'accompany' Egyptian: mnmn 'move (away)' (OK) Western Chadic: *mwan- 'go'1 , 'return' 2 Central Chadic: *min-/*mun-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mVnaʕ- (?)
Meaning: refuse Semitic: *mVnaʕ- 'forbid, refuse' Central Chadic: *mVn- 'refuse'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mVnVḥ- (?)
Meaning: slave Egyptian: mnḥ 'slave' (n) Western Chadic: *mwan- 'slave'
Notes: An areal Eg.-Chad. term.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mVq̇-
Meaning: be wet Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *mVḫVḫ- 'soak, dissolve, pour' Berber: *mVɣ- 'be damp' East Chadic: *muk- 'rinse (one's mouth)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mVr-
Meaning: cord Egyptian: *mwr Western Chadic: *mur- East Chadic: *myar-
Notes: Related to *mar- 'bind, roll up'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mVr-
Meaning: be good Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: ỉmꜣ 'good' (pyr). Western Chadic: *mur- 'good,beautiful' Central Chadic: *mar- East Chadic: *mVr- 'good'
Notes: Same as *mar- 'recover, be healthy'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mVr-
Meaning: gall Semitic: *mi/ar(V)r-(at-) 'gall, gall-bladder'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mVrḥ-
Meaning: oil, fat Semitic: *mrḥ/ḫ 'spread on oinment' Egyptian: mrḥ.t 'fat, grease' (OK) <*wrḥ 'anoint'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mVrr- 1, *mrr, *my/ʔr 2
Meaning: hoe 1, to hoe, farm 2 Semitic: *mVrr- 'hoe', *myr ~ *mrmr 'to plow' Egyptian: mr 'hoe' Western Chadic: *mar- 'farm' 1, 'field' 2 'to plough' 3, 'to ' 4, 'to hoe' 5 Central Chadic: *mur- 'native hoe' East Chadic: *mir- 'hoe' High East Cushitic: *mVrar- 'the hook of the plough'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mVrVʔ/ʕ-
Meaning: see, look Semitic: *ʔVmVr- 'see' (met.) Egyptian: mꜣꜣ 'see' (westc) Central Chadic: *mara 'show' East Chadic: *myar- 'look, peer' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *mirriʕ- 'look, watch' Low East Cushitic: *mariʔ-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mVs-
Meaning: k. of weapon (knife, spear) Semitic: *mūSay- 'razor' 1, 'knife' 2 Western Chadic: *mas- 'spear' Central Chadic: *mwasa- 'spear' 1, 'iron' 2 East Chadic: *masiy- 'iron' (?) South Cushitic: *muš- 'spear'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mVsaw/y-
Meaning: cereals Egyptian: msy 'kind of corn' (n) Central Chadic: *mVs[aw]- 'millet'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mVt-
Meaning: husband, man Semitic: *mi/ut- 'husband' Egyptian: mtw.t Pyr 'der männliche Same' Western Chadic: *mut- 'person' East Chadic: *mit- 'man' 1, 'husband' 2 , 'master' 3 Low East Cushitic: *mat- 'family' (?)
Notes: This root probably describes 'man' as 'mortal', cf. *mawut- 'die'. The same semantic development is well-known in IE, cf. Skt mrta- 'dead' ~ Av mašya-, OPers mar-tiya- 'man'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mVt(mVt)-
Meaning: shout, speak Egyptian: mtmt 'speak' (XVIII) Western Chadic: *mat- 'speak' East Chadic: *myatmyat- 'shout' (v.)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mVṭur-
Meaning: run Semitic: *mVṭur- 'go fast (of horses)'
Notes: Related to *ṭir-/*ṭur- 'go, drive away'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mVyVr-
Meaning: be near Egyptian: mr 'nearness' (t) East Chadic: *myar- 'near, close'

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *N-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *naʔ-/*naw-/*nay-
Meaning: see Berber: *(H)innay- 'see' Egyptian: nw 'see' (XVIII) Western Chadic: *naH- 'see' Central Chadic: *nV- 'see' Low East Cushitic: *nay- 'learn'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *naʕVw-
Meaning: snake, worm Egyptian: nʕw 'kind of snake' (BD) Western Chadic: *nVHVw- 'snake' Omotic: *naHu- 'worm'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nab-
Meaning: call by name Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *nVbVʔ- 'call' 1, 'speak' 2, 'nominate' 3 Western Chadic: *nab- 'read, count' Omotic: *nab- 'name'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nabal-
Meaning: arrow, spear; to dart Semitic: *nabl- 'arrow' ~ *nVbul- 'dart (an arrow)' Western Chadic: *mubul- 'throw (a spear)' South Cushitic: *labal- 'spear'
Notes: Scarce data. Problematic phonetic development.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nacin-
Meaning: (be) sharp Semitic: *nasin- 'sharp point, nail' Egyptian: nšny 'sharp' (NK) (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nac̣-
Meaning: speak, call Semitic: *nVṣ- 'dictate (a letter)' East Chadic: *naZ- 'to chat'
Notes: Cf. Eg nd_ 'call' (OK), nd_ 'ask (advice)' (pyr) rather <*nVg-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nad- (?)
Meaning: move far away Semitic: *nVd- 'move away' Central Chadic: *nad- 'far away' (?)
Notes: <*nV-daʔ-? Cf. *daʔ- ~ *ʔad- 'go and come, move'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nadaʕ-
Meaning: swallow Central Chadic: *ndV- (< *nVd-) 'swallow' Saho-Afar: *nadaʕ- 'swallow'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nagʔ- (?)
Meaning: cow Egyptian: ngꜣ 'bull' (OK) Western Chadic: *nun(V)H- 'cow' 1, 'Dama cattle' 2 Central Chadic: *nVH(Vn)- 'meat' (cf. *naw 'cow, bull, cattle')
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nagd-
Meaning: breast Semitic: *nagd- 'breast' Low East Cushitic: Som. gādo '(horse's) chest'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *naḫ-
Meaning: saliva, phlegm Semitic: *naḫ- 'respiratory mucosa; phlegm' Berber: *nVḫnVḫ 'speak through the nose' - Cf. Egyptian: nh_ (pyr) 'saliva; spit out' Central Chadic: *nayVH- 'saliva' East Chadic: *naHan- (<*naHnaH-?) 'saliva' Mogogodo (Yaaku): núkaʔ, pl. nuk'ǎcoʔ 'nose' <*nug-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *naḫas-
Meaning: pierce Semitic: *nVh_aš-/*nVh_uš- 'prick' Western Chadic: *nas- 'pierce (with spear)' East Chadic: *nas- 'pierce'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *naḫ/ḥ-
Meaning: oil, fat Semitic: *nāḫ- 'fat, grease' Egyptian: nḥḥ 'oil' (n)
Notes: Irregular correspondence of laryngeals. A cultural word?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *naḫVr-
Meaning: nose Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *naḫīr- 'nostril, nose' Berber: *nVgur- 'nose' (-g- <*-ḫ-) South Cushitic: *ʔa-nḫari 'phlegm'
Notes: Related to *nVḫur- 'snore'. Cf. *naḫ- 'saliva, phlegm'. Cf. HSED, 1839 *nah_Ur- (part of Sem.; Ghat, Hgr.); 1901 *nVh_or- 'to snore' (Sem.; WCh., ECh. "Derived from *nah_Ur- 'nose'")
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *naḥ-
Meaning: want Egyptian: nḥy 'want' (MK) Central Chadic: *naH- 'want'1, 'intention' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *naḳ-
Meaning: be good Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ʔanaḳ- 'admire' Central Chadic: *mi-naḳ- 'good'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nam-
Meaning: man Western Chadic: Barang nyam 'person' [?SmSB] cf.'one'. East Chadic: *nam-'woman' 1, 'people' 2 Saho-Afar: *num- 'man' Low East Cushitic: *nam- 'man' Omotic: *(ʔa-)nam- 'man' 1, 'son' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nan-
Meaning: go, walk Borean etymology: Borean etymology Berber: *nVn- 'go across' Egyptian: nny 'go' (pyr) Western Chadic: *nVn-'come' Central Chadic: *nan- Low East Cushitic: *nan- 'go round' 1, 'walk' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nan-
Meaning: god Egyptian: nn 'foregod [Urgott]' (gr) Western Chadic: *nan- 'god'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *naniḳ/k- (?)
Meaning: plant Semitic: *naniḳ- 'plant' Egyptian: ỉnnk 'medicinal herb' (med)
Notes: Irregular correspondence of Sem *ḳ ~ Eg k. A loanword?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nap- (?)
Meaning: intestines Egyptian: npꜣ 'guts' (sarc) Central Chadic: *nVf- 'soul' 1, 'heart' 2 , 'life' 3
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *napil-
Meaning: snake, worm Semitic: *napil- 'caterpillar' Egyptian: npn 'snake' (reg)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *naPVs-
Meaning: breathing Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *nVpVš 'to breathe', *nap(i)š- 'soul; vitality, life; person, personality; self' Berber: *nVfas- 'breath' 1, 'breathe' 2 Western Chadic: *n/lu(m)fas- 'breathe'1, 'rest' 2 Central Chadic: *nafis- ~ *sifn- ~ *sVnf- 'soul' 1, 'breathe' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *nVfVs- 'blow' Saho-Afar: *nafVs- 'breathing' Low East Cushitic: *nefs- 'breath' 1, 'breathe' 2
Notes: Borrowing from Arb in Brb, Ch and Cush as well as from Eth in Cush is possible. Cf. *nVsVp- 'blow, breathe'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nasr-
Meaning: eagle, vulture Semitic: *našr- 'eagle, vulture'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *naw-
Meaning: be tired Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: nw 'weak' (MK) 'weak' Western Chadic: *naʔVw/y- 'be tired' 1, 'tiredness' 2 East Chadic: *nawiy- 'rest but not relax' ~ *ʔyaniH- 'illness'
Notes: Any connection with *naw-/*nay- 'be bad'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nawaS-
Meaning: wine, beer Semitic: *naS- 'kind of beer' Egyptian: wnš.t 'wine' (XIX)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *naw-/*nay-
Meaning: be bad Egyptian: ny.t 'evil' (BD) Western Chadic: *nyaw- 'bad' East Chadic: *naaw- 'evil, terrible'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *naw/yl/r-
Meaning: stone Semitic: *nawr- ~ *narw- 'stone monument' 1, 'boundary stone' 2, 'chalk' 3 Egyptian: ỉnr (a) Western Chadic: *laHar-/*laar 'rock' 1, ' stone'2, 'boulder' 3, 'hailstone' 4 Omotic: *nVyal- 'stone'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *naw/yn-
Meaning: night Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: nn (gr) 'night' Western Chadic: *nwan- 'shadow' East Chadic: *ʔi-nyan- 'night'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nayal-
Meaning: a wild hoofed animal Semitic: *nayal- 'antelope' Egyptian: *nVyl 'stone goat' Low East Cushitic: *nayl- 'lamb' (?)
Notes: EDE I, 80 (Akk, Tgr; Eg nyꜣ.w); Bl. Beja 21 (Akk, Tgr; Eg)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nayaw-
Meaning: vessel Semitic: *niway- 'vessel' Egyptian: nyw 'pot' (med), nw (n) East Chadic: *naHay- 'mug'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nayk-
Meaning: punish Egyptian: nyk 'punish' (pyr) Central Chadic: *nyak- 'punish'
Notes: Cf. ECh *nik- 'disobey': Mkk nīke.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nay/wVd-
Meaning: go, walk Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *nid- 'go fast' 1, 'run (away)' 2, 'move away' 3 Berber: *nVyVd- 'walk' Egyptian: nwd 'move' (med) Western Chadic: *nVdVw- 'go' 1, 'come' 2, 'enter' 3 ,'go away' 4 Central Chadic: *nadVw- 'come'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *naʒil- ~ *ʒalan- ~ *lanVʒ- (?)
Meaning: stranger; friend Semitic: *nazīl- 'stranger, foreigner' Western Chadic: *ʒalaŋ 'friend (of a girl), brave young man' (?) Central Chadic: *za/il- 'man' East Chadic: *lanVʒ- 'friend' (< *lang-?) (?)
Notes: Scarce data. Metathesis.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nāc̣(y)-
Meaning: feathers, plumage Semitic: *nāṣ(y)- 'feathers, plumage'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *neʔul-
Meaning: moisten Semitic: *nVʔVl- 'moisten' East Chadic: *nVy/wal- 'rain' (v.) 1, 'flow' 2, 'pour (rain through the roof)' 3
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ngl (Arb.) 1 (> Sem. *mi/a-ngal- 2 ~ *nVgi/ula(-t)- (Ch.) 2
Meaning: to reap 1, sickle 2 Semitic: *ngl 1, *mi/a-ngal- 2 Western Chadic: *nVgal-at- 'sickle' Central Chadic: *nVgi/ul(-at)- 'sickle, knife' East Chadic: *ʔa-ngul- 'sickle'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *niʕar-
Meaning: prick, be sharp Semitic: *nVʕar- 'prick, knock'; cf. Akk. nēru 'kill' Western Chadic: *niyar- < *niHar- 'spear' 1, 'needle' 2 East Chadic: *nyar- < *niHar- 'sharp'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nib- (?)
Meaning: heart Central Chadic: *nib- 'heart' Central Cushitic (Agaw): Bil nabakā́ (R 280), De Qw nabê 'mitte' Omotic: *nib- 'heart'
Notes: Cf. also WCh Zar nàḅi 'left'. Scarce data. Probably not a separate root, but two independent variants of *lib(b)- id.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nibuč-
Meaning: dig Semitic: *nVbut_- 'dig out' Western Chadic: *bičVn- 'bury'
Notes: The alternative reconstruction is *bičun-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nig(ʕ)-
Meaning: break, strike Semitic: *nVgVʕ- 'strike, crack' Egyptian: nd_ (OK) 'grind' ~ ngy 'break' (NK) Central Chadic: *ngay 'break' 1, 'break a pot' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nihar-
Meaning: flow Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *nVhar- 'flow' East Chadic: *nyar- < *niHar- 'flow slowly'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *niḥas- (?)
Meaning: snake Semitic: *naḥaš- 'snake' Western Chadic: *niHas- 'python' Low East Cushitic: *yaḥas- 'crockodile' - cf.
Notes: Scarce data. < *n/y-ḥas-?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ni(h)nay-
Meaning: (elder) relative Semitic: *nin(h)- 'elder brother' 1, 'master, lord' 2 Western Chadic: *nihan- 'in-law (masc.)' 1, 'brother' 2 East Chadic: *nVHVn- 'mother's brother, uncle' Omotic: *naynay- 'relative' 1, nephew' 2, 'brother' 3
Notes: Cf. Eg nn 'foregod [Urgott]' (gr); WCh *nan- 'god': Sura nān, Ang nen, Mnt nān, Ank nān, Mpn nān.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ni/uḳ-
Meaning: suck Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *yVnVḳ- 'suck' Egyptian: snḳ 'suck' (pyr) Western Chadic: *nVḳ- 'lick' Central Chadic: *nik- (<*niḳ?) 'lick' Dahalo (Sanye): nuuḳ- 'suck beer through a straw'
Notes: Cf. LEC *nug- 'suck': Arb nuug-. Cf. Bla Review 507.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nim-
Meaning: vessel Semitic: *ʔinim- 'goblet' Egyptian: nm 'vessel' (NK)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nin-
Meaning: food Egyptian: nn (n) 'kind of food' Western Chadic: *nin- 'food'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nin-
Meaning: be tired Egyptian: nny 'be tired' (MK) Western Chadic: *nin- 'be tired' East Chadic: *linya- 'become tired'
Notes: Reduplication of *naw- 'be tired'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nin-/*nun-
Meaning: water Egyptian: nnw 'water' (pyr) Central Chadic: *nin- 'water'
Notes: Reduplication of *niw- id.?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nisw-
Meaning: woman Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *nišw- 'woman' Egyptian: nswy.t (NE) 'queen' Western Chadic: *nis- 'female' (adj.) Central Chadic: *nu/as- 'woman' Low East Cushitic: *ʔa-nVs- 'sister' South Cushitic: *nas-'woman'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *niw-
Meaning: water Egyptian: nwy.t, n.t 'water' (MK) Central Chadic: *ni- 'water' East Chadic: *nVm- water a pl. form (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *niwiw-
Meaning: kind of plant Egyptian: nywyw 'kind of plant' (med) Central Chadic: *nwVw- 'grass'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *n/lVm(lVm)-
Meaning: ant Semitic: *nimm- 'ant; louse' ~ *n/lamal- 'ant' Central Chadic: *lim- 'termite' 1, 'k of insect' 2 East Chadic: *lulm- 'ant' ~ *num- 'termite' Low East Cushitic: *lulum- 'larvae of mosquitoes'
Notes: Cf. HSED 1693: Arb. nimm-at-; C.Ch. Cf. Dolg AAN 22: Sem; WCh. ŋgum (hardly related), ECh.: Jegu.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(n/yV-)pal-
Meaning: fall Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *nVpVl- 'fall' Western Chadic: *(yV)pal- 'fall'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *n[u]bul-
Meaning: throw Semitic: *nVbul- 'throw' Western Chadic: *m[u]bul- 'throw away'
Notes: Assimilation of *n > *m in WCh.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nug-
Meaning: shout, cry Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *nug- 'cry' Egyptian: ngg 'cry (of a goose)' (pyr) East Chadic: *nVg- 'shout'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nukʷ-
Meaning: have sexual intercourse Semitic: *nVyVk- 'to have sexual intercourse' Berber: *nVki 'copulate' Egyptian: nk (pyr) 'copulate' Western Chadic: *nyok- 'copulate with, beget' Beḍauye (Beja): nekʷi 'conceive, become pregnant' High East Cushitic: *nūḳ- 'have sexual intercourse' (?) Warazi (Dullay): *nūG- 'copulate' (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nun-
Meaning: fish Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *nūn- 'fish' Central Chadic: *nōn- 'kind of fish' (unless
Notes: Highly doubtful.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nur-
Meaning: fire; coal Semitic: *nūr- 'fire' Western Chadic: *nVr - ' ashes' Central Chadic: *nVr- > *nVHVr- 'ash' 1, 'coal' 2 East Chadic: *nuray- 'coal'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVʕay-
Meaning: breast, udder Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *nVʕay-(t-) ~ *nayaʕ- 'udder, breast (of an animal)' Egyptian: ʕnn.t (pyr) 'part of a body' (?) Central Chadic: *Vni 'milk' > Vni-m 'breast' South Cushitic: *nyaʕ- 'breast' 1, 'udder' 2
Notes: Cf. *ʔa-nwan- 'breast, udder'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVbir-
Meaning: increase Semitic: *nVbir- 'increase, grow' Central Chadic: *mVbVr- 'swell from pregnancy' 1, 'increase'2
Notes: Cf. *nVb- 'all; big'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVbVl-
Meaning: be angry Semitic: *nVbVl- 'treat with disdain' Western Chadic: *ḅiyal- <*biHal- 'anger' 1, 'angry,cruel'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVbVy-
Meaning: swim Egyptian: nby 'swim' (pyr) Central Chadic: *nyabi- 'swim' Omotic: Cf. IRQ tumb-īm (cf. Alagwa tumbučim [Bla Irq]), assim. <*tunb- (<*tV-nVb- ?)
Notes: Scarce data. Ch < Eg?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVc-
Meaning: call Semitic: *nVs- 'complain' Egyptian: nys (AE) 'call, name'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVĉaʕ/ɣ-
Meaning: inhale through the nose Semitic: *nVŝaʕ/ɣ- 'introduce medicine through the nose' 1, 'sniff, snuffle' 2 Berber: *nVɣuz ~ *nVgVʒ- 'sneeze; swallow mucus from the nose' Western Chadic: *nwaĉ/s- 'breathe' (?) East Chadic: *naHas- 'breathe' (?)
Notes: Berber points to *-ɣ, not *-ʕ.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVdah-
Meaning: speak, call Semitic: *nVdah- 'call' Western Chadic: *nVd- 'speak, say' Central Chadic: *nVdah- ask' 1, 'say' 2 East Chadic: *na-niḍ- 'stammer, stutter'
Notes: Scarce data. Unreliable.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(nV-)diḳ-
Meaning: build Semitic: *nVdVḳ- 'build' Western Chadic: *ḍik- 'build'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVf-
Meaning: medicine Egyptian: mnf.t (n) 'medicine' Central Chadic: *nVf- 'medicine'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVfVʕ-
Meaning: go Semitic: *nVpVʕ- 'go' Egyptian: nfʕ 'go (from)' (MK) Western Chadic: *nuf- 'follow' Central Chadic: *nuf- 'follow' 1, 'go in the direction of'2
Notes: Cf. *paʕ/ʔ- 'go (out) and return'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVḫur-
Meaning: snore Semitic: *nVḫVr- 'snore' Western Chadic: *nVgwar- 'snore' (n.) East Chadic: *nVgwar- 'snore' 1, 'grunt (dog)' 2
Notes: Related to *naḫVr- 'nose'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVgil-
Meaning: cut Semitic: *nVgil- 'mow, reap' Central Chadic: *nVgVl- 'cut'
Notes: Related to *nigal- 'sickle'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVguf-
Meaning: cut, break Semitic: *nVgup- 'break' 1, 'hew, cut' 2 Central Chadic: *nVguf- 'break (pottery)'
Notes: Derived from *gif- 'strike, pierce'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVgul-
Meaning: throw Semitic: *nVgul- 'throw' Western Chadic: *ngwal- 'throw'
Notes: Related to *hVgol- 'throw; fall' (2294)?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(nV-)guṭ- (?)
Meaning: bird Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *niḳud- 'swamp bird' (?) Berber: *gaḍi/uḍ 'bird' Central Chadic: *n-guḍ- 'dove' 1, 'bird' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVɣar- (?)
Meaning: stork, crane Semitic: *nVɣVr- 'kind of bird' Dahalo (Sanye): ngára 'crested crane'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(nV-)kič-
Meaning: bite Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *nVkVt_- 'bite' Berber: *(nV-)kVš- 'eat, bite' Western Chadic: *n-gaS- (voicing in contact) 'to bite' Central Chadic: *kuč- / *n-gač- 'bite off' High East Cushitic: *kis- 'bite'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVkVl-
Meaning: be evil Semitic: *nVkVl- 'have ill intentions, be perfidious' 1, 'teach a lesson' 2 Egyptian: nkn 'cause evil, harm, damage' (MK)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVḳʷ-
Meaning: water Semitic: *nVḳ- 'pour out' Egyptian: nḳw.t 'liquid' (med) Omotic: *naḳʷ- 'water'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVmVc-
Meaning: move Semitic: *nVmVs- 'move, start' Egyptian: nms 'come' (XIX)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVpVḫ/ḥ-
Meaning: breathe, smell Semitic: *nVpVḫ/ḥ- 'to blow, breathe, inflate, spread odour' Egyptian: ḫnp (NE) 'breathe' (met.) Central Chadic: *nVp- 'smell (intrans.)' 1, 'breathe' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVpVl- ~ *pVlan-
Meaning: bank Egyptian: npr.t (ME) 'bank' Central Chadic: *fyalan- 'bank'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVs-
Meaning: man Semitic: *(ʔi-)nVš- 'man' Berber: *ʔinVs- 'young man' Egyptian: nswy.w 'servants' (MK) Western Chadic: *nu/is- 'brother' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *nasiy- 'male' Omotic: *nuš- 'husband'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVsVɣ-
Meaning: pull Semitic: *nVšVɣ- 'pull, pull out hair' Western Chadic: *cVg- 'pull' 1,'pluck' 2 Central Chadic: *nsVx- 'pull' East Chadic: *swag- 'pull'
Notes: ECh probably continues a root without prefix *nV-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVsVp-
Meaning: blow, breathe Semitic: *nVšVp- 'to blow, breathe, winnow' Egyptian: nšp (gr) 'breathe'
Notes: Cf. *sa/uf- 'to blow, smell, breathe'; *naPVs-'breathing'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVtaʔ-
Meaning: go, run Semitic: *nVtaʔ- 'go out' Egyptian: ntꜣ 'run' (pyr) 'run' Western Chadic: Ngz nū̀tú
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(nV-)taḥ-
Meaning: cut, tear, strike Semitic: *nVtVḥ- Western Chadic: *tay/w-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVṭ- (?)
Meaning: be away, at a distance Semitic: *nVṭ- 'move away' East Chadic: *naHit- 'distant'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVṭiḳ- (?)
Meaning: speak, shout Semitic: *nVṭiḳ- 'speak' East Chadic: *nakVt- 'shout'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVwaḥ- (?)
Meaning: tie Egyptian: nwḥ (BD) Western Chadic: *nwaH-
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVwVm-
Meaning: sleep Semitic: *nVwVm- 'to sleep, slumber' Egyptian: nmʕ East Chadic: *nun- (<*num-?) 'sleep' ~ *mVwVn- (met.) 'to sleep'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVwVq-
Meaning: rest Semitic: *nVwVḫ- 'rest, be still' Western Chadic: *nVw/yVq- 'rest' (v.)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVyag-
Meaning: ask Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: nd_ 'ask (advice)' (pyr), 'call' (OK) Western Chadic: *ngwa- <*nVgw- 'to say' 1, 'to reply' 2 Central Chadic: *ngwa- <*nVgw- 'answer'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVyas-
Meaning: red Egyptian: ỉns 'red' (pyr) Central Chadic: *nyas- 'red'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVyVʕ-
Meaning: turn Semitic: *nVyVʕ- 'turn' 1, 'be bent' 2 Egyptian: nʕy 'turn' (OK)
Notes: An alternative reconstruction is *nVʕVy-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVyVh- (?)
Meaning: finish Semitic: *nVhVy- 'attain, reach, arrive, come to' East Chadic: *ʔV-nya(H)- 'end, finish'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nVʒal-
Meaning: flow, pour Semitic: *nVzVl- 'flow' Western Chadic: *nVʒal- 'pour' 1, 'pour away' 2

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *P..-

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *p-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *paʔ-
Meaning: dig, bury Western Chadic: *ʔwapp- 'dig' (? metath. < *pʷaʔ- ) Central Chadic: *paH- 'dig'1, 'bury' 2, 'dig out' 3, 'sow, plant' 4 East Chadic: *pVʔ-/*ʔVp- 'dig' South Cushitic: *poʔ- 'dig (hole)'
Notes: Cf. Dhl p'uʕ`-ud- 'drill hole'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *Paʔil- ~ *laP-
Meaning: bone or muscle of the leg Semitic: *pāʔil- 'muscle of the thigh' Western Chadic: *falal- 'middle bone of an animal's foreleg' Central Chadic: *fVl- 'foot' Beḍauye (Beja): fil-ik 'top of the shin-bone' Saho-Afar: *laf- 'bone' (met.) Low East Cushitic: *lafi 'bone' (met.)
Notes: Ch f- in Hs and Bud may reflect both *p- and *f-. Cf. Cush.-Om. *lap- 'bone' SIFKJa 167; Sasse PEC 21.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *paʔ-/*paw-
Meaning: fly, jump Western Chadic: *paH- 'fly' Central Chadic: *paw- 'jump quickly'
Notes: Cf. Eg pꜣ 'fly' (pyr), rather <*pVr.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *paʔ-/*paw-/*pay-
Meaning: split, tear Semitic: *pVʔay- 'split' 1, 'pierce' 2 Western Chadic: *papaʔ- 'split open a gourd' Central Chadic: *puw- 'split, tear into pieces'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *paʔ/yuḳ/k--
Meaning: be thin Semitic: *pVyVḳ- 'be thin, be narrow' Egyptian: pꜣk 'thin' (NK) Western Chadic: *Pak- 'broad and thin' Central Chadic: *fuk- 'thin'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *paʔud-
Meaning: thigh, knee Borean etymology: Borean etymology Berber: *a-fud 'knee' Egyptian: pꜣd (med), pd (XVIII) Western Chadic: *pund- 'thigh' Central Chadic: *fVʔud- 'thigh' East Chadic: *paʔud- 'hip, thigh' Low East Cushitic: *baʔud- 'hip', Cf. Omotic: (?) *paHad-al- 'inside of the thigh'
Notes: Cf. *p/baʔ/nd- id.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *paʔVc-
Meaning: axe, knife Semitic: *paʔs- 'axe' Western Chadic: *fus- 'knife' East Chadic: *fas- 'axe' (?) High East Cushitic: *faʔas- 'axe' (?) Dahalo (Sanye): fač̣o 'axe'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *paʕ/ʔ-
Meaning: go (out) and return Semitic: *pVyVʔ- 'return' Egyptian: ʕpy 'go' (pyr) (met.) Western Chadic: *pay- 'return' 1, 'go' 2 Central Chadic: *payVw- 'go out' 1, 'cross' 2, 'move quickly' 3, 'walk' (n.) 4 East Chadic: *paHaw/y- 'outrun' 1, 'enter' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *fVy- 'go away, go out'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *Paʕun/m-
Meaning: thigh, leg Semitic: *paʕm/n- 'foot, leg, thigh' Western Chadic: *funH- 'knee' Central Chadic: *Punuʔ- 'thigh' 1, 'buttocks' 2 East Chadic: *ʔVfVn- 'foot, leg' Low East Cushitic: *fan- 'trace' (n.) South Cushitic: *paHam- 'foot'
Notes: An alternative reconstruction is *funuʕ-. Cf. also Akk pēmu 'thigh', Hbr paʕam 'foot', Shh faʕm, Hss fām, Mhr fēm (< *pVʕVm-) and Kwz paʔam-uko 'foot' (< Rift *paHam-), eventually pointing out to HS *paʕam- with initial *p-!
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pac̣-
Meaning: tell Semitic: *pVwVṣ- 'explain' Central Chadic: *pas- 'tell'
Notes: Scarce data. Unreliable.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pac̣-
Meaning: pull Semitic: *pVṣ- 'pull (out)' Central Chadic: *pac- 'pluck'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pac-
Meaning: destroy, break Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *pVs- 'destroy, break' Western Chadic: *pVc/s- 'render into small pieces' Central Chadic: *pwas- ~ *papas-'divide smth hard' 1, 'crumble, break in small pieces' 2 , 'destroy'3 East Chadic: *paS- 'break' 1, 'break stick' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *paĉ-
Meaning: card, comb Semitic: *nVpuŝ- 'separate wool with fingers, card' Western Chadic: *paĉ- 'comb hair' 1, 'untie' 2
Notes: Related to *pVĉ- 'distribute, divide'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *paĉ-
Meaning: divide, spread, disperse Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *pVŝ- 'distribute' Egyptian: pšs 'straddle, spread' (pyr) ~ psš, pšs, pš (MK) 'divide' Western Chadic: *paĉ/s- 'disperse' East Chadic: *paĉ/č- 'bifurcate' (v.)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pag-
Meaning: cut, chop Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *pVg(Vʕ)- 'strike' 1, 'split, furrow' 2 Egyptian: pgꜣ 'chop, kill (enemies)' (XVIII) Western Chadic: *pig- 'reap, cut' Central Chadic: *pwak- (<*pwag-) 'chop' 1, 'cut grass' 2 East Chadic: *pwag- 'chop'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pag-
Meaning: open Semitic: *pVg- 'open' Egyptian: pgꜣ 'open' (MK) East Chadic: *pVg- 'open'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pagal-
Meaning: vessel Semitic: *pagal- 'vessel (for libations)' Egyptian: pgꜣ 'bowl' (MK)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *paḫ-
Meaning: close, lock Semitic: *pVḫVʔ- 'close, lock' Western Chadic: *paH- 'close' (v.) Central Chadic: *paʔ- 'close'
Notes: Related to *paḫ- snare, bow' ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *paḫ-
Meaning: field, farm Egyptian: pḫꜣ.t 'field' (n) Western Chadic: *pag- 'farm, place'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *paḫ(-an)
Meaning: snare; bow Semitic: paḫḫ- 'snare, net' Egyptian: pḫꜣ (XVIII) 'plank, plate, trap (for birds)' <*paḫ- (-ꜣ conveys -a-) Warazi (Dullay): *pahan-t- 'bow'(otherwise <*pahand-) Mogogodo (Yaaku): paḫanaʔ 'bow'
Notes: Cf. *pa(h)and- 'bow, arrow; axe'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *paḫid-
Meaning: fall, throw Egyptian: pḫd 'throw down' (NK) Western Chadic: *paHid- 'fall' 1, 'lie down' 2 Central Chadic: *pid- (?< *payid- < *paHid-) 'lie down'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *paḫVǯ- (?)
Meaning: thigh Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *paḫ(i)d_- 'hip, thigh' Egyptian: ḫpd 'thigh' (pyr)
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *paḥal-
Meaning: thigh, male organ Semitic: *paḥ(a)l- 'thigh; penis' Western Chadic: *piHal- 'thigh' Central Chadic: *pVHwal- 'thigh'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pa(h)and-
Meaning: bow, arrow; axe Semitic: *pindaw- 'axe' (?) Western Chadic: *pand- 'bow' 1, 'quiver' 2 East Chadic: *pVnd- 'arrow'
Notes: Cf. *paḫ(-an) 'snare; bow'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *paḥar-
Meaning: dig Semitic: *pVḥVr- 'dig (earth)' Western Chadic: *paHar- 'making holes for seeds'
Notes: Cf. SA *faraʕ- 'dig' (Saho faraʕ) with a different laryngeal.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *paḥm- ~ *piḥām-
Meaning: charcoal Semitic: *paḥm- ~ *piḥām- Western Chadic: *HwapVm- 'coal' Central Chadic: *pVxam- 'hotness'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *paḥoc̣-
Meaning: scrape, cut Semitic: *pVḥaṣ- 'scratch earth, dig' Western Chadic: *pVwac̣- < *paHwac̣- 'scrape, rub' Central Chadic: *pVHac̣- 'notch'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pak-
Meaning: jaw, cheek Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *pakk- 'jaw' Western Chadic: *ku-pak- 'cheek' 1, 'temple' 2 Central Chadic: *pu/ik- 'cheek' 1, 'chin' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *paḳ-
Meaning: go (out) Semitic: *pVwVḳ- 'let out' Western Chadic: *pak- 'follow' Central Chadic: *pVk- 'go for a walk'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pa/ir-
Meaning: go out Egyptian: pry 'go out' (MK) Central Chadic: *papar- 'follow' Beḍauye (Beja): fira 'go out' Saho-Afar: *far- 'go out' High East Cushitic: *fir- 'go out'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pal-
Meaning: corn, bean Semitic: *pūl- Egyptian: pry (n) (Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pal-
Meaning: break Semitic: *pVl- 'break, crush' Central Chadic: *pal- 'break (stone)' 1, 'break (stick) 2
Notes: Connected with *pal- 'cut, divide'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *palaḥ-
Meaning: earth, land Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *palaḥ- 'land' Central Chadic: *palah- 'plain' Dahalo (Sanye): pallaʔ-amo 'glade'
Notes: Unless the Arab falaḥ-at- is derived from flḥ 'till'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *palay- (?)
Meaning: cloth Egyptian: pꜣy 'cloth' (BD) Western Chadic: *pal-
Notes: Scarce data. Phonetics in Eg unclear. May be connected with Rift *pal- 'twist fibers into cord': Kwz pal-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pand- (?)
Meaning: worm; scorpion Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: pnd (med) 'worm, helminth' Western Chadic: *pand- 'scorpion'
Notes: Scarce data. Meanings diverse. Unreliable.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *paniḳ-
Meaning: container Semitic: *panīḳ- 'big sack" (for earth)' Egyptian: pnḳ 'bucket' (OK) Western Chadic: *faḳyan- 'cooking pot' (met.)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *panVw/y/ʕ-
Meaning: (re)turn Semitic: *pVnVw/y- 'turn oneself, go towards, in the direction of; turn smo., send, drive, let go' Berber: *fVn- 'opposite side' Egyptian: pnʕ 'turn (away, upside down)' Western Chadic: *panH- 'drive away' 1, 'go' 2 Central Chadic: *fanH- 'return'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *paq- (?)
Meaning: tear Central Chadic: *pakʷ/xy- (? < *paqʷ/*paqy-) 'tear' 1, 'pluck (leaves, grass)' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *pag- 'tear, split'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *par-
Meaning: jump Borean etymology: Borean etymology Central Chadic: *pir- Beḍauye (Beja): far 'jump' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *pVr- 'jump' Saho-Afar: *pVr- 'jump' Omotic: *fiR-
Notes: Cf. *pVr- 'to fly'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *par-
Meaning: break, thresh Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *pVr- 'tear off' 1, 'break' 2, 'cut' 3 Berber: *fVr- 'thresh, be threshed' Western Chadic: *pur- 'break into pieces' 1, 'break stick' 2 East Chadic: *parpVr- 'knead, rub' (?) Saho-Afar: *faraʕ- 'dig' (?)
Notes: -ʕ in Saho needs explanation.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *par-
Meaning: watch, look (for), seek Semitic: *par- 'seek' 1, 'examine, watch' 2 Berber: *fVr- 'feel' Western Chadic: *par- 'look for' 1, 'search' 2 Central Chadic: *pi/ur- 'look, watch' 1, 'poursuivre' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *parr- 'be open (of eyes)' (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *par-
Meaning: house, enclosure Berber: *farr- 'enclosure' Egyptian: pr 'house' (OK) Central Chadic: *pīr- `wall inside granary' East Chadic: *par- 'hangar'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *paraʔ/w-
Meaning: k. of equid Semitic: *par(a)ʔ- 'onager, wild ass' Beḍauye (Beja): firrat 'she-camel just foaled' (Hdd) Saho-Afar: *farar- 'horse' Low East Cushitic: *faraw- 'horse/zebra' Omotic: *fara 'horse'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *paraʕ-
Meaning: knife, axe Semitic: *parāʕ- 'axe' Berber: *fVr- 'dagger, sharp tool, sword' East Chadic: *pyaHar- 'knife'
Notes: Scarce data. An alternative reconstruction is *paʕar-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *para/is-
Meaning: horse Semitic: *paraš- 'horse' Western Chadic: *pi/ur(i)s- 'horse' Central Chadic: *pVrs- 'horse' East Chadic: *firs- 'horse' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *fa/ir(i)s- 'horse' Saho-Afar: *faras- 'horse' Low East Cushitic: *faras- 'horse' High East Cushitic: *faraš- 'horse' Warazi (Dullay): *paras- 'horse' Omotic: *par(a)š- 'horse'
Notes: Cf. Sokoro, Dan., Jegu forms of the *piss- 'type' Jung. CLR II, 195; <*pirs-? Cf., however, ECu: Kamb. faash-sho, Alaba faash-shu 'horse' Lamb. Wol., 355 (<*farš-)? The Cush. and Omot. forms, though widely spread in Cush., may in principle be Eth. loans, esp. in view of their phonetic uniformity; the Chad. forms, on the contrary, are not necessarily Arabisms considering diversity in their patterns and the fact that the term is not attested in Hausa, the main source language in spreading Arabisms in other Chadic languages.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pard- ~ *parʒ/ǯ-
Meaning: mule, mare Semitic: *pVrd- (~ *parad_/z- ?) 'an equid' Western Chadic: ʔal-fadar- 'mule' (?) Central Cushitic (Agaw): *fi/ard/z- 'horse' Low East Cushitic: *fard- (may be from *farʒ/ǯ-) 'horse' High East Cushitic: *farad- 'horse' (may be from *farʒ/ǯ-) Omotic: *faraz- 'horse'
Notes: Cf. HSED, 1961 *parVd- 'equid': Sem. (Akk., Hbr.), Cush. (Bil., Oromo)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *paruc̣- (?)
Meaning: cut, break through Semitic: *pVruṣ- 'make a hole' 1, 'break through (a wall)' 2, 'cut, pierce' 3 East Chadic: *purVs- 'split' 1, 'cut' 2 Omotic: *ṗaRič̣- 'be torn out'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *parVḳ-
Meaning: tear, rip Semitic: *pVrVḳ- 'tear off' 1, 'divide' 2 Western Chadic: *park- < *parVḳ- 'rip and remove' East Chadic: *parwak- 'tear, pluck feathers'
Notes: Cf. Dhl poroḥ- 'pull apart'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *parVm-
Meaning: cut, split Semitic: *pVrim- 'cut' East Chadic: *param- 'sickle' South Cushitic: *param- 'split (wood)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pasuq-
Meaning: spear, arrow Semitic: *pašḫ- 'spear' Western Chadic: *pasuK/Q- 'arrow'
Notes: Scarce data. Correspondences questionable. Cf. *pasVk-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pasVk-
Meaning: piece of wood Semitic: *pašk- 'log, splinter' Berber: *fVsVk- 'stick (in bull's nostrils)' 1, 'furniture' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pat-
Meaning: skin, hide Borean etymology: Borean etymology Western Chadic: *pat- 'skin' Central Chadic: *pVt- 'skin' Omotic: *fat- 'skin' 1, 'snake skin' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *paṭ-
Meaning: tear Western Chadic: *pVṭ- ' 'pluck' 1, 'extract' 2 Central Chadic: *pat- 'pluck, pull' East Chadic: *pVt-pluck (feathers)'' Omotic: *peṭ- 'tear' 1, 'rags' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *paṭis- (?)
Meaning: hammer Semitic: *paṭiš- Berber: *faṭis-
Notes: Derived from *paṭas- 'flatten'. The Brb term may be an Arabism.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pawr-
Meaning: fetters Berber: *far- 'fetters' Egyptian: prw.t (pyr) 'fetters'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *paʒ- (?)
Meaning: metal Semitic: *paz- 'pure gold' East Chadic: *paʒ- 'iron'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *piʔaʕ-
Meaning: rain Egyptian: pꜣʕ.t 'sky waters' (pyr) Central Chadic: *gV-piʔaʕ- 'rainy season'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *piʔVr-
Meaning: elephant/rhinoceros (< horn?) Semitic: *pīr- (<*piʔr-?) 'elephant' Western Chadic: *(ʔa-)pi/ar- 'horn' (?) Central Chadic: *pir- 'elephant' Mogogodo (Yaaku): *puriʔ- 'rhinoceros' Omotic: (?) *far- 'horn'
Notes: Cf. Sem. *pīl-, Gz. falfal- id. Cf. Ill.-Sv. 1966, 26 (Sem. and Margi) and, in this connecrion, *pi/al- 'elephant; aardvark'. Cf. Bla. Eleph., 196, where various Afras. forms in -r and -l, some meaning 'elephant/rhinoceros', other 'horn' are united, and "the semantic motivation "horn" > "elephant (/rhinoceros)" confirmed by typological evidences" (in particular, Sum. am-si 'elephant', composed from am 'wisent' and si 'horn' , apud Salonen 1976, 175) is tentatively proposed.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pič-
Meaning: cloth Semitic: *pVt_- 'cloth' Egyptian: psš.t 'mat' (MK) Western Chadic: *pič- 'shroud' East Chadic: *pVč- 'apron'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pidar-
Meaning: oil, fat Semitic: *pidr- 'fat (n.)' Egyptian: pdr (n) 'fat, grease' Western Chadic: Cf. *fiḍyal- 'fat, grease' Central Chadic: Cf. *fid- 'fat, grease'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *piḥas-
Meaning: wet, sprinkle Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *pVḥaš- 'wet, moisten' Western Chadic: *pyaHVs- 'spurt water from one's mouth' Central Chadic: *pi/es- 'sprinkle' 1, 'spit in a calebase' 2 East Chadic: *pyas- '(be) wet'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pi/ar-
Meaning: fruit, corn Semitic: *pir- 'fruit' Berber: *far- 'corn' Egyptian: pr.t 'fruit, crop, seed' (OK) ~ npr (pyr) 'cereals' Western Chadic: *par-par- Central Cushitic (Agaw): *fir- 'fruit' 1, 'corn' 2 Saho-Afar: *fir- 'flowers, fruit' Low East Cushitic: *fir- 'fruit'
Notes: SA may otherwise relate to *pu/ar- 'flower, grass'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pi/ut-
Meaning: go, walk Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: ptpt (pyr) 'walk' Western Chadic: *paHVt- 'go out' Central Chadic: *pVt- 'go out' 1, 'enter' 2, 'go' 3 East Chadic: *pit- 'follow, chase'
Notes: Cf. *pit- 'jump'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pil-
Meaning: elephant; aardvark Semitic: *pīl- ~ *palpal- 'elephant' South Cushitic: *fil- 'aardvark'
Notes: Cf. *piʔVr- 'elephant/rhinoceros' (3641). Cf. Bla. Eleph., 196, where various Afras. forms in -r and -l, some meaning 'elephant/rhinoceros', other 'horn' are united, and "the semantic motivation "horn" > "elephant (/rhinoceros)" confirmed by typological evidences" (in particular, Sum. am-si 'elephant', composed from am 'wisent' and si 'horn' , apud Salonen 1976, 175) is tentatively proposed. Also quoted ibid. are similarly looking terms meaning 'elephant' from non-Afrasian African languages; and, finally, CCh. forms in mb- meaning 'elephant', WCh. forms in *ḅ- and SOm. forms in b- meaning 'horn' are compared.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pilic̣-
Meaning: divide Semitic: *pVlVṣ- 'divide, split' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *filic̣- 'divide' Saho-Afar: *fili[c]- 'scratch'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pinaḫ-
Meaning: break Semitic: *pVnaḫ- 'damage (of a bone)' (v.) Western Chadic: *pi(H)in-/*pinH- 'break (a round object)' 1, 'break in pieces' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pir-
Meaning: lock Berber: *fir- 'lock' 1, 'iron horse-lock' 2 Egyptian: pꜣy 'part of the doorlock'
Notes: HSED 1782
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *piraḫ-
Meaning: sprout, flower Semitic: *piraḫ- 'sprout' 1, 'flower' 2 Egyptian: prḫ 'flower' (n)
Notes: Derived from *pir- 'fruit, corn' ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *piras-
Meaning: fall East Chadic: *parVs- 'fall (from a tree)' Beḍauye (Beja): feraas 'fall' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *firaš-/*firiš- 'fall'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *piraṭ-
Meaning: break, split Semitic: *pVrVṭ- 'burst open' 1, 'burst' 2, 'break, be broken' 3 Western Chadic: *ParVṭ- 'crack (nuts)' East Chadic: *pyarVt- (< *piraṭ-?) 'break, crack' High East Cushitic: *fir(V)ṭ- 'cut, prune'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *piric-
Meaning: break, grind Semitic: *pVris- 'break' 1, 'tear' 2 Central Chadic: *pVrVs/c- 'grind (fine)' 1, 'crumble' (intr.) 2 East Chadic: *pirV[s]- 'grind corn' (?) Central Cushitic (Agaw): *firis- 'be destroyed'
Notes: Cf. *purVs- 'cut, separate'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pirVk-
Meaning: grind; scratch Semitic: *pVruk- 'grind, spread' East Chadic: *pirVk- 'scratch' 1, 'scratch oneself' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pitaḥ-
Meaning: open Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *pVtaḥ- 'open' Egyptian: ptḥ (t) 'create, form' Central Chadic: *pVtVH- 'goggle at; open (anus)' East Chadic: *fit- 'open'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *piṭ- (?)
Meaning: bark Central Chadic: *pit- 'to bark, to shell' East Chadic: *pVt- 'to bark, to pluck a bird' Warazi (Dullay): *feṭ- 'bark'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *piṭaʔ-/*piṭay-
Meaning: break, pierce Semitic: *pVṭaʔ- 'break' Berber: *fVṭVy- 'be pierced' Western Chadic: *pet- 'cut (open)' 1, 'puncture (a boil)' 2,'burst' 3, 'break (a swelling thing)' 4 Low East Cushitic: *fiṭ- 'destroy'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *p/far-
Meaning: feather Semitic: *parpar-'feather' Berber: Hgr a-fraw, etc. 'feather' Egyptian: (?) fʕꜣ 'lock of hair' Vyc 280
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *p/far- (?)
Meaning: insect Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *pur-pūr- 'butterfly' Western Chadic: *far- 'locust'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *p/fič̣-
Meaning: be wet Central Chadic: *p/fič- 'wet, soak' Low East Cushitic: *finc̣- 'flow' High East Cushitic: *fac̣-/*fic̣- 'sprinkle'
Notes: Related to *pVč̣- 'urine'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *p/fVʔw(-at)- (?)
Meaning: vulva Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *paʔw/y-at- 'genital organ' Western Chadic: *fut- 'hole' - cf. Low East Cushitic: *fut- 'vulva'1, 'anus' 2
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *p/fVllVy/w/ʔ-
Meaning: ungular domestic animal Semitic: *pVlw/y- 'foal, calf' Western Chadic: *full- 'cow' Beḍauye (Beja): filay 'she-camel just foaled' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *fiyal- 'goat' High East Cushitic: *fillaʔ- 'goat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *poʔad- (?)
Meaning: close, cover Semitic: *pVʔVd- 'close' Western Chadic: *pVḍ- 'sneak fast, conceal oneself' East Chadic: *pud- ' hide'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *poḳVʕ-
Meaning: cut, split Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *pVḳVʕ- 'split, break, wound' Central Chadic: *pok- 'cut leaves' 1, 'chop' 2, 'cut smth soft' 3
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pu(ʔ)-t- (?)
Meaning: face, top of the head Semitic: *pi/uʔ-at- 'face, front' Egyptian: wp.t (Pyr) 'top of the head; horns' East Chadic: *ʔop- 'horn'
Notes: Cf. Bla Review 504. Insufficient data; both phonetics and meaning are problematic.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *puʔVd- (?)
Meaning: heart Semitic: *pVʔVd- 'heart' Western Chadic: *puHud- 'heart' East Chadic: *HV-pVd(pVd)- 'lungs' Saho-Afar: Afar afʕad 'heart'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *puʕ-
Meaning: give birth Egyptian: pʕpʕ 'give birth' (gr) Central Chadic: *pway- 'give birth'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *puc-
Meaning: burn Egyptian: wps 'burn' (NK) Western Chadic: *fwaS- < *pwac- Central Chadic: *pVc- 'roast, burn' > *'apVc-'ashes'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *puc-
Meaning: tear into pieces Semitic: *pVsaʔ- 'tear into pieces' Central Chadic: *puc- 'pluck, tear off'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *puĉ̣-
Meaning: break, crush Semitic: *puṣ̂- 'break, crush' Central Chadic: *ṗuŝ- 'crush, press' 1, 'hit' 2, 'kill' 3
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *puḥ-
Meaning: strike Semitic: *nVpaḥ- 'strike with a sabre' Dahalo (Sanye): puḥ- 'hit, strike (with sharp instrument)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *puḥar-
Meaning: jump Egyptian: pḥrr 'run' (pyr) Western Chadic: *ṗura- < *puHar- 'jump' East Chadic: *paHar- 'jump'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *puk-
Meaning: winnow Berber: *fVk- 'winnow, peel (corn)' Western Chadic: *puk- 'winnow' Central Chadic: *pVkʷ- 'peel, husk (of grain)' (n.)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *puḳaʕ-
Meaning: beer, sauce Semitic: *puḳaʕ- 'beer, juice' Western Chadic: *pwaḳ- 'sauce'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pu/ar-
Meaning: bark, skin Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *parw- ~ *parr- 'skin' 1, 'fur' 2, 'shell, husk' 3 Berber: *-fur- 'skin disease' 1, 'bark' 2 Western Chadic: *fu/ar- 'bark' 1, 'skin of the monkey nuts' 2, 'skin or pod of the fruit of the locust tree ' 3 Central Chadic: *pi/ar- 'to peel' 1, 'skin with a hoe' 2 East Chadic: *pir- 'to shell' 1, 'bark'2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pu/ar-
Meaning: flower, grass Berber: *fVr- 'kind of grass' Western Chadic: *pur- 'tobacco flower' 1, 'flower' 2, 'grass' 3 Central Chadic: *fVr- 'flower' Beḍauye (Beja): far 'flower' (pl.) Low East Cushitic: *fur- 'kind of grass' ? Omotic: *pur- 'flower'
Notes: Connected with *pir- 'fruit, corn'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *Pul-
Meaning: bore a hole Central Chadic: *fVl- 'hollow out' 1,'pierce' 2 East Chadic: *Pūl- 'big hole' Low East Cushitic: *ful- 'break through, pierce through' South Cushitic: *ful- 'bore a hole'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pur-
Meaning: container Semitic: *parr- 'kind of vessel' 1, 'pot' 2 Egyptian: pr 'box' (MK) Western Chadic: *pur- 'large beer-pot'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pur-
Meaning: untie Berber: *fVr- 'untie' Central Chadic: *par-/*pir- 'untie' East Chadic: *puwir- 'untie' Low East Cushitic: *pur- 'untie, disengage'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pur-
Meaning: child Borean etymology: Borean etymology Western Chadic: *pura- 'child' East Chadic: *pur- 'boy'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *purVs-
Meaning: cut, separate Semitic: *pVrVš- 'separate' Berber: *fVrVs- 'separate' 1, 'cut' 2 Western Chadic: *parVs- 'split wood'
Notes: Cf. *piric- 'break, grind'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVʔin-
Meaning: break, grind Semitic: *pVʔVn- 'grind' Western Chadic: *pVHin- 'break' 1, 'break pot' 2'sharpen blade by grinding' 3
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pV(ʕ)al-
Meaning: work, make Semitic: *pVʕVl- 'work, do, make' Low East Cushitic: *fal- 'make' Dahalo (Sanye): fal- 'do' Omotic: *ṗal- 'create, make'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVĉ-
Meaning: smear, scatter Semitic: *pVŝ- 'spread' 1, 'smear' 2,'scatter' 3 Western Chadic: *pwaS- 'anoint' 1, 'smear' 2, 'sweep' 3
Notes: Etymologically identical with *pVĉ- 'distribute, divide'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVc̣aḥ- ~ *puḥac̣-
Meaning: shine, day Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *pVṣVḥ- 'be bright' Western Chadic: *puHac̣- 'sun' Central Chadic: *pac̣- sun
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVč̣-
Meaning: urine Semitic: *pat_̣t_̣- 'horse urine' Berber: *fVc̣- 'urine' Western Chadic: *pič̣ā-r- 'urine' Central Chadic: *č̣Vp-Vr- (metathesis) 'urine' East Chadic: *puč̣-Vr- 'urine'
Notes: Suffixed -r of unclear origin in Ch. Related to *p/fič̣- 'be wet' ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVd-
Meaning: move quickly Semitic: *pid- 'march, go (of cattle)' Egyptian: ꜣpd (18) 'run' (cf. ꜣpd 'bird' Pyr.) East Chadic: *pVd- 'pass by' 1, 'go away' 2
Notes: Cf. also Berb *fVd- 'let in' (Sha s-ifǝd) and Eg ꜣpd 'run, hurry' (18).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVdVd/H-
Meaning: call Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *pdd- 'shout, call' Western Chadic: *padVH- 'call' 1, 'speak' 2 Central Chadic: *papaḍ- (<*paHVd-?) 'talk too much' Dahalo (Sanye): pudud- 'tell'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVf-
Meaning: breast, lung Semitic: *paw(V)p- 'bull's bladder' Berber: *fVf- 'breast' Egyptian: wfꜣ 'lungs' (BD) Cf. Western Chadic: *fuf- 'breast' 1, 'lung' 2 Central Chadic: *pu/if- 'lung' 1 East Chadic: *paʔ , *pVʔpV - 'breast' 1, 'milk' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVg-
Meaning: draw out, stretch Semitic: *pVg- 'draw (the bow)' Egyptian: pd_ 'draw (the string)' Western Chadic: *pig- 'pluck out, draw out (sword)'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVg-
Meaning: bow Borean etymology: Borean etymology Berber: *fVgag- 'cross-bar of the loom' Egyptian: pd_.t (AE) 'bow' (n.)
Notes: Derived from *pVg- 'stretch'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVg-
Meaning: take Semitic: *pVwVg- 'take away' East Chadic: *pVg- 'take'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVḫ-
Meaning: exchange, sell Semitic: *pVḫ- 'exchange' Central Chadic: *pVɣʷ- 'sell'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVḫVr-
Meaning: gathering, assembly Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *pVh_Vr- 'assemble' Central Chadic: *par- 'gather, pick up' 1, 'many' 2 East Chadic: *pVr- 'gather 1, 'harvest' (n.) 2 , 'all' 3 , 'all together' Low East Cushitic: Somali fagár-a 'Versammlung, Gesellschaft' (Rn 1902 147)
Notes: Cf. EDE II 504
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVḥaĉ̣-
Meaning: separate, split Semitic: *pVḥaṣ̂- 'separate, split' Egyptian: pḥd_ 'separate, split open' Western Chadic: *ṗiHaĉ- (> *paHaĉ- ) 'break (off)' 1, 'break' 2 , 'break ( a pot)' 3 Central Chadic: *pwaŝ- 'break' 1,`break off tree limb' 2 Low East Cushitic: *foHoḍ- 'separate' (?) High East Cushitic: *faʔac̣- 'cut maize'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *PVḥVḳ-
Meaning: scrape, scratch Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *pVḥVḳ- 'scrape, scrub' Western Chadic: *fVHuk- 'scrape' 1,'rub' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *faḳ- 'scrape' Saho-Afar: *fik- 'scratch' Low East Cushitic: *fiḳ- 'scratch'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVḳʷVʔ-
Meaning: bark, husk; to skin, peel; tan Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *paḳʔ- 'placenta' ~ *pḳʔ 'skin' (v.), 'scrape, tan' Western Chadic: *pakʷ- 'skin' (v.) 1, 'peel' 2, 'scrape bark, shave wood' 3 Central Chadic: *pVkʷ- 'peel, husk' (n.) 1, 'pluck off leaves, pinch' 2 East Chadic: *pVḳ- 'skin' (v.) 1, 'peel vegetables' 2 South Cushitic: *paḳ- 'bark' Dahalo (Sanye): páḳo 'tree bark, half beehive' Omotic: *foḳ- 'tan' 1, 'bark' 2
Notes: Same as *faḳ- 'tear open'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVlaḥ-
Meaning: split, cut Semitic: *pVlaḥ- 'split' 1, 'till, cultivate' 2 Berber: *fVlVh- 'cut, split'
Notes: Derived from *pal- 'cut'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVliḳ-
Meaning: split Semitic: *pVliḳ- 'kill, slaughter' 1, 'cut' 2 Low East Cushitic: *folVḳ- 'break off'
Notes: Cf. *pal- 'cut, divide'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVlVĉ- ~ *pVĉVl-
Meaning: split, pierce Semitic: *pVlVŝ- 'pierce' Egyptian: pšn (pyr) 'split'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVlVs-
Meaning: split, pierce Semitic: *pVlVš- 'pierce' Egyptian: pns 'cut' (pyr)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVn-
Meaning: face Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *pan- 'face' Berber: *funfan- 'muzzle, nose' 1, 'jaw' 2 East Chadic: *pVn- 'temple' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *fin- 'forehead, face' South Cushitic: *pand- (<*pan-t-?) 'abnormal backward extention of skull' 1, 'forehead, brow' 2
Notes: Cf. HSED, 802 *fin- 'nose; smell': Hgr, Wlm.; Beja 'scent, smell'; Bil. 'to smell'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVr-
Meaning: fly, soar Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *pVrr- 'fly' 1, 'flee' 2 Berber: *(Ha)fir- ~ fVrfVr- 'fly' Egyptian: pꜣ 'fly' (pyr) Western Chadic: *pir- 'soar into the air' 1, 'stretch the wings' 2 Central Chadic: *pi/ar- 'fly' 1, 'fly away (bird)'2, 'bird's flight' 3, 'jump' 4 Beḍauye (Beja): fir 'fly' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *fir- 'fly'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVr-
Meaning: refuse Semitic: *pVr- 'forbid, refuse' Central Chadic: *pyar- 'refuse'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVr-
Meaning: cut Semitic: *pVrVy- 'cut' Berber: *fVr- 'shave, cut hair' Western Chadic: *pVr- 'cut' 1, 'prepare field by cutting trees' 2 Central Chadic: *pir- 'cut of (up to the earth)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVr- (?)
Meaning: blood Semitic: *pVr- 'pestilence, plague, blood' Western Chadic: *(HV)- pur- /*par- 'blood' 1, 'vein'2 ,'red(ness)' 3 Central Chadic: *Par- (< *HV-par-) East Chadic: *kV-Par-/*par- 'blood' 1, 'red' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVriʒ-
Meaning: cut, separate Semitic: *pVriz- 'separate' Berber: *fVrVʒ- 'cut'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVrVʕ-
Meaning: tear Berber: *fVrVy- 'tear' Central Chadic: *pur- 'tear' South Cushitic: *puruʕ- 'strip off'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVrVk-
Meaning: bark, shell; skin Semitic: *parik- '(a nut) with a fragile shell' Berber: *fVrVk- 'bark' East Chadic: *fVrk- ~ *fVkVr- - 'bark' (n.) 1, `hard shell (of a nut)' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *PVrVḳ-
Meaning: dig, divide Semitic: *pVriḳ- 'split' 1, 'divide' 2, 'break' 3 Berber: *fVraḳ- 'divide' East Chadic: *fyarVK- 'dig' (?) Beḍauye (Beja): ferik- 'dig'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVrw/y-
Meaning: small bird (partridge, dove) Semitic: *pVr- 'kind of bird' Egyptian: pr (OK) 'kind of bird' (cf. pʕr.t 'dove' NK) Western Chadic: *pyar- 'small bird' East Chadic: *pVrw- 'dove'
Notes: Cf. HSED 1923: Eg. pʕr; W.Ch.: Hs. ḅarwā; C.Ch. (probably a mistake). Cf. also EDE II 431-2 and 459.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVs-
Meaning: hand Borean etymology: Borean etymology Berber: *fus- 'hand' East Chadic: *pVs- 'hand' 1, 'arm' 2
Notes: Cf. Sem: Aram *pas-/*pis- 'palm' (
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVt-
Meaning: scorpion Semitic: *pa/itn- 'asp, adder' E
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVtuḳ-
Meaning: split, cut Semitic: *pVtuḳ- 'break, split, separate' Berber: *fVtVk- 'open' 1, 'cut' 2 (?) Central Chadic: *pVtwak- 'pierce' Low East Cushitic: *fotoḳ- 'chip' (v.)
Notes: Note Berb. *-k instead of *-ḳ.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVtVl- (?)
Meaning: cord, plaited clothes Semitic: *patil- 'wick' 1, 'kind of cord' 2 Central Chadic: *pital- 'man's clothes'
Notes: Scarce data. Semantically unreliable.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVṭVs-
Meaning: flatten Semitic: *pVṭiš- 'flatten, forge' 1, 'hammer' 2 Egyptian: pds 'make flat, trample down' (OK)
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pVyaʒ-
Meaning: mouse, rat Semitic: *pVyaz- 'mouse' Western Chadic: *fwayaS- 'rat' Central Chadic: *ma-payas- 'rat' (?)

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *ṗ-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṗil(ʔ)- ~ *ṗulṗul-
Meaning: egg Semitic: *pVlw/y- 'egg' Western Chadic: Ngamo ḅila 'egg' Kr 1971 274 (EDE) Central Chadic: Banana bo_̀lo_́ʔá 'Eischale' Lukas 1937 135 (EDE) High East Cushitic: Burji bulbul-ḗ, bubul-ḗ 'egg' (EDE) Mogogodo (Yaaku): bolbŏlîʔ 'egg' EDE Omotic: *(ḅu)ḅūl- 'egg' EDE
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṗilaḳ-
Meaning: axe, knife Semitic: *ṗilaḳ- 'dagger' 1, 'axe, hoe' 2, 'marble' 3, 'limestone' 4 Berber: *bVlaḳ- 'sword' Western Chadic: *bVlak- 'stone used in beating rope to soften it' Central Chadic: *palak- 'stone'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṗir- (?)
Meaning: mouse, rat Semitic: *paʔr- ~ *birr- 'mouse' Berber: *bVr(r)- 'pole-cat' Western Chadic: *ḅīr- 'mouse, rat' 1, 'shrew-mouse' 2 East Chadic: *byar- 'mouse, rat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṗVlaḫ- ~ *ṗaḫal- (?)
Meaning: break through, split Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ṗVlVḫ- 'split' Egyptian: pḫꜣ (<*pVḫVl-?) 'split, break through' (MK) Western Chadic: *ṗa(H)al- 'snap, break' 1, 'strike' 2, 'break' 3 Central Chadic: *pal- 'break stone' 1, 'break stick ' 2 East Chadic: *palVw- 'break'
Notes: *ṗ is possible unless Sem *plḫ (> Arb. flḫ) 'to cultivate' is related.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṗVrɣVč-
Meaning: flea, grasshopper Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ṗVrɣVt_- ~ *ṗVrt_Vɣ- 'flea' Berber: *burɣVs- 'grasshopper' Central Chadic: *mV-bVrguč- 'louse'

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *Q..-

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *q-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *qafVʕ-
Meaning: hold Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḫVpw/y- 'pack' Egyptian: ḫfʕ 'catch, grasp, pack' (pyr) Western Chadic: *k/gaf- 'grasp, seize'1, 'tongs' 2 Dahalo (Sanye): ḥap- 'snatch quickly'
Notes: In Sem, ḥ and ʕ are incompatible.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *qapuĉ- (?)
Meaning: foreleg, shoulder Egyptian: ḫpš 'foreleg; strong arm; strength, power' (MK) Western Chadic: *qapuĉ- 'shoulder' ~ *pVHaĉ- 'calf of leg' Central Chadic: *Hapaŝ- 'shoulder'
Notes: Scarce data. Phonetics obscure.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *qawʔ-
Meaning: mix Egyptian: h_ꜣw 'mix' (med) Western Chadic: *gVw- 'mix'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *qaway- (?)
Meaning: hole Semitic: *ḫVwVy- ~ *ḫawḫ- 'hole, aperture' Egyptian: ḫ.t (gr) 'pit' Central Chadic: *kaʔ- 'hole' (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *qirim-
Meaning: separate, divide Semitic: *ḫVrim- 'separate, isolate' 1, 'pierce' 2 Western Chadic: *qirVm- 'wound with a spear'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *quʔab- (?)
Meaning: knife, sickle Berber: *ta-kub-a 'sword' Egyptian: h_ꜣb 'sickle' (BD) (?) Western Chadic: *quHab- 'sword'1, 'knife' 2 East Chadic: *kub- 'broad sword, cutlass'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *qurap-
Meaning: beat Semitic: *ḫVrVp- 'strike back' Egyptian: ḫrp 'k. of rod, warder, staff' Western Chadic: *kurVp- 'whipping' Central Chadic: *k/qurVp- 'leather whip' 1, 'stick, lash, whip' 2 East Chadic: *karap- 'kick, trample'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *quʒ-
Meaning: be angry Egyptian: h_zy 'angry' (MK) Western Chadic: *quʒ- 'be angry'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *qVbVʔ-
Meaning: break, destroy, kill Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: ḫbꜣ 'destroy' (pyr), ḫb, ḫbḫb 'kill' (gr) Western Chadic: *qV(HV)b- 'split or crack (wall preparatory to falling)' 1, 'break' 2, 'slaughter, cut' 3 Dahalo (Sanye): baḥ 'kill' (met.?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *qVm-
Meaning: gather, join Semitic: *ḫVm- 'gather' Western Chadic: *qwam- 'join'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *qVŝ/ĉ-
Meaning: rub, pound Semitic: *ḫVĉ/ŝ- 'crush, pound' Western Chadic: *kiŝ/l- 'thresh' Central Chadic: *k/haẑ- 'thresh (corn)' 1, 'grind' 2 Beḍauye (Beja): -hasi- 'rub' Saho-Afar: *ḥes- 'rub, pound' High East Cushitic: *has- 'rub' South Cushitic: *ḫiŝ-gyptian: ptt 'scorpion' (l) Western Chadic: *fity- 'k. of snake' Central Chadic: *pVt- 'scorpion'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *qVt-
Meaning: cut off, tear off Egyptian: h_tt, ḫtt 'pluck (plants)' (MK) Western Chadic: *kyat- 'cut off, tear off' Central Chadic: *kat- 'tear off a piece, tear off (by a thorn)'

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *qʷ-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *qʷar- or *qVwar-
Meaning: voice, call, cry Semitic: *ḫVwVr- 'bellow (v.)' Berber: *kur- 'call' Egyptian: ḫrw 'voice, noise' (pyr) ~ ḫr (OK) 'say' Western Chadic: *qwar- 'scream, cry' (n.) 1, 'groan' 2, 'shout, call' 3 Central Chadic: *k/ḥwar- 'voice' East Chadic: *kur- 'cry to call a dog' South Cushitic: *ḫur- 'rumble, roar'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *qʷ/ḫʷan-
Meaning: river Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: h_nw 'rivulet' (XVIII) Western Chadic: *gwani 'river' East Chadic: *kwan- 'river'

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *q̇-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *q̇aĉ̣-
Meaning: be friable, broken Semitic: *ḫVṣ̂- 'be friable' East Chadic: *kVĉ̣- 'crumble' Low East Cushitic: *ḳac̣- 'walk on grain and spoil it'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *q̇amac̣/ʒ-
Meaning: hunger, be hungry Semitic: *ḫama/uṣ- Western Chadic: *q̇uʒum- 'hunger' Central Chadic: *qwazVm-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *q̇ar-
Meaning: k. of fish Egyptian: ḫꜣ.t 'kind of fish' Western Chadic: *ḳar- 'fish with sharp fins' Omotic: *warḫ- 'fish' (met.?)
Notes: Cf. *ḳar-tum- 'fish'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *q̇araw-
Meaning: war, fight Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: ḫrwyw 'war' (BD) Western Chadic: *ḳarw- 'fight' Central Chadic: *ɣwara 'war' East Chadic: *kuur- 'war' 1, 'fight' (v.) 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *q̇aw/yam-
Meaning: tent, house, temple Semitic: *ḫaym- 'tent' 1, 'hut' 2, 'cabin' 3 Berber: *ɣ(V)yam- 'tent' 1, 'village' 2 Egyptian: ḫm 'temple' (pyr) Western Chadic: *ḳwam- 'hut' 1, 'room' 2 East Chadic: *kamkam- 'compound' South Cushitic: *ḳwam- 'enclosure'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *q̇aw(q̇aw)-
Meaning: throat Egyptian: ḫḫ (MK) 'throat' Western Chadic: *q̇waq̇wa- 'neck' 1, 'goitre' 2 Central Chadic: *q̯̇way- 'throat' South Cushitic: *waḳ- 'neck'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *q̇a(wV)c̣-
Meaning: sand Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ḫ/ḥVw/yVṣ- 'sand, gravel' Western Chadic: *ḳas- 'earth, sand' Central Chadic: *KVs- 'sand' 1, 'sandy soil' 2 East Chadic: *kVs-kV 'sand' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ḳus- Omotic: *ḳac̣- 'sand'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *q̇ayl-
Meaning: equid Semitic: *ḫayl- 'equid' Berber: *ɣayul- 'horse' 1, 'mare' 2, 'donkey' 3, 'mule' 4
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *q̇uʕ-
Meaning: give birth Egyptian: ḫʕy (gr) 'give birth' Central Chadic: *ɣwaH- 'give birth'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *q̇VyVb- (?)
Meaning: deceive Semitic: *ḫVyVb- 'deceive' Central Chadic: *kiḅ- 'deceive'
Notes: Emphatization in Daba is caused by *q̇. Scarce data (an Arabism in Daba?)

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *q̇ʷ-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *q̇ʷap-
Meaning: hoof Semitic: *ḫu/ap(p)- 'hoof' Western Chadic: *q̇waf- 'hoof'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *q̇ʷar-
Meaning: shell Egyptian: ḫꜣ 'bivalve shell' ("preserved by the hrgl. EG III, 218; EDE I, 160) Western Chadic: *ḳwar- 'shell of tortoise' East Chadic: *kur- 'egg-shell' South Cushitic: *ḫoror- 'cowry shell'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *q̇ʷVt-
Meaning: take (by force) Semitic: *ḫVtVt- 'take somebody's share' Western Chadic: *ḳʷat- 'take thing by force'

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *R-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *raʔ-
Meaning: sing Western Chadic: *rayr- 'sing' East Chadic: *riy- 'sing' South Cushitic: *raʔ- 'sing'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *raʔ-
Meaning: water level Berber: *Haray- 'water level (in a vessel)' Egyptian: rꜣ 'water-line' (MK)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *raʔaw/y-
Meaning: be, become, do, make Egyptian: ỉry 'be, do, make' (OK) Western Chadic: *rwa- 'work' (n.) 1, 'become' 2 Central Chadic: *rVy- 'build' 1, 'do' 2 East Chadic: *riy- 'work' (v.) 1, 'do' 2, 'make' 3, 'work' (n.) 4 South Cushitic: *raʔ- 'stay, remain' Dahalo (Sanye): *raw- 'stay, remain'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *raʔ(i)s-
Meaning: head Semitic: *raʔ(i)š- 'head'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *raʔob-
Meaning: rain Semitic: *rVbib- 'rain of dew, dust, spring rain' Western Chadic: *raḅ- 'dew' 1, 'be wet' 2 , 'dripping (rain)' 3 East Chadic: *ribiy/b- rain' 1, 'rainy season' 2, 'end of the rainy season' 3 Saho-Afar: *rVHob- 'rain' Low East Cushitic: *rVHob- 'rain'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *raʔup- (?)
Meaning: finish Central Chadic: *ruf- 'finish, end' High East Cushitic: *raṗ- < *raʔVp- 'be finished'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *raʔVb-
Meaning: dirt Egyptian: Cf. ỉnbw (gr) 'dirt' Western Chadic: *raHab- 'dirt' 1 ,'diarrhoetic excrement' 2 Central Chadic: *HarVb- 'dirt' 1, 'to rot' 2 East Chadic: *raHab- 'dirt'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *raʕ-
Meaning: sun, god Semitic: *rayʕ- 'daylight' Egyptian: rʕ 'sun, Sun-god' (pyr) (?) Western Chadic: *(*ʔa-)riʔ- 'sky' 1, 'cloud' 2 East Chadic: *raH- 'god' 1, 'sky' 2
Notes: Cf. Eg rʕ 'sun; god', rather <*lVʕ-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *raʕad-
Meaning: thunder Semitic: *raʕd- 'storm, thunder' Western Chadic: *Harad- 'thunder' (?< Arab) Central Chadic: *raHad- 'thunder' (?< Arab)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rabb-
Meaning: big Semitic: *rabb- 'big' Omotic: Ongota arba 'big'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *raĉaḥ-
Meaning: pour, soak Semitic: *rVŝ- 'sprinkle' (cf. *rVŝaḥ- 'leak') Western Chadic: *rVĉ- 'moisten' East Chadic: *ras- 'wet, soak' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʔa-rič- 'sprinkle'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rad- (?)
Meaning: foot, trace Egyptian: rd 'foot' (pyr) Low East Cushitic: *rad- 'footprint' Dahalo (Sanye): rád_d_e 'wing' (?)
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rad-/*rid-
Meaning: go, run Semitic: *rVdVw-/*rVdVy- 'go' 1, 'walk, tread' 2, 'beat the ground in running' 3 Saho-Afar: *rad- 'run' Low East Cushitic: *rid- 'run'
Notes: Connected with *rad- 'foot'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *raduʔ-
Meaning: be bad, be rotten Semitic: *rVduʔ- 'be spoiled, be bad' Western Chadic: *radVH- 'rot' East Chadic: *raḍ- 'be, become ill'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *raf-
Meaning: dwelling or part of dwelling Semitic: *rVp- 'shelf, rack, bunk' Berber: *rVf- 'kind of room' Western Chadic: *ruf- 'mud roof' Central Chadic: *raf- 'hut'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *raHaw/y-
Meaning: bird Semitic: *rahw- or *raʔ- 'crane' or 'red kite' Western Chadic: *ray(aw)- 'bird' East Chadic: *rāy- < *raHay- 'vulture' Low East Cushitic: *raHaw- 'large bird'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rak-/*rik-
Meaning: be thin, small Semitic: *rik- 'be thin, be weak' Western Chadic: *ra/uk- 'be thin' 1, 'become meagre' 2 Central Chadic: *rak- 'small' East Chadic: *rVk- 'become meagre'
Notes: Cf. *riḳ- 'be thin, shallow'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *raḳid-
Meaning: jump Semitic: *raḳad- 'jump' (v.) 1, 'jump, leap' (n.) 2 Western Chadic: *ḍakVr- 'escape, jump' East Chadic: *rVdiḳ- 'jump'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ram- - cf. *rim- 'earth, clay'
Meaning: land, field Egyptian: rmrm.t 'kind of field' (pyr) Western Chadic: *ram- 'land, place'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ram-
Meaning: throw Semitic: *rVmVy- 'throw, shoot' East Chadic: *ram- 'throw' 1, 'shoot' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ram-
Meaning: roar, speak Semitic: *rVm- 'roar' Western Chadic: *ram- 'speak, say, tell'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ramĉ̣-
Meaning: ashes Semitic: *ramṣ̂- 'ashes'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rasVw- (?)
Meaning: death, sleep Egyptian: rsw.t 'dream, sleep' (n.) (MK) Western Chadic: *rasu- 'death'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rataḫ-
Meaning: hang Semitic: *rVtVḫ- 'hang, descend' Western Chadic: *ratay- 'hang up'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *raw-
Meaning: sky Egyptian: rw 'sky' (pyr) Western Chadic: *ruw- 'sky' South Cushitic: *raw- 'sky'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rawʔ- ~ *ʔar(a)w- ~ *warr-
Meaning: snake Semitic: *ʔar(a)w- 'snake, chameleon' Egyptian: rꜣ 'snake' (NK) Western Chadic: *rwaH- 'cobra' High East Cushitic: *warr- 'snake'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rawad-
Meaning: descend Semitic: *wVrVd- 'descend' 1, 'come' 2 Saho-Afar: *ra[w]ad- 'descend'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rawiʔ-
Meaning: lungs; intestines Semitic: *riʔ-at- 'lung' Western Chadic: *raw(H)y- 'intestine' Central Chadic: *raw- 'stomach'
Notes: Cf. *warVy- 'lungs'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *raw/y- (?)
Meaning: knife Egyptian: ỉry (gr) Central Chadic: *raw-
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rayḥ-
Meaning: hand Semitic: *rāḥ-(at)-, *riḥ-at- 'palm of hand' Western Chadic: *ryaH- 'hand' 1, 'arm' 2 Central Chadic: *ray(H)- 'arm' 1, 'hand' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ray/w-
Meaning: go, drive Egyptian: ỉry (pyr) (?) Western Chadic: *rawVy-/*riyaw- Central Chadic: *rwa- 'go' 1, 'come' 2 East Chadic: *ra(Ha)w- Low East Cushitic: Arbore róot 'walking' Dahalo (Sanye): roʔ/rat_ 'to walk' Omotic: Ong roo/rota, Hamer ro 'foot'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *riʔ-
Meaning: eye; see Semitic: *rVʔVy- 'see' Western Chadic: *riH- 'eye'
Notes: Cf. *ʔir- eye
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ri(ʔ)-
Meaning: time Semitic: *ʔVr- 'time' Egyptian: rr (pyr) 'time' Central Chadic: *riʔ- 'time'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *riʕ-
Meaning: break, destroy Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *rVʕ- 'break' Central Chadic: *riy/ruw- 'destroy' 1, 'break (a rope)' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rib-
Meaning: vessel Semitic: *rīb- 'vessel' Egyptian: rb.t 'copper pot' Western Chadic: *riḅ- 'clay for pots' 1, 'clay' 2 Central Chadic: *ruḅ- 'pottery clay'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ridaɣ-
Meaning: dirt Semitic: *radaɣ- 'dirt' Central Chadic: *riday/H- 'dirt'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rif-
Meaning: cereals Semitic: *rīp- 'corn, grain' Egyptian: rfrf (gr) 'corn' Central Chadic: *n/rif- 'yam'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rigad-
Meaning: foot, leg Western Chadic: *gVrVd- 'leg' Beḍauye (Beja): ragad 'foot, leg' Saho-Afar: *rigid- 'foot, leg' South Cushitic: *digir- 'footprint'
Notes: Cf. *riga/ul- 'limb, foot, feather'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *riga/ul-
Meaning: limb, foot, feather Semitic: *rigl- 'foot' Berber: *rVga/ul- 'feather' 1, 'penis' 2, 'pedicle' 3 Egyptian: ʕꜣg.t (pyr) 'hoof (of cow and ass)' ~ ʕgꜣ.t (NK) 'claw (of lion and bird)' (?) Western Chadic: *rVgVl- 'ankle , ankle bone' 1, 'inner part of the thigh' 2
Notes: Meanings very different. In Eg. dissimilation <*ꜣgꜣ <*rgl? Cf. *rigad- 'foot, leg'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ri(ḥ)m-
Meaning: womb Semitic: *raḥ(i)m-/*riḥm- 'womb' Egyptian: ḥrm ? HAL1217 after Lacau Low East Cushitic: *rim- 'womb, uterus' 1, 'pregnant (of animals)' 2, 'be pregnant' 3 High East Cushitic: *ri(Hi)m- 'be pregnant' 1, 'intestines' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ri/aʕaw/y-
Meaning: follow, accompany, guard, herd, chase Semitic: *rVʕVy- 'pasture, guard livestock, herd, graze (trans.); join, associate with' ~ *rāʕ- 'herdsman; friend, companion' Western Chadic: *raw/ʔ- 'herd, graze' (
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ri/ug- (?)
Meaning: bow Egyptian: rwd_.t (pyr) 'bow-string' Western Chadic: *ri(n)k/g- 'bow'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rim-
Meaning: be raised, high, long Semitic: *rVyVm- 'be high, long' Western Chadic: *rim- 'stand (on hind legs)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rim-
Meaning: (wet) earth, clay Semitic: *rimm- 'smth. wet (earth, etc.)' ~ *ramram- 'sea' Egyptian: ỉm 'clay' (MK) Low East Cushitic: Arbore rom, Elmolo rôm 'ashes' Mogogodo (Yaaku): Yaaku hrōn, pl. hroómêʔ 'ashes'
Notes: Cf. *rVml- 'sand'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rimm-
Meaning: insect Semitic: *rimm-at- 'kind of insect/worm' Western Chadic: *ma-ryam- 'young or small scorpion' East Chadic: *ʔi-ririm- 'insect' Saho-Afar: *rimm- 'worm' Low East Cushitic: *rimm- 'ant, termite' High East Cushitic: *ram- 'worm'
Notes: Cf. HSED 2119.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ripan-
Meaning: hair Egyptian: nꜣp 'hairlock' (pyr) (?) Low East Cushitic: *rifan- 'hair' Warazi (Dullay): *rif(an)- 'hair'
Notes: Scarce data. Metathesis in Eg < *nVrVp-?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *riway/ʔ- ~ *wur-
Meaning: water Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *riw- 'abundant water', *rwy- 'to drink one's fill, to water (soil)' Egyptian: ỉwy (MK) <*rwy 'to water (field); pour out (liquid)' Western Chadic: *ruw- ~ *wur- 'stream' 1, 'lake' 2, 'channel made by a stream' 3, 'water, rain' 4 South Cushitic: *raʔ- 'dew'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *riw-/*riy-
Meaning: play Egyptian: rwy.t 'kind of game' (MK) Western Chadic: *ririy- 'children's game' Central Chadic: *riw- 'play'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *riw/wah-
Meaning: evening Egyptian: rwhꜣ 'evening' (n) Central Chadic: *riyaH- 'evening'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *riyVʕ-
Meaning: grow Semitic: *rVyVʕ- 'grow' Egyptian: cf. ʕꜣ 'big' Pyr (met.?) Western Chadic: *riy- 'multiply' Central Chadic: *riy- 'increase'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rubud-
Meaning: ashes Semitic: *rubd- 'colour of ash, ashen' Western Chadic: *rubuḍ- 'hot fine ash'
Notes: Scarce data. An Arabism in Hs.? Cf. Arb ramād- 'ashes'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rum-
Meaning: lion Egyptian: ꜣm 'lion' (gr) Western Chadic: *ʔirum 'leopard' Central Chadic: *lum- 'lion' (?) East Chadic: *ʔa-rum- 'lion'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rum- (?)
Meaning: cord Semitic: *rumm- 'piece of used string' Central Chadic: *ʔa-rum- 'string, cord' (
Notes: Scarce data. The Buduma term may be an Arabism.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rVʔ-/*rVw-
Meaning: speak Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *rVwVy- 'render other person's words' Egyptian: rꜣ 'mouth; sentence, speech, language' (pyr) Western Chadic: *ruru- 'shout' (n.) Central Chadic: *ray- 'speak'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rVb- (?)
Meaning: throw Semitic: *rVb- 'throw' Western Chadic: *harVb- 'shoot' (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rVd-
Meaning: mountain, rock Semitic: *radād- Western Chadic: *rud-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rVg-
Meaning: cereals Egyptian: rd_rd_ 'cereals' (gr) Western Chadic: *rwag- 'cassawa' Central Chadic: *ʔi-rgu- 'seed'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rVḫ-
Meaning: mix Semitic: *rVḫ- 'mix' Western Chadic: *rVy- < *raHi- 'mix up' East Chadic: *raww- 'mix (hard food)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rVḫ- ~ *ʔarH- (?)
Meaning: know Egyptian: rḫ (ME) 'know' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʔarʔ- 'know' High East Cushitic: *raʔ- 'know' Warazi (Dullay): *ʔarH- 'know' Omotic: *ʔer- 'know'
Notes: Phonetically doubtful.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rVhVn-
Meaning: leave Egyptian: rhn 'leave' (MK) Central Chadic: *lVn- 'leave'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rVḳ-
Meaning: be thin Semitic: *riḳ- 'be thin' 1, 'be shallow' 2
Notes: Cf. *rVk- id.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rVḳay-
Meaning: climb Semitic: *rVḳay- 'climb, rise' Egyptian: ỉꜣḳ (pyr) 'rise' Western Chadic: *ryaḳVy- 'rise' Low East Cushitic: (?) *riḳ- 'climb'
Notes: Cf. *ma-rVḳ- 'stair, staircase' (1505).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rVm-
Meaning: be bad, be rotten Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *rim- 'be rotten (of bones)' 1, 'be worn, be frayed' 2 Western Chadic: *r(w)am- 'bad' Central Chadic: *rVm- 'rot' East Chadic: *rwam- 'rotten'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rVq(-am)- (?)
Meaning: k. of bird Semitic: *raḫam- 'bird of prey' (Cf. Arb ruḫḫ- 'fabulous bird') Egyptian: rḫy (OK) 'k. of bird' Central Chadic: *rukʷ- 'bird'
Notes: Scarce data. Phonetically problematic (*rVq-Vm-?). Cf. EDE I 173 (Sem *raḫam- is comp. to Eg. ʕh_m and Beḍ yihām).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rVsVʕ-
Meaning: evil; be evil Semitic: *rVšVʕ- 'treat severely' 1, 'be evil, behave badly' 2, 'be slack' 3, 'forget, neglect' 4 Egyptian: ʕrš 'evil' (18) (?) Western Chadic: *rVs- cunning Central Chadic: *rVs- 'despise'
Notes: Eg š (<*ĉ or *ŝ) does not correspond Sem *š.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rVwun-
Meaning: wind Egyptian: ỉwn 'wind' (pyr) Western Chadic: *ruwun- 'wind'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rVwVč̣-
Meaning: go, run Semitic: *rVwVt_̣- 'run for help' 1, 'run' 2 Western Chadic: *rVč̣- 'go' 1, 'pass through place' 2 Dahalo (Sanye): rat_- 'go, walk' (unreliable)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *rVwVy-
Meaning: fire; burn Egyptian: rwy 'flame' (n) Central Chadic: *rVy- 'burn'
Notes: Cf. *ʔu/ir- 'fire; burn'

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *S-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *saʔ-
Meaning: climb, stand up Semitic: *šVʔVw- 'climb' Western Chadic: *saw/aʔ/ 'climb' 1, 'arise' 2, 'up, high' 2 East Chadic: *say-/*saw- 'stand up, rise' Dahalo (Sanye): saa-ḍ- 'stand'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *saʔaf-
Meaning: snare Semitic: *ša(ʔ)ap- 'hair, wool' Berber: *saf- 'snare' (?) Western Chadic: *siwVp- 'hair' (cf. *saHaf- 'snare')
Notes: Scarce data. Oromo saṗii may refer to *sa/u(m)bVb- No. 184.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *SaʔVw-
Meaning: tree, forest Semitic: *ŝāʔ- 'tree' Egyptian: šꜣ (18) 'tree' Western Chadic: *saw-/*say- 'tree with thorns' Central Chadic: *syaʔ- 'wood, forest' East Chadic: *sVw- 'tree'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *saʕ-
Meaning: do, make Semitic: *šVʕay- 'do, act' Western Chadic: *say- 'to do' Central Chadic: *saH- 'do, make' East Chadic: *siy- 'make'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *saʕab-
Meaning: cut Egyptian: sʕb 'cut, castrate' (MK) Western Chadic: *sabVH- 'cut (hair)' East Chadic: *saHa(m)b- 'cut'
Notes: Derived from *sib- 'cut'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sab-
Meaning: come and go, walk Semitic: *šVb- 'walk slowly' 1, 'come' 2 Western Chadic: *sabVʔ- 'return'1, 'go out' 2 Central Chadic: *sub- 'follow' East Chadic: *sab- 'walk' (n.)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sab- (?)
Meaning: bird Semitic: *šab-šab- 'small bird' Berber: *sVbib- 'small bird' East Chadic: *syab- < *sabi- 'dove'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sabaḥ- (?)
Meaning: bird Egyptian: sbḥ 'kind of bird' (OK) Western Chadic: *saHab- 'guinea fowl'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sabiḫ- (?)
Meaning: cotton Semitic: *šabīḫ- 'piece of cotton' Western Chadic: *sa/ibVH- 'teasing cotton with a small bow'
Notes: Scarce data. Semantically highly problematic.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sabil- (?)
Meaning: wild cat, leopard Western Chadic: *sVbel- 'wild cat' Low East Cushitic: *šabel- 'leopard'
Notes: Scarce data. Cf. Mgg šibin 'leopard'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sabul-
Meaning: (metalic?) weapon Semitic: *šabal- 'fascicle of spears' Berber: *sVbul- 'long knife, dagger' 1, 'long needle' 2 Western Chadic: *sulb- (met.) 'k of arrow' Low East Cushitic: *sibil- 'iron' High East Cushitic: *sibil- 'iron'
Notes: Cf. Akk siparr- (Sum.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sabVʔ-/*sabVy-
Meaning: sin, lie Egyptian: Cf. sby 'rebel, criminal' (OK) Western Chadic: *saḅ- 'sin' 1, 'evil' 2, 'lie' 3 Low East Cushitic: *sob- 'lie' (v.)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sad-
Meaning: rope Semitic: *ma-šad- 'bast cord' East Chadic: *sad- 'cord'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *saduf-/*siduf-
Meaning: container Semitic: *šadup- 'box for tablets' Egyptian: sdf 'measure (for figs)' (n) Central Chadic: *sidVf- 'pot'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *saf-
Meaning: morning Semitic: *nVšVp- 'evening' Western Chadic: *saf- 'early morning' Low East Cushitic: *saf- 'mid-morning'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *saf(ʕ)-
Meaning: k. of bird; falcon Semitic: *šapVʕ- 'kind of bird' 1, 'falcon' 2 Berber: *saf- 'kind of bird' Egyptian: sf.t 'kind of bird' (gr) Western Chadic: *saf- 'falcon, hawk'
Notes: Any relation to *saf-/*suf- 'soar, jump'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *saf-/*suf-
Meaning: jump, soar Semitic: *šup- 'soar' Berber: *siyaf- 'swim' (?) Central Chadic: *saf- 'jump' Omotic: Ong šap 'swim' (?)
Notes: Otherwise Brb. and Ong. must be separated and make a different root.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sag-
Meaning: bring Egyptian: sd_ꜣ 'bring' (pyr) East Chadic: *sag- 'bring' 1, 'carry' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *saḫ-
Meaning: gall, urinary bladder Semitic: (?) *šVmāḫ- (met. <*šaḫam-?) 'intestine, spleen' Berber: Zenaga tă-ḫsǝh 'belly' (met.?) - Cf. Egyptian: sḫ (med) 'gall' Western Chadic: *šaH- 'urine' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *šaH- 'urine' South Cushitic: *saḫ- 'gall bladder' Dahalo (Sanye): saaḥaw- 'urinate' Omotic: *šeʔ- 'urinate'
Notes: Cf. Sem *ŝḫḫ 'urinate' (Ar šḫḫ).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *saḫan-
Meaning: burn, be warm Semitic: *šVḫan- 'be warm, be hot' 1, 'be inflamed' 2, 'warm' (v.) 3 Western Chadic: *sVn- 'warm ' (tr). 1, 'warm' (intr.) 2 Omotic: Ong šōni 'warm'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *saḥan-
Meaning: break, cut Semitic: *šVḥan- 'break' Western Chadic: *syaHan- 'grind' Central Chadic: *sanVH- 'cut'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sak-
Meaning: pour, flow Egyptian: st_ꜣ 'flow' (XVIII) Western Chadic: *sVk- 'pour'1, 'filter' (v.) 2 Central Chadic: *sVk- 'pour'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sak-
Meaning: row Semitic: *šakk- 'row' Western Chadic: *sa(Ha)k- 'row'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *Sakw-
Meaning: small animal Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *SVkk- 'mongoose; hyrax' Central Chadic: *Sakw- 'squirrel' 1, 'dog' 2 Warazi (Dullay): *šak- 'chameleon' (?) Omotic: *sa/ikw 'chameleon' 1, 'bat' 2
Notes: Cf. Lamb Wol 506: Wol, Kač; Dull
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *saḳ-
Meaning: weave, plait Borean etymology: Borean etymology Western Chadic: *saḳ- 'plait' Central Chadic: *sa-sak- 'weave' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *saḳ- 'plait, sew' 1, 'weave' 2 Dahalo (Sanye): sooḳ- 'twist'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *saḳ-
Meaning: cut Egyptian: sḳḳ 'cut' (NK) Western Chadic: *saḳ- 'cut' 1, 'cut down' 2, 'carpenter' 3
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *saḳ- (?)
Meaning: thighbone, shinbone Semitic: *šāḳ- 'thigh, leg, tibia' Western Chadic: *sVkV[ʔ]- 'leg' 1, 'foot' 2 ,'to limp' 3 Central Chadic: *saku/i 'leg' 1, 'bone' 2 East Chadic: *sak- 'shin-bone'
Notes: Cf. what should probably be reconstructed as a separate root *sVgVH-: Eg. sd_ꜣ 'leg' (n), sd_ꜣḥ, sd_ḥ 'shin'; WCh *saguh- 'leg' (Miya šaguhu), CCh *sig- 'bone' (Log šigo) and ECh *sawg- 'shoulder' (Ndam swàg, Mob sàwgâ). Cf. also WCh. *s/zVgVr- 'leg, foot' (Ngz sègèr [Kl], zǝ̀gǝ́r [FrN]) and two Ch. roots tentatively included in *c/c̣uḳl- 'thigh, leg, elbow': WCh. *sa/u(n)gul- 'elbow, leg, foot', ECh. *sugul- 'thigh' .
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sa/in-
Meaning: brother Egyptian: sn 'brother' (pyr) Western Chadic: *sVn- 'elder brother' 1, 'relatives, clan' 2 East Chadic: *sin- 'brother' 1, 'elder brother' 2, 'my brother' 3 Beḍauye (Beja): saan 'brother' ? Central Cushitic (Agaw): *šan- 'brother' Warazi (Dullay): *ʔa-šin- 'nephew'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sa/ipūl- ~ *sapil-
Meaning: lower parts of body Semitic: *ša/ipūl- ~ šapil- 'lower parts of body; thigh, legs; belly, stomach'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sa/uf-
Meaning: to blow, smell, breathe Semitic: *šVwVp- 'to blow, smell' Egyptian: sf 'nose' (?) Central Chadic: *sVf- 'wind' 1, 'breathe' 2, 'life' 3 Low East Cushitic: *suf- 'smell, scent, sniff' (v.)
Notes: Cf. Bla Review 507. Cf. *sip- 'blow'. Cf. also *pVsVʔ- 'breathe'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sa/u(m)bVb-
Meaning: tuft of hair Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *(ʔi-)š/sayb- ~ *š/sabib- 'tuft of hair' Berber: *sVba/ub- 'eyebrow' 1, 'hairlock' 2, 'tail' 3 East Chadic: *syab- 'hair' High East Cushitic: *šomb- 'pubic hair' Warazi (Dullay): *sanp- (<*sanb-?) 'uncircumsized penis' (?) South Cushitic: *sumbiy- 'crest'
Notes: Cf. Bla Review 501.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *salam-
Meaning: tree Semitic: *šalām- 'kind of tree' East Chadic: *sVlVm- 'k of tree (very hard)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *salap-
Meaning: plant Semitic: *šalap- 'marsh plant' Egyptian: srp.t 'plant' (gr)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *salaq-
Meaning: skin Semitic: *ša/ilḫ- 'skin, hide' Western Chadic: *sulVk- 'leather bag made from the complete skin of a goat/sheep' (
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *saluḳ-
Meaning: cut, slaughter Semitic: *šVlVḳ- 'cut, split' Egyptian: srḳ (pyr) 'slaughter' Western Chadic: (?) *ĉ/salVḳ- 'opening a vein (in the leg of an animal)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *saly- ~ *sil-
Meaning: (woman's) belly, womb with a foetus, pregnancy Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *šaly-(at-) 'afterbirth, placenta; foetus, embryo' Low East Cushitic: *sil- 'pregnant (of woman)' High East Cushitic: *salay/ʔ- 'belly; pregnant; embryo; lineage' Omotic: *šil- 'belly'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *saman-
Meaning: be still, sit Egyptian: smn 'remain still' (XVIII) Central Chadic: *saman- 'sit down' 1, 's'installer' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *samay-
Meaning: sky Semitic: *šamāʔ/y- 'sky'
Notes: Cf. Eg sym (sarc) 'fog', otherwise <*čVm- 'fog, rain'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sa(m)bir-
Meaning: bird Berber: *sVbibir- 'butterfly; small bird' (?) Western Chadic: *sabir- 'kind of bird' East Chadic: *sabir- 'guinea fowl' Beḍauye (Beja): šambar 'pelican'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *samp/f-
Meaning: basket Semitic: *šapp- 'basket' Western Chadic: *samf- 'basket made of grass' Low East Cushitic: *sumf- 'basket' High East Cushitic: *samf- 'basket made of grass'
Notes: Cf. also CCh 'basket' *ʒamf- (Masa zamfa) with an unexpected *ʒ-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *samsam- (?)
Meaning: insect Semitic: *šumšum- 'red ant' East Chadic: *samsam- 'flea'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *san-
Meaning: year Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *šan- 'year' Western Chadic: *wa-sun- 'year' 1, 'rainy season' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *san-aw-
Meaning: shine, day Semitic: *šanaw- 'shine' Western Chadic: *(wa-)san- 'morning' 1, 'bright, clear' 2 East Chadic: *san-H- 'morning'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *saniʔ-
Meaning: go, run Semitic: *šVnVʔ- 'trot' (v.) Western Chadic: *san-H- 'go out' Low East Cushitic: *seHen- < *saHin- 'enter'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *saq-
Meaning: yard, house Semitic: *ʔašaḫ- 'barn' Berber: *sVk- 'build' Egyptian: wsḫ.t (pyr) 'hall', sḫ.w (AE) 'wide space, yard' Western Chadic: *soɣ- 'house' East Chadic: *čok- 'barn' (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *saqam- (?)
Meaning: knife Egyptian: sḫm (gr) 'sword' Western Chadic: *sakam- 'large knife, sword' (
Notes: Der. <*siḫ- 'knife'? Scarce data. Phonetics unclear.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sar-
Meaning: (lower) back; tail; back, below Semitic: *š/sar- 'vertebral column, backbone; back; behind, back, after' Egyptian: sꜣ (pyr) 'back', wsr-t (pyr) 'neck' Western Chadic: *sar- 'middle of back' Central Chadic: *sar- 'waist' Beḍauye (Beja): sára 'back' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *sVr- 'back' 1, lower part 2 Saho-Afar: *sarr- 'tail; backside' 1, 'back, rear' 2 High East Cushitic: *sar- 'tail' South Cushitic: *sir- 'buttocks' Dahalo (Sanye): sáre 'lower back, meat above buttock' Mogogodo (Yaaku): sɛ̀rɛy 'below, down'
Notes: Cf. EDE I 58-59.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sar-/*sayar-
Meaning: go Semitic: *šVyVr- 'go' Western Chadic: *s(w)ar- 'go' East Chadic: *sar- 'arrive' 1,'go' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sasug-
Meaning: tree Semitic: *šašūg- 'fruit tree' Egyptian: ssd_ (pyr) 'wood' Central Chadic: *sVgw- 'firewood' Low East Cushitic: *sogsog-
Notes: Partial reduplication of *sog- 'tree, wood'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sataw-/*satay-
Meaning: drink Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *šVtVy- 'drink' Central Chadic: *sawat- 'be, make thirsty' 1, 'drink' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *saṭiʕ-
Meaning: morning, dawn Semitic: *šaṭīʕ- 'dawn' Western Chadic: *saṭ- 'morning'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *saw-
Meaning: fire; burn Egyptian: nsw.t (ME) East Chadic: *saw-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *Saw- ??
Meaning: feather Egyptian: šw.t (pyr) 'feather' Western Chadic: *saw- 'feather'
Notes: Unreliable. Irregular correspondences.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sawad-
Meaning: be black, dirty Semitic: *šVwad- 'be black' Central Chadic: *swaḍ- 'dirt' 1, 'faeces' 2 East Chadic: *swaḍ- 'faeces'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sawaḫ/ḥ-
Meaning: bowl, basin Semitic: *šāḫ- 'washing basin' Egyptian: swḥ.t 'bowl' (MK)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sa(w/yV)ḥ-
Meaning: wind Semitic: *šaḥ(aḥ)- 'wind' 1, 'air, atmosphere' 2 Egyptian: swḥ 'wind' (XXII) Western Chadic: *sya 'wind' Central Chadic: *siʔ- 'wind'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sawVʔ-
Meaning: go in and out Egyptian: swꜣ (pyr) 'pass by' Western Chadic: *sawu- 'run' 1, 'go out' 2 Central Chadic: *su-/*saw- 'come' 1, 'enter' 2 Saho-Afar: *saw- 'enter' Low East Cushitic: *seʔ- 'go' (otherwise < *sVy- 'hurry, come (back)'
Notes: Cf. Sem *šVʕVy: Akk šaʔu 'run', Arb sʕy [-a-], Jib šaʕe, Soq šeʕe 'go'. Cf. *sVy- 'hurry, come (back)' (1108) and *ʔaw/yas- 'come, hurry' (1146).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sawVḥ- (?)
Meaning: egg Egyptian: swḥ.t (pyr) 'egg' Western Chadic: *saHw- 'egg' Central Chadic: *saHVy- 'egg' East Chadic: *His- (> ʔis-) sing.
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sayal-
Meaning: water flow Semitic: *šVy/ʔul- 'watercourse' Western Chadic: *sal- 'river' East Chadic: *sul- 'sea', *sayal- 'basin'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sayam-
Meaning: grass Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *šamm- 'herb, grass' Egyptian: sm.w (pyr) 'grass' East Chadic: *swam- 'k of grass' Beḍauye (Beja): sayam 'grass' Low East Cushitic: *soyam- 'kind of plant'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *say/w/ʔ-
Meaning: house Egyptian: s.t 'dwelling, place' (pyr), sꜣ (gr) 'barn' Western Chadic: *say(saw)- 'house' 1, 'fencing, a fenced place' 2 Central Chadic: *syaʔ-/*swaʔ 'house' 1, 'compound' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sayp- (?)
Meaning: knife, axe Semitic: *šay(V)p- 'sword' Western Chadic: *sap- 'axe'1, 'hammer' 2 Omotic: *šVyVf- 'sword' (
Notes: Related to *sVf- 'cut'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sayr-
Meaning: grind Egyptian: sꜣy 'grind' Central Chadic: *syar- 'grind'
Notes: Cf.1329
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *siʔ- (?)
Meaning: look, think Egyptian: syꜣ (pyr) 'learn' Low East Cushitic: *seʔ- 'think (mistakenly)'
Notes: Semantic comparison doubtful.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *siʔb-
Meaning: snake, worm Semitic: *šib(šib)- '(water)worm; snake' Egyptian: sꜣb.t (pyr) 'motley snake' East Chadic: *sub- 'worm' Low East Cushitic: *siHib- 'worm'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sib-
Meaning: rope Semitic: *šibb- 'belt' 1, 'rope, thin cloth' 2 East Chadic: *sib- 'rope' 1, 'cage made of ropes' 2 Low East Cushitic: *seb- 'belt, leather strap' High East Cushitic: *sib- 'string, rope'
Notes: Cf. Cush words for 'sandal': Bed šib, Asa išiba.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sib-
Meaning: tree Western Chadic: *sib- tree 1, wood 2 Low East Cushitic: *sib(b)- 'kind of tree' High East Cushitic: *sib(b)- 'kind of tree'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sib-
Meaning: be angry Semitic: *šVbb- 'insult (v.)' Western Chadic: *sib- 'be angry' Beḍauye (Beja): (?) sebib 'punish, reprimand'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sib(-in)-
Meaning: oil, butter Western Chadic: *sib- 'oil' Low East Cushitic: *sibin- 'butter'
Notes: Cf. *sim-an- ~ *sin-am- 'oil, fat, (fat) milk'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sigaʕ-
Meaning: speak, moan Semitic: *šVgaʕ- 'moan' (v.) Western Chadic: *siHVg- 'talk' 1, 'conversation' 2 Central Chadic: *siK- 'say'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *siḫ-
Meaning: milk Egyptian: sḫ.w (gr) 'milk' East Chadic: *siH- 'milk'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *siḫ- (?)
Meaning: knife Semitic: *šīḫ- Egyptian: sꜣḫ.t (gr) Central Chadic: *sVH- 'knife'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *siḥaṭ-
Meaning: cut, slaughter Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *šVḥaṭ- 'slaughter' Western Chadic: *sitt- 'cut' 1, 'slaughter' 2 Central Chadic: *sVt- 'cut branches' East Chadic: *sēt- < *siHat- 'cut, trim'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *siḥir- (?)
Meaning: dirt Semitic: *šVḥVr- 'be black' East Chadic: *siHir- 'faeces'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sik- (?)
Meaning: boat, ship Egyptian: sk.ty (n) 'kind of ship' Western Chadic: *sik-
Notes: Scarce data. Eg > Ch?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sikun-
Meaning: dwell, sit Semitic: *šVkun- 'place, impose' 1, 'stay, dwell' 2 Western Chadic: *sikVn- 'sit' 1, 'rest' 2 South Cushitic: *sukunun- 'squat'
Notes: From *sikw- id. (2020).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sikʷ-
Meaning: dwell Semitic: *sakʷ-at 'street, square, quarter; forum (held in a public square)', sVkVt- 'encamp, lodge, rest' Western Chadic: *suki- 'sit' 1, 'rest' 2 Central Chadic: *sikw- 'sit down, rest' Dahalo (Sanye): sukk-eem- 'remain still'
Notes: Related to *sikun- id. (1959).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *Si/anṗ-
Meaning: lungs Semitic: *si/anṗ- 'lung' Egyptian: šnb.t (MK) 'chest; body'; cf. snb (gr) 'breath' - Cf. Central Chadic: *ʔa-c̣Vmb- 'breast' East Chadic: *sibin- Beḍauye (Beja): šamb-ut 'lungs' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *sanb- 'lungs' Low East Cushitic: *samb- 'lungs' High East Cushitic: *šamb- 'lungs' South Cushitic: *cVmbaʔal- 'saliva' - Cf. Omotic: *šVmb/p- 1 'lungs', 2 'heart', 3 'soul'
Notes: Assimilation *-nb- > *-mb- in some Cush and Omot. languages. Cf. Bla Review 504; EDE I 382-3.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *si/ulal-
Meaning: wild animal (feline) Semitic: *šaḥal- 'lion' Western Chadic: *sVl- 'wild cat' Central Chadic: *sila- 'wild animal' Low East Cushitic: *sulal- 'wild animal' South Cushitic: *šuḥVl- 'leopard' (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *si/ut-
Meaning: daughter, sister Semitic: *šitt- 'lady' Berber: *sit- 'daughters' Western Chadic: *sVt- 'sister' (?) Central Chadic: *sut- 'girl'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *silaḥ-
Meaning: sharp weapon Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *šilāḥ- 'weapon' 1, 'javelin' 2 Western Chadic: *sil- 'axe' East Chadic: *sal- 'knife' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *sil- 'knife'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sim-
Meaning: ear Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *šVmVʕ- 'hear' Berber: *sim- 'ear' Egyptian: smt 'hear' (pyr.), 'ears' (n) Central Chadic: *ŝim- 'ear' East Chadic: *sVm- 'ear'
Notes: In Sem., *-ʕ versus no traces of it in Eg. looks a secondary triconsonantizer. Secondary lateral in CCh, probably influenced by a laryngeal.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sim-
Meaning: go, come Western Chadic: *sim- Central Chadic: *sVm- East Chadic: *syam- Low East Cushitic: *sim- 'meet'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sim-
Meaning: call, speak Semitic: *šVmVy/w- 'call, give name' Berber: *sVm- 'call, name' (v.) Egyptian: smy MK 'inform, report' East Chadic: *sim-sim- 'whisper' Low East Cushitic: *sim- 'welcome' (v.)
Notes: Related to *(ʔi-)sim- 'name'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sim-
Meaning: suck Borean etymology: Borean etymology Berber: *sVm- East Chadic: *si/ʔi-sVm- South Cushitic: *seʔem- 'suck in air'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sim(aḫ)- (?)
Meaning: tree, bush Semitic: *šimaḫ- 'thorny bush' Central Chadic: *sisim- 'k. of tree' Low East Cushitic: *sim- 'young ensete tree' High East Cushitic: *sim- 'young ensete tree'
Notes: LEC and HEC interborrowing?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sim-an- ~ *sin-am-
Meaning: oil, fat, (fat) milk Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *šam(-an)- 'fat, oil' Berber: *-sim(-an)- '(liquid) fat, milk' Egyptian: smy (med.) 'fat milk, cream' Western Chadic: *sin(-am)- 'oil' Central Chadic: (?) *sVmVn- 'thick' East Chadic: *siwan- (<*siman-?) 'oil' 1, 'melted butter/oil' 2, 'fat' (n.) 3, 'fat' (adj.) 4 Warazi (Dullay): *šinam- 'butter' 1, 'fat' 2
Notes: Cf. SED 248; Bla Review 505. Cf. *sibin- 'oil, butter' (2853).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sin-
Meaning: tooth Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *šinn- 'tooth' Berber: *sīn- 'tooth' Western Chadic: *sin- 'tooth' Central Chadic: *ŝyan- 'tooth' East Chadic: *syan- 'tooth' South Cushitic: *siḥin- (?)
Notes: Secondary lateral in CCh.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sin-
Meaning: nose Borean etymology: Borean etymology Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʔa-sa/in- 'nose' Saho-Afar: *san- 'nose' Low East Cushitic: *ča/in- 'nose' High East Cushitic: *san- 'nose' Dahalo (Sanye): sina 'nose' Omotic: *sin- 'nose'
Notes: Related to AA 179 *sVn- 'to smell'. Cf. Cush Dullay: Gawwada sinḍe; Omot: Mao šiinṭê, Shin šínṭa, Chaha sinḍa, Male siiḍi, all <*sinṭ- with suffixed *-ṭ of unclear origin.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sin-
Meaning: earth, clay Egyptian: syn (OE) 'clay' Central Chadic: *syan- 'sand' East Chadic: *sinya- 'earth'1, 'sand' 2 , 'clay' 3
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sip-
Meaning: rope Egyptian: sp (AE) 'cords for ship-building' East Chadic: *sipya- 'string' 1, 'liane' 2 Low East Cushitic: *šep-'leather strap'
Notes: Related to *sVp- 'plaiting, weaving, sewing'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sip-
Meaning: river, river-bed Semitic: *šīp- 'bank, coast' Berber: *suf-/*sif- 'valley' 1, 'river, rivulet' 2 Western Chadic: *sip- 'river' Central Chadic: *ŝaf- 'lake' (secondary lateral) Omotic: *šaf- 'river, lake'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sip-
Meaning: blow Semitic: *šVpVy- 'raise dust (of the wind)' Central Chadic: *sip- 'blow'
Notes: Cf. *sa/uf- 'to blow, smell, breathe' (3734).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sir-
Meaning: kite Egyptian: syꜣ.w Western Chadic: *sirwa- Central Chadic: *siwir-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sirVf-
Meaning: warm Semitic: Syr pšr Egyptian: srf 'warm' (pyr) Western Chadic: *sVrVP-'boil' Central Chadic: *sirVf- 'covered with sweat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sirVḥ-
Meaning: river Egyptian: šrḥ (gr) 'rivulet' Western Chadic: *sirya- 'river, spring'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sisim- (?)
Meaning: cloth Egyptian: ssmy (gr) 'cloth' Central Chadic: *sisVm- 'loin-cloth'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *siwad-
Meaning: twist, spin Semitic: *šVdVw- 'set threads' Central Chadic: *suwVḍ- 'envelop, spin' East Chadic: *siwaḍ- 'twist'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *siwaḳ-
Meaning: walk, run Semitic: *šVwVḳ- 'run over' Western Chadic: *syaḳ- 'run away' Central Chadic: *sik- 'come in' High East Cushitic: *šiḳ- 'approach'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *siwan-
Meaning: know Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *šVnaḥ- 'appear in somebody's mind' (?) Berber: *sin- 'know' Egyptian: swn (l) 'know' Western Chadic: *syani- 'know' Central Chadic: *sin-H- 1 'know', 2 'recognize' East Chadic: *(ʔV-)sVn- 'know' 1, 'learn' 2 Low East Cushitic: *seHen- 'memory'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *siw/ʔVn-
Meaning: river Egyptian: swn.w 'waters' (BD) Central Chadic: *sin- 'river' South Cushitic: *soʔon- 'river' Dahalo (Sanye): sooni 'river'
Notes: Cf. Eg šn (pyr) 'sea' (<*ĉVn-).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *skk, *swk, *skw/y/ʔ
Meaning: to cultivate, to hoe and sow Semitic: *skk 'to harrow', *sikk-at- 'harrowed land' Berber: *sVkka/i(-t) 'plow' Egyptian: *skʔ 'to plow', *sky 'to sow' Western Chadic: *swk ~ *skw 'to sow, reap corn, hoe, plow' Central Chadic: *sak-'sow cotton' East Chadic: *masakwa 'millet' Omotic: *swk 'to sow', *sukk- 'seed'
Notes: Probably related to *sVkay/w- 'land not cultivated actually, fallow' Cf. CCh *(ma-)sa(n)kwa 'sorghum'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *s/caʕaw/y-
Meaning: squeeze, press Semitic: *sVʕVy- 'squeeze' Western Chadic: *sVsVy- 'squeeze' East Chadic: *saw- 'squeeze out pus' 1 , 'to knead, to ram' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *s/cVlVm-
Meaning: be unharmed; friendly Semitic: *šVlVm- 'be unharmed, healthy' ~ *sVlVm- 'be friendly' Egyptian: smr (AE) 'friendly'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *s/cVtVḥ-
Meaning: bird Egyptian: stḥ 'kind of bird' (XXII) Central Chadic: *swat- 'kite'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *s/ŝVw/yaH-
Meaning: be dry Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: šw (med) 'dry', sšwy 'dry up' (pyr) Western Chadic: *syaH- 'become dry' Central Chadic: *swaHi- 'become dry' East Chadic: *sVw- 'dry up' Omotic: KAF šuʔō <*ĉ/ŝVʔʷ; JAN iččimi, išimi <*ʔʷič/š-im-, met. rel. to *ĉiw-; DIM wučum <*ʔʷVĉ-; HAM wâčči, woč-
Notes: Irregular correspondence of sibilants.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *srr
Meaning: to fly, jump Semitic: *šrr 'to fly, jump'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *suʔit-
Meaning: dirt; be dirty Egyptian: sꜣt (NE) 'dirt' Central Chadic: *sotiy- 'dirt' East Chadic: *sit- 'dirty'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *suʕVm-
Meaning: eat Egyptian: sʕm (LM) 'eat' Western Chadic: *suHVm- 'eat' 1, 'chew' 2 Central Chadic: *sim-/*sam- 'eat'
Notes: Probably, caustive formation from *ʕam- id.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *suʕVr-
Meaning: tree, forest Egyptian: sʕr (n) 'forest' Western Chadic: *sur- 'tree'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *suḥ-
Meaning: pit, hole Semitic: *šūḥ- 'pit' Western Chadic: *swag/ḥ- 'a hole in a town wall for the exit of water'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *suḥ-
Meaning: pour, (make) wet Semitic: *šuḥ- 'flow, pour' Western Chadic: *suH- 'pour' East Chadic: *sāy- 'wet'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *suhw-
Meaning: star Semitic: *šuh- 'star in Ursa Major' Western Chadic: *sasuw- 'star' East Chadic: *sya-sV- 'star'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *suk-
Meaning: spear Egyptian: sk (ME) Central Chadic: *suk-
Notes: Scarce data. Connected with *suk- 'slaughter'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *suk-
Meaning: pull Egyptian: st_ꜣ 'pull' (pyr) Central Chadic: *suq/k- 'pull' Beḍauye (Beja): seku, soku 'pull'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *suk-
Meaning: slaughter (cattle) Semitic: *šuk- 'cut (ears)' Western Chadic: *suk- 'slaughtering (a camel)' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *suk- 'slaughter cattle (after funeral)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *suḳ-
Meaning: push, pull Semitic: *šVwVḳ- 'push' Western Chadic: *sasuḳ- 'drive away' East Chadic: *swak- 'push' Dahalo (Sanye): šuuk'- 'pull, draw'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *suḳaʕ-
Meaning: beat Semitic: *šVḳaʕ- 'knock' Central Chadic: *suk- 'knead, stuff with' East Chadic: *sV-sik- 'press,knead' High East Cushitic: *suḳ(ḳ)- 'beat, hit' Warazi (Dullay): *šoḳ- 'hit'
Notes: Related to *suḳ- 'push, pull'? The auslaut laryngeal is lost in Cush.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *Su/id-
Meaning: back; tail; nape Semitic: *Sud- 'nape (of the neck)' Egyptian: sd (pyr) High East Cushitic: *sud- 'backside' Warazi (Dullay): *sīd- 'tail, mane' (?)
Notes: Cf. *sut- 'buttocks' (3732). Cf. EDE I 194, Bla Review 505.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sulak-
Meaning: bird Semitic: *šVl(V)k- East Chadic: *sulVk- 'guinea-fowl'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sulVḥ/ḫ̣-
Meaning: wall Semitic: *šalḫ-/*šulḫ- 'wall' Egyptian: swꜣḥ.t (ME) 'fortified site'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *su(m)bVl-
Meaning: band, plait Semitic: *šub(V)l- 'hem' Egyptian: sbn (t) 'band, bandage' (l) East Chadic: *sVmbVl- 'plait'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sunb-
Meaning: cloud, sky Egyptian: snb.t (gr) 'sky' Central Chadic: *kV-sumb- 'cloud'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sunVʔ-
Meaning: peace, love Semitic: *sVʔVn- ~ *šVnVʔ- 'be at peace with smb., agree' Omotic: *šun- 'love'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *supay-
Meaning: spear Semitic: *šVpay- 'sharp driving stick' Western Chadic: *suyap- 'spear' Central Chadic: *sap- 'spear'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sur-
Meaning: tendon; rope Semitic: *šurr- 'navel, navel string' Egyptian: wsr.t (20) 'rope, cord' East Chadic: *siʔVr- 'rope' 1, thread' 2 Beḍauye (Beja): sar 'tendon' Warazi (Dullay): *sur- 'rope'
Notes: All the forms, except the Sem ones, may alternatively relate to *ʔacir- 'bind, tie'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *surVʔ-
Meaning: eye Semitic: *šur(V)ʔ- 'eyelid' Egyptian: wsr.t (gr) 'eye'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *susan-
Meaning: grass, lotus Semitic: *šūšān- 'grass' 1, 'lotus, lily' 2 Egyptian: sšsn 'lotus' (pyr), sšn id. (MK)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sut-
Meaning: buttocks Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *(ʔi-)šVt- posterior, buttocks High East Cushitic: *sūt- 'buttocks' South Cushitic: Iraqw isa, Qwadza isito 'neck' Omotic: *sut- 'buttocks' 1, (?) 'neck' 2
Notes: Cf. *Su/id- 'back; tale; nape' (3730)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *suwak-
Meaning: go, come Semitic: *šVwVk- 'march and stumble' Western Chadic: *suk- 'galloping' Central Chadic: *sukwa- 'come' 1, 'go out' 2, 'return' 3 East Chadic: *sVwak- 'come' Beḍauye (Beja): sak- 'go' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *sVk(Vw)- 'approach' Low East Cushitic: *sok(k)- 'go away' Omotic: *ši/ak- 'approach'1, 'come' 2
Notes: Cf. *sVḳ- 'walk, run'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVʔ-
Meaning: barn Egyptian: sꜣ (gr) 'barn' Western Chadic: *sway- 'barn' Central Chadic: *syaʔ-/*swaʔ- 'compound' 1, 'house' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVʔ/w- (?)
Meaning: k. of insect Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *sā/ūs- 'moth' Western Chadic: *swVy- East Chadic: *swaw- 'termite' Beḍauye (Beja): s(ʔ)ee 'louse'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVʔVm-
Meaning: hair Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: smꜣ (pyr) 'hair' (Copt. 'temple') Western Chadic: *sum- 'hair'1, 'growth of hair' 2 Central Chadic: *sim-ti/ki 'hair-her' (?) South Cushitic: *saʔam- 'hair' 1, 'body and limb hair' 2, 'feathers' 3 Omotic: *sVmm- 'hair'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVʕar-
Meaning: set fire, burn Semitic: *šVʕar- 'set fire' Egyptian: wsr 'fire' Western Chadic: *sur- ~ *wasar- 'fry' 1, 'burn' 2,'roast' 3 Central Chadic: *sur- 'roast' East Chadic: *swar- 'roast'
Notes: Secondary -ʕ- in Sem.? Cf. Eg wsr 'fire' going back to *sor-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVb-
Meaning: cut, strike Semitic: *šVb- 'cut' Egyptian: sby OE 'cut, castrate' Western Chadic: *swab- 'strike' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *sab-/*sib- 'pierce, stab'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVbVt-
Meaning: cut Semitic: *šVbit-/*šVbut- 'cut, shave' Western Chadic: *syabVt- 'slash' (v.)
Notes: Derived from *sib- 'cut, strike' (1273).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVf-
Meaning: snake Semitic: *šVpp- 'kind of snake, worm' Berber: *sVfuf- 'snake' (?) Egyptian: sfy (reg) 'snake' East Chadic: *syap- 'snake' Omotic: *šef- 'snake, lizard'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVf- (?)
Meaning: cut (wood) Semitic: *šVwVp- 'grind' Egyptian: sfsf (18) 'cut with a knife, break' Low East Cushitic: *sof- 'plane wood' High East Cushitic: *sof- 'plane wood'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVḥal-
Meaning: mat; weave Semitic: *šVḥal- 'make a cloth (of separate threads)' Western Chadic: *suHal- 'mat' 1, 'a skin of whiite cotton thred for weaving' 2 Central Chadic: *sal- 'mat'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVḥaw- (?)
Meaning: gather Egyptian: sḥwy (ME) 'gather' Central Chadic: *sVwaH- 'gather' Omotic: cf. DIZ šowit-el 'all'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVk-
Meaning: smell Semitic: *šVhVk- 'blow, smell (intrans.)' Egyptian: st_y (pyr) 'smell (n.)' Western Chadic: *sak-/*suk- Central Chadic: *sVk- 'smell (intrans.)'
Notes: Secondary laryngeal in Sem?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVk-
Meaning: pot, vessel Egyptian: st_.t 'baking form' (OK) Western Chadic: *sVk- 'calabash' Central Chadic: *sak- 'cooking pot' 1, 'small pot' 2, 'pot' 3
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVkay/w-
Meaning: land not cultivated actually, fallow Semitic: *sa(y)k-at- 'field, meadow' Berber: *su/ik(V)y 'fallow' Western Chadic: *sVka 'waste, uncultivated land' Central Chadic: *sVkw- 'field, farm' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *sa(y)ka (?) 'plain, steppe'
Notes: (probably related to *skk, *swk, *skw/y/ʔ 'to cultivate, to hoe and sow')
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVḳ-
Meaning: sack Egyptian: sꜣḳ (pyr) Beḍauye (Beja): sekʷa
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVḳ-
Meaning: cut, chop Semitic: *ḫVšiḳ- 'pierce' Egyptian: sḳk 'cut' (NK) Western Chadic: *saḳ- 'cut' 1, 'cut down' 2, 'carpenter' 3 East Chadic: *sikk- 'cut, chop' South Cushitic: *siḳ- 'cut'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVḳ-
Meaning: cold Semitic: *šiḳaḳ- 'cold' (n.) 1, 'cold' (adj.) 2 Berber: Siwa šqi 'cold' adj
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVḳVr-
Meaning: strike, pierce Semitic: *šVḳVr- 'pierce' Egyptian: sḳr (pyr) 'strike'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVḳʷ-
Meaning: drink Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *šVḳ- 'drink' 1, 'give a drink' 2 Western Chadic: *suḳ- 'give water (to a child)' Central Chadic: *sVḳwa- 'drink'
Notes: Cf. also *sVḳw- 'honey' (Cush., Chad., see ND 2037).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVl-
Meaning: pull Semitic: *šul- 'pull, draw' 1, 'drag away' 2 Western Chadic: *sol- 'pull' 1, 'draw' 2 Central Chadic: *sVl- 'extract'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVlaʕ- (?)
Meaning: split, cut Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *šVlaʕ- 'pierce, split' Western Chadic: *sVl- 'cut'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVm-
Meaning: blow; wind Semitic: *nVšVm- 'to breathe' ~ *nišam(-at)- 'breath, respiration' Western Chadic: *swam-/*syam- 'wind' Central Chadic: *syam- 'wind'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVn-
Meaning: smell (v.) Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: sn (pyr) 'smell', snsn (MK) 'breathe, smell' Western Chadic: *sansun- 'smell' (v.) Central Chadic: *sin- 'blow nose' East Chadic: *sunVn- 'smell' Saho-Afar: *sin- 'smell'
Notes: Related to *sa/in- 'nose'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVn-
Meaning: be satisfied Semitic: *šVnVy- 'be satisfied' Western Chadic: *san-H- 'be glad'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVny/ʔ-
Meaning: seed, corn Semitic: *ʔa-šnVʔ/n- 'corn, wheat ' Egyptian: *sVn ' bread' Western Chadic: *sVnH- 'millet' Central Chadic: *sisin- 'seed' Low East Cushitic: *sa/unnVy- 'seed' High East Cushitic: *sannVy- 'seed' Omotic: *yVsVn- 'sorghum'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVp-
Meaning: plaiting, weaving, sewing Semitic: *šVpVy- ~ *šVpVp- 'wrap, fasten with laces' 1, 'weave' 2, 'sew' 3 Berber: *sVfif- 'plait(ing)' (n.) Egyptian: spy 'bind up (a ship)' (pyr) Central Chadic: *sap- 'shirt' East Chadic: *sipVy- 'spin, twist' Low East Cushitic: *sup(p)- 'darn' Warazi (Dullay): *šap- 'tie, sew' Omotic: *sip- 'plait, sew'
Notes: Related to *sip- 'rope' ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVp-
Meaning: pole, beam Semitic: *šip- 'beam' Western Chadic: *siVyVp- 'timber'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVpVd-
Meaning: pierce, be sharp Semitic: *šVpVd- Egyptian: spd (pyr)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVpVy- ~ *siyap-
Meaning: speak, ask Semitic: *šVpVy- 'ask' Western Chadic: *siyap- ~ *yispay- 'talk' 1, 'tell' 2, 'call' 3 Central Chadic: *sip- 'discuss'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVr- (?)
Meaning: herd, flock Semitic: *sVr- 'flock of birds, swarm' Berber: *sVr- 'flock of animals' Egyptian: sꜣ (AE) 'herd'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVr-an- ~ *sVnar- ~ *wars-an-
Meaning: (wild) cat Semitic: *šVn(n)ār- ~ *šurān- 'cat' Warazi (Dullay): *sari- 'leopard' Mogogodo (Yaaku): *(war)warsan- 'serval'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVsVʔ-
Meaning: night, darkness Egyptian: šsꜣ.t (pyr) 'night' Western Chadic: *sis- 'shadow' Central Chadic: *sisVʔ- 'shadow' Omotic: JAN wassi (met. <*saw-?), CHA sōsa, DIM sūtu <*saw-t-, HAM sṓti 'night'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVtVp-
Meaning: cut, slaughter Semitic: *šVtVp- 'cut out' Egyptian: stp (pyr) 'slaughter'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVṭ-
Meaning: go, come, stride Semitic: *šVṭVw- 'make large steps' Western Chadic: *siṭ- 'enter' Central Chadic: *satuʔ- 'come'1, 'go out' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *SVw/ʔVd-
Meaning: k. of tree Semitic: *sVw/ʔVd- 'an aromatic plant. prob. Cyperus esculentus)' Egyptian: išd.t (LM) 'tree' Central Chadic: *wudV[s]- 'tree'(met.)
Notes: Cf. Mofu daẑaw k. of tree.3 (Cypreacees) [BaMof] , met. < *ŝVd-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVwVl-
Meaning: be quiet Semitic: *šVl- 'be quiet' 1, 'be careless' 2 East Chadic: *swal- 'keep silence'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVy-
Meaning: hurry, come (back) Egyptian: sysy (sarc) 'hurry, hasten' Western Chadic: *siy- 'return' Central Chadic: *si- 'come'
Notes: Cf. *sawVʔ- 'go in and out'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVyab-
Meaning: flow, pour Semitic: *šVʔ/yVb- 'flow' 1, 'draw (water)' 2, 'be poured' 3 East Chadic: *syab- 'pour'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVyVr-
Meaning: sing Semitic: *šVyVr- Western Chadic: *syar- 'song' 1, 'sing' 2 East Chadic: *sVyVr- 'sing' Omotic: *sur-

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *S^-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝaʔ-/*ŝaw-
Meaning: wish, like Semitic: *ŝVyaʔ- 'wish' South Cushitic: *ŝaʔ- 'like' Dahalo (Sanye): hlaw- 'love, like'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝaʕ-
Meaning: large cattle, meat Berber: *say- 'meat' Western Chadic: *ŝaH- 'cow' Beḍauye (Beja): šaʔ 'cow', tuu ša 'meat' Saho-Afar: *saʕ- 'cattle' Low East Cushitic: *saʕ- 'cow' High East Cushitic: *saʔ- 'cow' South Cushitic: *ŝeH-/*ŝaHe- 'cow'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝaʕar-
Meaning: wind Semitic: *ŝaʕar- 'wind' 1, 'storm' 2 Western Chadic: *sar- 'cold wind' 1, 'blow' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝab-
Meaning: tie, weave Semitic: *ŝ(x)VbVb- 'bind, tie' Western Chadic: *ŝabVH- 'weave'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝab-
Meaning: set fire Semitic: *ŝxVbVb- 'burn, be hot; set fire; warm' (v.); be dry, arid' ~ *ŝxa(m)bib- 'spark' Egyptian: ꜣsb 'burn' (BD) Western Chadic: *ŝa(m)b- 'set fire'1, 'take fire' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝab-
Meaning: rib East Chadic: *ŝVb- 'rib' South Cushitic: *ŝab- 'diaphragm' 1, 'rib' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝab-
Meaning: plant Egyptian: šꜣb 'kind of plant' (pyr) Western Chadic: *[ŝ]ab- 'grass' Central Chadic: *ẑabaH- 'leaf' (pl.) 1, 'k. of grass' 2 ,'green' 3 South Cushitic: *ŝab- 'bush' Dahalo (Sanye): ŝaab-une 'leaf'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝabab-
Meaning: reed flute Semitic: *ŝab- 'musical instrument' 1, 'reed flute' 2 Berber: *sab- 'flute' (unless Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝabaḥ-
Meaning: cut Semitic: *ŝVbaḥ- 'split' Western Chadic: *ŝabVḥ- 'wound, stab (with a knife)' Central Chadic: *ẑab- 'fallow trees'
Notes: Connected with *ŝab- 'axe, sword' ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝaḥ-
Meaning: open Semitic: *ŝxVḥ- 'be open' Western Chadic: *ŝaH- 'open'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝakʷ- (?)
Meaning: feather Semitic: (?) *ŝ/ŝxVwVk- 'become fully fledged' Berber: *-šVku-t 'feather' Central Chadic: *ẑakwa- 'feather' East Chadic: (?) *swak- 'wing'
Notes: The Arab. and Zenaga examples not quite reliable.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝam-
Meaning: be possible, be able Western Chadic: *ŝam- 'do, make, be possible' Central Chadic: *ẑam- 'can' South Cushitic: *ŝam- 'allow'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝam-
Meaning: sun Semitic: *ŝam(ŝam)- 'sun' 1, 'sun-heat' 2 Berber: *sam- 'lightning' Egyptian: šm, šmm 'be hot, be burning' (OK), sšm.t 'moon-disc' (gr.) Western Chadic: *[ŝ]Vm- 'sun'
Notes: Related to *ŝam- 'burn; lightning' (2889).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝam- (?)
Meaning: bird Egyptian: šm (22) 'kind of bird' Central Chadic: *ʔa-ŝam- 'falcon'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝa(m)b-
Meaning: axe, sword Semitic: *sx̂abaw- 'sword blade' ~ *ŝxuʕb-at- 'branch' Western Chadic: *ŝab- 'sword' Central Chadic: *ẑa/i/mb- 'axe'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝanVḳ-
Meaning: hang Semitic: *ŝVnVḳ- 'hang' Western Chadic: *ĉan(V)k- 'hang'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝap-
Meaning: receive Egyptian: šzp (pyr) 'receive' Western Chadic: *ŝap- 'obtain, receive'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝaṗ-
Meaning: fence Semitic: *ŝabŝab- 'small room near the main house' 1, 'roofed anteroom' 2, 'extention of roof' 3 ~ (?) 'shieling, temporary hut' 4 Egyptian: šzp (a) Central Chadic: *ẑaḅ- 'fence' 1,'to fence' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝar-
Meaning: be bad, angry Semitic: *ŝxar- 'be bad' Western Chadic: *ŝ/ẑiwar- 'be angry'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝar- (?)
Meaning: clothes Egyptian: šr.t (gr) Western Chadic: Sura gr. *lVr- 'clothes' < *ŝVr-? Saho-Afar: *sar-
Notes: Scarce data. Correspondences unreliable.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝawVʕ-
Meaning: call, answer Semitic: *ŝVwVʕ- 'call (for help)' Central Chadic: *ŝyaH/w- 'answer'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝayd-
Meaning: pull out Egyptian: šdy 'pull out' (med) Western Chadic: *ŝaŝaHad- 'pull out' Central Chadic: *ẑid- 'pull'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝib-
Meaning: wind Semitic: *ŝib- 'storm' Central Chadic: *ẑVb- 'storm' East Chadic: *Syab- 'wind, storm'
Notes: SEE *nšb
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝiḥar-
Meaning: open Semitic: *ŝxVḥar- 'be open, open (mouth)' Western Chadic: *ŝiHar- 'open'
Notes: Related to *ŝaḥ- 'open'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝi/uʕ(V̄ʕ)-
Meaning: grain, ear (of barley) Semitic: *ŝxi/uʕ(V̄ʕ)- 'barley, ear of corn; k. of beans' Berber: *s/ŝVy 'grain' Egyptian: *ŝʕ 'barley' Beḍauye (Beja): šūš 'Panicum Turgidum' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *sVw- 'ear of corn' Saho-Afar: *suw- 'grain' Low East Cushitic: *SuH- ' barley' High East Cushitic: *SuH- ' barley'
Notes: Metathetically related to No. 2 *ʕayŝ- ~ *ʕaŝaʔ/y- 'corn, corn food'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝimar-
Meaning: green plant Semitic: *ŝimār- 'dill' High East Cushitic: *simar- 'cabbage'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝip-
Meaning: sun(moon)light Semitic: *ŝa/ipŝ- (<*ŝxa/ipsx̂a/ip-) 'light, appearance of a the sun or moon' Berber: *a-sif <*-ŝif 'day' Egyptian: *ŝp 'to be light, shine (of the sun and moon); light' Western Chadic: *-lyap- < *ŝyap- (?) 'shine' 1, 'shining thing' 2, 'shining' 3,'star' 4, 'lightning' 5 Central Chadic: Kapsiki ẑàvu (< AA *ŝap-) 'white' [KrN272]
Notes: Cf. HSED, 2336 *ŝip- 'light, day' (Eg. sšp 'light'; Brb. 'day'; Pero lip and Angas mege-lǝp, without translation of mege) and ibid., 2340 *ŝVp- 'shine, be light' (Eg. sšp 'be light' and Sura lip); though *ŝip- is said to be related to *ŝVp-, the reason for separating the two roots is not clear
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝ/ĉuʔum-
Meaning: sell, buy Semitic: *ŝVʔVm- + 'buy' 1, 'sell' 2 Western Chadic: *ŝaHVm- 'count' 1, 'deduct the sum a person owes from a payment one is making to him' 2 Central Chadic: *sum- 'buy' East Chadic: *suʔum- 'sell'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝur-
Meaning: pour Semitic: *ŝ/ŝxur- 'pour' Western Chadic: *ŝur- 'pour in, draw water', 'pour water' 2 Central Chadic: *ẑVr- 'pour out'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝVʔŝVʔ-
Meaning: lead, outrun, walk, travel Semitic: *ŝxVʔ(ŝxVʔ)- 'lead along (on a rope)' 1, 'go before, lead behind, outrun' Berber: *sVwisVwi 'walk with hobbled legs' Egyptian: šꜣs (westc) 'go, walk; travel; wander about; run (a boat)' Western Chadic: *ŝVŝV- 'run' Central Chadic: Wandala ẑal, ẑa <*ŝa 'walk'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝVʕVm-
Meaning: cereal Egyptian: šmʕy (AE) 'barley' Western Chadic: *l/ŜVm- 'beniseed,sesam' 1,'coriander seed' 2 Central Chadic: *ẑum- 'germinated millet'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝVb-
Meaning: plaited object Semitic: *ŝib- 'belt' Egyptian: šby.t (NE) 'necklace' Central Chadic: *ŝab- 'mat' Low East Cushitic: *sab- 'plaited case'
Notes: Derived from *ŝab- 'tie, weave'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝV(m)b-
Meaning: mix Semitic: *ŝxiwab- 'mix' Egyptian: šbb (AE) 'mix, knead' Western Chadic: *ŝamb/ḅ- 'mix'1, 'knead' 2 Central Chadic: *z̃a[b]- 'mix' Beḍauye (Beja): šaawi 'mix, collect'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝV(m)bar-
Meaning: k. of corn; chickpea Semitic: *ŝxabar- 'grain' Berber: *s/ŝabar (?) 'mat made of millet stalks' Western Chadic: *ŝabr- 'millet' Central Chadic: *ŝabur- 'ocra' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ŝa(m)bar- 'chickpea' Saho-Afar: *sabbar- 'chickpea' Low East Cushitic: *šumbur- 'chickpea' High East Cushitic: *šimbur- 'chickpea' Warazi (Dullay): *sumbur- 'pea'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ŝVw-
Meaning: light (n.) Semitic: *ŝxVw- 'south (wind)' Egyptian: šw (ME) 'light, sun' ( NK) Central Chadic: *(ʔa-)ẑVw- 'lightning'

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *T-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *taʔ-
Meaning: (inner) dwelling Semitic: *taʔ- 'room' Egyptian: tꜣ (19) 'gate' Central Chadic: *ʔi-ta- 'hut' (or met. <*taʔ-) East Chadic: *ʔa-taH- 'kitchen'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *taʔ-
Meaning: eat Semitic: *tVʔ-/*tVw- Berber: *tiw ~ *-yVt Western Chadic: *taʔ-/*tiʔ- 'eat (soft thing)' Central Chadic: *tV- 'to eat' East Chadic: *tay/w/ʔ- 'eat soft things' Beḍauye (Beja): tiyu
Notes: Cf. *ʔit- 'eat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *taʔay-/*taway- (?)
Meaning: cloth Egyptian: tꜣy.t.t (pyr) 'cloth' East Chadic: *tawaHay- 'kerchief'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *taʔ-/*taw-
Meaning: to burn, be hot Egyptian: tꜣ (AE) 'be hot' ~ tꜣ.w (med) 'ash' (?) Western Chadic: *tVVy- > ʔVtVt- 'fry with oil, bake, burn' 1, 'ash' 2, 'hot' 3
Notes: Eg may be < *tVl-, v. Eg and Hs may be < *tVr- (Kulere atotô may then be rel. to *tVʔ- 'earth')
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *taʔ/y/w- ~ *w/yat-
Meaning: cow, calf, (young of) antelope Semitic: *tāʔ/y- 'kind of antelope' Western Chadic: *yat- 'buffalo' Central Chadic: *tay- 'cow' Low East Cushitic: *wāt- 'calf, baby' High East Cushitic: *wāt-an- 'calf' South Cushitic: *taw- 'heifer'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *taʕab-
Meaning: be tired, be ill Semitic: *tVʕab- 'be tired' Western Chadic: *tabVH- 'be ill' East Chadic: *taʔab-'become tired'
Notes: Cf. SA *tib- 'be still': Saho tib, Afar tib.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tab- (?)
Meaning: knife Western Chadic: *ma-taḅ- 'kind of chisel' High East Cushitic: *tab- 'knife'
Notes: Cf. Sem *tVb- 'cut' (Ar tbb).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tabaʕ-
Meaning: follow Semitic: *tVbaʕ- 'follow' East Chadic: *taHab- 'follow' 1, 'walk' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *taf-
Meaning: (un)tie Egyptian: ntf (n) 'untie' Western Chadic: *twap-/*tyap 'plait'1, 'tie up' 2 Central Chadic: *taf- sew' 1, 'tie' 2
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tafar- ~ *taraf-
Meaning: blue Egyptian: tfrr (gr) 'blue' Central Chadic: *ka-tVrap- 'blue' East Chadic: *ka-tarVf- 'blue'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *taftaf-
Meaning: henna Egyptian: tftf 'henna' Western Chadic: *taftaf- 'henna' 1, 'Cochlospermum tinctorium' 2
Notes: Reduplication.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tag-
Meaning: go, run Western Chadic: *tag- 'run away' 1, 'go out' 2 Low East Cushitic: *tag- 'go' Omotic: *teg- 'go'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *taH-
Meaning: flow Semitic: *tyʕ- ~ *twy 'flow' 1, 'pour (of rain)' 2 Western Chadic: *taH-/*tiH- 'ooze'1, 'rain' (v.) 2 Central Chadic: *tuʔ- 'drip' Low East Cushitic: *tVḥ/ʔ- 'draw water'
Notes: Unexpected *ḥ in Som.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *takVc-
Meaning: trample, pound Semitic: *tVkVs- 'trample' Western Chadic: *takwac- 'pound'
Notes: Cf. phonetically deviating Eg tkšš (NE) 'trample' and tḳs (gr) 'pierce'. Derived from *tuk- 'beat, press' ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *takʷ-
Meaning: bug, beetle; fly Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *tukʷ(-ān)- ~ *kʷVt(-ān)- 'bug; worm; larva' Egyptian: tkk.t 'ichneumon-fly' Western Chadic: *takwan 'bleeding, cupping blood' ? Beḍauye (Beja): *kʷitan/m 'bugs' (
Notes: Bla Beja 18
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *taḳ- (?)
Meaning: lizard, chameleon Berber: *tVḳ-tVḳ- 'lizard' Western Chadic: *taɣ- 'chameleon'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *taḳar-
Meaning: stick, pole Semitic: *taḳr-'stick, sceptre' Western Chadic: *taḳar- 'long bamboo pole'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ta/ibʕ-
Meaning: foot, heel Borean etymology: Borean etymology Western Chadic: *tyab- 'footprint' East Chadic: *taba(H)- 'foot' Saho-Afar: *tibiʕ- 'foot, heel' Low East Cushitic: *teb- 'foot'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ta/ik-
Meaning: string, plaited clothes Semitic: *tikk- 'kind of string' Western Chadic: *tak- 'leather loin-cloth'
Notes: Scarce data. Semanically unreliable.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ta/uq-
Meaning: pour Semitic: *tuḫ- 'pour, pour too much' Western Chadic: *tak- 'pour' Central Chadic: *tuk- 'pour out'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *talim-
Meaning: brother Semitic: *talīm- 'privileged brother' Central Chadic: *tVlim- 'brother'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tal-/*tul-
Meaning: speak Semitic: *tul- 'pronounce distinctly' 1, 'recite' 2 Berber: *tVltVl- 'chat' Egyptian: tyꜣ 'shout (of pain)' (med) Western Chadic: *tilal- 'shout'1, 'ask' 2 East Chadic: *tulul- 'cry' (n.), *tiil- 'answer'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tam(-an)-
Meaning: fish Semitic: *taman- 'snake, dragon' (?) Egyptian: tm.t (med) 'kind of fish' Central Chadic: *ta/um- 'to fish' 1, 'fish' 2
Notes: This root may be a second component of a Cush composite for 'fish': LEC *ḳur-tum- (Or qurtummi, Gdl kurtum-et) and HEC *ḳir-tum-/*ḳur-tum- (Sid ḳiltiʔmi, Dar ḳultuʔme, Had ḳurṭume, Ala ḳurč̣um-et, Bmb ḳur-ṭume, Kmb ḳurtum). Cf. also Sem. *tVnnVn- '(mythical) snake, dragon'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tam-tam-
Meaning: strike, press Semitic: *tVm-tVm- 'strike, knock' Egyptian: tmtm 'press, grind'
Notes: Reduplication of *tum- 'break, beat' ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tamuʔ-
Meaning: speak, shout Semitic: *tVmVʔ- 'swear' Western Chadic: *tVm- 'tell' South Cushitic: *taʔam- 'shout'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tamVs-
Meaning: squeeze, pound Semitic: *tVmVš- 'squeeze in' Western Chadic: *tamVs- 'pound' Low East Cushitic: *tamVs- 'spread out, scatter'
Notes: Derived from *tum- ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tan-
Meaning: container Semitic: *tann- 'wooden bowl' Egyptian: tn.w (gr) 'basket' Western Chadic: *tan(-VH)- 'water pot'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *taq-
Meaning: be angry Egyptian: tḫꜣtḫꜣ (pyr) 'angry' Western Chadic: *taq- 'offence'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tar-
Meaning: tear, cut Semitic: *tVr- 'tear, cut off' 1, 'be separated' 2 Western Chadic: *tir- 'chop' Central Chadic: *ta-tar- 'cut' Low East Cushitic: *tarar- 'cut, scratch'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tar-
Meaning: pull, draw Semitic: *mVtur- 'pull' Western Chadic: *tar- 'pull out, draw' 1, 'break rope' 2 Central Chadic: *tyar- 'draw' 1, 'pull on/up' 2 East Chadic: *tar- 'stretch'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tarVc- (?)
Meaning: break, tear Western Chadic: *tarVc- 'smash (a bottle on falling)' Low East Cushitic: *tarVs- 'be torn'
Notes: Derived from *tar- 'tear, cut' ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tawah-
Meaning: forget Berber: *tVw- 'forget' Egyptian: thy (ME) 'be forgetful (of heart)' Western Chadic: *tawa(H)- 'forget'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tawar-/*tayar-
Meaning: pole, stick Semitic: *tawr- 'cross-beam' Berber: *tVrVw- 'kind of pole' Egyptian: twr (med) 'reed' Western Chadic: *tayar- 'stick' 1, 'tree' 2, 'pieces of firewood' 3 East Chadic: *tVrVw- 'long stick'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tawin- (?)
Meaning: earth, dirt Semitic: *ṭīn- 'clay, earth, dirt' - cf. Egyptian: ỉtn, ỉwtn 'earth' (a), ỉtnw 'ashes' Central Chadic: *tVn- 'earth' Omotic: Ong tauni 'ashes'
Notes: Irregular correspondences in Sem.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *taw/y-
Meaning: hoe Berber: *taw- 'spade, hoe' Western Chadic: *tVy- 'hoe'
Notes: Consonantal alternation *-w- ~ *-y-. Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *taw/y-
Meaning: speak, call Borean etymology: Borean etymology Western Chadic: *tay- 'greet' Central Chadic: *tVʔ/w- 'call' 1, 'speak' 2 , 'cry, weep' 3 East Chadic: *tay- 'call' Omotic: *taw- 'tell, speak'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tayaʒ-
Meaning: pierce, break Semitic: *tVyVz-'pierce and tremble (of arrow)' Berber: *tVyVʒ- 'notch' Western Chadic: *tiʒ- 'bite with front teeth' Central Chadic: *tuʒ- pierce East Chadic: *ta[y]aʒ- 'break' 1, 'sting' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *tayVʒ- 'strike, hit'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tiʔ-
Meaning: bread, flour Egyptian: tꜣ (pyr) 'bread' Western Chadic: *tuw- < *tiw- 'food made of flour, tuwo' East Chadic: *ti-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tiʔ(i)n-
Meaning: fig-tree Semitic: *tiʔin- 'fig-tree' Berber: *tiHVyn 'date' Western Chadic: *tiʔun-/*tiʔan- 'mahogany, fig tree' Central Chadic: *tiʔin- 'mahogany' Low East Cushitic: *tin- 'fruit of cactus' (?) Omotic: *tiʔ- 'fig-tree'
Notes: <*tiʔ-n-? Cf. Akk. tiʔu and Janj. teʔā
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tibin- (?)
Meaning: brain, marrow Semitic: *t/ṭabin- 'intelligent' (?) Egyptian: tbn (med) 'marrow' Central Chadic: *tiḅin- 'brain' (<*ṭibin-?)
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tiĉ/č-
Meaning: break, squeeze Egyptian: tyšs (AE) 'mill (fruit)' ~ tšꜣ (MK) 'squeeze, mill, break (skull)' Western Chadic: *taĉaH- 'grind condiments on millstone' 1, 'thresh' 2, 'break in pieces' 3, 'squeeze' 4 Central Chadic: *tVŝ- 'crash' East Chadic: *tVĉ- 'break pot' Omotic: *tič- 'break'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tihir-
Meaning: warrior, courtier Semitic: *ti[h]ir- 'courtier' Egyptian: thr (18) 'Asiatic warrior'
Notes: A cultural loanword?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tikin-
Meaning: be heavy Semitic: *tVkVn- 'weigh' Western Chadic: *tikin- 'heaviness'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tikk-/*tiyuk- (?)
Meaning: occiput, neck Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *tikk- 'occiput , neck' ~ (?) *tinuk- 'ear-lobe' Western Chadic: *tiyuk- 'neck' 1, 'occiput' 2
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ti(m)b(-ar)- (?)
Meaning: navel Semitic: *ṭabbūr 'navel' Western Chadic: *timb- 'navel' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʔitib- 'navel'
Notes: Scarce data. Cf. Bed teefa 'navel' and ECh *dif- id. (Sok diff-in).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tin-
Meaning: blood-vessel; tendon Semitic: *watīn- 'aorta' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *tin- 'kind of muscle'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tinuq- (?)
Meaning: stay, dwell Semitic: *tnḫ- 'stay, dwell, sit' (<*nwḫ) ~ tnʔ id. Western Chadic: *tingw- 'sit' 1 , 'stay, dwell' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *tinkw- 'dwell'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tir-
Meaning: weapon Semitic: *tir- 'stick with a hook' Egyptian: itꜣ (NE) 'kind of weapon' Low East Cushitic: *ter- 'spear'
Notes: Cf. a corresponding verb in Dhl t_aar- 'pierce'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tir-
Meaning: run Semitic: *tir-/*tur- 'hurry, hasten' 1, 'run fast' 2 Berber: *tVrtVr- 'drive, make run' Western Chadic: *tar- 'run' East Chadic: *tar- 'run'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tir-
Meaning: house, building Semitic: *tīr- 'part of the building' Egyptian: ỉtr.t (ME)'abode of gods, temple' (OK) East Chadic: *tir- 'house'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tiraw/ʔ-
Meaning: liver Borean etymology: Borean etymology Western Chadic: *wa-tyarVʔ- 'liver' Central Chadic: *twar- 'kidney, lover part of the back' Saho-Afar: *tiraw- 'liver' Low East Cushitic: *tiraw- 'liver' High East Cushitic: *tiraw- 'liver' Warazi (Dullay): *tir- 'liver' South Cushitic: *ʔi-tiraw- 'liver' Omotic: *ti/ur- 'liver'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tis-
Meaning: sit Egyptian: tys (t) Western Chadic: *tVs-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tiw-
Meaning: pain; be painful Semitic: *tVwVy- 'be ill' Western Chadic: *tiw- 'pain'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tiyaʔ-/*tiyaw-
Meaning: be right, true Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: tyw (ME) 'true' Western Chadic: *tyaH- 'right (adj.)' East Chadic: *tiyaw- 'right (adj.)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tug-
Meaning: strike Western Chadic: *tug- 'hit' 1, 'pound, thrash, thresh' 2 Central Chadic: *twag- 'break in pieces' East Chadic: *twag- 'strike' Omotic: *tug- 'strike'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tuḫal-
Meaning: container Semitic: *tuḫal- 'basket' Western Chadic: *tuHal- 'pot' East Chadic: *tVHVl- 'pot' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *tul- 'kind of earthenware'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tuk-
Meaning: beat, press Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *tuk-'press' 1, 'cut, destroy' 2 Berber: *tVk- 'knock' Western Chadic: *taku- 'trample' 1, 'push' 2, 'step on' 3, 'beat' 4 Central Chadic: *tukwa- 'clap' Saho-Afar: *tak-/*tok- 'strike' Omotic: *tuk- 'hit, strike'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tukaʔ-
Meaning: burn; ash Borean etymology: Borean etymology Berber: +? Egyptian: tkꜣ (reg) 'burn' Western Chadic: *tuʔVk-/*tVkk- 'cold ash' 1,'put on fire '2 Central Chadic: *takʷ-r 'burn' East Chadic: *tVk-n- 'stove'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tuḳ-
Meaning: run, follow Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *tVḳtVḳ- 'advance quickly' Berber: *tVḳVy- 'mend one's pace' Western Chadic: *tuḳ- 'go away' 1, 'run' 2 Central Chadic: *tVkwa- 'follow' East Chadic: *tVk- 'follow' High East Cushitic: *ṭoḳ- 'run away'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tu/if-
Meaning: spit Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *tVpVp- 'spit', *tup(p)- 'spittle' Berber: *wVtif- 'spit' 1, 'spittle' 2 Egyptian: tf (pyr) 'spit' Western Chadic: *tuf- 'spit' Central Chadic: *tu/if- 'spit' East Chadic: *tuP- 'spit' 1, 'the sound of spitting' 2 Beḍauye (Beja): tuf 'spit' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *tif- 'spit', *tiftif- 'saliva' Low East Cushitic: *tuf- High East Cushitic: *tuf-
Notes: A descriptive root.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tul-
Meaning: pierce Egyptian: wtn (n) 'pierce' Western Chadic: *tul- pierce Central Chadic: *tul- 'pierce' 1, 'make hole' 2 South Cushitic: *tul- 'split into two'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tul-
Meaning: hang Semitic: *tVlVy- 'hang' East Chadic: *tuHul- 'hang'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tum-
Meaning: break, beat Western Chadic: *tumi- 'destroy' 1, 'thresh' 2 Central Chadic: (?) *tam- 'touch' East Chadic: *tamm- 'strike, beat' Low East Cushitic: *tum- 'beat'1 , 'pound' 2
Notes: Cf. *tum- 'break, beat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tuṗ- (?)
Meaning: begin Egyptian: tp (pyr) 'beginning' (
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tuq̇-
Meaning: strike, break Semitic: *tVyVḫ- 'strike (with a stick)' Berber: *tVḳtVḳ- 'break, be broken' Western Chadic: *tiḳ- 'strike' 1, 'kick' 2 East Chadic: *tik- 'hammer in with a stone' Low East Cushitic: *tuḳ- 'strike'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tur-
Meaning: push Semitic: *tVr- 'push gently' Western Chadic: *tuHir- Central Chadic: *tVr- East Chadic: *tur- 'push'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tur-
Meaning: lift Semitic: *tVrVʔ- 'lift' Egyptian: twꜣ 'lift' (pyr) Western Chadic: *tur- 'climb'1, 'jump, wake up, rise' 2 Central Chadic: *tVr- 'lift' 1 'above' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *turVb- (?)
Meaning: sand, dust Semitic: *tur(V)b- 'earth, dust' Western Chadic: *tur(V)ḅ- 'sandy soil'
Notes: Insufficient data; the Hs term may be an Arabism.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tuwur-
Meaning: turn Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *tVwVr- 'turn' Egyptian: tr 'time' (pyr) Western Chadic: *tir- 'go round , in circles' 1, ''round' 2 Central Chadic: *tar- '(make) turn' 1, 'turning' 2 East Chadic: *tarir- 'turning around; giddiness'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tVʔ-
Meaning: k. of soil Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: tꜣ (pyr) 'earth' Central Chadic: *tiy-/*tiw- 'sand' East Chadic: *tiy-/*tiw- 'ground' 1, 'caolin' 2 Low East Cushitic: *taʔ- 'fertile soil'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tVʔal-
Meaning: tree, bush Semitic: *tiʔal- 'white cedar' Central Chadic: *tuwal- < *tuʔal- 'shea-nut tree' East Chadic: twal- 'bush'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tVb-
Meaning: move (upwards) Semitic: *tVb- 'rise' Berber: *tVb- 'lay off, raise' Egyptian: tbtb 'pull up, raise' Central Chadic: *tup- 'mount' 1, 'climb' 2
Notes: Cf. *tab(b)- 'uphill, slope': Or tabba
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tVf-
Meaning: go and come, run Egyptian: tfy (n) 'move away' Western Chadic: *taf- 'go' 1, 'enter' 2, 'follow' 3 + *n-[t]up- 'road' Central Chadic: *ti/uf- 'run' 1, 'road'2 Dahalo (Sanye): t_ipp-eem- 'come from'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tVk-tVk-
Meaning: trample, knock Semitic: *tVk-tVk- 'trample' Berber: *tVk-tVk- 'knock slightly' Egyptian: tktk 'knock slightly'
Notes: Derived from *tak-/*tuk- 'beat, press'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tVl-
Meaning: sew Western Chadic: Tng tollo 'to knot' Central Chadic: *tyal-/*twal- Low East Cushitic: *tol-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tVl-
Meaning: hill Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *tall-/*till- Western Chadic: *tul(V)l- 'top (of the hill)' Low East Cushitic: *tul-'hill' High East Cushitic: *tul- 'hill'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tVl-
Meaning: deceive Semitic: *tVl- East Chadic: *tyal-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tVm-
Meaning: all, whole Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *tmm '(to be) completed' Egyptian: tm (pyr) 'all' Central Chadic: *tyam- 'all'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tVm-
Meaning: hide, close Egyptian: tmm (pyr) 'close' Central Chadic: *tyam- 'hide'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tVm-tVm-
Meaning: speak indistinctly Semitic: *tVm-tVm- 'stammer' 1, 'grumble' 2 Berber: *tVm-tVm- 'whisper' (n.)
Notes: Reduplication. Related to *tamuʔ- 'speak, shout'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tVr-
Meaning: sew, plait Western Chadic: *twari- 'sew' Central Chadic: *tVr- 'plait' East Chadic: *turur- type of plaiting 'seco' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *taRtaR- 'sew' Saho-Afar: *tartar- 'sew'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tVrVk-
Meaning: beat, strike Semitic: *tVrVk- 'beat' Berber: *tVrVk- 'strike'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tVt-
Meaning: gather Egyptian: twt (pyr) 'gather' ?? Western Chadic: *tVt- 'gather'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tVwak-
Meaning: speak, ask Berber: *tVkk- 'inquire' Western Chadic: *twak- 'talk' 1, 'ask' 2, 'announce, proclaim' 3 Central Chadic: *tVk- 'ask' 1, 'sing' 2 (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tVwVr-
Meaning: clean (v.) Egyptian: twr (ME) 'clean (v.)' Western Chadic: (?) *tVr- 'broom' Central Chadic: *twar- 'sweep (v.)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tVwVr- ~ *tarVʔ/y/r-
Meaning: flow, drip; be full (of water) Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *tVrVʔ/y ~ *tVwVr- 'fill (a vessel)' 1, 'flow' 2, 'drip' 3 Berber: *tVwVr- 'be full (of liquid)' Egyptian: ỉtr.w (a) 'river, Nile' ~ twr (LM) 'waters' Western Chadic: *tur- 'river'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tVy- (?)
Meaning: father, chief Borean etymology: Borean etymology Berber: *tVy- 'step-father' Egyptian: ỉty (OK) 'father, monarch, prince' Western Chadic: *tata- 'father' East Chadic: *tV 'big' 1, '(my) father' 2,'father' 3
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tVyak-
Meaning: take Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: tkk (ME) 'grasp, seize' Western Chadic: *tyak- 'take' Central Chadic: *t(y)ak- 'take' 1, 'take one thing' 2

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *T.-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭaʔ/w-
Meaning: fold, spin Semitic: *ṭVwVy- 'spin' 1, 'fold, wrap' 2, 'turn' 3, 'plait,twist' 4 Berber: *ṭVy/w- 'fold, bend' 1, 'be folded' 2 Western Chadic: *ṭuʔay- 'weave' 1, 'spin' 2, 'small mat used to cover vessels, k of network of rope used for tieing loads ' 3 Beḍauye (Beja): ḍaʔ 'plait, weave; cloth' Low East Cushitic: *ḍaw- 'spin; cloth'
Notes: Consonantal alternation *-ʔ- ~ *-w-. Related to *ṭaʔi/u- 'cloth'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭaʔum-
Meaning: speak Western Chadic: *ṭaʔum- 'sing' High East Cushitic: *ṭaʔVm- 'ask'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭaʕam-
Meaning: taste, eat Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ṭVʕam- 'eat, taste' Central Chadic: *tVm- 'eat (smth dry)' 1, 'taste' 2 Low East Cushitic: *ṭam- 'drink' Omotic: *ṭam- 'drink'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭaʕṭaʕ-
Meaning: trample Semitic: *ṭVʕṭVʕ- 'trample down' Western Chadic: *ṭaṭ- 'kick' (?) Saho-Afar: *ʕaṭ- 'march' (met.) - Cf. Low East Cushitic: *ḍaʕḍaʕ- 'march, trample'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭab-
Meaning: container Semitic: *waṭb- 'goatskin' Egyptian: tb.t (gr) 'box' (?) Western Chadic: *taḅ-/*tiḅ- 'sack, bag' 1, 'quiver' 2 Central Chadic: *tiḅ-/*timb- 'calabash' East Chadic: *tub- 'pumpkin' Low East Cushitic: *ṭāb- 'plate made of clay' High East Cushitic: *ṭab- 'plate made of clay' Omotic: *ṭabb- 'plate'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭab-
Meaning: plug, bolt Semitic: *ṭabb- 'plug' Berber: *ṭab- 'lock, bolt'
Notes: Scarce data. Cf. Eg dbb (ME) 'stop up'. Cf. WCh *ṭVḅ- < *ṭVb- 'close, cover': Kry ṭǝbǝ, Jmb duḅa
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭab-
Meaning: catch, seize Western Chadic: *taḅ- < *ṭab- 'touch' 1, 'catching fish with hand' 2, 'hold, catch' 3 Central Chadic: *tVḅ- < *ṭVb- 'take' 1, 'hold' 2, 'touch' 3 East Chadic: *taḅ- < *ṭab- 'rob, plunder'
Notes: Cf. Eg dbdb (21) 'grasp, take back' in *dib- 'take away'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭab- (?)
Meaning: cut, tear Semitic: *ṭVbVḥ 'slaughter' (v.) (?) Egyptian: dbdb (t) 'pierce, tear' Western Chadic: *taḅ- 'rip, draw bow'
Notes: *-ḥ in Sem. vs. 0 in Eg. makes this root questionable.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭaḥ-
Meaning: throw Semitic: *ṭVḥ- 'throw' East Chadic: *t(y)ay- 'shoot'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭaḥan-
Meaning: grind, forge Semitic: *ṭVḥan- 'grind corn, pound' Western Chadic: *tVn- 'press down' 1, 'forge 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭaḥin- (?)
Meaning: molar tooth Semitic: *ṭāḥin- 'molar' Western Chadic: *ṭiḥin- 'tooth'
Notes: Scarce data. Connected with *ṭḥn- 'to grind' (Kogan Add. to HSED 2456) ? Cf. a similar motivation of IE *g'ombhos 'tooth' < *g'em- 'grind'). However, the WCh. parallels cannot be ignored.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭal-
Meaning: (young) ungulate domestic animal Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ṭalay- 'lamb, kid' Berber: *ṭVl- 'calf' Western Chadic: *ṭaliy- 'young animal following its mother' Low East Cushitic: *ṭal-t- 'sheep' (?) High East Cushitic: *ṭala 'she-donkey'
Notes: Cf. HSED 2458: Brb. and Hs ("Derived from *ṭal- 'give birth'", further comp. to Aram ṭalay- 'boy' and Gz ṭäli 'she-goat')
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭamir- ~ *ṭurVm- (?)
Meaning: flea, ant Semitic: *ṭāmir- East Chadic: *ṭurVm- 'ant'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭanaʔ-
Meaning: weave, sew Semitic: *ṭVnVʔ- 'weave' 1, 'basket' 2 Western Chadic: *ṭiHan- 'cord'
Notes: Cf. Eg. dny 'basket' (see in *dVn- vessel)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭapiḥ-
Meaning: hand Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ṭap(a)ḥ- 'span, palm of hand' Western Chadic: *tafi- 'palm' 1, 'spoon' 2 Central Chadic: *tifV(H)- 'hand' East Chadic: *taf- 'hand' 1, 'leaf' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ṭaf- 'hand'
Notes: In the Ch. languages quoted, t- may continue *ṭ-, while *-ḥ as a third radical may yield -0 (same in Agaw). Rel. to <*ṭVp- 'grasp, take, stretch hand'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭarar-
Meaning: drip Berber: *ṭVrVr-'sprinkle' Western Chadic: *tarar- 'drip' 1, 'flow'2 East Chadic: *tarVr- 'water flow' Low East Cushitic: *ḍarer- 'dripping'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭarip-
Meaning: tree Semitic: *ṭarpaʔ- 'tamarind; leaf' East Chadic: *tirip- 'kind of tree'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭawVʔ-
Meaning: go and come Semitic: *ṭVwVʔ- 'go and come' 1, 'come' 2 Western Chadic: *ṭaw- 'go' 1, 'go out' 2 Central Chadic: *tuw- 'go' 1, 'go for a walk' 2 East Chadic: *tyaw- 'go' 1, 'come' 2, 'enter' 3 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ṭaw- 'enter'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭawVĉ-
Meaning: fly, go away Semitic: *ṭVwVŝ- 'fly' 1, 'jump up' 2 Egyptian: tšy (ME) 'move away' (t- instead of *d- <*ṭ) Western Chadic: *tVĉ- 'to fly' 1, 'rise, get up' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭayb-
Meaning: good Semitic: *ṭayb- 'good'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭayr-
Meaning: bird Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ṭayr- 'bird' Omotic: ṭor- 'vulture'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭiʔ/wuḥ-
Meaning: kill, destroy Semitic: *ṭVwVḥ- 'perish' Egyptian: (?) tꜣḥ (gr) 'kill' Western Chadic: *ṭiʔuḥ- 'kill'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭibaʕ-
Meaning: push Semitic: *ṭVbaʕ- 'put a seal' Central Chadic: *tibaʔ- 'press flat hand against smth.' Low East Cushitic: *ḍib- < *ḍiHab- 'push'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭif-
Meaning: drop, rain Semitic: *ṭipp- 'drop' 1, 'drizzle' 2 (n.) Egyptian: dfdf.t (20) 'drops' Western Chadic: *ṭaf- 'rainy season' Central Chadic: *ta(f)tyaf- 'drizzle' 1, 'falling of light rain' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭiḥal- (?)
Meaning: interiors Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ṭiḥāl- ~ *ṭu/alḥīm- 'spleen' Western Chadic: *till- 'heart' Central Chadic: *tVl- 'liver/ 1, 'lower part of the kidney' 2 East Chadic: *[ṭ]VHVl- 'liver' Omotic: *lanḍ- <*ṭal-n-? 'pancreas, spleen'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭi/ur-
Meaning: go, drive away Semitic: *ṭVr- 'drive (animals)' Central Chadic: *tir-/*tur- 'go' 1, 'follow' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭiluʕ-
Meaning: rising (moon) Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ṭVluʕ- 'rise (of the sun)' Western Chadic: *ta/yal- 'sun' (?) Central Chadic: *t(i)yal- 'moon'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭub-
Meaning: drip, be wet Semitic: *ṭVb- 'drip' Berber: *ṭVb- 'drip' East Chadic: *tub- 'humid' Low East Cushitic: *ḍub- 'soak'
Notes: Cf. Eg tḫb (med) 'soak, wet'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭuĉar-
Meaning: container Semitic: *tuŝar- 'bag ?' Egyptian: dšr.t (pyr) 'vessel'
Notes: Eg loan in Akk?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭu/ič-
Meaning: cacare, pedere Semitic: *ṭt_ʔ- 'cacare' Egyptian: dws (ME) 'besmear, abuse' Western Chadic: *ṭu/ič- 'pedere' 1, 'cacare' 2 Low East Cushitic: *ḍuš- 'pedere'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭu(m)f-
Meaning: fill, be full Semitic: *ṭVpVp- 'be full' Western Chadic: *ṭumf- 'fill up' Central Chadic: *tap-'fill'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭup-
Meaning: jump Semitic: *ṭVp- High East Cushitic: *ṭopp- Omotic: *ṭup(p)- 'jump' 1, 'run away' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭuṗ-
Meaning: cover Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *ṭVpVy- 'cover' (v.) Berber: *ṭVb- 'cover' (v.) Western Chadic: *ṭub- 'cover' (v.)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭuṗ-
Meaning: part of the building Western Chadic: *ṭuḅ- 'roof' Dahalo (Sanye): ṭúṗṗe 'door'
Notes: Derived from *ṭuṗ- 'cover'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭuraḥ-
Meaning: fall, throw Semitic: *ṭVraḥ- 'throw' Central Chadic: *tiruH- 'fall'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭurḥ-
Meaning: load Semitic: *ṭurḥ- 'burden' Central Chadic: *tVr- 'load (n.)' East Chadic: *tur- 'load (v.)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭVb-
Meaning: leather strap Semitic: *ṭi/abb- 'band, strap' Western Chadic: *ṭuʔab- 'loin-cloth' Central Chadic: *tVb- 'cord' Omotic: *ṭub(b)- 'hide used as a shroud'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭVb(w)-
Meaning: teat Semitic: *ṭVb(w)- 'teat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭVl-
Meaning: drip, drizzle Semitic: *ṭal(l)- ~ *tll/ʔ 'dew' 1, 'drizzle' 2 (n.), 'sprinkle' 3, 'moisten' 4 Western Chadic: *ṭal- 'flow' Central Chadic: *tVl(tVl)- 'pour (in drops)' 1, ' drop' 2 East Chadic: *til- drip Low East Cushitic: *ḍol- 'big white cloud'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭVlaḥ-
Meaning: acacia, bush Semitic: *ṭal(V)ḥ- 'acacia' Central Chadic: *tVɣal- 'bush' East Chadic: *twalaH- 'bush'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭVn-
Meaning: call, speak Semitic: *ṭin- 'call' 1, 'buzz, tinkle' 2 Western Chadic: *ṭwan- 'say'1, 'answer' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭVp-
Meaning: grasp, take, stretch hand Semitic: *ṭVpVp- ~ *ṭVyVp- 'stretch wings (of a bird); pick up smth with a hand or foot' 1, 'give' 2, 'touch' 3 Berber: *ṭVf- 'grasp' 1, 'seize' 2 Western Chadic: *tVp- 'hold smth' 1 , 'catch' 2 High East Cushitic: *ṭep- 'stretch (hands)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭVr-
Meaning: collect, gather Semitic: Arab ṭrr 'rassembler, reunir' [BK:84] Western Chadic: *tar- 'gather' 1, 'collect' 2, 'put together' 3 Central Chadic: *tar- 'collect tax' 1, 'together with' 2 East Chadic: *tar- gather (intr.) Dahalo (Sanye): t_ar- 'mix'
Notes: The semantic connection between Ch and Dah is doubtful.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṭVr-
Meaning: take away Semitic: *ʔVṭVr- 'take away' Egyptian: dr 'take away' (pyr) Central Chadic: *tVr- 'carry away, take away'

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *W-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *waʔ-
Meaning: go, come Egyptian: wꜣy (ME) 'come' Western Chadic: *waʔ- 'go (away)' 1, 'return' 2, 'come' 3 Central Chadic: *wiʔ-/*wVy- 'go' East Chadic: *waH- 'go' 1, 'come' 2, 'run' 3 Omotic: *waH- 'come'
Notes: Cf. *ʔiw/y- id.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *waʔ-
Meaning: burn, roast Egyptian: wꜣwꜣ.t (18) 'fire' Central Chadic: *(a)waw- 'fire' 1, 'burn' 2, 'roast' 3 East Chadic: *wa- 'roast' 1, 'be hot' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *wa- 'burn, be hot'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *waʔar-
Meaning: dance Egyptian: wꜣr (gr) East Chadic: *waHar-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *waʔar- (?)
Meaning: plaited cord Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: wʔr.t (LM) 'cord, rope' Western Chadic: *wVr- 'plait'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *waʔid-
Meaning: hunt, catch Egyptian: iwd (18) 'catch' East Chadic: *wud- 'hunt'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *waʔ/ʕar-
Meaning: go, run Semitic: *wVʔVr- 'walk, go' Egyptian: wʕr 'run away' (MK) Western Chadic: *war(Vr)- 'go' 1, 'come' 2 Central Chadic: *wVraw- < *wVraH- 'return' 1 , 'go (away)' 2 High East Cushitic: *waHar- 'come'
Notes: Etymologically connected with *waʕVr- 'leg' ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *waʔ-/*way-
Meaning: be glad Egyptian: ỉwꜣ (n) 'be glad, rejoice' Western Chadic: *way- 'be glad'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *waʔur- (?)
Meaning: man, male Egyptian: wr (NE) 'prince (of enemies)' ? Central Chadic: Daba wur-ti, Kola wer-ti 'woman' [CLR] (?) Low East Cushitic: *waʔVr- 'man' 1, 'people' 2 Omotic: *ʔ/wur- 'man' 1, 'male' 2
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *waʕ-
Meaning: goat Egyptian: wʕ.ty (AE) 'goat' Western Chadic: *waH- 'goat' Central Chadic: *waH- 'goat' Beḍauye (Beja): *wVyu 'ibex'
Notes: Cf. met. *ʕaw- 'sheep, goat'. Cf. HSED, 1077: CCh. (Gis. and Bld.); SCush. *ʔaw- 'bull' and Eg. ʕw.t 'sheep and goats.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *waʕab-/*yaʕab-
Meaning: wash Egyptian: wʕb (pyr) 'wash' Central Chadic: *ʔub- 'wash' 1 , 'bathe' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *waʕan-
Meaning: k. of tree Egyptian: wʕn 'conifer' (18) Central Chadic: *waHan- 'wood, firewood' 1, 'tree' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *waʕil-
Meaning: wild goat/ram; antelope Semitic: *waʕil- 'antelope' 1, 'ibex' 2 Berber: *wulli 'sheep, goats' Western Chadic: *wa/ul- 'antelope' 1, 'gazelle' 2 East Chadic: *yil- 'antelope' Low East Cushitic: *ʕawVl- (met.) 'gazelle' High East Cushitic: *wilil- 'young of small cattle'
Notes: Cf. HSED 2505: Sem.; Geji, Lele, Kbl; Som. (not in Abr Som or It-Som). Cf. *waʕ- 'goat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wa(ʕ)r-
Meaning: thigh, leg Semitic: *warr- 'thighbone' Egyptian: wʕr (ME) 'leg' Western Chadic: *warr-'leg' Central Chadic: *weray- 'knee' South Cushitic: *wVriy- 'thigh'
Notes: A secondary -ʕ- in Eg.?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *waʕr-
Meaning: feminine pudenda Semitic: *ʕawr-(at-) ~ *ʕVrw-(at-) 'pudenda' Egyptian: wʕr.t (MK) 'womb' Omotic: *wur- 'vulva'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *waʕr- (?)
Meaning: goat Semitic: *w/yaʕr- 'kid' Berber: *wVr(H) 'flock' (0 <*H-, rather <*ʕ-) Egyptian: ʕr 'goat' (or <*ʕl, cf. Sem. *waʕil-)
Notes: Cf. HSED *ʕor- 'goat' 1112 (Eg. + WCh: Mnt, Grk, Klr, ECh: Lele) {all <*ʔVr-, see in *ʔaruy-}; Tak. I, 94, 136 (Eg. + SCu, Dah, WCh; Lele) {all <*ʔVr-, see in *ʔaruy-}
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *waʕVr-
Meaning: divide; part Egyptian: wʕr.t (med) 'part' Western Chadic: *wa(H)ar- 'separate' 1, 'divide' 2 Central Chadic: *waR- 'divide'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wac̣ig- (?)
Meaning: put, stand Semitic: *wVṣVg- 'put' Central Chadic: *cig- 'stand up' 1, 'rising' 2 East Chadic: *waʒig- 'stand up'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *waĉ-/*ʔoĉ- (?)
Meaning: hen Egyptian: wšꜣ.t (AE) 'poultry' East Chadic: *was-
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wačaʔ-
Meaning: strike Semitic: *wVt_aʔ- Central Cushitic (Agaw): *waHač-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wac̣Vʕ-
Meaning: bird Semitic: *waṣʕ- 'little bird' Egyptian: wd_ʕ 'grey crane' (OK)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wad-
Meaning: cook, roast Egyptian: wdd (med) 'be cooked' Western Chadic: *waḍ- 'cook (v.)' Low East Cushitic: *wad- 'roast' Warazi (Dullay): *wat- 'roast'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wad-
Meaning: love, want Semitic: *wad- 'love, want' Central Chadic: *waḍ- 'want'
Notes: CCh *waḍ- < *wyadaH-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wadak-/*dVwak-
Meaning: fat, grease Semitic: *wadak- 'fat, grease' Western Chadic: *ḍVk-/*kaḍ- 'fat, grease' Central Chadic: *dakw/qw- 'fatness'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wagaʕ-
Meaning: be tired Semitic: *wagaʕ- 'be tired' 1, 'suffer' 2 East Chadic: *gVʔ- 'become tired, tiredness'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wagal-
Meaning: fright, fear Semitic: *wVgal- 'be frightened' East Chadic: *walVg- 'fright'
Notes: Cf. *wagar- 'be afraid' and *wahal- 'be afraid'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wagar-
Meaning: be afraid Semitic: *wVgar- 'be afraid' Western Chadic: *kVVr- (if < *gVHVr-) 'fear' 1, 'frighten' 2 East Chadic: *ʔUrVg- be afraid 1, 'fear' 2 (met.?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *waḫ-
Meaning: want Semitic: *wVḫVy- 'tend, plan, suggest' Egyptian: wḫꜣ (MK) 'want, look for' Central Chadic: (?) *waʔ- 'want' East Chadic: (?) *wVʔ- 'search, want'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *waḥ-
Meaning: break Egyptian: wḥꜣ (AE) 'break stones' Central Chadic: *wax- 'break' 1, 'break through' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *waḥ-
Meaning: put Egyptian: wꜣḥ (pyr) 'put, leave' Western Chadic: *wuH- 'put' Central Chadic: *wVH- 'hang clothing over a line' East Chadic: *waH-ay- 'lie down' 1, 'sleep' 2
Notes: Cf. also Sem *nVwVḥ- 'leave' (Hbr nwḥ).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *waḥ-
Meaning: die, death Egyptian: wḥꜣ (med) 'deadly illness' Western Chadic: *wah- 'perish' Central Chadic: *way/H- 'death'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wahal-
Meaning: be afraid Semitic: *wVhal- 'be afraid' Western Chadic: *waHal- 'be afraid; fear' East Chadic: *yal- 'be afraid'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wahig-/*yahig-
Meaning: burn, roast Semitic: *wVhig-/*yVhig- 'burn and shine (of fire)' East Chadic: *hawag-/*wahag- 'roast'
Notes: Consonantal alternation *w- ~ *y-. Related to *ʔug- 'burn, fire'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *waḥVʕ-
Meaning: loosen, uncover Egyptian: wḥʕ (pyr) 'free, untie' Western Chadic: *waH- 'loose'1, 'uncover' 2 East Chadic: *way-'set free'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *waḳ-
Meaning: be afraid Semitic: *wVḳVy- 'be afraid' Western Chadic: *waḳ- 'be frightened' 1, 'frighten' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *waḳaʕ-
Meaning: fall Semitic: *wVḳaʕ- 'fall' Western Chadic: *wuḳ- Central Chadic: *wVk-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wal-
Meaning: lamentations, funeral song Semitic: *wVlwVl- 'shout' ~ *walwāl- 'lamentations' Western Chadic: *wal- 'cry' 1, 'sob' 2, 'lament' 3, 'song' 4 Central Chadic: *walay- 'sing' East Chadic: *ʔ/wal- 'funeral song' 1, 'weep' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *walaʕ-
Meaning: love (v.) Semitic: *wVlaʕ- 'be infatuated' Western Chadic: *wal- 'love'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *walyam-
Meaning: right (side) Egyptian: wnmy (pyr) 'to the right' East Chadic: *walyam- 'to the right'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wamaʔ-
Meaning: swear, call Semitic: *wVmaʔ- 'swear, make a sign' Low East Cushitic: *waHam- 'call, invite'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wan-
Meaning: rope Egyptian: wn.t (pyr) 'cord' Western Chadic: *wan- 'plait'
Notes: Scarce data. Cf. *ʔin-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wan-
Meaning: go, hurry Egyptian: wny (pyr) 'hurry, hasten' Western Chadic: *wan- 'go'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wan-
Meaning: hole Egyptian: wn (n) 'opening' Central Chadic: *wan- 'hole'
Notes: Related to *wan- 'open'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wan-
Meaning: open Egyptian: wn (pyr) 'open' Western Chadic: *wan-H- 'open' Central Chadic: *wan- 'open' East Chadic: *wyan- 'open'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wan-/*wun-
Meaning: day, sun Egyptian: wnw (gr) 'light (n.); Sun-god' Western Chadic: *wun- 'day (from sunrise to sunset)' 1, 'day (24 hours) 2 Central Chadic: *wan-H- 'day' East Chadic: *wan/Vy/- 'day'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *war-
Meaning: be big, strong Semitic: *wVrVy- 'be fat' Egyptian: wr (pyr) 'big; strength' Western Chadic: *war- 'strength' Central Chadic: *wVr- /*ʔʷVr- 'big' 1, 'old', 2 , 'great' 3, 'increase' 4 East Chadic: Lele wēlē 'largeness' (WP 95) South Cushitic: *ʔur- 'big, large' Omotic: Chara uräri 'all'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *war-
Meaning: throw Semitic: *wur- 'throw' Central Chadic: ʔur- 'throw' East Chadic: *ʔwar- 'throw' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *wawVr- 'throw'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *war-
Meaning: to burn, roast Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *wVrVy- 'be lit up (of fire)' Egyptian: wꜣy (Med.) 'dörren (des Getreides), 18 Dyn. wꜣwꜣ 'Feuer, Glut', wr-t 'definition of the flame' (gr) Western Chadic: Mupun wōor 'to heat olives, cook eggs (with oil)' Central Chadic: *war- 'roast in ash' 1 , 'hot' 2 South Cushitic: Asa wura-to 'ashes'
Notes: Cf. *ʔu/ir- 'fire, to burn', *rVwVy- 'fire; burn'. Cf. EDE I 100
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *war-
Meaning: cow, calf; antelope Egyptian: wr 'cow' Western Chadic: *wary- 'antelope' High East Cushitic: *war- 'calf'
Notes: Cf. Sem.: Tgr. wuhǝr, pl. ʔawhǝr, ʔawhǝrät 'bull ' LT 427. Cf. HSED 2527 (Eg.; Hs warari 'vicious bull' - see WCh). Cf. *ʔirw/y- ~ *ʔawr- 'bull, calf' (3591).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *warŝiʕ- ~ *ḥar(i)ŝ-
Meaning: rhinoceros Semitic: *ḥar(i)ŝ/ŝx ( ~ *Hawuraris) 'rhinoceros' Western Chadic: *wVriŝ- 'rhinoceros' Central Chadic: *wirŝi 'bull' Low East Cushitic: *worš- 'rhinoceros' High East Cushitic: *worša(ʕ)- 'rhinoceros' Warazi (Dullay): *wVršaʕ- 'rhinoceros' Mogogodo (Yaaku): *wVrsVʔ- 'rhinoceros'
Notes: The resemblance of Sem. and Cush. forms is hardly an accidental coincidence, though Sem. *ḥ- vs. ECush. and Ch. *w- is enigmatic. In most of non-Semitic languages quoted, *ḥ- yeilds neither w- nor 0, but is preserved as ḥ or h.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *warVy-
Meaning: lungs Semitic: *wariy- 'lung disease' Berber: *ta-wray- 'lung(s)' Central Chadic: *war(war)- 'lungs' 1, 'belly, intestines' 2 Low East Cushitic: *wur- 'belly'
Notes: Cf. *rawiʔ- 'lung'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wary-
Meaning: k. of bird Semitic: *ʔarVr- ~ *warwar- 'bee-eater (used to find honey)' Egyptian: wr (Pyr) 'swallow' Western Chadic: *war- 'eagle' Central Chadic: *war- 'kite' Beḍauye (Beja): ḗrʔe 'white-tailed sea-eagle' Dahalo (Sanye): weere 'peafowl' Omotic: *Hawriy- 'cock' (<*ʔa-wriy-?)
Notes: Cf. Sem *ʕarw/y- ~ *ʕawr- 'bird of prey'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *was-
Meaning: cut Egyptian: wsy 'saw (wood)' (OK) Western Chadic: *was- 'cut with a sickle' Central Chadic: *was- 'knife' East Chadic: *was- 'kill (with a knife)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wasaʕ-
Meaning: be big Semitic: *wVsaʕ- 'be spatious, big' Western Chadic: *was- 'swell' East Chadic: *waHas- 'swell, become bigger'
Notes: Scarce data. Semantics problematic.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wat-
Meaning: walk, come Egyptian: swtwt (18) 'walk' Western Chadic: *wat- 'come'1, 'go' 2, 'enter' 3 East Chadic: *ʔwat- 'come'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wat- (?)
Meaning: snake Egyptian: wt.t (pyr) 'snake' Central Chadic: *wat- 'python'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wat- (?)
Meaning: call, speak Borean etymology: Borean etymology Western Chadic: *wat- 'call' East Chadic: *waat- Omotic: *w/yat- 'say, speak'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *watir- (?)
Meaning: tendon, vein Semitic: *wat(a)r- 'tendon' Egyptian: wtr (gr) 'blood' (?) Western Chadic: *tir 'vein'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wat-/*yat-
Meaning: be big Egyptian: wt (pyr) 'big' East Chadic: *yat- 'big'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *waw/y/ʔ-
Meaning: k. of bird Semitic: *waw-at- 'kind of bird' Egyptian: wyꜣ.t (med) 'kind of bird' High East Cushitic: *wayy- 'dove'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *way-
Meaning: be far Egyptian: wꜣy (pyr) 'be far away' Western Chadic: *yi-way- 'far'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *way- (?)
Meaning: say Central Chadic: *way- 'answer' 1, 'yell out' 2 East Chadic: *ʔaway- 'say' 1, 'discussion' 2, 'greet' 3, 'answer' 4 Omotic: *way- 'say'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wayal-
Meaning: forget East Chadic: *wayal- 'forget' Low East Cushitic: *walal- 'not know'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *way(V)n-
Meaning: grapes, millet Semitic: *way(V)n- 'grapes' Central Chadic: *wan- 'millet'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *waǯin/m-
Meaning: belly with entrails Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *wad_am- 'belly with intestines' Berber: *Hadan- 'intestines, bowels' 1, 'belly' 2 Egyptian: wzmw 'unidentified body-part' (pyr) (?) Western Chadic: *Haʒ/ǯin- 'intestines (of man and animals)1, 'guts' 2, 'belly' 3 Central Chadic: *wVnVʒ/ǯ- 'intestines' (met.) Central Cushitic (Agaw): *waʒ/ǯan- 'belly' 1, 'heart' 2 Saho-Afar: *waʒ/ǯan- 'belly' Low East Cushitic: *waʒ/ǯin- 'heart' High East Cushitic: *waʒ/ǯan- 'heart' Dahalo (Sanye): dzone <*ǯVwVn- (met.) 'spleen' Omotic: *waʒ/ǯen- 'heart'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wiʕan-
Meaning: sleep Egyptian: ʕwn (19) 'sleep' Central Chadic: *[w]iyan- 'sleep' Cf. *xVn- East Chadic: *wyaHan- 'sleep'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *widan- ~ *wund- (?)
Meaning: be wet Semitic: *w/yidan- Western Chadic: *wund-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wil-
Meaning: vessel Egyptian: wnw 'beer-mug' (gr) Central Chadic: *wul- 'bowl' 1, 'calabash' 2 Low East Cushitic: *wil- 'gourd'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wilVd-/*widVl-
Meaning: to bear a child Semitic: *wld 'to give birth', *wilad- 'boy, child' Central Chadic: *dawal- 'new' 1, 'young' 2 East Chadic: *dwal- 'young girl' Low East Cushitic: *wadal-/*wald- 'young man' 1, 'society' 2 High East Cushitic: *wadal- ~ *walad- 'young (of animals)' 1, 'young man' 2, 'young woman' 3
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wisan- ~ *sawin-
Meaning: sleep, dream Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *wVšVn- 'to sleep' ~ *ši/un(-at)- 'sleep, dream' Egyptian: (?) wsn (Gr) 'impregnate, engender' Western Chadic: *wasin- ~ *sawnin- 'to sleep' 1, 'to dream' 2 Central Chadic: *wisan- ~ *si(wa)n- 'to sleep' 1, 'to dream' 2 East Chadic: *suwin- 'to dream' 1, 'dream' (n.) 2 Saho-Afar: *son- 'dream' (n.) Warazi (Dullay): *šann- 'to lie, repose'
Notes: Cf. Bla Review 507.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *w/yabal-
Meaning: watercourse, spring Semitic: *w/yabal- 'watercourse' 1, 'to shed heavy rain' 2 Egyptian: wbn 'spring, source' (n) Western Chadic: *yubVl- 'dip, dive'
Notes: Related to *bVl(Vl)- 'flow, overflow'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wuʕway-
Meaning: snake Egyptian: wʕwy.t (med) Western Chadic: *way- Central Chadic: *wuH-
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wuĉVʔ-
Meaning: darkness Egyptian: wšꜣ.w (LM) 'darkness' Central Chadic: *wuHVŝ- 'darkness'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wug-
Meaning: move quickly Semitic: *wug-'be fast, be quick' Egyptian: wd_ꜣ (ME) 'go' East Chadic: *wug- 'run'1, 'accompany' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wug- (?)
Meaning: hide Egyptian: wd_ꜣ (AE) 'unguarded, unprotected' Central Chadic: *wug- 'hide'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wulVg-
Meaning: enter, pass by Semitic: *w/yVlVg- 'enter' Western Chadic: *wulVg- 'pass by'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wun-
Meaning: snake Egyptian: wnwn.w.t (18) Central Chadic: *wun- 'snake'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wup-
Meaning: open Egyptian: wpy (pyr) 'open' Western Chadic: *wup- 'open'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wur-
Meaning: pit, hole Semitic: *warr- 'pit' Western Chadic: *wur- 'pit, furrow' Central Chadic: *wur- 'gut' 1, 'dig' 1
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wurVm-
Meaning: roof Egyptian: wrm.t (NE) 'pavilion' (pyr), 'roof' (n) Western Chadic: *wVrVm- 'thatch' (v.) Central Chadic: *ʔuram-
Notes: Related to *(ʔa-)ram- enclosed, fortified dwelling area ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wVʕas-
Meaning: move Semitic: *wVʕVš- 'make large steps (of camels)' Central Chadic: *(H)was- 'move'
Notes: Scarce data. Phonetics unclear.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wVʕVr- ~ *ʕVrVy-
Meaning: lake Egyptian: wʕr.t (LM), ʕry (gr) 'waters' Western Chadic: *ʔwVr- 'lake' 1, 'river' 2 Central Chadic: *HVray- 'river'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wVc̣-
Meaning: order (v.) Semitic: *wVṣVy- 'order' (v.) Egyptian: wd_ 'order' (BD)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wVĉVP- (?)
Meaning: say Semitic: *wVŝVp- 'swear' Egyptian: wšb (ME) 'answer'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wVč̣am- ~ *č̣amw-an-
Meaning: think Semitic: *wVṭ_Vm- 'think' Western Chadic: *č̣amwan- 'expect' 1, 'think' 2, 'remember' Central Chadic: *č̣am- 'know'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wVdVn- ~ *wund- (?)
Meaning: monkey Egyptian: wdn (gr) Western Chadic: *wund-
Notes: Scarce and unreliable data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wVgab-
Meaning: cut, pierce Semitic: *gVwVb- 'cut, pierce' Western Chadic: *(wV)gab- 'cut'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wVgVm-
Meaning: strike, grind Semitic: *wVgVm- 'strike (with fist)' Egyptian: wgm 'grind' (OK)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wVgVr-
Meaning: dig; cavern Semitic: *wagr- 'cavern, hole' Western Chadic: *wugVr- 'hollow out, groove'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wVhVp-
Meaning: grass, flower Semitic: *wVhip- 'be covered with leaves' Western Chadic: *wVp- 'grass' East Chadic: *hVwVf- 'flower'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wVlVḫ-
Meaning: yellow, green Egyptian: wꜣḫy (gr) 'be green' Central Chadic: *wulVɣ- 'green'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wVlVm-
Meaning: eat; food Semitic: *wVlVm- 'give a meal, feed' 1, 'prepare a meal' 2 Egyptian: wnm (pyr) 'eat' East Chadic: *wVlVm- 'food'
Notes: Derived from *lam-/*lum- 'eat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wVpVč- ~ *pičw-
Meaning: to spit Semitic: *w/nVpVt_- 'spit' Berber: *(wV)fVs- 'spit' Western Chadic: *pi/uč- 'spit' Central Chadic: *pis- 'spew, sprinkle' East Chadic: *pičw- 'spit'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wVraḳ-
Meaning: green Semitic: *waraḳ- 'greenish' 1, 'yellow' 2, 'leaf' 3 Berber: *wVraɣ ~ *rVwaḳ 'green' 1, 'yellow 2 Egyptian: *yrḳ 'onion, greenery, green stuff'
Notes: Cf. HSED, 2560 *wVriḳ- 'to be green': Akk., Hbr., Arb.; Eg. wʔd_, with the comment: "palatalization of ḳ>d_".
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wVŝin- ~ *wVnVŝ-
Meaning: wolf, jackal Berber: *wVššVn 'jackal' Egyptian: wnš 'wolf' (OK)
Notes: <*wayŝ-an-? Cf. W.Ch. *(nV-)čaw- 'wild dog': Sura ǹčúwɛ̀ [JgS], Ang čewe [Fl].
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *wVṭVf-
Meaning: rain, pour Semitic: *wVṭVp- 'rain' (v.) Berber: *wVṭVf- 'ritual ablution'
Notes: Derived from *ṭif-/*ṭaf- 'drop, rain'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(ʔa-)w/yan-
Meaning: goat, sheep Berber: *Han(y)a 'sheep' Egyptian: wny 'calf' (?) (cf. ḥnw Pyr 'horn') Western Chadic: *yaHan- 'she-goat' East Chadic: *ʔaynVw/y- 'goat' 1, 'he goat' 2 Saho-Afar: *ʔanaʕ- 'she-lamb' Low East Cushitic: *wan- 'sheep' High East Cushitic: *(H)ayān- 'gazelle' Omotic: *(Hi)yin- 'sheep'
Notes: Cf. HSED, 42 *ʔan-/*ʔayin- (Canar.; WCh.: Siri; ECh.; Beja). Cf. Bla. Beja Fauna, 3: Gur.; Canar.; Beja; Afar; LECush. (Som., Rend.); Eg.

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *Y-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *yaʔ- ~ *ʔay-
Meaning: dwelling place, building Egyptian: ỉꜣ.t (pyr) 'place' Western Chadic: *(ʔi)yVw- 'place' 1, 'town, place' 2 Central Chadic: *yaH- 'building' 1, 'compound' 2 East Chadic: *yaH- 'house' South Cushitic: *ʔay- 'neighborhood' 1, 'dwelling' 2
Notes: Same as *(ʔV-)way- 'house' ?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *yaʔ-/*yaw-
Meaning: pour Egyptian: ỉwy (ME) 'pour out' Western Chadic: *y/waw- 'pour' 1, 'weep' 2 Central Chadic: *y[a]w- 'water' 1, 'rainy season' 2 South Cushitic: *yaʔ- 'river'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *yaʔ/w-
Meaning: go, come, run Borean etymology: Borean etymology Berber: *yV- 'come' Egyptian: iy, iw (pyr) Western Chadic: *yaw- 'go'1, 'come'2, 'run' 3 Central Chadic: *ya-'come' East Chadic: *ya- 'go' Beḍauye (Beja): yi- 'come' Low East Cushitic: *yaʔ- ~ *ʔiʔ-t- 'run away' 1, 'go' 2 Omotic: *yaʔ- 'come' 1, 'run away' 2
Notes: Cf. *waʔ- id.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *yad- ~ *ʔid-
Meaning: hand Semitic: *yad- ~ *ʔid- 'hand' Egyptian: d hieroglyph Central Chadic: ? *'adVw 'claw'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *yadag- (?)
Meaning: kind of clothes Egyptian: ỉdg (n) Central Chadic: *dagʷ- 'mat' East Chadic: *nV-dagay-
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ya-/*yi-
Meaning: call, speak Egyptian: ỉy (LM) 'saying' Western Chadic: *yV- 'call' Central Chadic: *ya- 'call' 1, 'say' 2 East Chadic: *yV- 'call' 1, 'say' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *yV- 'say' Saho-Afar: *ya-/*yi- 'say' Low East Cushitic: *ya- 'say' 1, 'shout' 2 High East Cushitic: *yV- 'say' South Cushitic: *yV- 'say' Omotic: *yV- 'say'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *yam-
Meaning: sea, water Semitic: *yamm- 'sea' Egyptian: ỉm (18) 'sea' (
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *yam-
Meaning: day Semitic: *yawm- 'day' Egyptian: ỉmy (ME) 'sun (as an eye)' Western Chadic: *yam(m)- 'evening (before sunset)' (?) East Chadic: *yam- 'day' (?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *yamin-
Meaning: right hand Semitic: *yamīn- ~ *yamān- 'right, right hand' Berber: *(yV)mVn- 'direct' (?) Egyptian: ỉmn (pyr) 'right (-hand), right side; West' Western Chadic: *ʔ/yama(n)- 'arm' 1, 'westwards' 2
Notes: Cf. Bla Review 506.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *yaraʔ-/*yaraw-
Meaning: reed Semitic: *yaraʔ- 'reed not used for writing' Egyptian: ỉꜣrw 'reed, rush' (pyr) Western Chadic: *yiraw- 'reed'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *yas-
Meaning: be old Semitic: *yāšiš- 'old' Western Chadic: *ʔas- 'old' East Chadic: *y/was- 'old' 1, 'become old' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *yasar-
Meaning: straight Semitic: *yašar- 'straight' Low East Cushitic: *sir- 'straight' High East Cushitic: *sayar- 'straight'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *yatin-/*ʔetin-
Meaning: day, sun Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: ỉtn (ME) 'sun' East Chadic: *(ʔ)yatin-H- 'day'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *yawan-/*yawin-
Meaning: silt, clay Semitic: *yāwīn- 'silt, dirt' Western Chadic: *wu[y]an- 'clay' Central Chadic: *m/wV-yan-H- 'sand'
Notes: Metathesis in Chadic.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *yaway- (?)
Meaning: be bad Egyptian: iwy.t (ME) 'evil' Western Chadic: *yaHaway- 'bad'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *yawin-
Meaning: water Egyptian: ỉwny (gr) 'waters' Central Chadic: *yVnw- 'dip into' East Chadic: *ʔany- 'to swim'1,'to bathe' 2
Notes: Derived from *yaʔ-/*yaw- 'water, river'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *yawn- (?)
Meaning: k. of bird Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *yawn- ~ *wanay- 'dove' Egyptian: wn (AE) 'kind of bird' Mogogodo (Yaaku): ino 'honey-guide, greater'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *yayVḥ-
Meaning: grass, plant Egyptian: ỉyḥ (18) 'water plant' Western Chadic: *yayaH- 'grass' Central Chadic: *yi-yaw- 'grass' East Chadic: *ʔiya/w/- k of plant
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *yaʒ-
Meaning: tomb Egyptian: ỉz (pyr) 'tomb' Central Chadic: *yɛŝ- 'cemetery' (
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *yiʔ- (?)
Meaning: back Egyptian: ỉꜣ.t (AE) 'back' (?) Central Chadic: *yaʔ-/*yiʔ- 'back' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *yiw- 'small of the back, waist'
Notes: Not quite reliable.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *yil-
Meaning: earth, field Egyptian: ỉyr (t) 'field' Western Chadic: *Hyali- 'earth'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *yipaʕ-
Meaning: shine Semitic: *yVpVʕ- 'shine' Western Chadic: *ʔaf- 'sun' Central Chadic: *pay- 'day' Low East Cushitic: *yVf- 'light (n.); shine (v.)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *y/ʔan-
Meaning: speak Berber: *yannaw 'say' Egyptian: ỉn (pyr) 'say' Western Chadic: *ʔan- 'speak' Central Chadic: *ʔi/an- 'speak' East Chadic: *ʔan- 'speak' Beḍauye (Beja): an- 'say' Central Cushitic (Agaw): AUN nǝŋ [Hetz], n- [Bnd LE] Warazi (Dullay): *yan- 'say'
Notes: Related to Sem *ʔVn- 'moan' (Arab ʔnn and the like)?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *y/wa-pan- ?
Meaning: bull; buffalo Semitic: *yapan- 'young bull' Central Chadic: *(u/n-)fVn 'buffalo' Warazi (Dullay): *wayfan- 'bull' (
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(y/w)ḳd
Meaning: to burn Semitic: *(y/w)ḳd 'to burn' Berber: *(w/y)ḳd 'to burn' Omotic: *ḳawad- 'burn'
Notes: Cf. HSED, 1572 *ḳiHVd- 'set on fire' (Akk. and Gera); no reason to reconstruct -H-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *yubVs-
Meaning: be dry Semitic: *yVbVš- 'be dry' Western Chadic: *bu(wV)s- 'dry up'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *yVrah- ~ *har- (?)
Meaning: be wet Semitic: *yVrVh- Central Chadic: *(H)yar- 'urine' Low East Cushitic: *har-
Notes: Unreliable both phonetically and semantically.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *yVṭin-
Meaning: dwell, stay Semitic: *w/yVṭin- 'dwell, stay' Western Chadic: *ṭyan- 'sit'

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *Dz-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒaʔ-/*ʒaw-
Meaning: go, come Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: zꜣw (AE) 'go slowly, crawl' Western Chadic: *ʒaw- 'come' 1, 'enter' 2 Central Chadic: *ʒuw-/*ʒVy- 'go' East Chadic: *ʒaw- 'go'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒaʕa/ib-
Meaning: chop, cut; axe Semitic: *zVʕab- 'cut, chop' Western Chadic: *ʒaHib- 'axe'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒab-
Meaning: hair, wool Semitic: *zapp-/*zabb- '(much) hair (on the head), bristle' Berber: *ʒVb- 'hair, wool' (?) Egyptian: zb.t (t) 'hairlock' (RGr.) Central Chadic: *ʒyab- 'hair' Low East Cushitic: *ʒab- 'long hair'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒaf-
Meaning: cut Egyptian: zf (AE) Omotic: dap-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒaḫ-
Meaning: rain Semitic: *zaḫ(ḫ)- Mogogodo (Yaaku): sɔḫɔ 'rain' <*ʒVḫ-
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒah/ʔar-
Meaning: plant Semitic: *zahVr- 'flower' Egyptian: zꜣr.t (sarc) 'garden plant' Western Chadic: *mu-ʒaHar- 'grass' East Chadic: *ʔa-ʒVHVr- 'flower'
Notes: Note irregular Sem. *-h- versus Eg *-ʔ-.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒak-/*ʒik-
Meaning: go, come Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *zVkk- 'march with small steps' Western Chadic: *ʒak- 'come' (praet.) East Chadic: *ʒVk- 'go out'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒa/in- (?)
Meaning: hide, skin Western Chadic: *ʒan- 'the skin of a slaughtered snake' 1, 'to skin' 2 Omotic: *ʒen- 'hide'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒam- (?)
Meaning: think, remember Semitic: *zVm- 'ponder, plan; fornication' Western Chadic: *ʒum- 'remind'1, 'think' 2 Central Chadic: *ʒam- 'think' 1, 'remember' 2, 'meditation' 3', 'think about smth' 4
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒam(ʔ)-
Meaning: blood Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *zam- Central Chadic: *ʒVm-? 'vein' Omotic: *ʒumʔ-
Notes: cf. EDE I 183
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒamVn-
Meaning: time; dwell, stay Semitic: *zaman- 'time' Egyptian: zmn (pyr) 'stay, dwell' Western Chadic: *ʒamVn- 'stay'
Notes: Cf. Dhl jem- 'stay in a place'.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒar-
Meaning: tent Semitic: *zar- 'tent' Egyptian: zꜣ.t (sarc) 'part of a building'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒaru/iḳ/g- (?)
Meaning: throw, push Semitic: *zVrVḳ- 'throw' 1, 'dart' (v.) 2 Saho-Afar: *ʒVrig- 'stir' Low East Cushitic: *ʒarug/k- 'shift, push'
Notes: Semantically and phonetically difficult.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒar(ʒur)-
Meaning: k. of bird Semitic: *zVrzVr- 'starling' Egyptian: zwrw.t (ME) 'kind of bird' Western Chadic: *ʒar- 'a k. of starling' 1, 'crow' 2 Central Chadic: *ʒVr- 'ostrich' 1, 'vulture' 2 East Chadic: *ʒarʒur- 'sparrow' 1, 'k. of bird' 2
Notes: Scarce data. Cf. HSED 2630.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒaw-
Meaning: rain Egyptian: zwzw 'kind of pool' (pyr) Western Chadic: *ʒyaw- 'water, rain' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʒuw- 'rain' Omotic: Bambeshi haaʒe 'water', Ong haaǯe 'rain'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒaw- (?)
Meaning: stick Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: zꜣw (LM) 'twig' Western Chadic: *ʒaw- 'stick' Central Chadic: *ʒaw- 'stick'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒaw-/*ʒay-
Meaning: fly East Chadic: *ʒyaw- 'fly (of birds)' South Cushitic: *ǯVʔ- 'fly, jump'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒaw/y- (?)
Meaning: rope Egyptian: izy (NE) 'cord, rope' Western Chadic: *ʒway- 'cord' Central Chadic: *ʒy/waʔ 'cord'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒawm-
Meaning: mix Egyptian: zmꜣ (gr) 'mix' Western Chadic: *ǯ(w)am- 'mix'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒay-
Meaning: body Western Chadic: *ʒi/u-k 'body' Central Chadic: *ʒa- 'body' East Chadic: *ʒi- 'body' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʒiy- 'body, meat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒiʔVp-
Meaning: cut Semitic: *zVʔVp- 'be cut off' Berber: *ʒVf- 'plane, shave' (v.) Egyptian: ỉzp (AE) 'chop (with an axe)'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒib-an-
Meaning: plaiting Semitic: *zibn- 'reed mat' ~ *zabaz- 'k. of grass used for basketwork' Berber: *zib- 'net (used as a hairdress)', *zVban- 'palm bast' Western Chadic: *ʒi/ub- 'a k. of basket' 1, 'mat' 2 Central Chadic: *zibil- (<*zibin-?) 'a finely woven mat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒid-
Meaning: increase Semitic: *zayad- 'increase' East Chadic: *ʒid- 'increase' 1, 'add' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒif-
Meaning: goat, sheep Semitic: *zīp- 'sheep' Central Chadic: *ʒif-/*ʒuf- 'he-goat'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒig/k- (?)
Meaning: shoulder, back Borean etymology: Borean etymology East Chadic: *ǯig/k- 'shoulder'1, 'arm' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʒig- 'shoulder' 1, 'back' 2 Omotic: *zikk- 'back'
Notes: Scarce data. The velar in Auslaut is unclear.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒiʒVw-
Meaning: k. of insect (bee, fly; locust) Semitic: *zīz- 'kind of insect (locust, bug)' Berber: *izi 'fly' ~ *zizw- 'bee' Western Chadic: *ʔa-ʒiʒuw- 'fly' Central Chadic: *(ʒa)ʒuway- 'fly' High East Cushitic: *ʒiʒ- 'bee'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒ/ǯa-
Meaning: man Egyptian: z 'man' (OK), z-t 'woman' Western Chadic: *ʒa-f- 'man' (?) Central Chadic: *ʒa- 'man' 1, 'husband' 2 East Chadic: *ʒV- 'person' 1, 'man' 2 Omotic: DIM ʔamz- (dissim. <*ʔanz- <*ʔa(n)ǯ/ʒ-. Cf. Ari HAM anz-a 'girl, female' [Bnd Ar 151]
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒ/ǯaʔ- (?)
Meaning: son Egyptian: zꜣ (pyr) 'son' Western Chadic: *ʒ/ǯa 'child' Central Chadic: *ʒa- 'son' 1, 'child' 2
Notes: An areal Eg.-Chad. term. Derived from or identical with *ʒ/ǯa- 'man'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒum-
Meaning: lend and not get back Semitic: *(wV)zVm- 'give, lend, be deprived of' Western Chadic: *ʒam- 'defraud a person of his proper share' Central Chadic: *ʒum- 'rob' 1, 'cheat, neglect to pay debts' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒunaḫ-
Meaning: smell, stink Semitic: *zVnaḫ- 'be rotten' Western Chadic: *ʒVnVH- 'smell' Central Chadic: *ʒun-H- 'smell (n.)' 1, 'smell (intrans.)' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒur- (?)
Meaning: ram Egyptian: zr (pyr) Central Chadic: *ʒur- 'ram'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒuray(V)ḳ- (?)
Meaning: raven Semitic: *zurayḳ- 'a k. of bird' (<*zrḳ 'to be blue'?) Western Chadic: *nV-ʒaraḳ- 'raven' Central Chadic: *ʒilak- crow
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒuwVʕ-
Meaning: be afraid Semitic: *zVwVʕ- 'tremble of fear' Western Chadic: *ʒuw- 'be afraid'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒVb-
Meaning: carry, bring Semitic: *zVbVy- 'carry (load)' Egyptian: zby (pyr) 'bring' Central Chadic: *ʒVḅ- 'take, lift'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒVg- (?)
Meaning: marry, join Semitic: *zVwVg- 'marry, join' Berber: *ʒVɣ- 'copulate'
Notes: Irregular correspondence of the velars.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒVḳum/n- (?)
Meaning: lick, swallow Semitic: *zVḳum 'swallow' Western Chadic: *nV-ʒVḳun- 'lick'
Notes: Insufficient data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒVl-
Meaning: go, come Semitic: *(ʔV)zVl- 'go, pass' Berber: *zVl- 'run' Egyptian: zny (ME) 'come' Central Chadic: *ʒVl-'follow' 1 , 'enter' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒVm- (?)
Meaning: k. of ungulate Semitic: Ch J-Shim *zm 'ram' (Bla??), Ghat zm 'ram'?? Berber: *izamm- 'gazelle' 1, 'oryx' 2
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒVmʔ-
Meaning: darkness Egyptian: zmꜣw (18) 'darkness' Central Chadic: *ʒVm- 'darkness' East Chadic: *zimVl- (If Eg < *zml)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒVmVr-
Meaning: k. of ungulate Semitic: *zVmr- 'gazelle' Berber: *zimar- 'ram' 1, 'lamb' 2 Dahalo (Sanye): ǯumúru 'male waterbuck'
Notes: Cf. *ʒVm- (??)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒVry/ʔ/ʕ- ~ *ǯVry/ʔ/ʕ 1, /w/ʔ/ʕ ~ *ʒry/wʔ/ʕ 2
Meaning: seed, sowing, sown field 1, to sow, cultivate 2 Semitic: *ʒVry/ʔ/ʕ- ~ *ǯVry/ʔ/ʕ 1, *ʒry/wʔ/ʕ ~ *ǯry/w/ʔ/ʕ 2 Egyptian: *ʒVr or *ǯVr 'k. of field' Western Chadic: *ǯur- or *ʒur- 'groundnuts' Beḍauye (Beja): deráʔ 'seed' (?) Central Cushitic (Agaw): *zur- 'wheat', *zi/ar- 'to sow, cultivate' Saho-Afar: *da/ira/i(y) 'seed' Low East Cushitic: *zary- 'seed' High East Cushitic: *zari-t- 'seed' Omotic: *ǯVry- or *ʒVry- 'seed', *ǯyr or *ʒyr 'to sow'
Notes: (related to, or contaminated with, No. 32 *ǯrr/w/y/ʔ ~ *wǯr 'to scatter, spread (seed), winnow'?). According to Lamb. Wol., 561-2, all Cu. and Om. forms are borrowed from Eth.; a wide spread of these forms in three branches of Cu., however, rather speaks for their Afras. origin; borrowing of the Om. forms from Eth. or E. Cu. is possible
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʒVw/ʔVb-
Meaning: flow, pour Semitic: *zVwVb- ~ *ʔVzVb- 'flow' 1, 'fill (a wine-skin)' 2, 'urinate' 3, 'river, stream, flood' 4 Egyptian: zꜣb (pyr) 'flow' (otherwise <*ǯʔb, see 1587) Western Chadic: *ʒubb- East Chadic: *zVzVb- 'pour'
Notes: Cf. *ǯub-/*ǯawab- id.

Праафразийская этимологическая база на *Dzh-

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯaʔar-
Meaning: insect Semitic: *d_Vr- 'kind of worm; ant; flea' Egyptian: zꜣ (Med) 'maggot' Western Chadic: *(nV-)ǯar- 'termite' 1, 'large criquet' 2, 'worm' 3 Central Chadic: *ǯaray- 't. of locust' 1, 'criquet' 2 East Chadic: *ǯaHar- 'locust' High East Cushitic: *ǯar- 'locust' Dahalo (Sanye): d_ṓroání (<*ǯVran-?) 'large stinging insect'
Notes: Cf. EDE I 57 (Eg and W.Ch 'worm')
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯaʔar-
Meaning: cook, boil Borean etymology: Borean etymology Egyptian: d_ꜣr (gr) 'cook (v.)' - Cf. Central Chadic: *ʒar- 'boil' East Chadic: *ʔaǯVr- 'boil'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯab-
Meaning: gather Central Chadic: *nV-ǯVb- 'gather, collect' East Chadic: *ǯa(Ha)b- 'gather'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯabiʔ- (?)
Meaning: clothes Egyptian: d_bꜣ (NE) 'kind of clothes' Central Chadic: *ǯabVH- 'cloth'1, 'loin-cloth'2
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯakVn-/m- (~ *ǯawnak-?) (?)
Meaning: elephant Saho-Afar: *dakān- (<*ǯakān-) 'elephant' Low East Cushitic: *dagon- (<*ǯakVn- or *dV(n)gʷ-an/r/l-) 'elephant' Dahalo (Sanye): dokomi, ḍokomi (<*ǯVkVm-?) 'elephant' Omotic: *zak(kV)-n- 'elephant'
Notes: Cf. Bla. Eleph., 200. Cf.ECh Sokoro dógol, dókel (may originate < *dkn) [CLR:125]
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯa/in- (?)
Meaning: child; brother Western Chadic: *ǯin- 'c*ǯin- 'child' 1, 'son, boy' 2 Central Chadic: *ǯin/m- 'child'1 , '(step-) brother' 2 Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ǯin-/*ǯan- 'brother'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯam-
Meaning: ask Semitic: *zVyam- 'interrupt' Western Chadic: *ǯam- 'talk to smb' Central Chadic: *ʒaHam- 'ask' South Cushitic: *ǯeʔem- 'ask'
Notes: No traces of *-ʔ- in Sem.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯa(m)b-
Meaning: fly (n.) Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *d_umb- 'fly' (n.) Berber: *ʒa(m)b- 'fly' (n.) 1, 'horse-fly' 2 Egyptian: zb.t (ME) 'kind of insect, parasite' Western Chadic: *ǯVb- 'bee' Central Chadic: *ǯab(VH)- 'locust in the hopper state' 1, 'termite' 2, 'fly' (n.) 3 East Chadic: *ʔVǯimb- 'bee' High East Cushitic: *biziz-'beetle' ~ *buzabuz- 'gnat' (met.)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯa(m)bib-
Meaning: fly (n.) Semitic: *d_VbVb- 'fly' (n.) High East Cushitic: *ʒVmbib- 'gnat, mosquito'
Notes: Derived from *ǯa(m)b- id.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯaw(ʔ)- (?)
Meaning: be angry Egyptian: d_w (pyr) 'bad, angry' Western Chadic: *ʒuH- 'be angry' Central Chadic: *ǯwaʔ- 'evil'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯiʔib-
Meaning: beast of prey Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *d_iʔb- 'wolf' Egyptian: zꜣb (pyr) 'jackal' Western Chadic: *ǯib- 'viverra' East Chadic: *ǯabiy- 'hyaena' Beḍauye (Beja): diib 'wolf'
Notes: Cf. *ʒVʔVb- 'lion' (Sid doob-iččo, Kmb zob-ečču, Tam zob-ečo) and Om *ʒab- id. (Bako zab).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯibar- (?)
Meaning: bee, fly Semitic: *d_Vbār-'bee' Berber: *ʒVbibVr 'species of coleoptera' Western Chadic: *ǯiḅar- 'sausage fly'
Notes: Scarce data. Derived from *ǯa(m)b- 'fly'?
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯigʷal-/*gawzal-
Meaning: ḳ. of bird Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *gawzal- 'brood' Western Chadic: *ǯigʷal- 'griffon-vulture' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ǯigal- 'bird'
Notes: Scarce data.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯihab-
Meaning: go, walk Semitic: *d_Vhab- 'go away' Egyptian: zby (pyr) 'walk, pass' (?) Western Chadic: *ǯiHVb- 'trot' 1, 'follow' 2 Central Chadic: *ʒibVH- 'follow' 1, 'enter' 2, 'go out' 3 East Chadic: *ǯubb- 'follow'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯiHun- ~ *ǯinaH-
Meaning: elephant Egyptian: *ǯVnh-Vr/l-? (?) Western Chadic: *ǯaHun- 'elephant' Central Chadic: *ǯuHwan- 'elephant' East Chadic: *ǯinu/aH- 'elephant' Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ǯiHun- 'elephant' High East Cushitic: *ǯanaʔVy- 'elephant'
Notes: Cf. *Haǯam- ~ *ǯVHVm- 'hippopotamus/elephant' (3637) and *ǯakVn-/m- (~ *ǯawnak-?) 'elephant' (3634).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯiḳ-an/m/l-
Meaning: chin, cheek, beard Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *d_iḳan- '(bearded) chin, beard' Berber: *zVḳa 'inner part of the cheek' Western Chadic: *ǯiḳ/gam/n- 'chin' 1, 'cheek' 2 Central Chadic: *ǯikVm- 'beard' (?) East Chadic: *ʒi/uḳVm- 'chin' 1, 'jaw' 2 Low East Cushitic: *daḳal- 'cheek'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯin-
Meaning: blood Borean etymology: Borean etymology Berber: *-zVni Egyptian: znf (pyr) Western Chadic: *ǯini- Central Chadic: (H)aǯin 'blood' Omotic: *ʒVnn- (or <*ʒVm-n-?) 'pus'
Notes: Cf. HSED 2626 (*ʒin-)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯrr/w/y/ʔ ~ *wǯr
Meaning: to scatter, spread (seed), winnow Semitic: *d_rr/w/y/ʔ 'to scatter, spread (seed), winnow' Berber: *uzzar 'to winnow' Egyptian: *ǯVr-w-t ? East Chadic: *ǯ[a]r- 'throw'
Notes: (related to, or contaminated with, *ʒVry/ʔ/ʕ- ~ *ǯVry/ʔ/ʕ 'seed, sowing, sown field', *ǯry/w/ʔ/ʕ ~ *ʒry/wʔ/ʕ 'to sow, cultivate'?)
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯuʔ-
Meaning: go Western Chadic: *ǯi/yaʔ- 'go' 1, 'come' 2 Central Chadic: *ǯuw/ǯiʔ- 'go' 1, 'follow' 2 East Chadic: Jegu ǯawo
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯub-/*ǯawab-
Meaning: flow, pour Semitic: *d_VwVb- 'flow' 1, 'pour' 2, 'melt' 3, 'dissolve, ooze' 4, 'river', 'stream, torrent' 5 Western Chadic: *ǯub- 'pour' Central Chadic: *ǯub- 'to wet' 1, 'to drink a little' 2, soak'
Notes: Cf. *ʒVw/ʔVb- id.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯug-
Meaning: drink, swallow Semitic: *d_Vʔag- 'drink' Low East Cushitic: *ǯug- 'swallowing'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯu/ib-an- 'tail'
Meaning: tail; back Borean etymology: Borean etymology Semitic: *d_Vb(b)-(ān)- 'tail, back' Low East Cushitic: *ǯaban- 'back' Omotic: *ǯu/iban- 'tail' 1, 'body' 2
Notes: Cf. metathetic Sem. *d_a/inab-(at-) 'tail' SED 64.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯVbVḥ-
Meaning: make a sacrifice Semitic: *d_VbVḥ- 'kill, make a sacrifice' Egyptian: dbḥ East Chadic: *ʒiHib- 'make a sacrifice before eating the new corn' Low East Cushitic: *ǯabaḥ- 'slaughter'
Notes: Cf. ECh: Bid ziib 'faire les premiers sacrifices avant de manger les nouvelles récoltes' <*ʒib- and Sem. Akk OB zību 'food-offering'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯVHVǯ-
Meaning: divide Semitic: *zVHVz- 'divide' Egyptian: zꜣ (AE) 'section' East Chadic: *ǯVǯ- 'divide'
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯV(n)g(-Vl/r)- ~ *gal/raǯ-
Meaning: monkey Semitic: *gurVz- 'k. of monkey' (< Oromo?) (?) Central Chadic: *ǯVng- East Chadic: *ʒugul- 'monkey' Beḍauye (Beja): girid 'pavian' (
Notes: Scarce data. Cf. *da(n)gir- and *ḳVr/lVd- id.
Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯVrw-
Meaning: sand, dust Semitic: *d_urw- 'dust' Western Chadic: *ǯwar- 'sand'

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