Здесь представлены краткие справки по фонетике и грамматике языков
урало-юкагирской ветвиНостратической макросемьи,
взятые с проекта глобальной этимологической базы данных "Вавилонская башня", основанную Сергеем Анатольевичем Старостиным.
Эти сведения будут затем размещаться в каждом праязыковом этимологическом словнике.
Всего здесь представлено 2 языковых ветви, происходящих от
протоуральского
(праурало-юкагирского) языка:
Classification: Uralic: Samoyed: North
Dictionary:
Lehtisalo, T. 1956. Juraksamojedishes Wörterbuch. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
Pyrerka, A.P. and N.M. Tereshchenko. 1948. Russko-nenetskij slovar'. Moscow.
Tereshchenko, N.M. 1965. Nenetsko-russkij slovar. Moscow.
Grammar:
Décsy, Gyula. 1966. Yurak Chrestomathy. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Tereshchenko, N.M. 1966. "Nenetskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 376-95.
Other Sources: SUL
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d (ɡ)
ts
s x
β (z)
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k (ɡ) ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: β s (z) x
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄ all but ʔ j
cj all but k ɡ ʔ j β x ŋ
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i ɯ u
e ɤ o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: CV(C)(C)(C)
Stress: phonemic
Noun
Number: s d p
Demonstratives: 2+ref
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1894
Language: Enets
Alternate Name: Yenets
Location: NC Russia
Population: 300
Classification: Uralic: Samoyed: North
Grammar: Tereshchenko, N.M. 1966. "Enetskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 438-57.
Consonant system:
p t c k ʔ ʔ ̃ (nasalized ɡlottal stop)
b d ɟ ɡ
č
s sʷ š šʷ (x)
(β) ð
m n ñ (ŋ)
l
r
Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ ʔ̃ (nasalized ɡlottal stop)
Affricates: č
Fricatives: (β) ð s sʷ š šʷ (x)
Nasals: m n ñ (ŋ)
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄ t d ɡ n
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: diphthonɡs
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: initial
Noun
Number: s d p
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1895
Language: Nganasan
Alternate Name: Tavgy
Location: NC Russia (Taymyr Peninsula)
Population: 750
Classification: Uralic: Samoyed: North
Grammar: Tereshchenko, N.M. 1966. "Nganasanskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 416-37.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
č
s x
ð
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: ð s x
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cj ̄ d n l
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e æ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ie ia eu æu au yæ ya yo ǝu ɨǝ ua uo ou
Consonant system:
p t k q
č
s š
β
m n ñ ŋ
l ʎ
r
Stops: p t k q
Affricates: č
Fricatives: β s š
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l ʎ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ all but č β ŋ r
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɒ
Long Vowels: v̄
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: initial
Noun
Number: s d p
Demonstratives: 4?
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4d* 4*
2 5d* 5*
3 6d 6
*[4d=4 & 5d=5 in some case forms (e.g. nom.), but not in others (e.g. dat.)]
Syntax: SOV AN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1897
Language: Selkup
Dialect: Tym
Location: NW Russia (Xanty-Mansiysk)
Population: 3,800
Classification: Uralic: Samoyed: South
Grammar: GD: Katz, Hartmut. 1975. Selcupica 1. Materialen vom Tym. Munich: Finno-Ugric Seminar, Univ of Munich.
Other Sources:
Szabó, László. 1967. Selkup Texts. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Consonant system:
p t̪ c k q
b d̪ ɡ
č
ɡ̌
(f) s š (x)
v ʁ
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l ʎ
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ c k ɡ q
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) v s š (x) ʁ
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l ʎ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄ t s š m n l only
cʷ t c k q č s
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ all but æ
Diphthongs: au ou
Stress: initial
Noun
Number: s d p
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 1898
Language: Kamas
Alternate Name: Sayan Samoyed
Location: Russia
Population: (+) 1970
Classification: Uralic: Samoyed: South
Other Sources: SUL
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
ts
dz
s š h
β z ž ɣ
m n ñ ŋ
l ʎ
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts dz
Fricatives: β s z š ž ɣ h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l ʎ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ cj s z
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ
Back Vowels: u o ɤ ɒ ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ
Diphthongs: ia iɛ ie yɛ yɤ uǝ yǝ iy
Stress: initial
Noun
Number: s [d] p
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SOV N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 1899
Language: Hungarian
Location: Hungary
Population: 14 million
Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Ugric
Dictionary:
Országh, László. 1953. Hungarian-English Dictionary. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
Országh, László. 1960. English-Hungarian Dictionary. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
Grammar:
Benkő, Loránd and Samu Imre, eds. 1972. The Hungarian Language. The Hague: Mouton.
Tompa, József. 1972. Kleine ungarische Grammatik. Leipzig: VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie.
Hall, Robert A. 1944. Hungarian Grammar. Lg Monograph No. 21.
TextBooks: Bánhidi, Z. Z. Jókay and D. Szabó. 1965. A Textbook of the Hungarian Language. London: Collet's.
Other Sources: SUL
Consonant system:
p t̪ c k
b d̪ ɟ ɡ
t̪s č
d̪z ɡ̌
f s̪ š h
v z̪ ž
m n̪ ñ
l̪
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ
Affricates: t̪s d̪z č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ all
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y ɛ ø
Back Vowels: u o ɒ
Long Vowels: v̄ i y e ø a u o
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)
Stress: initial
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Other Sources:
Rédei, Károly. 1965. Northern Ostyak Chrestomathy. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
SUL
Consonant system:
p t k
ts č
s š x
m n ŋ
l (ḷ)
r
Stops: p t k
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: s š x
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l (ḷ)
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ cj t s n (l)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: e a ʋ ɔ
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: initial
Noun
Number: s d p
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Consonant system:
p t k
č̣
s (š)
ɣ
m n ṇ ŋ
l ḷ
r
Stops: p t k
Affricates: č̣
Fricatives: s (š) ɣ
Nasals: m n ṇ ŋ
Laterals: l ḷ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cj t n l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ
Modified Vowels: v̆(reduced) e ø ǝ o
Stress: initial or second
Noun
Number: s d p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SOV AN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1902
Language: Xanty
Alternate Name: Ostyak
Dialect: Western
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
s̪ š x
m n̪ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p t̪ k
Fricatives: s̪ š x
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cj t s n
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y æ
Central Vowels: ǝ
Back Vowels: o
Long Vowels: e u ɔ ɑ
Other Sources:
Kálmán, Béla. 1965. Vogul Chrestomathy. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
SUL
Consonant system:
p t̪ c k kʷ
s̪ š x ɣ
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l̪ ʎ
r
Stops: p t̪ c k kʷ
Fricatives: s̪ š x ɣ
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l̪ ʎ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: initial
Noun
Number: s d p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1904
Language: Udmurt
Alternate Name: Votyak
Location: NW Russia (Udmurt ASSR)
Population: 700,000
Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: Permic
Dictionary: Russko-udmurtskij slovar'. 1956. Moscow.
Grammar:
Tepljashina, T.I. 1966. "Udmurtskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 261-80.
Tepljashina, T.I. 1970. Jazyk besermyan. Moscow: Nauka.
Other Sources: SUL
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
(ts) č
ɡ̌
(f) s̪ š (x)
v z̪ ž
m n̪
l̪
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Affricates: (ts) č ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) v s̪ z̪ š ž (x)
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cj t d s z č ɡ̌ s z n l
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
(ts) č
ɡ̌
(f) s̪ š (x)
v z̪ ž
m n̪
l̪
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Affricates: (ts) č ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) v s̪ z̪ š ž (x)
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄
cj ̄ t d č ɡ̌ s z n l
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: mostly initial
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1906
Language: Komi
Dialect: Yazva
Location: NW Russia (Komi ASSR)
Population: 430,000 (4,000)
Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: Permic
Grammar: Lytkin, V.I. 1961. Komi-jaz'vinskij dialekt. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.
Consonant system:
p t̪ c k
d̪ ɟ ɡ
č
ɡ̌
s̪ š
v z̪ ž
m n̪ ñ
l̪ ʎ
r
Stops: p t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: v s̪ z̪ š ž
Nasals: m n̪ ñ
Laterals: l̪ ʎ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cj̄ s z č ɡ̌
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: SOV AN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1907
Language: Mari
Alternate Name: Cheremis
Dialect: Eastern
Location: W Russia (Mari ASSR)
Population: 546,000
Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: Volgaic
Dictionary: D: Marijsko-russkij slovar'. 1956. Moscow.
Grammar:
G: Sebeok, Thomas A. and Frances J. Ingemann. 1961. An Eastern Cheremis Manual. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Kovedjaeva, E.I. 1966. "Lugovo-vostochnyj marijskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 221-40
Other Sources:
O: Minn, Eeva K. 1956. Studies in Cheremis, vol 4: Derivation. IJAL 22:2. Part II.
Ristinen, Elaine K. 1960. "An East Cheremis Phonology," in American Studies in Uralic Linguistics, Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
(t̪s) č
(f) s̪ š (x)
β ð z̪ ž ɣ
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l ʎ
ɾ
Stops: p t̪ k
Affricates: (t̪s) č
Fricatives: β (f) ð s̪ z̪ š ž (x) ɣ
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l ʎ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Stress: stress: non-phonemic
Noun
Number: num: s p
Demonstratives: dem: 2
Articles: art: indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS D+A+N
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1908
Language: Mari
Alternate Name: Cheremis
Dialect: Western
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
t̪s č
(f) s̪ š (x)
v z̪ ž
m n̪
l̪
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Affricates: t̪s č
Fricatives: (f) v s̪ z̪ š ž (x)
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄ t s...
cj t d ts s z n l r
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Syntax: SVO/SOV AN GN DN/ND NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Num+N+D/Num+D+N
Ergative:
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1910
Language: Mordvin
Dialect: Moksha
Location: W Russia (W Mordvin ASSR)
Population: 1.3 million
Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: Volgaic
Dictionary:
Potapkin, S.G. and A.K. Imjarekov. 1949. Mokshansko-russkij slovar'. Moscow.
Potapkin, S.G. and A.K. Imjarekov. 1961. Russko-mokshanskij slovar'. Moscow.
Grammar: Foektisov, A.P. 1966. "Mokshanskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 199-220.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
t̪s č
f s̪ š x
v z̪ ž
m n̪
l̪ ɬ̪
r r̥
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Affricates: t̪s č
Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž x
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪ ɬ̪
Vibrants: r r̥
Modified Consonants: cj ̄ t d ts s z n l ɬ r r̥ j
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e æ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C)
Stress: initial
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO AN GN DN/ND NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1911
Language: Northern Saami
Dialect: Ruija: Finnmark
Location: Norway
Population: 20,000
Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Saamic
Other Sources: SUL
Consonant system:
p ph t th k kh
ts tsh
f θ s š h
v ð
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p ph t th k kh
Affricates: ts tsh
Fricatives: f v θ ð s š h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ all?
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: i æ a ʋ
Diphthongs: uo oa ie...
Stress: initial
Other Sources: Kert, G.M. 1961. Obraztsy sammskoj rechi. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
ts č
dz ɡ̌
f s š x h
v z ž
m n n̥ ŋ
l l̥
r r̥
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s z š ž x h
Nasals: m n n̥ ŋ
Laterals: l l̥
Vibrants: r r̥
Modified Consonants:
c̄ all but z zj ž žj
cj all but n̥
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o ɒ
Long Vowels: v̄
Diphthongs: ua uɛ ai ɛi ji o̜i ɒi, triph: uɛi uai
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: initial
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Saamic
Grammar: Collinder, Björn. 1949. The Lappish Dialect of Jukkasjärvi. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell.
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
č
ɡ̌
f s h
β v ð ž
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: β f v ð s ž h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i (e)
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Diphthongs: diphthonɡs
Stress: initial
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SVO NUM-N N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 1914
Language: Northern Saami
Dialect: Lule
Location: Sweden
Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Saamic
Consonant system:
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 1915
Language: Northern Saami
Dialect: Pite
Location: Sweden (Pite River), Norway
Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Saamic
Consonant system:
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 1916
Language: Eastern Saami
Dialect: Inari
Location: Finland (Lake Inari)
Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Saamic
Consonant system:
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 1917
Language: Eastern Saami
Dialect: Skolt
Location: Russia (Kola Peninsula)
Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Saamic
Other Sources: Hasselbrink, Gustav. 1965. Alternate Analyses of the Phonemic System in Central South-Lappish. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
t̪s č
d̪z ɡ̌
f s̪ š h
v
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l̪
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Affricates: t̪s d̪z č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s̪ š h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Diphthongs: ie oa oe ue uo
Stress: initial
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 1919
Language: Southern Saami
Dialect: Ume
Location: Sweden (Ume River)
Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Saamic
Consonant system:
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 1920
Language: Finnish
Location: Finland
Population: 5 million
Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic
Dictionary:
Vuolle, Aino. 1969. Finnish-English Dictionary. Porvoo, Finland: Werner Söderström.
Vuolle, Aino. 1964. English-Finnish Dictionary. Porvoo, Finland: Werner Söderström.
Grammar:
Austerlitz, Robert P. 1963. Finnish Grammar. Cleverland: Bell & Howell.
Atkinson, John. 1969. Finnish Grammar. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society.
Hakulinen, Lauri. 1957, 1960. Handbuch der finnischen Sprache, 2 vols. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
TextBooks:
Lehtinen, Meri. 1963. Basic Course in Finnish. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Whitney, Arthur H. 1968. Teach Yourself Finnish. New York: David Mckay.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k (ʔ)
(b) d̪ ɡ
(f) s (š) h
v
m n̪ ŋ
l̪
r
Stops: p (b) t̪ d̪ k ɡ (ʔ)
Fricatives: (f) v s (š) h
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ all but d v h j
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: uo ie yø au ou eu iu æy øy ai oi ui æi øi yi
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: initial
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2+REF
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3hH 6hH
Politeness: 2 intim & 2 pol [2 pol = 5]
Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Number: 1921
Language: Ingrian
Location: NW Russia
Population: 350
Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic
Grammar: Laanest, A. 1966. "Izhorskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 102-17.
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
ts č
(f) s š h
v z ž
m n
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: (f) v s z š ž h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ p t k s m n l r
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Long Vowels: ̄v̄ all
Diphthongs: ai æi oi øi ui yi ei au ou eu iu æy øy
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: initial
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO AN DN NUM-N POSS-N N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Number: 1922
Language: Karelian
Location: NW Russia
Population: 128,000
Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic
Grammar: Makarov, G.N. 1966. "Karel'skij jazyk," in JNS 3, 61-80
Consonant system:
p t̪ t̪j k
b d̪ d̪j ɡ
(t̪s) č
ɡ̌
(f) s̪ s̪j š (x) h
v z̪ z̪j ž
m n̪ n̪j
l̪ l̪j
r rj
Stops: p b t̪ t̪j d̪ d̪j k ɡ
Affricates: (t̪s) č ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) v s̪ s̪j z̪ z̪j š ž (x) h
Nasals: m n̪ n̪j
Laterals: l̪ l̪j
Vibrants: r rj
Modified Consonants: c̄ p t tj k č sj š m n nj l lj r rj
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Long Vowels: (v̄)
Diphthongs: diphthonɡs triphthonɡs
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: initial
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2+ref
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3ai 6ai
Syntax: AN DN NUM-N N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Number: 1923
Language: Olonets
Alternate Name: Livvi
Location: NW Russia
Population: 80,000
Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic
Consonant system:
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 1924
Language: Ludic
Alternate Name: Ludian
Location: NW Russia
Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic
Consonant system:
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 1925
Language: Vepsian
Location: NW Russia (Karelian ASSR)
Population: 30,000
Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic
Dictionary: Zajtseva, M.I. and M.I. Mullonen. 1972. Slovar' vepsskogo jazyka. Leningrad: Nauka.
Grammar: Xjamjaljajnen, M.M. 1966. "Vepsskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 81-101.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
t̪s č
(ɡ̌)
f s̪ š
v z̪ ž ɦ
m n̪
l̪
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Affricates: t̪s č (ɡ̌)
Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž ɦ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄ p t k s l m n
cj all but č š ž
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Diphthongs: ai ei ij oi ui æi øi yi au ou uw æu øu yu
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)(C)
Stress: initial
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4ie*
2 5ie*
3 6ie*
*Vepsian has a special set of plural pronouns indicating membership in a group (e.g. family, home, village) (i.e. exclusive?) as opposed to the plain (inclusive?) forms.
Syntax: SVO/SOV AN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Number: 1926
Language: Votic
Location: NW Russia
Population: 100
Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic
Grammar:
Adler, E. 1966. "Vodskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 118-37.
Ariste, Paul. 1968. A Grammar of the Votic Language. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
t̪s č
(ɡ̌)
(f) s̪ (š) (x) h
v z̪ (ž)
m n̪
l̪
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Affricates: t̪s č (ɡ̌)
Fricatives: (f) v s̪ z̪ (š) (ž) (x) h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄ p t k ts č f v s z š ž m n l r j
cj t d s z n l r
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Central Vowels: (ɨ) ǝ
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ai oi ui ǝi æi ei øi yi au ou ǝu eu iu iæ yæ æy ey øy ua ǝa ia æu iy
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C)
Stress: initial
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/(N-POSS)
Ergative:
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Number: 1927
Language: Estonian
Location: Estonian
Population: 1 million
Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic
Dictionary:
Silvet, J. 1970. Eesti-inglise sõnaraamat. Tallinn: Kirjastus Eesti Raamat.
Silvet, J. 1956. Inglise-eesti sõnaraamat. Toronto: Eesti Kirjastus Orto.
Grammar:
Harms, Robert T. 1962. Estonian Grammar. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Ruan, Alo and Andrus Saareste. 1965. Introduction to Estonian Linguistics. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Kask, A.X. 1966. "Estonskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 35-60.
TextBooks: Oinas, Felix J. 1966. Basic Course in Estonian. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Consonant system:
p t tj k
(f) s sj (š) h
v
m n nj
l lj
r
Stops: p t tj k
Fricatives: (f) v s sj (š) h
Nasals: m n nj
Laterals: l lj
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄ (lonɡ) all
c̄̄ (overlonɡ) all
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɤ
Long Vowels: v̄ (lonɡ) all, v̄̄ (overlonɡ) all
Diphthongs: diphthonɡs
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)
Stress: initial
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2* 5
3 6
*Politeness: 2 intim & 2 pol [2 pol = 5]
Syntax: SVO [At an earlier period the basic word order was SOV] AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+N
Ergative:
Prep/Post: (PREP)/POST
Number: 1928
Language: Livonian
Alternate Name: Liv
Location: Latvia
Population: 500
Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic
Dictionary: Kettunen, Lauri. 1938. Livisches Wörterbuch. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
Grammar: Vjaari, E.E. 1966. "Livskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 138-54.
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
ts č
dz ɡ̌
(f) s š
v z ž
m n
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) v s z š ž
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ all but dz ɡ̌ w
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e æ
Central Vowels: ǝ ɵ
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ all but e o
Classification: Uralic: Yukaghir
Grammar:
Krejnovich, E.A. 1958. Jukagirskij jazyk. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.
Krejnovich, E.A. 1968. "Jukagirskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 435-52.
Other Sources:
AL 7:1.
CTIL 1, 366.
Consonant system:
p t k q
b d ɡ
s h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ q
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cj t d n l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e ø o
a
Front Vowels: i e ø
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ie uo
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: mostly initial or second
Noun
Number: s [p] [pl rarely used]
Demonstratives: 4: this, that , yonder, that very far or invisible + REF
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N (N-POSS) D+A+N
Ergative: