Здесь представлены краткие справки по фонетике и грамматике языков
Алтайской семьи,
взятые с проекта глобальной этимологической базы данных "Вавилонская башня", основанную безвременно ушедшим Сергеем Анатольевичем Старостиным.
Эти сведения будут затем размещаться в каждом праязыковом этимологическом словнике.
Всего здесь представлено 4 языковых ветви, происходящих от
праалтайского языка:
Смотрите и сам Праалтайский этимологический словарь.
База составлена С. А. Старостиным, А. В. Дыбо и О. А. Мудраком.
Она представляет собой электронный вариант словаря, опубликованного этими же авторами
(Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages; Brill Academic Publishers, 2003. ISBN 90-04-13153-1)
и подразделена на главную базу (собственно алтайская этимология) и подчиненные (тюркская, монгольская, тунугусо-маньчжурская, корейская, японская этимологии).
В настоящее время база почти ничем не отличается от бумажного варианта словаря, но в дальнейшем ожидаются различные дополнения и исправления.
Number: 1929
Language: Proto-Altaic
Location: Asia
Classification: Altaic
Other Sources: Tsintsius, V.I. 1975. "On the Pre-Altaic System of Consonants,"
in Researches in Altaic Languages, ed. by Louis Ligeti, 299-306.
Consonant system:
p ph t th k kh
b d ɡ
č čh
ɡ̌
s
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ
Affricates: č čh ɡ̌
Fricatives: s
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y ɛ œ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o
Long Vowels: v̄ The existance of v̄ in Altaic is a matter of dispute.
Classification: Altaic: Turkic
Grammar: Menges, Karl H. 1968. The Turkic Languages and Peoples. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k q
b d̪ ɡ
č
ɡ̌
s̪ š
z̪ ɣ
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l̪ lɯ
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s̪ z̪ š ɣ
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l̪ lɯ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y ɛ œ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: AN GN
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1931
Language: Old Turkic
Location: Mongolia
Population: (+)c.700 A.D.
Classification: Altaic: Turkic
Grammar: Tekin, Talaflt. 1968. A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
č
s̪ š
z̪
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s̪ z̪ š
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y (e) ø æ
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ
Long Vowels: i y e ø u ɯ o ɑ
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: [pl is usually not indicated, though pl suffixes exist and are sometimes used for humans]
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Num+A+N
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Comments: Old Turkic (=Orkhon Turkic) was the official language of the second East Turkic Empire (c. 680-740 AD).
Other Sources: Krueger, John R. 1962. "Morphophonemic Change in Chuvash Verb Stems," in ASAL, 129-40.
Consonant system:
p t k
(b) (d) (ɡ)
(ts) č
(f) s š χ
v (z) (ž)
m n
l
r
Stops: p (b) t (d) k (ɡ)
Affricates: (ts) č
Fricatives: (f) v s (z) š (ž) χ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
cj ?
c̄ all
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i y ɯ u
e ǝ ɤ (o)
ɑ
Front Vowels: i y e
Central Vowels: ǝ
Back Vowels: u ɯ (o) ɤ ɑ
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final (non-reduced) vowel
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 4+ref
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1933
Language: Khalaj
Location: C Iran
Population: 20,000
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
č
(ɡ̌)
(f) s š h
v z (ž)
m n̪
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Affricates: č (ɡ̌)
Fricatives: (f) v s z š (ž) h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y œ æ
Back Vowels: u ɔ ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ œ u ɔ only
Diphthongs: diphthonɡs
Syntax: SOV
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 1934
Language: Gagauz
Location: E Rumania
Population: 157,000
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern
Dictionary: Gajdarzhi, G.A. et al. 1973. Gagauzsko-russko-moldavskij slovar'. Moscow: Sovetskaja Entsiklopedija.
Grammar:
Pokrovskaja, L.A. 1964. Grammatika gagauzskogo jazyka. Moscow: Nauka.
Pokrovskaja, L.A. 1966. "Gagauzskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 112-38.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
(t̪s) č
ɡ̌
f s̪ š (x) h
v z̪ (ž)
m n̪
l̪
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Affricates: (t̪s) č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š (ž) (x) h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: diphthonɡs
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2* 5*
*3* *6*
*Politeness: a polite/plain distinction for 2 3 5 6
Syntax: SVO AN GN/NG DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS D+Num+N
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1935
Language: Turkish
Location: Turkey
Population: 40 million
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern
Dictionary:
Alderson, A.D. and Fahir Iz, eds. 1959. The Concise Oxford Turkish Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Grammar:
Swift, Lloyd B. 1963. A Reference Grammar of Modern Turkish. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Lewis, G.L. 1967. Turkish Grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
TextBooks: Underhill, Robert. 1976. Turkish Grammar. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Consonant system:
ph t̪h (ch) kh (ʔ)
b d̪ (ɟ) ɡ
čh
ɡ̌
f s š h
v z ž
m n̪
l lɯ
ɾ
Stops: ph b t̪h d̪ (ch) (ɟ) kh ɡ (ʔ)
Affricates: čh ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s z š (ž) h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l lɯ
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I Y ɛ œ
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1936
Language: Crimean Turkish
Location: Uzbekistan
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern
Grammar: Sevortjan, E.V. 1966. "Krymsko-tatarskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 234-59.
Consonant system:
p t k q
b d ɡ
č
ɡ̌
f s š x
v z ž ʁ
m n N
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ q
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s z š ž x ʁ
Nasals: m n N
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3+ref
Articles: indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV AN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS D+Num+A+N
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1937
Language: Turkmen
Location: Turkmenistan
Population: 2 million
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern
Dictionary: Baskakov, N.A. and M.J. Xamzaev. 1956. Russko-turkmenskij slovar'. Moscow.
Grammar:
Azimov, P., D. Amansaryev and K. Saryev. 1966. "Turkmenskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 91-111.
Baskakov, N.A., M.J. Xamzaev and B. Charyjarov, eds. 1970. Grammatika turkmenskogo jazyka. Ashxaban: Ylym.
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
(ts) č
ɡ̌
ɸ s š h
β z ž
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: (ts) č ɡ̌
Fricatives: ɸ β s z š ž h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø
Central Vowels: ɨ
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Long Vowels: i y ø æ ɨ u o ɑ
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Consonant system:
p t̪ k q ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
č
ɡ̌
f s̪ š χ h
v z̪ ž ʁ
m n̪ N
l̪ lɯ
r̪ r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž χ ʁ h
Nasals: m n̪ N
Laterals: l̪ lɯ
Vibrants: r̪ r
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Num+A+N
Ergative:
Prep/Post: (PREP)/POST
Number: 1939
Language: Azerbaijani
Alternate Name: Azari
Location: Azerbaijan
Population: 7 million
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern
Dictionary:
Dzhafarov, S. 1959. Leksika sovremenogo azerbajdzhanskogo jazyka, Baku.
Grammar:
Gadzhieva, N.Z. 1966. "Azerbajdzhanskij jazyk," JNS 2, 66-90.
Shiraliev, M.S. and E.V. Sevortjan, eds. 1971. Grammatika azerbajdzhanskogo jazyka. Baku: Elm.
TextBooks: Householder, Fred W. 1965. Basic Course in Azerbaijani. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Other Sources: Alekperov, A.K. 1971. Fonematicheskaja sistema sovremennogo azerbajdzhanskogo jazyka. Baku: Elm.
Consonant system:
p t c k
b d ɟ ɡ
č
ɡ̌
(f) s š χ h
v z ž ʁ
m n
l
r
Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) v s z š ž χ ʁ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ
Long Vowels: (v̄)
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: indef?
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1940
Language: Qashqay
Location: SW Iran (Fars)
Population: 1.5 million
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern
Consonant system:
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 1941
Language: Uighur
Alternate Name: Uyghur
Location: W China (Sinkiang)
Population: 4 million
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Eastern
Dictionary:
Jarring, G. 1964. An Eastern Turki-English Dictionary. Lund.
Nadzhip, E.N. 1968. Ujgursko-russkij slovar. Moscow: Sovetskaja Entsiklopedija.
Grammar: Kaidarov, A.T. 1966. "Ujgurskij (novoujgskij) jazyk," in JNS 2, 363-86.
Other Sources:
Sadvakasov, G. 1970, 1976. Jazyk ujgurov ferganskoj doliny, 2 vols. Alma-Ata: Nauka.
WALS
Consonant system:
p t k q
b d ɡ
ts č
ɡ̌
f s ̪ š χ h
v z̪ ž ʁ
m n N
l̪
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ q
Affricates: ts č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž χ ʁ h
Nasals: m n N
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2* 5
*3 *6
*Politeness: + 2 pol
Syntax: SOV
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Comments: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Number: 1942
Language: Uzbek
Location: Uzbekistan
Population: 10 million
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Eastern
Dictionary:
Waterson, Natalie. 1980. Uzbek-English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford Univ Press.
Russko-uzbekskij slovar'. 1954. Moscow.
Uzbeksko-russkij slovar'. 1959. Moscow.
Grammar:
Sjöberg, A. F. 1963. Uzbek Structural Grammar. The Hague.
Kononov, A.N. 1960. Grammatika sovremennogo uzbekskogo literaturnovo jazyka. Leningrad: Academy of Sciences.
Reshetov, V.V. 1966. "Uzbekskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 340-62.
Other Sources:
Wurm, Stefan. 1947. "The Uzbek Dialect of Qı̈zı̈l Qujaš ," BSOAS 12, 86-105.
Sjoberg, Andree F. 1962. "The Phonology of Standard Uzbek," in ASAL, 237-61.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k q
b d̪ ɡ
(ts) č
ɡ̌
ɸ s š χ h
z (ž) ʁ
m n̪ ŋ
l̪
ɾ
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q
Affricates: (ts) č ɡ̌
Fricatives: ɸ s z š (ž) χ ʁ h
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɒ
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Num+A+N
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1943
Language: Salar
Alternate Name: Yellow Uighur
Location: WC China (Qinghai)
Population: 39,000(35,000)
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Eastern
Dictionary: GD: Tenishev, E.R. 1976. Stroj salarskogo jazyka. Moscow: Nauka.
Consonant system:
p ph t th k kh q qh
(č̣) (č̣h) č čh
f s sh (ṣ̌) š x χ h
v
m n ŋ
l lɯ
r
Stops: p ph t th k kh q qh
Affricates: (č̣) (č̣h) č čh
Fricatives: f v s sh (ṣ̌) š x χ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l lɯ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ
Long Vowels: (v̄)
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: VH
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS D+Num+N
Ergative:
Consonant system:
ph th kh qh (ʔ)
b d ɡ
(ts) (č)
(f) θ s š x h
(v) ð z (ž) ʁ
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: ph b th d kh ɡ qh (ʔ)
Affricates: (ts) (č)
Fricatives: (f) (v) θ ð s z š (ž) x ʁ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø ɛ
Back Vowels: ʋ o ɤ ɑ
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2+ref
Articles: indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS D+Num+A+N
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1945
Language: Karachay
Location: SW Russia (Kirghiz SSR)
Population: 173,000
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Western
Grammar: Xabichev, M.A. 1966. "Karachaevo-balkarskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 213-33.
Other Sources:
Hebert, Raymond J. 1962. "Karačay phonology,'' in ASAL, 97-113.
Aliev, U.B. 1972. Sintaksis karachaevo-balkarskogo jazyka. Moscow: Nauka.
Consonant system:
p t k q
b d ɡ
(ts) č
ɡ̌
(f) s š x χ h
(v) z ž ʁ
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ q
Affricates: (ts) č ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) (v) s z š ž x χ ʁ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1946
Language: Karaim
Dialect: Trakaj
Location: Lithuania
Population: 600 (400)
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Western
Grammar:
Musaev, K.M. 1964. Grammatika karaimskogo jazyka. Moscow: Nauka.
Musaev, K.M. 1966. "Karaimskij jazyka," in JNS 2, 260-79.
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
č
ɡ̌
̆̆(f) s s̄ χ h
(v) z (ž) ʁ
m n N
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) (v) s z s̄ (ž) χ ʁ h
Nasals: m n N
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2+ref
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: SVO/SOV AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Comments: The Karaim....are by religion (though not ethnically) Jews, a unique survival of the adoption of Judaism as the official religion of the Khazar Empire. LSU, 47.
Number: 1947
Language: Karaim
Dialect: Galits
Location: S Ukraine
Population: 600 (200)
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Western
Dictionary: Baskakov, N.A., A. Zajonchkovskij and C.M. Shapshal, eds. 1974. Karaimsko-russko-pol'skij slovar'. Moscow: Russkij Jazyk.
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
ts
dz
(f) s (š) χ h
(v) z ʁ
m n
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: ts dz
Fricatives: (f) (v) s z (š) χ ʁ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2+ref
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1948
Language: Kumyk
Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)
Population: 186,000
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Western
Grammar: Magomedov, A.G. 1966. "Kumykskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 194-212.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k q
b d̪ ɡ
(t̪s) č
(ɡ̌)
f s̪ š x h
v z̪ ž ɣ
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q
Affricates: (t̪s) č (ɡ̌)
Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž x ɣ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø
Central Vowels: (ǝ)
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ
Consonant system:
p t k (q) ʔ
b d ɡ (G)
(ts) č
ɡ̌
f s š x h
(v) z ž
m n N
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ (q) (G) ʔ
Affricates: (ts) č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f (v) s z š ž x h
Nasals: m n N
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Back Vowels: u o ɤ ɑ
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS D+Num+A+N
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1950
Language: Baraba
Location: SC Russia (SW Siberia)
Population: 5 million (8,000)
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Western
Grammar: Dmitrieva, L.V. 1966. "Jazyk barabinskix tatar," in JNS 2, 155-72.
Consonant system:
p t k q
b d ɡ G
ts
(f) s š χ (h)
(v) (z) (ž)
m n N
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ q G
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: (f) (v) s (z) š (ž) χ (h)
Nasals: m n N
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y ɛ ø
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ
Stress: final
Consonant system:
p t̪ k q
b d̪
(t̪s) (č)
(f) s̪ š x
(v) z̪ ž ɣ ʁ
m n̪ N
l̪
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k q
Affricates: (t̪s) (č)
Fricatives: (f) (v) s̪ z̪ š ž x ɣ ʁ
Nasals: m n̪ N
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø (æ)
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Num+A+N
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1953
Language: Karakalpak
Location: Uzbekistan
Population: 230,000
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Central
Dictionary:
Baskakov, N.A. ed. 1947. Russko-karakalpakskij slovar'. Moscow.
Baskakov, N.A. ed. 1958. Karakalpaksko-russkij slovar'. Moscow.
Grammar:
GD: Baskakov, N.A. 1951, 1952. Karakalpakskij jazyk, 2 vols. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.
Baskakov, N.A. 1966. "Karakalpakskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 301-19.
Other Sources: Wurm, S. 1951. "The Karakalpak Language," Anthropos 46.
Consonant system:
p t k q
b d ɡ
(ts) (č)
(f) s š χ h
(v) z ž ʁ
m n N
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ q
Affricates: (ts) (č)
Fricatives: (f) (v) s z š ž χ ʁ h
Nasals: m n N
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2+ref
Pronouns:
1 4
2* 5
*3 *6
*Politeness: +2 pol
Syntax: SOV AN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1954
Language: Kazakh
Location: Kazakhstan
Population: 5 million
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Central
Dictionary:
Musabaev, G.G. and X.X. Maxmudov. 1954. Kazaxsko-russkij slovar'. Alma-Ata.
Grammar:
Sovremennyj kazaxskij jazyk. 1962. Alma-Ata.
Kenesbaev, S.K. and N.B. Karasheva. 1966. "Kazaxskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 320-39.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k q
b d̪ ɡ
(ts) (č)
(f) s̪ š χ h
(v) z̪ ž ʁ
m n N
l
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q
Affricates: (ts) (č)
Fricatives: (f) (v) s̪ z̪ š ž χ ʁ h
Nasals: m n N
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1955
Language: Kirghiz
Location: Kyrgyzstan
Population: 1.5 million
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Central
Dictionary:
Jadaxin, K.K 1965. Kirgizsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow.
DG: Hebert, Raymond J. and Nicholas Poppe. 1963. Kirghiz Manual. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Grammar:
Junusaliev, B.M. 1966. "Kirgizskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 482-505.
Wurm, Stefan. 1949. "The (Rara-) Kirghiz Language," BSOAS 13, 97-120.
Consonant system:
p t k q
b d ɡ
ts č
ɡ̌
(f) s š (x)
β z (ž) ʁ
m n N
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ q
Affricates: ts č ɡ̌
Fricatives: β (f) s z š (ž) (x) ʁ
Nasals: m n N
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 4 [this visible/that visible/ this invisible/ that invisible]+ref
Articles: indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2* 5*
*3 *6
*Politeness: 2&5 each shows a polite/familiar distinction
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Num+A+N
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1956
Language: Yakut
Location: NE Russia (Yakut ASSR)
Population: 285,000
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Northern: Yakut
Dictionary:
Afanatsev, P.S. and L.N. Xaritonov, eds. 1968. Russko-jakutskij slovar'. Moscow: Sovetskaja Entsiklopedija.
Sleptsov, P.A., ed. 1972. Jakutsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow: Sovetskaja Entsiklopedija.
Grammar:
Krueger, John R. 1962. Yakut Manual. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Ubrjatova, E.I. 1966. "Jakutskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 403-27.
Other Sources: WPF
Consonant system:
(ph) th kh
b d ɡ
čh
ɡ̌
s (š) χ (h)
ʁ
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: (ph) b th d kh ɡ
Affricates: čh ɡ̌
Fricatives: s (š) χ ʁ (h)
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ all but b d ɡ ʁ r j j̃
Glides: j ȷ̃
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y ɛ œ
Back Vowels: u ɯ ɔ ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ɯɑ ie uo yø
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1957
Language: Dolgan
Location: NE Russia (Yakut ASSR)
Population: 5,000
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Northern: Yakut
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
(t̪s) č
ɡ̌
(f) s̪ (š) χ
(v) z̪ (ž) ʁ
m n̪ N
l̪
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Affricates: (t̪s) č ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) (v) s̪ z̪ (š) (ž) χ ʁ
Nasals: m n̪ N
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y I e ø
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ all but I
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1959
Language: Altai
Location: SC Russia (Altai Krai)
Population: 50,000
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Northern: Tuva-Altai
Dictionary:
Baskakov, N.A., ed. 1964. Russko-altajskij slovar'. Moscow: Sovetskaja Entsiklopedija.
Baskakov, N.A. and T.M. Toshchakova. 1947. Ojrotsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow.
Grammar:
Baskakov, N.A. 1958. Altajskij jazyk. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.
Baskakov, N.A. 1966. "Altajskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 506-22.
Other Sources: Simpson, C.G. 1955. Some Features of the Morphology of the Oirot (Gorno-Altai) Language. London: Central Asian Research Centre.
Consonant system:
p t k q
b d ɡ
(t̪s) č
ɡ̌
(f) s š (x)
(v) z ž ʁ
m n ŋ
l ʎ
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ q
Affricates: (t̪s) č ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) (v) s z š ž (x) ʁ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l ʎ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Consonant system:
p t k ɡ
č
s š
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p t k ɡ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s š
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1961
Language: Chulym
Location: SC Russia (Chulym River)
Population: 48,000
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Northern: Tuva-Altai
Dictionary: Dul'zon, A.P. 1966. "Chulymsko-tjurkskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 446-66.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ q ʔ
ts dz
β s z š ž ç x ɣ
m m̥ n ŋ
l l̥ lɯ l̥ɯ
r r̥
Stops: p b t d k ɡ q ʔ
Affricates: ts dz
Fricatives: β s z š ž ç x ɣ
Nasals: m m̥ n ŋ
Laterals: l l̥ lɯ l̥ɯ
Vibrants: r r̥
Modified Consonants: cj
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i Y e ø ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ ɵ a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ ɵ ʋ
Diphthongs: ɑj aj oj uj ɨj ʋj ɛj ou ua uɑ uʋ ye ie
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1962
Language: Shor
Location: SC Russia (Khakas A.O.)
Population: 15,000
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Northern: Tuva-Altai
Grammar: Babushkin, G.F. and G.I. Donidze. 1966. "Shorskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 467-81.
Consonant system:
p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q G
(t̪s) č ɡ̌
(f) (v) s̪ z̪ š ž (x)
m n̪ ŋ
l̪̪
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q G
Affricates: (t̪s) č ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) (v) s̪ z̪ š ž (x)
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 4 [this/that there/that present/that absent]
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Consonant system:
p b t̪ d̪ k (Russian sources also give ph and th)
(ts) č
(f) (v) s̪ z̪ š ž ɣ χ ʁ (h)
m n̪ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k (Russian sources also give ph and th)
Affricates: (ts) č
Fricatives: (f) (v) s̪ z̪ š ž ɣ χ ʁ (h)
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y ɛ œ
Back Vowels: u ɯ ɔ ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: (ṽ)
Modified Vowels: v̰(pharynɡealized) all
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1964
Language: Karagas
Alternate Name: Tofa
Location: Russia
Population: 560
Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Northern: Tuva-Altai
Dictionary: Rassadin, V.I. 1971. Fonetika i leksika tofalarskogo jazyka. Ulan-Ude: Burjatskoe Knizhnoe Izdatel'stvo.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ q G ʔ
č ɡ̌
v s z š ž ɣ ʁ h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ q G ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: v s z š ž ɣ ʁ h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y ɛ œ
Back Vowels: u ɯ ɔ ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Modified Vowels: v̰ (pharynɡealized) all
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: indef
Classification: Altaic: Mongolian
Grammar:
Poppe, Nicholas. 1964. Grammar of Written Mongolian. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Grønbech, Kaare and John R. Krueger. 1976. An Introduction to Classical (Literary) Mongolian. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Consonant system:
(p) b t d k ɡ q
č ɡ̌
(v) s š ɣ (h)
m n
l
r
Stops: (p) b t d k ɡ q
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: (v) s š ɣ (h)
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ʉ ɵ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: initial
Noun
Number: s p [pl not as comon as in other languages]
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: indef
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Classification: Altaic: Mongolian: Western
Grammar: Weiers, Michael. 1972. Die Sprache der Moghol der Provinz Herat in Afghanistan. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ q (ʔ)
č ɡ̌
f s (z) š x ʁ (h)
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ q (ʔ)
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s (z) š x ʁ (h)
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j (w)
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Classification: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Monguor
Grammar: Smedt, A. de and A. Mostaert. 1945. Le dialecte monguor. Peking: The Catholic Univ. [Reprinted 1964 by Indiana Univ., Bloomington]
Consonant system:
p ph t̪ t̪h k kh q
ts tsh ṭs ṭsh č čh
f s̪ ṣ ẓ š χ
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh q
Affricates: ts tsh ṭs ṭsh č čh
Fricatives: f s̪ ṣ ẓ š χ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ɛ æ
Central Vowels: ʉ ɵ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Nasal Vowels: ṽ: æ a o
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1969
Language: Yellow Uighur
Alternate Name: West Yugur
Consonant system:
ph b th d ch ɟ ɡ qh
čh ɡ̌
f (v) s (z) š x h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: ph b th d ch ɟ ɡ qh
Affricates: čh ɡ̌
Fricatives: f (v) s (z) š x h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: initial
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Other Sources:
Street, John C. 1962. "Kalmyk Shwa," in ASAL, 263-91.
Badmaev, B.B. 1966. Grammatika Kalmytskogo jazyka: morfologija. Elista: Kalmytskoe Knizhnoe Izdatel'stvo.
Consonant system:
(p) b t d k ɡ
ts č ɡ̌
β (f) s z š (ž) x ɣ
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: (p) b t d k ɡ
Affricates: ts č ɡ̌
Fricatives: β (f) s z š (ž) x ɣ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Central Vowels: ǝ
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: initial
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Other Sources: Buraev, I.D., T.P. Bazheeva and E.S. Pavlova. 1975. Atlas zvukov burjatskogo jazyka. Ulan-Ude: Burjatskoe Knizhnoe Izdatel'stvo.
Consonant system:
(p) b t d (k) ɡ
(ts) (č)
(f) (v) s z š ž x h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: (p) b t d (k) ɡ
Affricates: (ts) (č)
Fricatives: (f) (v) s z š ž x h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cj ?
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I y ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: i y ø ɛ u ɔ ɑ
Diphthongs: æɛ ɔɛ ʋI yi
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: initial, or on first long vowel
Noun
Number: s [p]
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1975
Language: Khalkha
Location: Mongolia
Population: 1 million
Classification: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Oirat-Khalkha: Khalkha-Buriat
Dictionary:
Lessing, F.D. et al. 1960. Mongolian-English Dictionary. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
Hangin, John G. 1970. A Concise English-Mongolian Dictionary. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Grammar:
Street, John C. 1963. Khalkha Structure. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Bosson, James E. 1964. Modern Mongolian: A Primer and Reader. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Poppe, Nicholas. 1970. Mongolian Language Handbook. Washington, D.C.: CAL.
TextBooks: Hangin, John G. 1968. Basic Course in Mongolian. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Consonant system:
(ph) t̪h (kh)
b d̪ ɡ
tsh čh
dz ɡ̌
(ɸ) s š x
β
m n̪ ŋ
l̪ (ɬ)
r
Stops: (ph) b t̪h d̪ (kh) ɡ
Affricates: tsh dz čh ɡ̌
Fricatives: (ɸ) β s š x
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l̪ (ɬ)
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i ʉ u
e ǝ ɵ o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ʉ ǝ ɵ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄: all but ǝ
Diphthongs: ae oe ʉi ia io iu ui
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: initial
Noun
Number: s p [pl used less than in Western languages]
Demonstratives: 2
Other Sources:
Bosson, James and B. Unensečen. 1962. "Some Notes on the Dialect of the Khorchin Mongols," in ASAL, 23-44.
E
Consonant system:
ph b t̪h d̪ ɟ ɡ
s̪ š h
m n̪ ŋ
l
r
Stops: ph b t̪h d̪ ɟ ɡ
Fricatives: s̪ š h
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ø
Central Vowels: ǝ ɵ
Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɑ
Long Vowels: i y e ø ǝ ɵ u o ɔ ɑ
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 1977
Language: Ordos
Location: China (Sui Yang)
Population: 375,000
Classification: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Oirat-Khalkha: Khalkha-Buriat
Dictionary: Mostaert, Antoine 1941. Dictionnaire ordos. Peking: The Catholic Univ. [Reprinted 1968 by Johnson Reprinted, New York]
Grammar: Soulié, G. 1903. Éléments de grammaire mongole (dialecte ordoss). Paris: Ernest Leroux.
Consonant system:
p ph b t th k kh ɡ q G
ts č čh kx
f s z š ž x ɣ χ ʁ
m n ŋ
l l̥
r r̥
Stops: p ph b t th k kh ɡ q G
Affricates: ts č čh kx
Fricatives: f s z š ž x ɣ χ ʁ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l l̥
Vibrants: r r̥
Glides: j w w̥
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y e ø œ æ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄
Stress: initial
Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Northern
Dictionary:
Tsintsius, V.I. and L.D. Rishes. 1952. Russko-evenskij slovar'. Moscow.
GD: Benzing, J. 1955. Lamutische Grammatik mit Bibliographie, Sprachproben und Glossar. Wiesbaden.
Grammar:
Novikova, K.A. 1960. Ocherki dialektov evenskogo jazyka. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.
Novikova K.A. 1968. "Evenskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 88-108.
Menges, Karl H. 1968. "Das Lamutische," in Altaistik, vol 3, 92-129.
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
č
ɡ̌
s h
v
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: v s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ t d k č n ŋ r
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ o
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ i e u o
Modified Vowels:
ḭ æ̰
ḭ̄ ā̰ ǣ̰
a̤ ṳ o̤
ṳ̄ ō̤
(v̰ = 'hard' vowel: all vowels belong to either the hard or soft series. Compared to soft vowels, hard vowels: (1) are drawn back, (2) more tense, (3) have a lower timbre and in some dialects (4) are pharyngealized)
Diphthongs: ie iæ
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: on last v̄, if no v̄, on last v
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1979
Language: Negidal
Location: SE Russia (Xabarovskij Krai)
Population: 350
Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Northern
Grammar: Kolesnikova, V.D. and O.A. Konstantinova. 1968. "Negidal'skij jazyk," in JNS 5, 109-28.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
č ɡ̌
(f) s x
m n ñ ŋ
l
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) s x
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e æ
Central Vowels: ǝ ɵ
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: i I e æ ɵ a u o ɔ
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1980
Language: Evenki
Alternate Name: Khamnigan
Location: E Russia (Yakut ASSR)
Population: 32,000
Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Northern
Dictionary:
Vasilevich, G.M. 1958. Evenkijsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow.
Kolesnikova, V.D. and O.A. Konstantinova. 1960. Russko-evenkijskij slovar'. Leningrad.
Grammar:
Konstantinova. O.A. 1968. "Evenkijskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 68-87.
Konstantinova, O.A. 1964. Evenkijskij jazyk. Moscow.
Menges, Karl H. 1968. "Das Ewenki," in Altaistik, vol 3, 42-92.
Other Sources: Kolesnikova, V.D. 1966. Sintaksis evenkijskogo jazyka. Moscow: Nauka.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
(ts) č ɡ̌
β (f) s (z) (š) (ž) x
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: (ts) č ɡ̌
Fricatives: β (f) s (z) (š) (ž) x
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i æ
Central Vowels: ǝ
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: i e æ ǝ u o
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: phonemic
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southwestern
Grammar:
Pashkov, B.K. 1963. Manchzhurskij jazyk. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo vostochnoj literatury.
Sinor, Denis. 1968. "La langue mandjoue," in Altaistik, vol 3, 257-80.
Other Sources: Austin, William M. 1962. "The Phonemics and Morphophonemics of Manchu," in ASAL, 15-22.
Consonant system:
p ph t̪ t̪h k kh
č čh
f v s̪ (z̪) š (ž) x
m n̪ ŋ
l̪
r
Stops: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh
Affricates: č čh
Fricatives: f v s̪ (z̪) š (ž) x
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɵ a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: aj oj ej uj
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: non-phonemic
Noun
Number: s p [pl suffix only used for humans, living things, kin terms, etc]
Demonstratives: 2
Other Sources:
Norman, Jerry. n.d. "Swadesh List in Manchu and Sibe," Unicorn 3, 89-98. Princeton: Chinese Linguistics Project.
Norman, Jerry. 1974. "A Sketch of Sibe Morphology," Central Asiatic Journal 18, 159-74.
Consonant system:
p ph t th k kh q
č čh qχ
f v s (š) x χ
m n ŋ N
l
ɾ
Stops: p ph t th k kh q
Affricates: č čh qχ
Fricatives: f v s (š) x χ
Nasals: m n ŋ N
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Diphthongs: ai au ia ua ǝi ǝu iɛ yɛ oi io ui
Stress: penult
Noun
Number: s [p] [pl generally limited to humans]
Demonstratives: 2
Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Nanaj
Dictionary:
Onenko, S.N. 1959. Russko-nanajskij slovar'. Leningrad.
Petrova, T.I. 1960. Nanajsko-russkij slovar'. Leningrad.
Grammar:
Avrorin, V.A. 1959, 1961. Grammatika nanajskogo jazyka, 2 vols. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.
Avrorin, V.A. 1968. "Nanajskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 129-48.
Menges, Karl H. 1968. "Die Sprache der Nānaj (Goldi)," in Altaistik, vol 3, 171-246.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
č ɡ̌
s x
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s x
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i ḛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a̰
Back Vowels: u o̰
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Diphthongs:
iǝ iu ia io ǝu ǝi ai ao ui uǝ oi oa
iǝ̃ iũ iã iõ ǝũ ǝĩ aĩ aõ uĩ uǝ̃ oĩ oã
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
č ɡ̌
(f) v s x
m n ñ ŋ
l
(r)
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) v s x
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (r)
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s [p] [pl suffix exists, but is not usually used]
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1992
Language: Orok
Location: SE Russia (Saxalin Is.)
Population: 400
Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Nanaj
Grammar:
Petrova, T.I. 1967. Jazyk orokov (ul'ta). Leningrad: Nauka.
Petrova, T.I. 1968. "Orokskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 172-90.
Other Sources: Ikegami, J. 1956. "The Substantive Inflection of Orok," Gengo Kenkyu 30.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
č ɡ̌
s x
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s x
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ t k m n l r w
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: i e ɛ ǝ a u o ɔ
Noun
Number: s [p] [pl suffix exists, but is seldom used]
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Udihe
Dictionary: Leontovich, S. 1896. Russko-orochenskij slovar'. Vladivostok.
Grammar: Avrorin, V.A. and E.P. Lebedeva. 1968. "Orochskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 172-90.
Other Sources: Lopatin, I. 1957. Material on the Orochee Language. Fribourg.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
č ɡ̌
v s x ɣ
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: v s x ɣ
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ p b k ɡ č m n ŋ
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o
Long Vowels: i æ ǝ a u ʋ o
Diphthongs: iǝ ia iu æi æa æʋ ǝi ǝu ai aʋ ui uǝ ʋi ʋa oi
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s [p] [pl forms used extremely rarely]
Demonstratives: 4?
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV AN/(NA) GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1995
Language: Udihe
Location: SE Russia (Xabarovskij Krai)
Population: 1,400
Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Udihe
Dictionary: Shnejder, E.R. 1936. Kratkij udegejsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow.
Grammar:
Sunik, O.P. 1968. "Udegejskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 210-32.
Menges, Karl H. 1968. "Die Sprache der Udihe," in Altaistik, vol 3, 129-71.
Consonant system:
p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
č ɡ̌
f s x ɣ h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l
(ɾ)
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s x ɣ h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (ɾ)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i (y) e ø ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s [p] [pl suffix exists, but is not normally used]
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Classification: Altaic: Korean-Japanese
Grammar: Rogers, M.C. 1956. Outline of Korean Grammar. n.p.:n.p.
Other Sources:
Olmsted, D.L. 1963. Korean Folkore Reader. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Han, Mieko S. 1963. Acoustic Phonetics of Korean. Los Angles: Univ. of California.
Cho, Seung-Bog. 1967. A Phonological Study of Korean. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells.
Hwang, Shin Ja Joo. 1975. Korean Clause Structure. SIL 50.
AL 7:1
Martin, Samuel E. 1951. "Korean Phonemics," Lg 27, 519-33.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
č čh čʔ
s sʔ h
m n̪ ŋ
l
Stops: p ph pʔ t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
Affricates: č čh čʔ
Fricatives: s sʔ h
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i (y) e ø æ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ
Long Vowels: (v̄)
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
politeness: yes
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N/(N-NUM) POSS-N
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Comments:
The glottalized series of consonants is variously described as (1) long, (2) tense,
(3) accompanied by glottal tension, though the glottal catch is apparently nowhere near as pronounced as in typical Amerindian or Caucasian ejectives.
Number: 1997
Language: Japanese
Location: Japan
Population: 115 million
Classification: Altaic: Korean-Japanese
Dictionary: Okakura, Y., ed. 1945. New English-Japenese Dictionary. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
Grammar:
Martin, Samuel E. 1975. A Reference Grammar of Japanese. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.
Other Sources:
Harada, Tetsuo. 1966. Outlines of Modern Japanese Linguistics. Tokyo: Nihon Univ.
Kuno, Susumu. 1973. The Structure of the Japanese Language. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k (ʔ)
b d̪ ɡ
č
ɡ̌
s š h
z
m n̪ (ŋ)
ɾ
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ (ʔ)
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s z š h
Nasals: m n̪ (ŋ)
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̄ p t k č s š
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɯ
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ɯ o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)(G)V, ŋ̟
Tones: pitch accent: hi lo
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3mfn *6hH
politeness: many honorific forms
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1998
Language: Ryukyuan
Dialect: Central
Location: Japan (Okinawa)
Classification: Altaic: Korean-Japanese
Other Sources: AL 7:1
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
ts
s z h
m n
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: s z h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Other Sources: Martin, Samuel E. 1970. "Shodon: A Dialect of the Northern Ryukyus," JAOS 90, 97-139.
Consonant system:
p t̪ t̪h k kh kʷ khʷ ʔ ʔʷ
b d̪ ɡ ɡʷ
ɸ s̪ h
(z̪)
m n̪
ɾ
Stops: p b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ kʷ khʷ ɡʷ ʔ ʔʷ
Fricatives: ɸ s̪ (z̪) h
Nasals: m n̪
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Tones: hi mid low
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4
2* 5*
3 6
politeness: honorific forms for 2 & 5