Типологии праязыков урало-юкагирской семьи

Фонетико-грамматические обзоры по праязыкам уральской и юкагиро-чуванской языковых ветвей

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Домой:	Рус	Анг	Ита	Исп	Эсп

Здесь представлены краткие справки по фонетике и грамматике языков урало-юкагирской ветви Ностратической макросемьи, взятые с проекта глобальной этимологической базы данных "Вавилонская башня", основанную Сергеем Анатольевичем Старостиным. Эти сведения будут затем размещаться в каждом праязыковом этимологическом словнике.

Всего здесь представлено 2 языковых ветви, происходящих от протоуральского (праурало-юкагирского) языка:

Краткие типологические обзоры языков Уральской семьи (Uralic)
Краткие типологические обзоры юкагирских языков (Yukaghir)

Кроме того, смотрите сведения по уральскому праязыку, а также реконструкции прауральских корней и грамматики Вл. М. Иллич-Свитычём.

Краткие типологические обзоры языков Уральской семьи

Языки уральской семьи ведут свою историю от прауральского языка (см. протоуральский словарь).

~~Number:~~ 1893: Language: Nenets; Location: NC Russia (Nenets National Okrug); Population: 25,000; Classification: Uralic: Samoyed: North Dictionary: Lehtisalo, T. 1956. Juraksamojedishes Wörterbuch. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. Pyrerka, A.P. and N.M. Tereshchenko. 1948. Russko-nenetskij slovar'. Moscow. Tereshchenko, N.M. 1965. Nenetsko-russkij slovar. Moscow. Grammar: Décsy, Gyula. 1966. Yurak Chrestomathy. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Tereshchenko, N.M. 1966. "Nenetskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 376-95.; Other Sources: SUL; Consonant system: p t k ʔ b d (ɡ) ts s x β (z) m n ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k (ɡ) ʔ Affricates: ts Fricatives: β s (z) x Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all but ʔ j cj all but k ɡ ʔ j β x ŋ Glides: j; Vowel system: i ɯ u e ɤ o a Front Vowels: i e Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ ɑ Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: CV(C)(C)(C) Stress: phonemic; Noun
Number: s d p Demonstratives: 2+ref Articles: def indef: Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1894: Language: Enets Alternate Name: Yenets; Location: NC Russia; Population: 300; Classification: Uralic: Samoyed: North Grammar: Tereshchenko, N.M. 1966. "Enetskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 438-57.; Consonant system: p t c k ʔ ʔ ̃ (nasalized ɡlottal stop) b d ɟ ɡ č s sʷ š šʷ (x) (β) ð m n ñ (ŋ) l r Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ ʔ̃ (nasalized ɡlottal stop) Affricates: č Fricatives: (β) ð s sʷ š šʷ (x) Nasals: m n ñ (ŋ) Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ t d ɡ n Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Diphthongs: diphthonɡs; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: initial; Noun; Number: s d p; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1895: Language: Nganasan Alternate Name: Tavgy; Location: NC Russia (Taymyr Peninsula); Population: 750; Classification: Uralic: Samoyed: North Grammar: Tereshchenko, N.M. 1966. "Nganasanskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 416-37.; Consonant system: p t k ʔ b d ɡ č s x ð m n ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ Affricates: č Fricatives: ð s x Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cj ̄ d n l Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e æ Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Diphthongs: ie ia eu æu au yæ ya yo ǝu ɨǝ ua uo ou; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: initial; Noun
Number: s d p Demonstratives: 4?+REF: Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1896: Language: Selkup Dialect: Taz; Location: NW Russia (Xanty-Mansiysk); Population: 3,800; Classification: Uralic: Samoyed: South Dictionary: Erdélyi, István. 1970. Selkupisches Wörterverzeichnis. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Grammar: Prokofjeva. E.D. 1966. "Sel'kupskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 396-415.; Other Sources: SUL; Consonant system: p t k q č s š β m n ñ ŋ l ʎ r Stops: p t k q Affricates: č Fricatives: β s š Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l ʎ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all but č β ŋ r Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø æ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɒ Long Vowels: v̄; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: initial; Noun
Number: s d p Demonstratives: 4? Articles: def indef: Pronouns: 1 4d* 4* 2 5d* 5* 3 6d 6 *[4d=4 & 5d=5 in some case forms (e.g. nom.), but not in others (e.g. dat.)]; Syntax: SOV AN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1897: Language: Selkup Dialect: Tym; Location: NW Russia (Xanty-Mansiysk); Population: 3,800; Classification: Uralic: Samoyed: South Grammar: GD: Katz, Hartmut. 1975. Selcupica 1. Materialen vom Tym. Munich: Finno-Ugric Seminar, Univ of Munich.; Other Sources: Szabó, László. 1967. Selkup Texts. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.; Consonant system: p t̪ c k q b d̪ ɡ č ɡ̌ (f) s š (x) v ʁ m n̪ ñ ŋ l ʎ r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ c k ɡ q Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: (f) v s š (x) ʁ Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ʎ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ t s š m n l only cʷ t c k q č s Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø æ Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ ɑ Long Vowels: v̄ all but æ Diphthongs: au ou Stress: initial; Noun; Number: s d p; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1898: Language: Kamas Alternate Name: Sayan Samoyed; Location: Russia; Population: (+) 1970; Classification: Uralic: Samoyed: South; Other Sources: SUL; Consonant system: p t k ʔ b d ɡ ts dz s š h β z ž ɣ m n ñ ŋ l ʎ r Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ Affricates: ts dz Fricatives: β s z š ž ɣ h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l ʎ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ cj s z Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ Back Vowels: u o ɤ ɒ ɑ Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ Diphthongs: ia iɛ ie yɛ yɤ uǝ yǝ iy Stress: initial; Noun
Number: s [d] p Articles: def: Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1899: Language: Hungarian; Location: Hungary; Population: 14 million; Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Ugric Dictionary: Országh, László. 1953. Hungarian-English Dictionary. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. Országh, László. 1960. English-Hungarian Dictionary. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. Grammar: Benkő, Loránd and Samu Imre, eds. 1972. The Hungarian Language. The Hague: Mouton. Tompa, József. 1972. Kleine ungarische Grammatik. Leipzig: VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie. Hall, Robert A. 1944. Hungarian Grammar. Lg Monograph No. 21.; TextBooks: Bánhidi, Z. Z. Jókay and D. Szabó. 1965. A Textbook of the Hungarian Language. London: Collet's.; Other Sources: SUL; Consonant system: p t̪ c k b d̪ ɟ ɡ t̪s č d̪z ɡ̌ f s̪ š h v z̪ ž m n̪ ñ l̪ r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ Affricates: t̪s d̪z č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž h Nasals: m n̪ ñ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y ɛ ø Back Vowels: u o ɒ Long Vowels: v̄ i y e ø a u o; Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C) Stress: initial; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: PREP/POST

~~Number:~~ 1900: Language: Xanty Alternate Name: Ostyak, Khanty Dialect: Northern; Location: NW Russia (Xanty-Mansiysk); Population: 15,000; Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Ugric: Ob-Ugric; Other Sources: Rédei, Károly. 1965. Northern Ostyak Chrestomathy. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. SUL; Consonant system: p t k ts č s š x m n ŋ l (ḷ) r Stops: p t k Affricates: ts č Fricatives: s š x Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l (ḷ) Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ cj t s n (l) Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: e a ʋ ɔ; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: initial; Noun
Number: s d p Demonstratives: 3 Articles: def: Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1901: Language: Xanty Alternate Name: Ostyak Dialect: Eastern; Location: NW Russia (Xanty-Mansiysk); Population: 15,000; Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Ugric: Ob-Ugric Dictionary: Toivonen, Y.H. 1948. Ostjakkisches Wörterbuch. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.; Other Sources: Gulya, János. 1966. Eastern Ostyak Chrestomathy. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.; Consonant system: p t k č̣ s (š) ɣ m n ṇ ŋ l ḷ r Stops: p t k Affricates: č̣ Fricatives: s (š) ɣ Nasals: m n ṇ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cj t n l Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø æ Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ Modified Vowels: v̆(reduced) e ø ǝ o Stress: initial or second; Noun
Number: s d p Demonstratives: 2: Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV AN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1902: Language: Xanty Alternate Name: Ostyak Dialect: Western; Location: NW Russia (Xanty-Mansiysk); Population: 15,000; Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Ugric: Ob-Ugric Grammar: Tereshkin, N.I. 1966. "Xantyjskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 319-42.; Consonant system: p t̪ k s̪ š x m n̪ ŋ l r Stops: p t̪ k Fricatives: s̪ š x Nasals: m n̪ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cj t s n Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y æ Central Vowels: ǝ Back Vowels: o Long Vowels: e u ɔ ɑ; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: initial; Noun
Number: s d p Demonstratives: 2: Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV AN DN NUM-N N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1903: Language: Mansi Alternate Name: Vogul; Location: NW Russia (Xanty-Mansiysk); Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Ugric: Ob-Ugric Dictionary: Rombandeeva, E.I. 1954. Russko-Mansijskij slovar'. Leningrad. Grammar: Rombandeeva, E.I. 1966. "Mansijskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 343-60 Rombandeeva, E.I. 1973. Mansijskij (vogul'skij) jazyk. Moscow: Nauka.; Other Sources: Kálmán, Béla. 1965. Vogul Chrestomathy. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. SUL; Consonant system: p t̪ c k kʷ s̪ š x ɣ m n̪ ñ ŋ l̪ ʎ r Stops: p t̪ c k kʷ Fricatives: s̪ š x ɣ Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̪ ʎ Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: initial; Noun
Number: s d p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def indef: Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1904: Language: Udmurt Alternate Name: Votyak; Location: NW Russia (Udmurt ASSR); Population: 700,000; Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: Permic Dictionary: Russko-udmurtskij slovar'. 1956. Moscow. Grammar: Tepljashina, T.I. 1966. "Udmurtskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 261-80. Tepljashina, T.I. 1970. Jazyk besermyan. Moscow: Nauka.; Other Sources: SUL; Consonant system: p t̪ k b d̪ ɡ (ts) č ɡ̌ (f) s̪ š (x) v z̪ ž m n̪ l̪ r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ Affricates: (ts) č ɡ̌ Fricatives: (f) v s̪ z̪ š ž (x) Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cj t d s z č ɡ̌ s z n l Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: (PREP)/POST

~~Number:~~ 1905: Language: Komi Dialect: Zyrian; Location: NW Russia (Komi ASSR); Population: 430,000; Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: Permic Dictionary: Timushev, D.A. and N.A. Kolegova. 1961. Komi-russkij slovar. Moscow. Russko-komi slovar'. 1966. Syktyvkar: Komi Knizhnoe Izdatel'stvo. Grammar: Lytkin, V.I. 1966a. "Komi-zyrjanskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 281-99. Lytkin, V.I. 1966b. "Komi-permjatskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 300-15.; Other Sources: SUL; Consonant system: p t̪ k b d̪ ɡ (ts) č ɡ̌ (f) s̪ š (x) v z̪ ž m n̪ l̪ r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ Affricates: (ts) č ɡ̌ Fricatives: (f) v s̪ z̪ š ž (x) Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ cj ̄ t d č ɡ̌ s z n l Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: mostly initial; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1906: Language: Komi Dialect: Yazva; Location: NW Russia (Komi ASSR); Population: 430,000 (4,000); Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: Permic Grammar: Lytkin, V.I. 1961. Komi-jaz'vinskij dialekt. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.; Consonant system: p t̪ c k d̪ ɟ ɡ č ɡ̌ s̪ š v z̪ ž m n̪ ñ l̪ ʎ r Stops: p t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: v s̪ z̪ š ž Nasals: m n̪ ñ Laterals: l̪ ʎ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cj̄ s z č ɡ̌ Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɑ; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1907: Language: Mari Alternate Name: Cheremis Dialect: Eastern; Location: W Russia (Mari ASSR); Population: 546,000; Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: Volgaic Dictionary: D: Marijsko-russkij slovar'. 1956. Moscow. Grammar: G: Sebeok, Thomas A. and Frances J. Ingemann. 1961. An Eastern Cheremis Manual. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Kovedjaeva, E.I. 1966. "Lugovo-vostochnyj marijskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 221-40; Other Sources: O: Minn, Eeva K. 1956. Studies in Cheremis, vol 4: Derivation. IJAL 22:2. Part II. Ristinen, Elaine K. 1960. "An East Cheremis Phonology," in American Studies in Uralic Linguistics, Bloomington: Indiana Univ.; Consonant system: p t̪ k (t̪s) č (f) s̪ š (x) β ð z̪ ž ɣ m n̪ ñ ŋ l ʎ ɾ Stops: p t̪ k Affricates: (t̪s) č Fricatives: β (f) ð s̪ z̪ š ž (x) ɣ Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ʎ Vibrants: ɾ Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Stress: stress: non-phonemic; Noun
~~Number:~~ num: s p Demonstratives: dem: 2 Articles: art: indef: Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS D+A+N Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1908: Language: Mari Alternate Name: Cheremis Dialect: Western; Location: W Russia (Mari ASSR); Population: 546,000; Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: Volgaic Dictionary: Ivanov, I.G. and G.M. Tuzharov. 1971. Slovar' severo-zapadnogo narechija marijskogo jazyka. Joshkar-Ola. Grammar: Kovedjaeva, E.I. 1966. "Gornomarijskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 241-54. Ivanov, I.G. and G.M. Tuzharov. 1970. Severo-zapadnoe narechie marijskogo jazyka. Joshkar-Ola: Marijskoe Knizhnoe Izdatel'stvo.; Other Sources: Minn, Eeva K. 1956. Studies in Cheremis, Vol 4: Derivation. IJAL 22:2 Part II. SUL; Consonant system: p t̪ c k (b) t̪s č (f) s̪ š (x) β ð z̪ ž ɣ m n̪ ñ ŋ l̪ ʎ r Stops: p (b) t̪ c k Affricates: t̪s č Fricatives: β (f) ð s̪ z̪ š ž (x) ɣ Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̪ ʎ Vibrants: r Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø æ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɤ; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1909: Language: Mordvin Dialect: Erzja; Location: W Russia (W Mordvin ASSR); Population: 1.3 million; Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: Volgaic Dictionary: Koljadenkov, M.N. and N.F. Tsyganov, eds. 1948. Russko-erzjanskij slovar'. Moscow. Koljadenkov, M.N. and N.F. Tsyganov, eds. 1949. Erzjansko-russkij slovar'. Moscow. Grammar: Feoktistov, A.P. 1966. "Erzjanskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 177-98.; Other Sources: SUL; Consonant system: p t̪ k b d̪ ɡ t̪s č (f) s̪ š (x) v z̪ ž m n̪ l̪ r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ Affricates: t̪s č Fricatives: (f) v s̪ z̪ š ž (x) Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ t s... cj t d ts s z n l r Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o; Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C) Stress: non-phonemic; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3 Articles: def indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO/SOV AN GN DN/ND NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Num+N+D/Num+D+N Ergative:; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1910: Language: Mordvin Dialect: Moksha; Location: W Russia (W Mordvin ASSR); Population: 1.3 million; Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: Volgaic Dictionary: Potapkin, S.G. and A.K. Imjarekov. 1949. Mokshansko-russkij slovar'. Moscow. Potapkin, S.G. and A.K. Imjarekov. 1961. Russko-mokshanskij slovar'. Moscow. Grammar: Foektisov, A.P. 1966. "Mokshanskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 199-220.; Consonant system: p t̪ k b d̪ ɡ t̪s č f s̪ š x v z̪ ž m n̪ l̪ ɬ̪ r r̥ Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ Affricates: t̪s č Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž x Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l̪ ɬ̪ Vibrants: r r̥ Modified Consonants: cj ̄ t d ts s z n l ɬ r r̥ j Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e æ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C) Stress: initial; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO AN GN DN/ND NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1911: Language: Northern Saami Dialect: Ruija: Finnmark; Location: Norway; Population: 20,000; Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Saamic; Other Sources: SUL; Consonant system: p ph t th k kh ts tsh f θ s š h v ð m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p ph t th k kh Affricates: ts tsh Fricatives: f v θ ð s š h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all? Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: i æ a ʋ Diphthongs: uo oa ie... Stress: initial; Noun; Number: s p; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SVO AN GN NUM-N N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1912: Language: Eastern Saami Dialect: Kola; Location: NW Russia (Kola Peninsula); Population: 1,000; Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Saamic Grammar: Kert, G.M. 1966. "Saamskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 155-71. Kert, G.M. 1971. Sammskij jazyk. Leningrad: Nauka.; Other Sources: Kert, G.M. 1961. Obraztsy sammskoj rechi. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ ts č dz ɡ̌ f s š x h v z ž m n n̥ ŋ l l̥ r r̥ Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š ž x h Nasals: m n n̥ ŋ Laterals: l l̥ Vibrants: r r̥ Modified Consonants: c̄ all but z zj ž žj cj all but n̥ Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: ɨ a Back Vowels: u o ɒ Long Vowels: v̄ Diphthongs: ua uɛ ai ɛi ji o̜i ɒi, triph: uɛi uai; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: initial; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: PREP/POST

~~Number:~~ 1913: Language: Northern Saami Dialect: Ruija: Jukkasjärvi; Location: N Sweden; Population: 20,000; Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Saamic Grammar: Collinder, Björn. 1949. The Lappish Dialect of Jukkasjärvi. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell.; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f s h β v ð ž m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: β f v ð s ž h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i (e) Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ Diphthongs: diphthonɡs Stress: initial; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SVO NUM-N N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1914: Language: Northern Saami Dialect: Lule; Location: Sweden; Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Saamic; Consonant system: Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1915: Language: Northern Saami Dialect: Pite; Location: Sweden (Pite River), Norway; Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Saamic; Consonant system: Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1916: Language: Eastern Saami Dialect: Inari; Location: Finland (Lake Inari); Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Saamic; Consonant system: Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1917: Language: Eastern Saami Dialect: Skolt; Location: Russia (Kola Peninsula); Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Saamic; Consonant system: Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1918: Language: Southern Saami; Location: Sweden; Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Saamic Dictionary: Lagercrantz, Eliel. 1939. Lappischer Wortschatz, 2 vols. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.; Other Sources: Hasselbrink, Gustav. 1965. Alternate Analyses of the Phonemic System in Central South-Lappish. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.; Consonant system: p t̪ k b d̪ ɡ t̪s č d̪z ɡ̌ f s̪ š h v m n̪ ñ ŋ l̪ r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ Affricates: t̪s d̪z č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s̪ š h Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ Diphthongs: ie oa oe ue uo Stress: initial Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1919: Language: Southern Saami Dialect: Ume; Location: Sweden (Ume River); Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Saamic; Consonant system: Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1920: Language: Finnish; Location: Finland; Population: 5 million; Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic Dictionary: Vuolle, Aino. 1969. Finnish-English Dictionary. Porvoo, Finland: Werner Söderström. Vuolle, Aino. 1964. English-Finnish Dictionary. Porvoo, Finland: Werner Söderström. Grammar: Austerlitz, Robert P. 1963. Finnish Grammar. Cleverland: Bell & Howell. Atkinson, John. 1969. Finnish Grammar. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society. Hakulinen, Lauri. 1957, 1960. Handbuch der finnischen Sprache, 2 vols. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.; TextBooks: Lehtinen, Meri. 1963. Basic Course in Finnish. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Whitney, Arthur H. 1968. Teach Yourself Finnish. New York: David Mckay.; Consonant system: p t̪ k (ʔ) (b) d̪ ɡ (f) s (š) h v m n̪ ŋ l̪ r Stops: p (b) t̪ d̪ k ɡ (ʔ) Fricatives: (f) v s (š) h Nasals: m n̪ ŋ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all but d v h j Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø æ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Diphthongs: uo ie yø au ou eu iu æy øy ai oi ui æi øi yi; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: initial; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2+REF; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3hH 6hH Politeness: 2 intim & 2 pol [2 pol = 5]; Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: PREP/POST

~~Number:~~ 1921: Language: Ingrian; Location: NW Russia; Population: 350; Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic Grammar: Laanest, A. 1966. "Izhorskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 102-17.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ ts č (f) s š h v z ž m n l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: ts č Fricatives: (f) v s z š ž h Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ p t k s m n l r Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø æ Back Vowels: u o ɑ Long Vowels: ̄v̄ all Diphthongs: ai æi oi øi ui yi ei au ou eu iu æy øy; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: initial; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO AN DN NUM-N POSS-N N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: PREP/POST

~~Number:~~ 1922: Language: Karelian; Location: NW Russia; Population: 128,000; Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic Grammar: Makarov, G.N. 1966. "Karel'skij jazyk," in JNS 3, 61-80; Consonant system: p t̪ t̪j k b d̪ d̪j ɡ (t̪s) č ɡ̌ (f) s̪ s̪j š (x) h v z̪ z̪j ž m n̪ n̪j l̪ l̪j r rj Stops: p b t̪ t̪j d̪ d̪j k ɡ Affricates: (t̪s) č ɡ̌ Fricatives: (f) v s̪ s̪j z̪ z̪j š ž (x) h Nasals: m n̪ n̪j Laterals: l̪ l̪j Vibrants: r rj Modified Consonants: c̄ p t tj k č sj š m n nj l lj r rj Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø æ Back Vowels: u o ɑ Long Vowels: (v̄) Diphthongs: diphthonɡs triphthonɡs; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: initial; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2+ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3ai 6ai; Syntax: AN DN NUM-N N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: PREP/POST

~~Number:~~ 1923: Language: Olonets Alternate Name: Livvi; Location: NW Russia; Population: 80,000; Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic; Consonant system: Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1924: Language: Ludic Alternate Name: Ludian; Location: NW Russia; Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic; Consonant system: Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1925: Language: Vepsian; Location: NW Russia (Karelian ASSR); Population: 30,000; Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic Dictionary: Zajtseva, M.I. and M.I. Mullonen. 1972. Slovar' vepsskogo jazyka. Leningrad: Nauka. Grammar: Xjamjaljajnen, M.M. 1966. "Vepsskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 81-101.; Consonant system: p t̪ k b d̪ ɡ t̪s č (ɡ̌) f s̪ š v z̪ ž ɦ m n̪ l̪ r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ Affricates: t̪s č (ɡ̌) Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž ɦ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ p t k s l m n cj all but č š ž Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø æ Back Vowels: u o ɑ Diphthongs: ai ei ij oi ui æi øi yi au ou uw æu øu yu; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)(C) Stress: initial; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4ie* 2 5ie* 3 6ie* *Vepsian has a special set of plural pronouns indicating membership in a group (e.g. family, home, village) (i.e. exclusive?) as opposed to the plain (inclusive?) forms.; Syntax: SVO/SOV AN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: PREP/POST

~~Number:~~ 1926: Language: Votic; Location: NW Russia; Population: 100; Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic Grammar: Adler, E. 1966. "Vodskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 118-37. Ariste, Paul. 1968. A Grammar of the Votic Language. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.; Consonant system: p t̪ k b d̪ ɡ t̪s č (ɡ̌) (f) s̪ (š) (x) h v z̪ (ž) m n̪ l̪ r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ Affricates: t̪s č (ɡ̌) Fricatives: (f) v s̪ z̪ (š) (ž) (x) h Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ p t k ts č f v s z š ž m n l r j cj t d s z n l r Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø æ Central Vowels: (ɨ) ǝ Back Vowels: u o ɑ Long Vowels: v̄ all Diphthongs: ai oi ui ǝi æi ei øi yi au ou ǝu eu iu iæ yæ æy ey øy ua ǝa ia æu iy; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C) Stress: initial; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/(N-POSS) Ergative:; Prep/Post: PREP/POST

~~Number:~~ 1927: Language: Estonian; Location: Estonian; Population: 1 million; Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic Dictionary: Silvet, J. 1970. Eesti-inglise sõnaraamat. Tallinn: Kirjastus Eesti Raamat. Silvet, J. 1956. Inglise-eesti sõnaraamat. Toronto: Eesti Kirjastus Orto. Grammar: Harms, Robert T. 1962. Estonian Grammar. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Ruan, Alo and Andrus Saareste. 1965. Introduction to Estonian Linguistics. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. Kask, A.X. 1966. "Estonskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 35-60.; TextBooks: Oinas, Felix J. 1966. Basic Course in Estonian. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.; Consonant system: p t tj k (f) s sj (š) h v m n nj l lj r Stops: p t tj k Fricatives: (f) v s sj (š) h Nasals: m n nj Laterals: l lj Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ (lonɡ) all c̄̄ (overlonɡ) all Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø æ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɤ Long Vowels: v̄ (lonɡ) all, v̄̄ (overlonɡ) all Diphthongs: diphthonɡs; Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C) Stress: initial; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2* 5 3 6 *Politeness: 2 intim & 2 pol [2 pol = 5]; Syntax: SVO [At an earlier period the basic word order was SOV] AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+N Ergative:; Prep/Post: (PREP)/POST

~~Number:~~ 1928: Language: Livonian Alternate Name: Liv; Location: Latvia; Population: 500; Classification: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic Dictionary: Kettunen, Lauri. 1938. Livisches Wörterbuch. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. Grammar: Vjaari, E.E. 1966. "Livskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 138-54.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ ts č dz ɡ̌ (f) s š v z ž m n l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌ Fricatives: (f) v s z š ž Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all but dz ɡ̌ w Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e æ Central Vowels: ǝ ɵ Back Vowels: u o ɑ Long Vowels: v̄ all but e o; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)(C) Stress: initial; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 1; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO AN NUM-N POSS-N Num+A+N Ergative:; Prep/Post: (PREP)/POST

Краткие типологические обзоры юкагирских языков

Языки юкагиро-чуванской группы ведут свою историю от праурало-юкагирского языка.

~~Number:~~ 1890: Language: Yukaghir; Location: NE Russia (Jakut ASSR); Population: 400; Classification: Uralic: Yukaghir Grammar: Krejnovich, E.A. 1958. Jukagirskij jazyk. Moscow: Academy of Sciences. Krejnovich, E.A. 1968. "Jukagirskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 435-52.; Other Sources: AL 7:1. CTIL 1, 366.; Consonant system: p t k q b d ɡ s h m n ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ q Fricatives: s h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cj t d n l Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e ø o a Front Vowels: i e ø Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Diphthongs: ie uo; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: mostly initial or second; Noun
Number: s [p] [pl rarely used] Demonstratives: 4: this, that , yonder, that very far or invisible + REF: Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N (N-POSS) D+A+N Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1891: Language: Chuvantsy; Location: NE Russia; Population: extinct; Classification: Uralic: Yukaghir; Consonant system: Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1892: Language: Omok; Location: NE Russia; Population: extinct; Classification: Uralic: Yukaghir; Consonant system: Ergative:; Prep/Post:

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