Здесь представлены краткие справки по фонетике и грамматике языков
Афразийской семьи,
взятые с проекта глобальной этимологической базы данных "Вавилонская башня", основанную Сергеем Анатольевичем Старостиным.
Эти сведения будут затем размещаться в каждом праязыковом этимологическом словнике.
База составлена А. Ю. Милитаревым и О. В. Столбовой как на основании многочисленных опубликованных источников,
так и собственной, непрерывно продолжающейся работы.
Именно в силу того, что базы постоянно изменяются и пополняются, они выглядят довольно сыро на фоне более "завершенных" электронных словарей сайта,
но даже в том виде, в котором они представлены, их совокупная ценность выше, чем ценность
любого из существующих на сегодняшний день этимологических афразийских словарей.
Подчиненные базы посвящены дочерним семьям праафразийского
(семитской, египетской, берберской, кушитским, чадским; авторство чадских баз целиком принадлежит О. В. Столбовой,
остальных - почти целиком А. Ю. Милитареву).
По-видимому, наиболее солидный вид на сегодня имеет семитская база, основанная на совместной работе А. Ю. Милитарева и Л. Е. Когана
над Этимологическим словарем семитских языков.
Смотрите и сам Праафразийский этимологический словарь.
Всего здесь представлено 6 типологических разделов, посвящённых ветвям большой афро-азиатской языковой семьи:
du Bourguet, Pierre. 1971. Grammaire égyptienne. Louvain: Peeters.
černy, Jaroslav. 1975. A Late Egyptian Grammar. Rome: Biblical Institute Press.
Consonant system:
p t k q ʔ
b d ɡ
č
ɡ̌
m n
r
(
Stops: p b t d k ɡ q ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
)
Vowel system:
i u
e
a
(
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u [o нет как в этрусском!]
)
Noun:Number: s d p Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6
Syntax: VSO NA NG DN/ND NUM-N/(N-NUM [2]) N-POSS D+Num+N+A
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1318
Language: Coptic
Location: Egypt
Population: extinct (19th c.)
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Ancient Egyptian
Dictionary:
Cerny, J. 1976. Coptic Etymological Dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.
Grammar:
Elanskaja, A. I. 1964. Koptskij jazyk. Moscow: Nauka.
Kosack, Wolfgany. 1974. Lehrbuch des Koptischen. Graz: Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt.
Other Sources:
Houghton, Herbert Pierrepont. 1959. The Coptic Verb. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Knudsen, Ebbe E. 1961. "Saidic Coptic Vowel Phonemes," Acta Orientalia 26, 29-42.
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɟ ɡ
č
ɡ̌
s š x h
β v
m n
l
r
Stops: p b t d ɟ k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: β v s š x h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: ī ē ū ō
Other Sources:
Prasse, Karl-G. 1972-74. Manuel de grammaire touaregue, 3 vols.
Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.
Consonant system:
t k
b d ɡ
f s (š) χ h
z ʁ
m n
l
r
Stops: b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: f s z (š) χ ʁ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄
cɒ d z
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2 + ref
Pronouns:
1 4mf
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf
Syntax: N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1320
Language: Guanche
Location: Canary Islands
Population: extinct (16th c.)
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Guanche
Consonant system:
Number: 1321
Language: East Numidian
Alternate Name: Old Libyan
Location: Morocco
Population: extinct
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: East Numidian
Consonant system:
Number: 1322
Language: Siwa
Location: NW Egypt
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Eastern
Consonant system:
Number: 1323
Language: Awjila
Location: NE Libya
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Eastern
Consonant system:
Number: 1324
Language: Sokna
Location: NC Libya
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Eastern
Consonant system:
Number: 1325
Language: Ghadames
Location: Libya
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Eastern
Consonant system:
Number: 1326
Language: Tamahaq
Dialect: Ahaggar
Location: S Algeria
Population: 200,000 (10,000)
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Tuareg
Dictionary: Cortade, Jean-Marie. 1967. Lexique français-touareg. Algiers: Arts et Métiers Graphiques.
Grammar:
Prasse, Karl-G. 1972-74. Manuel de grammaire touaregue, 3 vols.
Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.
Consonant system:
t̪ k q (ʔ)
b d̪ ɟ ɡ
f s̪ š χ h
z̪ ž ʁ
m n̪ ñ
l̪
r
Stops: b t̪ d̪ ɟ k ɡ q (ʔ)
Fricatives: f s̪ z̪ š ž χ ʁ h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄ all
cɒ t d z
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e æ
Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ ɐ v̄̄ (overlonɡ) all but ǝ ɐ
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: non-phonemic
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2 + ref
Pronouns:
1 4mf
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf
Syntax: VSO NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1327
Language: Tamazheq
Location: Niger
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Tuareg
Consonant system:
Number: 1328
Language: Tamasheq
Location: Niger
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Tuareg
Consonant system:
Number: 1329
Language: Zenaga
Location: SW Mauritania
Population: 16,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Western
Grammar: Nicolas, F. 1953. La langue berbère de Mauritanie. Dakar: IFAN.
Consonant system:
t k q
b d ɡ
č
ɡ̌
f θ s š h
ð z ž ɣ (ʕ)
m n ñ
l
r
Stops: b t d k ɡ q
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f θ ð s z š ž ɣ (ʕ) h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄
cɒ t d k θ ð s z l r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2 + ref
Pronouns:
1 4mf
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf
Syntax: VSO/SVO NG ND NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1330
Language: Shilha
Location: SW Morocco
Population: 3 million
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Northern: Atlas
Grammar: Applegate, Joseph R. 1958. An Outline of the Structure of Shilha. New York: American Council of Learned Societies.
Other Sources: Nakano, Aki'o. 1976. Dialogues in Moroccan Shilha. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo Univ.
Consonant system:
t k q (ʔ)
b d ɡ
m n
l
r
Stops: b t d k ɡ q (ʔ)
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄ all but cɒ and ɡlides
cɒ t d k s z l r
cʷ k ɡ q χ ʁ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u
Stress: final
Syntax: VSO NA
Comments: Men, but not women, are bilingual in Arabic.
Number: 1331
Language: Tamazight
Dialect: Ayt Ayache
Location: C Morocco
Population: 2 million
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Northern: Atlas
Dictionary: Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. 1971a. A Computerized Lexicon of Tamazight. Ann Arbor: Center for Near Eastern and North African Studies, Univ of Michigan.
Grammar: Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. 1971b. A Reference Grammar of Tamazight. Ann Arbor: Center for Near Eastern and North African Studies, Univ of Michigan.
TextBooks: Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. 1971c. A Course in Spoken Tamazight. Ann Arbor: Center for Near Eastern and North African Studies, Univ of Michigan.
Other Sources: Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. 1968. Tamazight Verb Structure. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Consonant system:
t̪h k̄ q qʷ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ̄
m n
l̪
ɾ
Stops: b t̪h d̪ k̄ ɡ̄ q qʷ ʔ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants:
c̄ most
cɒ t d s z l ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Noun Classes: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf
Syntax: VSO/(SVO) NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1332
Language: Tamazight
Dialect: Ait Ndhir
Location: C Morocco
Population: 2 million
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Northern: Atlas
Grammar:
Willms, Alfred. 1972. Grammatik der südlichen Beraberdialekte. Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin.
Penchoen, Thomas G. 1973. Tamazight of the Ayt Ndhir. Los Angeles: Undena.
Other Sources: Harries, Jeanette. 1970. "A Berber Tanšhat: In a Tamazight Dialect," BSOAS 33, 308-21.
Consonant system:
t̪ k kʷ q
b d̪ ɡ ɡ̄ʷ
č̄
ɡ̌̄
m n̪
l
r
Stops: b t̪ d̪ k kʷ ɡ ɡ̄ʷ q
Affricates: č̄ ɡ̌̄
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄ all but θ x xʷ β ð ɣ ɣʷ ʁ j w (č ɡ̌ ɡʷ are always lonɡ)
cɒ t ð (s) z r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i æ
Central Vowels: (ǝ)
Back Vowels: u
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2 + ref
Pronouns:
1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf
Syntax: VSO NA NG DN/ND NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1333
Language: Kabyle
Location: N Algeria
Population: 1 million
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Northern: Kabyle
Dictionary: Newmen, Francis William. 1887. Kabail Vocabulary. London: Trübner.
Grammar:
Hanoteau, Adolphe. 1906. Essai de grammaire kabyle. Algiers. [Reprinted 1976 by Philo Press, Amsterdam.]
Hanouz, S. 1968. Grammaire berbère. Paris: Klincksieck.
TextBooks:
Saı̈d, Boulifa S. A.1910. Une première année de langue kabyle. Algiers: Adolphe Tourdan.
Vincennes, Louis de and J.-M. Dallet. 1960. Initiation à la langue berbère (Kabylie). Fort-Nationale, Algeria: Fichier de documentation berbère.
Consonant system:
t k kʷ q
b d ɡ ɡʷ
ts č
dz ɡ̌
m n
l
r
Stops: b t d k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ q
Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄
cɒ t d s z r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2 + ref
Articles: def indef
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Northern: Zenati
Dictionary: Ibañez, Esteban. 1959. Diccionario español-senhayi. Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Africanos.
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
p t̪ k q
b d̪ ɡ
ɡ̌
m n ñ
l ʎ
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q
Affricates: ɡ̌
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l ʎ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄
cɒ t d s z
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Other Sources: Newman, Paul. 1977. Chadic Classification and Reconstructions, Afroasiatic Linguistics 5:1.
Consonant system:
p t c k
b ɓ d ɗ ɟ ʄ ɡ
f s š x
z
m n
ɬ
r
Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ c ɟ ʄ k ɡ
Fricatives: f s z š x
Nasals: m n
Laterals: ɬ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
cj k ɡ x
cʷ k ɡ x
?Nc mb ...
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ a only
Tones: hi lo (perhaps a pitch accent)
Number: 1354
Language: Masa
Location: SW Chad (W TandjilВ)
Population: 55,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Masa
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Syntax: SVO NG
Number: 1355
Language: Zime
Location: Chad
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Masa
Consonant system:
Number: 1356
Language: Mesme
Location: Chad
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Masa
Consonant system:
Number: 1357
Language: Marba
Location: SW Chad (W TandjilВ)
Population: 5,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Masa
Consonant system:
Number: 1358
Language: Musey
Location: N Cameroon
Population: 48,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Masa
Grammar: Platiel, Suzanne. 1968. Esquisse d'une étude du musey. BSELAF 6.
Consonant system:
p t k
b mb d ɡ
č
ɡ̌
f s ç h
v z
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b mb t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s z ç h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Tones:
hi mid lo
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2mf 5
3mf 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1359
Language: Somrai
Location: SW Chad (N TandjilВ)
Population: 50,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group A: Somrai
Consonant system:
Number: 1360
Language: Tumak
Location: SW Chad (E TandjilВ)
Population: 11,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group A: Somrai
Dictionary: Caprile, Jean-Pierre. 1975. Lexique tumak-français. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
b ɓ d̪ ɗ̪ ɡ ŋɡ
ɡ̌
s h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l̪
r ṛ
Stops: p b ɓ t̪ d̪ ɗ̪ k ɡ ŋɡ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r ṛ
Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡ̌
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e (ɛ)
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: ũ õ
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Tones: hi mid lo ris fall
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Pronouns:
1 4de 4i
2mf 5
3mf 6
Syntax: SVO GN N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1361
Language: Ndam
Location: SW Chad (SE TandjilВ)
Population: 670
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group A: Somrai
Consonant system:
Number: 1362
Language: Sarwa
Location: SW Chad (S Chari-Baguirimi)
Population: 400
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group A: Somrai
Consonant system:
Number: 1363
Language: Gadang
Location: Chad
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group A: Somrai
Consonant system:
Number: 1364
Language: Mod
Location: Chad
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group A: Somrai
Consonant system:
Number: 1365
Language: Miltu
Location: SC Chad (NW Moyen-Chari)
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group A: Somrai
Consonant system:
Number: 1366
Language: Nancere
Location: SW Chad (S TandjilВ)
Population: 35,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group A: Nancere
Other Sources: Hoffman, Carl. 1971. "On the Classification of Nancere," JWAL 8, 5-12.
Consonant system:
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2mf 5
3mf 6
Number: 1367
Language: Lele
Location: Chad
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group A: Nancere
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 1368
Language: Gabri
Location: N Central African Republic
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group A: Nancere
Consonant system:
Number: 1369
Language: Kabalai
Location: Chad
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group A: Nancere
Consonant system:
Number: 1370
Language: Kera
Location: Chad
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group A: Kera
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 1371
Language: Kwang
Location: Chad
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group A: Kera
Consonant system:
Number: 1372
Language: Mokulu
Location: Chad
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B
Consonant system:
Number: 1373
Language: Dangla
Alternate Name: Dangaleat
Location: SC Chad (N Guera)
Population: 18,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B: Dangla
Dictionary: Fédry, Jacques. 1971. Dictionnaire dangaléat. Lyon: Afrique et Langage.
Other Sources:
Fédry, Jacques. 1969. "Syntagmes de détermination en dangaléat," JWAL 6, 5-19.
Fédry, Jacques. 1971a. "Masculin, féminin et collectif en dangaléat (groupe 'sokoro-mubi' - Tchad," JAL 10, 34-46.
Fédry, Jacques. 1971b. Phonologie du dangaléat. Lyon: Afrique et Language.
Consonant system:
p t̪ c k
b ɓ d̪ ɗ̪ ɟ ʄ ɡ
s
z
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b ɓ t̪ d̪ ɗ̪ c ɟ ʄ k ɡ
Fricatives: s z
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄ all
Nc
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Tones: hi lo ris fall
Stress: root initial
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1374
Language: Migama
Location: Chad
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B: Dangla
Consonant system:
Number: 1375
Language: Mahwa
Location: Chad
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B: Dangla
Consonant system:
Number: 1376
Language: Jegu
Location: Chad
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B: Dangla
Consonant system:
Number: 1377
Language: Mogum
Location: SC Chad (C Guera)
Population: 6,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B: Dangla
Consonant system:
Number: 1378
Language: Bidiyo
Alternate Name: Bidiya
Location: Chad
Population: 14,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B: Dangla
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 1379
Language: Mubi
Location: SW Chad (NE Guera)
Population: 36,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B: Dangla
Consonant system:
Number: 1380
Language: Masmaje
Location: Chad
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B: Dangla
Consonant system:
Number: 1381
Language: Kajakse
Location: Chad
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B: Dangla
Consonant system:
Number: 1382
Language: Kujarge
Location: Chad
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B: Dangla
Consonant system:
Number: 1383
Language: Toram
Location: Chad
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B: Dangla
Consonant system:
Number: 1384
Language: Sokoro
Location: SW Chad (C Guera)
Population: 8,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B: Sokoro
Consonant system:
Number: 1385
Language: Barain
Location: Chad
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B: Sokoro
Consonant system:
Number: 1386
Language: Saba
Location: Chad
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B: Sokoro
Consonant system:
Number: 1387
Language: Tera
Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Population: 50,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Tera
Grammar: Newman, Paul. 1970. A Grammar of Tera. UCPL 57.
Other Sources: Newman, Paul. 1964. "A Word List of Tera," JWAL 1:2, 33-50.
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ
b mb ɓ d nd ɗ ʄ ɡ ɡʷ ŋɡ ŋɡʷ ɠ
č
ɡ̌ ñɡ̌
f s š x xʷ
v z ž ɣ ɣʷ
m n ñ ŋ
l ɬ
ɮ
r
Stops: p b mb ɓ t d nd ɗ ʄ k kʷ ɡ ɡʷ ŋɡ ŋɡʷ ɠ
Affricates: č ɡ̌ ñɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s z š ž x xʷ ɣ ɣʷ
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l ɬ ɮ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cj p ɓ v
Glides: j (w)
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Tones: hi mid lo
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2 + ref
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1388
Language: Jara
Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Population: 40,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Tera
Consonant system:
Number: 1389
Language: Ga'anda
Location: E Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Population: 10,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Tera
Other Sources: Newman, Roxana Ma. 1971. "Downstep in Ga'anda," JAL 10, 15-27.
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ
mb ɓ nd ɗ ŋɡ ŋɡʷ
č
ñɡ̌
f s š x xʷ
m n ŋ
l ɬ
r
Stops: p mb ɓ t nd ɗ k kʷ ŋɡ ŋɡʷ
Affricates: č ñɡ̌
Fricatives: f s š x xʷ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ k ŋɡ x
Glides: j ʔj w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Tones: hi mid lo (ris) (fall) downstep downdrift
Noun
Number: s p
Articles: def
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1390
Language: Hona
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Tera
Consonant system:
Number: 1391
Language: Bura
Dialect: Pabir
Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Population: 100,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Bura-Higi
Other Sources: STAL
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b ɓ d ɗ ɡ
ts č
dz ɡ̌
f s š x h
v z ž ɣ
m n ñ ŋ
l ɬ
ɮ
r
Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s z š ž x ɣ h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l ɬ ɮ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Tones: hi lo
Number: 1392
Language: Chibak
Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Population: 20,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Bura-Higi
Consonant system:
Number: 1393
Language: Putai
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Bura-Higi
Consonant system:
Number: 1394
Language: Margi
Dialect: Lassa
Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Population: 151,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Bura-Higi
Other Sources:
STAL
WALS
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b ɓ d ɗ ɡ
ts č
dz ɡ̌
f s š x
v z ž ɣ
m n ñ ŋ
l ɬ
ɮ
r
Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s z š ž x ɣ
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l ɬ ɮ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Tones: hi lo
Syntax: SVO
Number: 1395
Language: Margi
Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Population: 151,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Bura-Higi
Grammar: Hoffman, Carl. 1963. A Grammar of the Margi Language. London: Oxford Univ Press.
Consonant system:
p pt t c k ʔ
b ɓ bd bɗ d ɗ ɟ ɡ
pts ts pč č
bdz dz bɡ̌ ɡ̌
f fs s fç š ç x
v vz z vj ̂ ž j ̂ ɣ
m n mñ ñ ŋ
l ɬ bɮ
ɮ
(v̊) r
Stops: p b ɓ pt bd bɗ t d ɗ c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: pts bdz ts dz pč bɡ̌ č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v fs vz s z š ž ç j ̂ fç vj ̂ x ɣ
Nasals: m n mñ ñ ŋ
Laterals: bɮ l ɬ ɮ
Vibrants: (v̊) r
Modified Consonants:
Nc p b t d c ɟ k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ ts dz č ɡ̌ š ɬ
cʷ p b ɓ mb t nt k ɡ ŋk ŋɡ nts f v s x ɣ m ŋ ɬ
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Tones: hi lo ris (fall)
Number: 1396
Language: Kilba
Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Population: 80,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Bura-Higi
Other Sources: STAL
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b ɓ d ɗ ɡ
ts č
dz ɡ̌
f s š x h
v z ž ɣ
m n ñ ŋ
l ɬ
ɮ
r
Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s z š ž x ɣ h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l ɬ ɮ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Tones:
hi lo
Number: 1397
Language: Higi
Dialect: Nkafa
Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Population: 203,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Bura-Higi
Other Sources:
Mohrlang, Roger. 1971. "Vectors, Prosodies, and Higi Vowels," JAL 10, 75-86.
Mohrlang, Roger. 1972. Higi Phonology. Studies in Nigerian Languages, No. 2. Zaria: Institute of Linguistics.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b ɓ d ɗ ɡ
ts č
dz ɡ̌
f s š x
v z ž ɣ
m n ŋ
l ɬ
ɮ
v̊ r
Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s z š ž x ɣ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l ɬ ɮ
Vibrants: v̊ r
Modified Consonants:
Nc p b t d k ɡ ts dz č ɡ̌
cj all but r
cʷ all but l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Syllable: (C)V
Tones: hi lo ris
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1398
Language: Higi
Dialect: Baza
Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Population: 203,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Bura-Higi
Other Sources: STAL
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b ɓ d ɗ ɡ
ts č
dz ɡ̌
f s š x h
v z ž ɣ
m n ñ ŋ
l ɬ
ɮ
r
Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s z š ž x ɣ h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l ɬ ɮ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w ʔw
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Tones:
hi lo
Number: 1399
Language: Bana
Location: Cameroon
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Bura-Higi
Consonant system:
Number: 1400
Language: Sukur
Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Population: 10,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Mandara-Matakam
Consonant system:
Number: 1401
Language: Lamang
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Mandara-Matakam: Mandara
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: VSO
Number: 1402
Language: Mandara
Alternate Name: Malgwa
Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Population: 190,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Mandara-Matakam: Mandara
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 1403
Language: Paduko
Alternate Name: Podokwo
Location: N Cameroon
Population: 10,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Mandara-Matakam: Mandara
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: VSO
Number: 1404
Language: Glavda
Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Population: 19,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Mandara-Matakam: Mandara
Dictionary:
Rapp, Eugen Ludwig, Brigitta Benzing and Christraud Mühle. 1968, 1969.
Dictionary of the Glavda Language, 2 vols. Frankfurt on Main: Frankfurt on Main Bible Society.
Consonant system:
p t k
b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ŋɡ
tl č
dl ɡ̌
f s š ç x
v z ž ɣ
n ñ ŋ ŋʷ ŋj
l ɬ
ɮ
r
Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ŋɡ
Affricates: tl dl č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s z š ž ç x ɣ
Nasals: n ñ ŋ ŋʷ ŋj
Laterals: l ɬ ɮ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Tones: hi lo ris fall
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO ND N-POSS
Number: 1405
Language: Guduf
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Mandara-Matakam: Mandara
Consonant system:
Number: 1406
Language: Dghwede
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Mandara-Matakam: Mandara
Consonant system:
Number: 1407
Language: Gvoko
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Mandara-Matakam: Mandara
Consonant system:
Number: 1408
Language: Mafa
Location: Cameroon
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Mandara-Matakam: Matakam
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Mandara-Matakam: Matakam
Other Sources: Haller, Beat. 1980. Phonology of Zulgo. Yaoundé, Cameroon: Institut des Sciences Humaines.
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
b mb ɓ d nd ɗ ɡ ŋɡ ɡʷ
ts
dz ndz
f s h
v z
m n ŋ
l ɬ
ɮ
r
Stops: p b mb ɓ t d nd ɗ k kʷ ɡ ŋɡ ɡʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts dz ndz
Fricatives: f v s z h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l ɬ ɮ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i y ɛ œ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Long Vowels: (v̄)
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Tones: hi mid lo downstep
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1410
Language: Gisiga
Location: N Cameroon
Population: 44,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Mandara-Matakam: Matakam
Consonant system:
Number: 1411
Language: Mada
Location: Cameroon
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Mandara-Matakam: Matakam
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 1412
Language: Hurza
Location: Cameroon
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Mandara-Matakam: Matakam
Consonant system:
Number: 1413
Language: Muktele
Location: Cameroon
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Mandara-Matakam: Matakam
Consonant system:
Number: 1414
Language: Daba
Dialect: Musgoy
Location: N Cameroon
Population: 31,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Daba
Other Sources: Wedekind, Klaus. 1976. "Kolá, tpalá, ou ʔkpalá ?: Notes sur les occlusives doubles dans la langue daba-mousgoy (Kola) du Nord-Cameroun," AFL 2, 91-104.
Consonant system:
p pt t̪ kt k kʷ (ʔkp)
b ɓ bd d̪ ɗ̪ ɡd ɡ ɡʷ
t̪s
d̪z
f s̪ h
v z̪
m n̪
l̪ ɬ̪
ɮ̪
r
Stops: p b ɓ pt bd t̪ d̪ ɗ̪ kt ɡd k kʷ ɡ ɡʷ (ʔkp)
Affricates: t̪s d̪z
Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪ ɬ̪ ɮ̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ dz
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i (y) e (ø)
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Syntax: SVO NG ND N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1415
Language: Gawar
Location: Cameroon
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Daba
Consonant system:
Number: 1416
Language: Hina
Location: N Cameroon
Population: 4,300
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Daba
Consonant system:
Number: 1417
Language: Gudu
Location: E Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bata
Consonant system:
Number: 1418
Language: Bata
Location: E Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Population: 39,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bata
Consonant system:
Number: 1419
Language: Bata
Dialect: Bachama
Location: E Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Population: 39,000 (20,000)
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bata
Other Sources: STAL
Consonant system:
p t k kp ʔ
b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡb
č
ɡ̌
f s h
v z
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s z h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j ʔj w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Tones: hi lo
Number: 1420
Language: Gude
Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Population: 10,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bata
Other Sources:
Hoskison, James. 1974. "Prosodies and Verb Stems in Gude," Linguistics 141, 17-26.
WALS
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b ɓ d ɗ ɡ
ts
dz
f s x
v z ɣ
m n ŋ
l ɬ
r
Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts dz
Fricatives: f v s z x ɣ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ s z x ɬ
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄
Syllable: CV
Tones: hi lo
Syntax: VSO
Number: 1421
Language: Nzangi
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bata
Consonant system:
Number: 1422
Language: Musgu
Dialect: Vulum
Location: SW Chad (N Mayo-Kebbi)
Population: 50,000 (8,500)
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group B
Grammar: Tourneux, Henry. 1978. Le mulwi ou vulum de mogroum (Tchad). Paris: SELAF.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
b ɓ d̪ ɗ ɡ
f s h
v z
m n̪ (ñ) ŋ
l ɬ
ɮ
ɾ
Stops: p b ɓ t̪ d̪ ɗ k ɡ
Fricatives: f v s z h
Nasals: m n̪ (ñ) ŋ
Laterals: l ɬ ɮ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i (y) e (ø)
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: ī (ē) ā ū (ō)
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C) Nˈ
Tones: hi lo ris fall
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f (sing only)
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3mf 6hN
N=non-hum
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1423
Language: Gidar
Location: N Cameroon
Population: 50,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group B
Consonant system:
Number: 1424
Language: Buduma
Location: W Chad (Lac)
Population: 25,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group B
Other Sources:
Benton, P. A. 1912. Notes on Some Languages of the Western Sudan. London: Oxford Univ Press. [Reprinted 1968 by Frank Cass & Co, London, as The Languages and Peoples of Bornu, vol 1.]
WALS
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
č
ɡ̌
f h
m n
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄
Nc b ɡ ɡ̌
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3mf 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1425
Language: Kotoko
Location: N Cameroon
Population: 40,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group B
Consonant system:
Noun
Number: s p
Syntax: NG
Number: 1426
Language: Logone
Alternate Name: Lagwan
Location: Cameroon
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group B
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 1427
Language: Hausa
Location: N Nigeria (Kano)
Population: 20 million (12 million speak it as a first language)
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Hausa
Dictionary:
Abraham, R. C. 1962. Dictionary of the Hausa Language. London: Univ of London Press.
Skinner, Neil. 1970. English-Hausa Dictionary. Zatia: Northern Nigerian Publishing Company.
Grammar:
Abraham, R. C. 1959. The Language of the Hausa People. London: Univ of London Press.
Taylor, F. W. 1959. A Practical Hausa Grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
TextBooks:
Hodge, Carleton T. and Ibrahim Umaru. 1963. Hausa Basic Course. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Service Institute.
Kraft, Charles H. and Marguerite E. Kraft. 1973. Introductory Hausa. Berkeley: Univ of California Press.
Kraft, Charles H. and Anthony Kirk-Greene. 1973. Teach Yourself Hausa. London: English Universities Press.
Cowan, J. Ronayne and Russell G. Schuh. 1975. Spoken Hausa. Ithaca, N.Y.: Spoken Language Services.
Other Sources:
Kraft, Charles H. 1963. A Study of Hausa Syntax, 3 vols. HSL 8-10.
Hoffman, Carl. 1969. "Hausa," in TNL, 73-84.
Consonant system:
t k kʷ kj kʔ kʔʷ kʔj ʔ
b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡʷ ɡj
č
ɡ̌
ɸ s sʔ š h
z
m n
l
ɾ ɾ̣
Stops: b ɓ t d ɗ k kʷ kj kʔ kʔʷ kʔj ɡ ɡʷ ɡj ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: ɸ s sʔ z š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ ɾ̣
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j ʔj w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Diphthongs: ai au
Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ
Tones: hi lo fall downdrift
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2 + ref
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3mf 6 + indef
Syntax: SVO AN/NA NG DN/ND N-NUM N-POSS D+A+N+Num
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1428
Language: Gwandara
Location: C Nigeria (Benue-Plateau)
Population: 30,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Hausa
Other Sources: Matsushita, Shuji. 1974. A Comparative Vocabulary of Gwandara Dialects. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.
Consonant system:
p t k kp
b d ɡ ɡb
č
ɡ̌
s š h
z
m n
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s z š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants:
cj p k ɡ
cʷ b k ɡ č h
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Tones: hi mid lo (+ 6 contour tones)
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: N-POSS
Number: 1429
Language: Karekare
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
Consonant system:
Number: 1430
Language: Bole
Location: NE Nigeria (Bornu)
Population: 32,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
TextBooks: Lukas, J. 1971. "Über das erweiterte Verb im Bolanci (Nordnigerien)," JAL 10, 1-14.
Other Sources: Benton, P. A. 1912. Notes on Some Languages of the Western Sudan. London: Oxford Univ Press. [Reprinted 1968 by Frank Cass & Co, London, as The Languages and Peoples of Bornu, vol 1.]
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɠ
č
ɡ̌
f s š h
z
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ɠ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s z š h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡ̌ z
Glides: j ʔj w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Tones: hi fall
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3mf 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1431
Language: Bele
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
Consonant system:
Number: 1432
Language: Ngamo
Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Population: 18,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
Consonant system:
Number: 1433
Language: Maha
Location: N Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
Other Sources: Newman, Paul. 1965. "A Brief Note on the Maha Language," JWAL 2:1, 57-8.
Consonant system:
p t k
b ɓ d ɗ ɡ
č
ɡ̌
s š h
m n ŋ
l ɬ
ɮ
r
Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l ɬ ɮ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
m̄
Nc
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Pronouns:
1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6
Number: 1434
Language: Kirfi
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
Consonant system:
Number: 1435
Language: Deno
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
Consonant system:
Number: 1436
Language: Kubi
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
Consonant system:
Number: 1437
Language: Galambu
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
Consonant system:
Number: 1438
Language: Gera
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
Consonant system:
Number: 1439
Language: Kanakuru
Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Population: 20,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Tangale
Other Sources:
STAL
WALS
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b ɓ d ɗ ɡ
ɡ̌
f s š
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s š
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Tones:
hi
lo
Syntax: SVO
Number: 1440
Language: Tangale
Location: E Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Population: 100,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Tangale
Other Sources:
Jungraithmayr H. 1971. "The Tangale Vowel Harmony System Roconsidered," JAL 10, 28-33.
WALS
Consonant system:
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i I e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all ?
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Noun
Number: s p
Pronouns:
1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6
Syntax: SVO NG N-POSS
Number: 1441
Language: Pero
Location: E Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Population: 20,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Tangale
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 1442
Language: Kupto
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Tangale
Consonant system:
Number: 1443
Language: Gerka
Location: EC Nigeria (NE Benue-Plateau)
Population: 8,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Angas
Consonant system:
Number: 1444
Language: Angas
Location: C Nigeria (Benue-Plateau)
Population: 100,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Angas
Other Sources:
Burquest, D. A. 1971. A Preliminary Study of Angas Phonology. Studies in Nigerian Languages, No. 1. Zaria: Institute of Linguistics.
STAL
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b ɓ d ɗ ɡ
č
ɡ̌
f s š h
v z ž ɣ
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s z š ž ɣ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
Nc p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ č ɡ̌ s š ž l w
cj p b k ɡ
cʷ p b ɓ k ɡ č ɡ̌ f v s š ž m
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i I e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: ɨ̄ ā
Diphthongs: ǝI
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Tones: hi mid lo
Noun
Number: s p
Syntax: SVO NA N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1445
Language: Sura
Alternate Name: Mupun
Location: EC Nigeria (N Benue-Plateau)
Population: 40,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Angas
Other Sources:
STAL
WALS
Consonant system:
p ph t th k kh
ɓ ɗ
č čh
f s š h
v z ž ɣ
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p ph ɓ t th ɗ k kh
Affricates: č čh
Fricatives: f v s z š ž ɣ h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Tones: hi lo fall
Syntax: SVO
Number: 1446
Language: Kofyar
Dialect: Kwolla
Location: EC Nigeria (N Benue-Plateau)
Population: 70,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Angas
Dictionary: Netting, Robert. 1967. A Word List of Kofyar. Research Notes from the Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages 1.2. Ibadan: Univ of Ibadan.
Consonant system:
p t k
b ɓ d ɗ ɡ
č
ɡ̌
f s š
v z ž
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s z š ž
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Tones: hi mid lo
Syntax: NG N-POSS
Number: 1447
Language: Chip
Location: C Nigeria (NE Benue-Plateau)
Population: 6,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Angas
Consonant system:
Number: 1448
Language: Goemai
Alternate Name: Ankwe
Location: C Nigeria (Benue-Plateau)
Population: 80,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Angas
Other Sources:
STAL
WALS
Consonant system:
p ph t th k kh
b ɓ d ɗ ɡ
č
ɡ̌
f s š h
v z ž
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p ph b ɓ t th d ɗ k kh ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s z š ž h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Tones: hi lo
Syntax: SVO
Number: 1449
Language: Montol
Location: EC Nigeria (N Benue-Plateau)
Population: 20,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Angas
Consonant system:
Number: 1450
Language: Tal
Location: EC Nigeria (N Benue-Plateau)
Population: 10,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Angas
Consonant system:
Number: 1451
Language: Pyapun
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Angas
Consonant system:
Number: 1452
Language: Koenoem
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Angas
Consonant system:
Number: 1453
Language: Fyer
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Ron
Consonant system:
Number: 1454
Language: Ron
Location: C Nigeria (Plateau)
Population: 20,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Ron
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 1455
Language: Sha
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Ron
Consonant system:
Number: 1456
Language: Kulere
Location: Nigeria (Benue-Plateau)
Population: 8,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Ron
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4d 4ie
2mf 5
3mf 6
Number: 1457
Language: Karfa
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Ron
Consonant system:
Number: 1458
Language: Shagawu
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Ron
Consonant system:
Number: 1459
Language: Duwai
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Bade
Consonant system:
Number: 1460
Language: Bade
Location: NE Nigeria (NW North-Eastern)
Population: 100,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Bade
Consonant system:
Syntax: NG
Number: 1461
Language: Ngizim
Location: N Nigeria (NW North-Eastern)
Population: 25,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Bade
Dictionary: Schuh, Russell G. 1981. A Dictionary of Ngizim. UCPL 99.
Other Sources: Schuh, Russell G. 1971. "Verb Forms and Verb Aspects in Ngizim," JAL 10, 47-60.
Consonant system:
p t c k
b ɓ d ɗ ɟ ɡ
f s š h
v z ž
m n ñ
l ɬ
ɮ
ɾ r
Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ c ɟ k ɡ
Fricatives: f v s z š ž h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l ɬ ɮ
Vibrants: ɾ r
Modified Consonants:
cʷ k ɡ ŋɡ
Nc b d ɡ
Glides: j ʔj w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: (ɨ) a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Diphthongs: ai au
Tones: hi lo (ris) fall downstep downdrift
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2 + ref
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2mf 5
3mf 6
Syntax: SVO NA/AN
Number: 1462
Language: Warji
Alternate Name: Warjawa
Location: NC Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Population: 40,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Warji
Consonant system:
Number: 1463
Language: Pa'a
Alternate Name: Owon Afa
Location: Nigeria (Western)
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Warji
Other Sources: Awobuluyi, Oladele. 1972. "The Morphophonemics of Owon Afa," Research Notes from the Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages 5.2-3, 25-44.
Consonant system:
p t k kp
b d ɡ ɡb
č
ɡ̌
f s š h hʷ
m n ŋ ŋm
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s š h hʷ
Nasals: m n ŋ ŋm
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ h
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃
Syllable: Nˈ
Tones: hi mid lo
Syntax: SVO AN NG
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1464
Language: Siri
Alternate Name: Sirawa
Location: NC Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Population: 2,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Warji
Consonant system:
Number: 1465
Language: Diri
Alternate Name: Diryawa
Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Population: 3,300
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Warji
Consonant system:
Number: 1466
Language: Jimbin
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Warji
Consonant system:
Number: 1467
Language: Miya
Alternate Name: Miyawa
Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Population: 5,200
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Warji
Consonant system:
Number: 1468
Language: Mburku
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Warji
Consonant system:
Number: 1469
Language: Kariya
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Warji
Consonant system:
Number: 1470
Language: Tsagu
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Warji
Consonant system:
Number: 1471
Language: Zaar
Alternate Name: Seyawa
Location: EC Nigeria (North-Eastern)
Population: 50,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Zaar
Consonant system:
p t c k
b ɓ d ɗ ɟ ɡ
ts č
dz ɡ̌
f s š
v z ž
m n ñ ŋ
l ɬ
ɮ
r
Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ c ɟ k ɡ
Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s z š ž
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l ɬ ɮ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɟ ɡ dz ɡ̌
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: Nˈ
Tones: hi mid lo ris fall
Syntax: SVO NA NG
Number: 1472
Language: Barawa
Location: EC Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Zaar
Consonant system:
Number: 1473
Language: Zeem
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Zaar
Consonant system:
Number: 1474
Language: Polchi
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Zaar
Consonant system:
Number: 1475
Language: Geji
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Zaar
Consonant system:
Number: 1476
Language: Guruntum
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Zaar
Consonant system:
Number: 1477
Language: Ju
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Zaar
Consonant system:
Number: 1478
Language: Boghom
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Zaar
Consonant system:
Number: 1479
Language: Mangas
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Zaar
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: South
Grammar: Lydall, Jean. 1976. "Hamer," in NSLE, 393-438.
Consonant system:
p t k qʔ ʔ
b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɠ
ts č
ɡ̌
s š h
z
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ɠ qʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s z š h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̄ s m n l r ...
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Modified Vowels:
vowel harmony
Ḭ ɛ̰ æ̰ ʋ̰ ɔ̰ (v̰ = constricted pharynx and retracted tonɡue root; v = open pharynx and advanced tonɡue root)
Diphthongs: aj aw je jo ej oj we ow
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3
Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-POSS
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1481
Language: Ari
Location: SW Ethiopia (W Gemu Gofa)
Population: 32,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: South
Other Sources: E
Consonant system:
Syntax: SOV
Number: 1482
Language: Dime
Location: SW Ethiopia (NW Gemu Gofa)
Population: 2,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: South
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SOV
Number: 1483
Language: Dizi
Alternate Name: Maji
Location: SW Ethiopia (SW Kefa)
Population: 18,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Dizoid
Grammar: Allan, Edward J. 1976. "Dizi," in NSLE, 377-92.
Consonant system:
t tʔ k kʔ
b d ɡ
tsʔ č čʔ
ɡ̌
f s š h
β z ž
m n
l
r
Stops: b t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ
Affricates: tsʔ č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: β f s z š ž h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gonga: South
Grammar:
Cerulli, Enrico. 1951. La lingua caffina. Rome: Istituto per l'Oriente.
Fleming, Harold C. 1976. "Kefa (Gonga) Languages," in NSLE, 351-76.
Consonant system:
p (pʔ) t tʔ k k ʔ
b d ɡ
č čʔ
ɡ̌
f š h
m n
l
r
Stops: p (pʔ) b t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: f š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ all but ʔ h
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Tones: hi lo
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3mf 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1491
Language: Mocha
Alternate Name: Shekkacho
Location: SW Ethiopia (SC Ilubabor)
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gonga: South
Dictionary: Leslau, Wolf. 1959. A Dictionary of Moča (Southwestern Ethiopia). UCPL 18.
Other Sources: E
Consonant system:
p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
č čʔ
ɡ̌
s̪ š h
m n̪
l̪
Stops: p pʔ b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ k kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: s̪ š h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Modified Consonants: c̄ all but ʔ h
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ
Tones: hi lo fall
Syntax: SOV
Number: 1492
Language: Bosha
Location: Ethiopia
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gonga: South
Consonant system:
Number: 1493
Language: Anfillo
Alternate Name: Southern Mao
Location: W Ethiopia (N Ilubabor)
Population: 2,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gonga: Central
Other Sources: E
Consonant system:
Syntax: SOV
Number: 1494
Language: Naga
Location: Ethiopia
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gonga: North
Consonant system:
Number: 1495
Language: Guba
Location: Ethiopia
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gonga: North
Consonant system:
Number: 1496
Language: Boro
Alternate Name: Shinasha
Location: W Ethiopia (W Gojam)
Population: 4,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gonga: North
Other Sources: E
Consonant system:
Syntax: SOV
Number: 1497
Language: Amuru
Location: Ethiopia
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gonga: North
Consonant system:
Number: 1498
Language: Janjero
Alternate Name: Yemsa
Location: SW Ethiopia (S Gemu Gofa)
Population: 1,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gimojan: Janjero
Grammar: Cerulli, Enrico. 1938. Il linguaggio dei Giangerò ed alcune lingue sidama dell'Omo. Rome: Istituto per l' Oriente.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k qʔ ʔ
b d ḍʔ ɡ
č čʔ
ɡ̌
ɸ f s š χ h
z ʁ
m mʔ n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p pʔ b t tʔ d ḍʔ k ɡ qʔ ʔ
Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: ɸ f s z š χ ʁ h
Nasals: m mʔ n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ all ?
Glides: j jʔ w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Other Sources: Cerulli, Enrico. 1938. Il linguaggio dei Giangerò ed alcune lingue Sidama dell'Omo. Rome: Istituto per l'Oriente.
Consonant system:
t tʔ k kʔ ʔ
b d dʔ ɡ
tsʔ č čʔ
ɡ̌
f s š h
z ž
m n nʔ
l
r
Stops: b t tʔ d dʔ k kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: tsʔ č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s z š ž h
Nasals: m n nʔ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ all ?
Glides: j ʔj w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1503
Language: Basketo
Location: SW Ethiopia (C Gemu Gofa)
Population: 9,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gimojan: Ometo: West
Other Sources:
Cerulli, Enrico. 1938. Il linguaggio dei Giangerò ed alcune lingue Sidama dell'Omo. Rome: Istituto per l'Oriente.
E
Consonant system:
p t tʔ k kʔ
b bʔ d dʔ ɡ
tsʔ č čʔ
ɡ̌
f s š h
z
m mʔ n nʔ
l
r
Stops: p b bʔ t tʔ d dʔ k kʔ ɡ
Affricates: tsʔ č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s z š h
Nasals: m mʔ n nʔ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ all ?
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3mf 6
Syntax: SOV
Comments: SOV GN POSS-N
Number: 1504
Language: Male
Location: Ethiopia
Population: 12,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gimojan: Ometo: South
Other Sources: E
Consonant system:
Syntax: SOV
Number: 1505
Language: Oyda
Location: Ethiopia
Population: 3,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gimojan: Ometo: Central
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gimojan: Ometo: Central
Grammar: GD: Moreno, Martino Mario 1938. Introduzione alla lingua ometo. Rome: A. Mondadori.
Other Sources:
Ohman, Walter A., et al. 1976. "Three Other Ethiopian Languages," in LE.
LA
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ ʔ
b d ɗ̣ ɡ
tsʔ č čʔ
ɡ̌
f s sʔ š h
m n
l
r
Stops: p pʔ b t tʔ d ɗ̣ k kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: tsʔ č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s sʔ š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: diphthongs
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gimojan: Ometo: Central
Grammar: Allan, Edward J. 1976. "Kullo," in NSLE, 324-50.
Consonant system:
t tʔ k kʔ ʔ
b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɠ
ts tsʔ č
ɡ̌
f s š h
z
m n
l
r
Stops: b ɓ t tʔ d ɗ k kʔ ɡ ɠ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s z š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: (v̄)
Diphthongs: ai oi aw
Syllable: (C)(G)V(C) (no CGVC)
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3mf 6
politeness: 2 respectful
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1508
Language: Zayse
Location: SW Ethiopia (SE Gemu Gofa)
Population: 21,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gimojan: Ometo: East
Other Sources: Cerulli, Enrico. 1938. Il linguaggio dei Giangerò ed alcune lingue Sidama dell'Omo. Rome: Istituto per l'Oriente.
Consonant system:
p t k kʔ ʔ
b d dʔ ɡ
tsʔ č čʔ
ɸ f s š h
z ž
m n nʔ
l
r
Stops: p b t d dʔ k kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: tsʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: ɸ f s z š ž h
Nasals: m n nʔ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ all ?
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: ē ā ō
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV AN DN POSS-N
Number: 1509
Language: Zergulla
Location: Ethiopia
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gimojan: Ometo: East
Consonant system:
Number: 1510
Language: Ganjule
Location: Ethiopia
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gimojan: Ometo: East
Consonant system:
Number: 1511
Language: Gidiccho
Location: Ethiopia
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gimojan: Ometo: East
Consonant system:
Number: 1512
Language: Gatsame
Alternate Name: Kachama
Location: Ethiopia
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gimojan: Ometo: East
Other Sources: E
Consonant system:
Syntax: SOV
Number: 1513
Language: Koyra
Alternate Name: Koorete
Location: SW Ethiopia (W Sidamo)
Population: 5,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gimojan: Ometo: East
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Beja
Dictionary:
Reinisch, Leo. 1985. Wörterbuch der Bedauye-Sprache. Vienna.
Grammar:
GD: Roper, E. M. 1928. Tu Bedawiɛ. Hertford, England: Stephen Austin & Sons.
Hudson, Richard A. 1976. "Beja," in NSLE, 97-132.
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
t̪ ṭʔ k kʷ ʔ
b d̪ ḍ ɡ ɡʷ
ɡ̌
f s̪ šʔ (x) h
(z̪) (ɣ)
m n̪
l
r
Stops: b t̪ d̪ ṭʔ ḍ k kʷ ɡ ɡʷ ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s̪ (z̪) šʔ (x) (ɣ) h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Other Sources:
Hetzron, Robert. 1978. "The Nominal System of Awngi (Southern Agaw)," BSOAS 41, 121-41.
LA
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
ts č
dz ɡ̌
f s š χ
z ʁ
m n
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s z š χ ʁ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄
cʷ k ɡ χ ʁ ŋ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e (æ)
Central Vowels: (ɨ) a
Back Vowels: u o
Tones: hi mid lo fall
Stress: normally penult
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2 + ref
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
politeness: 2 & 3
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1516
Language: Xamir
Alternate Name: Khamir
Location: N Ethiopia (W Elo)
Population: 5,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Central
Consonant system:
Number: 1517
Language: Kemant
Alternate Name: Falasha, Qimant
Location: W Ethiopia (S Begemdir and Simen)
Population: 17,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Central
Grammar:
GD: Conti Rossini, Carlo. 1912. La langue des kemant en abyssinie. Vienna: Alfred Hölder.
Appleyard, D. L. 1975. "A Descriptive Outline of Kemant," BSOAS 38, 316-50.
Consonant system:
t (tʔ) k kʷ (kʔ)
b d ɡ ɡʷ
(č) (čʔ)
ɡ̌
f s š x xʷ
z ɣ ɣʷ
m n ŋ ŋʷ
l
ɾ
Stops: b t (tʔ) d k kʷ (kʔ) ɡ ɡʷ
Affricates: (č) (čʔ) ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s z š x xʷ ɣ ɣʷ
Nasals: m n ŋ ŋʷ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ a
Back Vowels: u o
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3mf 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1518
Language: Bilin
Alternate Name: Bilen
Location: NW Ethiopia (W Eritrea)
Population: 32,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Central
Other Sources:
Palmer, F. R. 1957. "The Verb in Bilin," BSOAS 19, 131-59.
Palmer, F. R. 1958. "The Noun in Bilin", BSOAS 21, 376-91.
LA
Consonant system:
t tʔ k kʷ kʔ kʔʷ q qʷ ʔ
b d ɡ ɡʷ
č čʔ
ɡ̌
m n ŋ ŋʷ
l
r
Stops: b t tʔ d k kʷ kʔ kʔʷ ɡ ɡʷ q qʷ ʔ
Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌
Nasals: m n ŋ ŋʷ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ a
Back Vowels: u o
Stress: Some, but not all, words have a prominent syllable [= hi pitch + stress]
Other Sources: Hudson, Grover. 1976. "Highland East Cushitic," in NSLE, 232-77.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ʔ
b (ɓ) d̪ ɗ̣ ɡ
č čʔ
ɡ̌
f s̪ š h
m n̪ (ñ)
l̪
r
Stops: p pʔ b (ɓ) t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ ɗ̣ k kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s̪ š h
Nasals: m n̪ (ñ)
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Noun
Number: s (p) (only a few plurals exist)
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3mf 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1521
Language: Sidamo
Location: SW Ethiopia (N Sidamo)
Population: 850,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern: Highland
Grammar:
GD: Moreno, Martino Mario. 1940. Manuale di Sidamo. Rome: A Mondadori.
Cerulli, Enrico. 1936. La lingua e la storia dei Sidamo. Rome: Istituto per l'Oriente.
Other Sources:
Hudson, Grover. 1976. "Highland East Cushitic," in NSLE, 232-77.
LA.
Consonant system:
pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɗ̣ ɡ
č čʔ
ɡ̌
f s̪ š h
m n̪
l̪
r ɾ̣
Stops: pʔ b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ ɗ̣ k kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s̪ š h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r ɾ̣
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Other Sources:
Cerulli, Enrico. 1936. La lingua e la storia dei Sidamo. Rome: Istituto per l'Oriente.
Hudson, Grover. 1976. "Highland East Cushitic," in NSLE, 232-77.
Consonant system:
pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɗ̣ ɡ
č čʔ
ɡ̌
f s̪ š h
m n̪
l̪
r ɾ̣
Stops: pʔ b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ ɗ̣ k kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s̪ š h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r ɾ̣
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Other Sources:
Bender, Marvin L. 1976. "Two Cushitic Languages," in LE.
Hudson, Grover. 1976. "Highland East Cushitic," in NSLE, 232-77.
Consonant system:
pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
č čʔ
ɡ̌
f s̪ š h
m n̪
l̪
r
Stops: pʔ b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ k kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s̪ š h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ all
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Other Sources: Greenberg, Joseph H. 1963. "The Mogogodo, a Forgotten Cushitic People," JAL 2, 29-43.
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
č
ɡ̌
s š h
z
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s z š h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄
Nc ?
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Consonant system:
p t tʔ k kʔ q ʔ
ɓ ɗ
č čʔ
m n ñ
l
r
Stops: p ɓ t tʔ ɗ k kʔ q ʔ
Affricates: č čʔ
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ all ?
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Other Sources:
Hayward, R. J. 1974. "The Segmental Phonemes of 'Afar,' " BSOAS 37, 385-406.
Morin, Didier. 1977. "Le nom en afar du sud," BSOAS 40, 354-70.
Consonant system:
t̪ k
b d̪ ɗ̣ ɡ
m n̪
l
ɾ
Stops: b t̪ d̪ ɗ̣ k ɡ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: ɐ
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: phonemic
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 4 (3 + very far) + ref
Articles: def
Other Sources:
Sasse, Hans-Jürgen. 1974. "Notes on the Structure of Galab," BSOAS 37, 407-38.
LA
Consonant system:
t k ʔ
b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɠ
č
ɡ̌
f s š h
ð
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ɠ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f ð s š h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: ɐ
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: Ī ɛ̄ ā ʋ̄ ɔ̄
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Diphthongs: iɛ uɔ
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Tones: hi lo hi-fall lo-ris
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Independent third-person pronouns do not exist in the subject paradigm. In case of ambiguity words like 'man,' 'woman,' 'wife,' 'girl,' 'people,' etc. are used.
Other Sources: Hayward, R. J. 1978-79. "Bayso Revisited: Some Preliminary Linguistic Observations - I & II," BSOAS 41: 539-70 & 42: 101-32.
Consonant system:
pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
tsʔ č čʔ
ɡ̌
f s š h
(z)
m (ʔm) n ʔn
l ʔl
ɾ ʔɾ
Stops: pʔ b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ k kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: tsʔ č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s (z) š h
Nasals: m (ʔm) n ʔn
Laterals: l ʔl
Vibrants: ɾ ʔɾ
Modified Consonants: v̄ all but h and cʔ
Glides: j w (ʔw)
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: (ṽ)
Noun
Number: s P p P=paucal (2-6)
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2 + ref
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3mf 6
Syntax: SOV NA/(AN [when no other modifier is present]) GN/NG DN N-NUM N-POSS D+N+Num+A
Other Sources:
Heine, Bernd. 1978. "The Sam Languages: A History of Rendille, Boni and Somali," AFL 6:2, 1-93.
Oomen, Antoinette. 1978. "Focus in the Rendille Clause," SAL 9, 35-65.
Consonant system:
t̪ k
b d̪ ḍ ɡ
č
m n̪
l
r
Stops: b t̪ d̪ ḍ k ɡ
Affricates: č
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all ?
Tones: hi mid lo
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3mf 6
Syntax: SOV NA NG/(GN) ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1537
Language: Somali
Location: Somalia
Population: 2 million
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern: Lowland: Omo-Tana
Dictionary:
Abraham, R. C. 1964. Somali-English Dictionary. London: Univ of London Press.
Abraham, R. C. 1967. English-Somali Dictionary. London: Univ of London Press.
Philibert, Christophe. 1976. Petit lexique somali-français. Paris: Klincksieck.
Grammar:
Kirk, J. W. C. 1905. A Grammar of the Somali Language. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press. [Reprented 1969 by Gregg International, Farnsborough, England]
Moreno, Martino Mario. 1955. Il somalo della Somalia. Rome: Istituto Poligrafico dello Stato.
Pia, John Joseph. 1965. Somali Sounds and Inflections. Bloomington: Indiana Univ Diss.
TextBooks:
Beli C. R. V. 1953. The Somali Language. London: Longmans, Green & Co.
Pia, J. Joseph, Paul D. Black and M. I. Samater. 1966. Beginning in Somali. Syracuse: Program of Eastern African Studies, Syracuse Univ.
Other Sources:
Armstrong, Lilias E. 1934. The Phonetic Structure of Somali. Berlin. [Reprinted 1964 by Gregg Press, Ridgewood, N.J.]
Consonant system:
t̪ k q ʔ
b d̪ ɗ̣ ɡ
ɡ̌
m n̪
l̪
r
Stops: b t̪ d̪ ɗ̣ k ɡ q ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ all but q ɡ̌ s χ ʕ h
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Diphthongs: ǝj ǝw
Other Sources: Sasse, Hans-Jürgen. 1979. "Entlehnung morphonemischer regeln im Boni," SUGIA 1, 93-108.
Consonant system:
t (tʔ) k (kʔ) ʔ
b (bʔ) d dʔ (ɟ) ɡ ɡʔ
č (čʔ)
ɡ̌
f s š h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: b (bʔ) t (tʔ) d dʔ (ɟ) k (kʔ) ɡ ɡʔ ʔ
Affricates: č (čʔ) ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s š h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels:
ṽ all
v̄̃ all (ã ã̄ only in loanwords)
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3mf 6
(verb suffixes)
Number: 1539
Language: Oromo
Location: WC Ethiopia (E Welega)
Population: 7 million
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern: Lowland: Oromoid
Dictionary: Foot, Edwin C. 1913. A Galla-English, English-Galla Dictionary. Cambridge. [Reprinted 1968 by Gregg Press, Ridgewood, N.J.]
Grammar:
Gragg, Gene. 1976. "Oromo of Wellegga," in NSLE, 166-95.
Bender, Marvin Lionel and Mulugeta Eteffa. 1976. "Galla," in LE, 130-48.
TextBooks:
Launhardt, Johannes. 1973. Guide to Learning the Oromo Language. Addis Ababa.
Other Sources:
Andrzejewski, B. W. 1957. "Some Preliminary Observations on the Borana Dialect of Galla," BSOAS 19, 354-74.
Bender, Marvin L., et al. 1976. "Two Cushitic Languages," in LE.
LA
Consonant system:
(p) pʔ t tʔ k k ʔ
b d ɗ̣ ɡ
č čʔ
ɡ̌
f s š (x) h
(v) (z)
m n ñ
l
r
Stops: (p) pʔ b t tʔ d ɗ̣ k kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: f (v) s (z) š (x) h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ all ?
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: ɐ
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Other Sources:
Elderkin, E. Derek. 1976. "Southern Cushitic," in NSLE, 279-97.
Heine, Bernd. 1978. "The Sam Languages: A History of Rendille, Boni and Somali," AFL 6:2, 1-93.
Tucker, A. N., M. A. Bryan and James Woodburn. 1977. "The East African Click Languages: A Phonetic Comparison," in Zur Sprachgeschicte und Ethnohistorie in Africa, ed. by W. Möhlig, F. Rottland and B. Heine, Berlin, Dietrich Reimer, 300-22.
Consonant system:
p pʔ mph t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ŋk ʔ
ɓ mb d̪ ɗ nd ɡ ŋɡ
ts tl tlh č
dz ɡ̌
f s ħ ɦ
β v ɣ ʕ
m n̪ ñ
l
r
Stops: p pʔ mph ɓ mb t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ ɗ nd k kʔ ŋk ɡ ŋɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts dz tl tlh č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f β v s ɣ ħ ʕ ɦ
Nasals: m n̪ ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Clicks: / n/ /ʔ
Modified Consonants:
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Other Sources: Elderkin, E. Derek. 1976. "Southern Cushitic," in NSLE, 279-97.
Consonant system:
t k ʔ
b d ɟ ɡ
f s š x h
β
m n
l
r
Stops: b t d ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: β f s š x h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄ n
Nc
Glides: w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Other Sources:
Whiteley, W. H. 1958. A Short Description of Item Categories in Iraqw. Kampala: East African Institute of Social Research.
Whiteley, W. H. 1960. "The Verbal Radical in Iraqw," ALS 1, 79-95.
Elderkin, E. Derek. 1976. "Southern Cushitic," in NSLE, 279-97.
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ q qʷ ʔ
b ɓ d (ɗ) ɡ ɡʷ
tsʔ tl
m n ŋ ŋʷ
l ɬ
r
Stops: p b ɓ t d (ɗ) k kʷ ɡ ɡʷ q qʷ ʔ
Affricates: tsʔ tl
Nasals: m n ŋ ŋʷ
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄ s
Nc ?
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: (ǝ) a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ū ō ɑ̄
К сожалению, здесь не отражено наличие трансфиксов.
Number: 1550
Language: Proto-Semitic
Location: Arabia
Population: c. 4,000 B.C.
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic
Grammar:
Gray, Louis H. 1934. Introduction of Semitic Comparative Linguistics. New York: Columbia Univ Press.
Moscati, Sabatino, et al. 1964. An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Consonant system:
p t k q ʔ
b d ɡ
m n
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ q ʔ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄
cɒ t θ ð s
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ai au
Syllable: CV(C)
Noun
Number: s d p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2mf 5d 5mf
3mf 6d 6mf
Syntax: N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1551
Language: Eblaic
Location: N Syria
Population: extinct
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic
Consonant system:
Number: 1552
Language: Akkadian
Location: E Iraq
Population: c. 2000 B.C.
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: East
Dictionary:
Gelb, I. J. 1957. Glossary of Old Akkadian. Chicago: Univ of Chicago Press.
Grammar:
Reiner, Erica. 1966. A Linguistic Analysis of Akkadian. The Hague: Mouton.
Castellino, G. R. 1970. Grammatica accadica introduttiva. Rome: Istituto di Studi del Vicino Oriente.
Lipin, L. A. 1973. The Akkadian Language. Moscow: Nauka.
Other Sources: Gelb, Ignace J. 1969. Sequential Reconstruction of Proto-Akkadian. Chicago: Univ of Chicago Press.
Consonant system:
p t k q ʔ
b d ɡ
s š x
z
m n
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ q ʔ
Fricatives: s z š x
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄
cɒ t s
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ai
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Aramaic
Dictionary: Drower, E. S and R. Macuch. 1963. A Mandaic Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Grammar: Macuch, Rudolf. 1965. Handbook of Classical and Modern Mandaic. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Other Sources: Yamauchi, Edwin M. 1967. Mandaic Incantation Texts. New Haven: American Oriental Society.
Consonant system:
p t k q
b d ɡ
(č)
(ɡ̌)
m n
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ q
Affricates: (č) (ɡ̌)
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄
cɒ t s
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e æ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all but æ ǝ
Diphthongs: ei eu ai ou oi au
Stress: non-phonemic (penult/antepenult)
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3mf *6mf
Syntax: SVO NA NG DN NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1556
Language: Assyrian
Dialect: Syriac
Location: NE Syria
Population: 500,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Aramaic
Dictionary:
Oraham, A. 1943. Assyrian-English Dictionary. Chicago.
Costaz, Louis. n.d. Dictionnaire syriaque-français New York: Altai Press.
Grammar:
GD: Garbell, Irene. 1965. The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Persian Azerbaijan. The Hague: Mouton.
Costaz, Louis. 1955. Grammaire syriaque. Beruit: Imprimérie Catholique.
Tsereteli, K. G.1964. Sovremennyj assirijskij jazyk. Moscow: Nauka.
Arsanis, G. V. 1968. "Sovremennyj assirijskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 489-507.
Jacobi, Heidi. 1973. Grammatik des thumischen Neuaramäisch. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.
Sara, Solomon I. 1974. A Description of Modern Chaldean. The Hague: Mouton.
TextBooks: Robinson, Theodore H. 1962. Paradigms and Exercises in Syriac Grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Other Sources:
Hetzron, Robert. 1969. "The Morphology of the Verb in Modern Syriac (Christian Colloquial of Urmi), JAOS 89, 112-27.
Solomon, Zomaya S. and Robert K. Headley, Sr. 1973. "The Phonology of Modern Spoken Syriac," AL 15, 136-47.
Consonant system:
ph th kh (q) ʔ
b d ɡ
č
ɡ̌
(f) θ s š x h
(v) ð z (ž) ɣ
m n
l
ɾ
Stops: ph b th d kh ɡ (q) ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) (v) θ ð s z š (ž) x ɣ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants:
c̄
cɒ t ð s l ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: (ǝ) a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ai au
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: North: Northwest
Grammar:
Lambert, Mayer. 1972. Traité de grammaire hébraı̈que. Hildesheim: H. A. Gerstenberg.
Blau, Joshua. 1976. A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
TextBooks: Davidson, A. B.1966. An Introductory Hebrew Grammar. Edinburgh: T. T. Clark.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k q ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
m n
l
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q ʔ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cɒ t s
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄
Diphthongs: aj aw
Stress: mostly final (sometimes penult)
Noun
Number: s d p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2mf 5mf
*3mf *6mf
Syntax: VSO NA NG ND NUM-N/(N-NUM [1]) N-POSS Num+N+A+D
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1559
Language: Hebrew
Location: Israel
Population: 2.5 million
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: North: Northwest
Dictionary: Sivan, Reuven and Edward A. Levenston. 1975. The New Bantam-Megiddo Hebrew & English Dictionary. New York: Bantam.
TextBooks:
Rosén, Haiim B. 1966. A Textbook of Israeli Hebrew. Chicago: Univ of Chicago Press.
Mansoor, Menahem. 1972. Modern Hebrew. Madison.
Harrison, R. K. n.d. Teach Yourself Hebrew. London: English Universities Press.
Other Sources: Chayen, M. J. 1973. The Phonetics of Modern Hebrew. The Hague: Mouton.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k (q) ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
t̪s
ʁ
m n̪
l
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ (q) ʔ
Affricates: t̪s
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ʁ
Modified Consonants: c̄ all but tɒ sɒ
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: (ǝ) a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Stress: mostly final (sometimes penult)
Noun
Number: s (d) p (dual only used for body parts and things which come in pairs)
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND NUM-N/(N-NUM [1]) N-POSS Num+N +A +D
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
Dictionary: Abcarius, J. John. 1974. English-Arabic Reader's Dictionary. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Grammar:
Blachère, Régis. 1958. Éléments de l'arabe classique. Paris: Maisoneuve et Larose.
Yushmanov, N. V. 1961. The Structure of the Arabic Language. Washigton, D.C.: CAL.
Bateson, Mary Catherine. 1967. Arabic Language Handbook. Wahington, D.C.: CAL.
Fischer, Wolfdietrich. 1972. Grammatik des klassischen Arabisch. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
TextBooks:
Ani, Salman H. al- and Jacob Y. Shammas. 1969. A Basic Course of Literary Arabic. Montreal: Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill Univ.
Tritton, Arthur S. 1970. Arabic. London: English Universities Press.
Bishai, Wilson B. 1971. Concise Grammar of Literary Arabic: A New Approach. Dubuque, IA: Kendall & Hunt.
Consonant system:
t̪ k q ʔ
b d̪
ɡ̌
m n
l
r
Stops: b t̪ d̪ k q ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄ all ?
cɒ t d ð s (z) (l)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: aj aw
Syllable: CV(C)
Stress: non-phonemic (last long syllable/initial)
Noun
Number: s d p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2mf 5d 5mf
3mf 6d 6mf
Syntax: VSO NA NG DN NUM-N/(N-NUM [1,2]) N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1564
Language: Eastern Arabic
Dialect: Saudi Arabian
Location: Saudi Arabia
Population: 50 million
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
Grammar: Schreiber, Giselher. 1970. Der arabische Dialekt von Mekka. Münster: Univ of Münster Diss.
Other Sources:
Ingham, Bruce. 1971. "Some Characteristics of Meccan Speech," BSOAS 34, 273-97.
Bakalla, M. H. 1973. The Phonology and Morphology of Meccan Arabic. London: Univ of London Diss.
E
Consonant system:
t̪ k (q) (ʔ)
b d̪ ɡ
ɡ̌
m n
l
r
Stops: b t̪ d̪ k ɡ (q) (ʔ)
Affricates: ɡ̌
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄ all
cɒ t d s z
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Syllable: CV(C)(C)
Stress: non-phonemic
Noun
Number: s d p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6
Syntax: VSO NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1565
Language: Eastern Arabic
Dialect: Palestinian
Location: Israel
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
Dictionary: Elihai, Yohanan. 1973. Dictionnaire de l'arabe parlé palestinien. Paris: Klincksieck.
Grammar: Driver, Godfrey Rolles. 1925. A Grammar of the Colloquial Arabic of Syria and Palestine. London: Probsthain and Co.
Consonant system:
t̪ k q ʔ
b d̪
ɡ̌
m n
l
r
Stops: b t̪ d̪ k q ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cɒ t d s z
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I ɛ æ
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Stress: non-phonemic
Noun
Number: s d p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG DN NUM-N/(N-NUM [1]) N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1566
Language: Eastern Arabic
Dialect: Gulf
Location: United Arab Emirates
Population: 50 million
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
Grammar: Qafisheh, Hamdi A. 1977. A Short Reference Grammar of Gulf Arabic. Tucson: Univ of Arizona Press.
TextBooks: Qafisheh, Hamdi A. 1975. A Basic Course in Gulf Arabic. Tucson: Univ of Arizona Press.
Consonant system:
(p) t̪ k q ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
č
ɡ̌
m n
l̪
ɾ
Stops: (p) b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants:
c̄
cɒ t ð s l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ (ɔ)
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ɔ̄
Diphthongs: iw ij aw āw aj āj uw
Syllable: (C)CV(C)(C) (no CCVCC)
Stress: non-phonemic
Noun
Number: s d p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG DN NUM-N/(N-NUM [1,2]) N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1567
Language: Eastern Arabic
Dialect: Iraqi
Location: Iraq
Population: 50 million ( 10 million)
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
Dictionary: Clarity, Beverly E., Karl Stowasser and Ronald G. Wolf, eds. 1964. A Dictionary of Iraqi: English-Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.
Grammar: Erwin, Wallace M. 1963. A Short Reference Grammar of Iraqi Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetwon Univ Press.
TextBooks: Erwin, Wallace M. 1969. A Basic Course in Iraqi Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.
Other Sources: Ani, Salman H. al-. 1970. Arabic Phonology. The Haque: Mouton.
Consonant system:
(p) t̪ k q ʔ
b d̪ (ɡ)
č
ɡ̌
m n̪
l̪
ɾ
Stops: (p) b t̪ d̪ k (ɡ) q ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants:
c̄ all
cɒ (p) (b) t (f) ð s (z) (m) (l)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I æ
Back Vowels: ʋ (o)
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Diphthongs: aj āj aw āw iw ēw
Syllable: (C)CV(C)(C)
Stress: non-phonemic (last long syllable/penult in 2-syllable words; antepenult in words of 3 or more syllables)
TextBooks: Kassab, Jean. 1970. Manuel du parler arabe moderne au moyen-orient. Paris: Paul Geuthner.
Consonant system:
t k (q) ʔ
b d
m n
l
r
Stops: b t d k (q) ʔ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄ all
cɒ t d s z
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ
Syllable: CV(C)
Stress: non-phonemic
Noun
Number: s d p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6
Syntax: VSO/SVO NA NG DN/ND NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1569
Language: Eastern Arabic
Dialect: Syrian
Location: Syria
Population: 50 million (7 million)
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
Dictionary: Stowasser, Karl and Moukhtar Ani. 1964. A Dictionary of Syrian Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.
Grammar:
Cowell, Mark W. 1964. A Reference Grammar of Syrian Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.
Grotzfeld, Heinz. 1965. Syrisch-arabische Grammatik. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
TextBooks:
Benedict, Warren C. and Ziad N. Kayyal. 1971. Levantine Arabic Basic Course, 4 vols. Beirut: Foreign Service Institute.
Ferguson, Charles A., et al. 1961. Damascus Arabic. Washington, D.C.: CAL.
Consonant system:
(p) t̪ k q ʔ
b d̪ (ɡ)
m n̪
l
r
Stops: (p) b t̪ d̪ k (ɡ) q ʔ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄ all
cɒ b t d s z m n
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I e æ
Central Vowels: (ǝ)
Back Vowels: ʋ o
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Stress: last long syllable; otherwise initial
Noun
Number: s d p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6
Syntax: VSO/SVO NA NG DN/ND NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1570
Language: Eastern Arabic
Dialect: Egyptian
Location: Egypt
Population: 50 million
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
Dictionary: Elias, Edward A. 1962. Practical Dictionary of the Colloquial Arabic of the Middle East. Cairo: Elias' Modern Press.
Grammar:
Tomiche, Nada. 1964. Le parler arabe du Caire. The Hague: Mouton.
Khalafallah, Abdelghany A. 1969. A Descriptive Grammar of Saɛi:di: Egyptian Colloquial Arabic. The Hague: Mouton.
Wise, Hilary. 1975. A Transformational Grammar of Spoken Egyptian Arabic. Oxford: Blackwell.
TextBooks:
Mitchell, T. F. 1962. Collloquial Arabic. London: English Universities Press.
Harrell, Richard S., Laila Y. Tewfik and George D. Selim. 1963. Lessons in Colloquial Egyptian Arabic. Washigton, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.
Other Sources: Harrel, Richard S. 1957. The Phonelogy of Colloquial Egyptian Arabic. New York: American Council of Learned Societies.
Consonant system:
t̪ k q ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
m n̪
l̪
ɾ
Stops: b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q ʔ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants:
c̄ all
cɒ t d s z
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I (e) (æ)
Back Vowels: ʋ (o) ɑ
Long Vowels: ī ē ǣ ū ō ɑ̄
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
Grammar: Tsiapera, Maria. 1964. A Descriptive Analysis of Cypriot Maronite Arabic. The Hague: Mouton.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
č
ɡ̌
m n̪
l̪
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
cj p k v z n l
cɒ t ð s
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Noun
Number: s (d) p
Gender: m f
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6
Syntax: SVO NA N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1572
Language: Eastern Arabic
Dialect: Chad
Location: Chad
Population: 50 million
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
Dictionary: Roth-Laly, Arlette. 1969-72. Lexique des parlers arabes tchado-soudanais, 4 vols. Paris: CNRS.
Grammar: Hagège, Claude. 1973. Profil d'un parler arabe du Tchad. Paris: Paul Geuthner.
TextBooks: Abu Absi, Samir and Andre Sinaud. 1968. Basic Chad Arabic. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Consonant system:
t c k ʔ
b d ɗ ɟ ɡ ɠ
f s š χ h
z
m n ñ
l
r
Stops: b t d ɗ c ɟ k ɡ ɠ ʔ
Fricatives: f s z š χ h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ ɟ f r only
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i (e)
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Long Vowels: ī ē ɨ̄ ā ū
Noun
Number: s (d) p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND NUM-N/(N-NUM [1,2]) N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1573
Language: Western Arabic
Dialect: Tunisian
Location: Tunisia
Population: 50 million
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
Dictionary: Nicolas, A. 1938. Dictionnaire arabe-français. Idiome tunisien. Tunis: C. Abella.
TextBooks: Inglefield, Patrick L., Kacem Ben-Hamza and Toufik Abida. 1970. Tunisian Arabic Basic Course, 2 vols. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Other Sources: Maamouri, Mohamed. 1967. The Phonology of Tunisian Arabic. Ithaca: Cornell Univ Diss.
Consonant system:
t k q
b d ɡ
m n
l
r
Stops: b t d k ɡ q
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄
cɒ b t d ð s m l r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I
Central Vowels: ǝ
Back Vowels: ʋ
Long Vowels: ī ǣ ū
Stress: non-phonemic (final/penult)
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3mf 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG DN NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1574
Language: Western Arabic
Dialect: Algerian
Location: Algeria
Population: 50 million
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
Dictionary: Belkhassem, Ben Sédira. 1954. Dictionnaire français-arabe de la langue parlé en Algérie. Algiers.
Grammar: Grand'henry, Jacques. 1976. Les parlers arabes de la région du mzab. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
TextBooks: Tapiéro, Norbert. 1971. Manuel d'arabe algérien moderne. Paris: Klincksieck.
Consonant system:
t̪ k q (ʔ)
b d̪ ɡ
ɡ̌
m n̪
l
r
Stops: b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q (ʔ)
Affricates: ɡ̌
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄
cɒ t d s z l r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: (ǝ) a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ej ou
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
Dictionary:
Harrell, Richard S., ed. 1966. A Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic: Arabic-English. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.
Sobelman, Harvey and Richard S. Harrell, eds. 1963. A Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic: English-Moroccan. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.
Grammar:
Harrell, Richard S. 1962. A Short Reference Grammar of Moroccan Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.
Marçais, P. 1977. Esquisse grammaticale de l'arabe maghrébin. Paris: Maisonneuve.
TextBooks:
Harrell, Richard S. 1965. A Basic Course in Moroccan Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.
Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. 1973. An Introduction to Moroccan Arabic. Ann Arbor: Center for Near Eastern and North African Studies.
Consonant system:
(p) t̪ k q ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
m n̪
l̪
ɾ
Stops: (p) b t̪̪ d̪ k ɡ q ʔ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants:
c̄ all but z
cɒ t d s ɾ (b z m l)
cʷ b k ɡ q f χ ʁ m
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: e
Central Vowels: ɐ
Back Vowels: o
Long Vowels: ī ā ū
Diphthongs: aj aw ej ew
Stress: non-phonemic (final/penult)
Noun
Number: s (d) p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6
Syntax: SVO/(VSO) NA NG DN NUM-N N-POSS D+N+A
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1576
Language: Western Arabic
Dialect: Mauritanian
Location: Mauritania
Population: 50 million
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
Grammar: Cohen, David. 1963. Le dialecte arabe hassaniya de Mauritanie. Paris: Klincksieck.
TextBooks: Leriche, A. 1952. Cours de langue maure. Saint Louis: IFAN.
Consonant system:
t̪ c k qɒ ʔ
b d̪ ɟ ɡ
m n̪ ñ
l̪
r
Stops: b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ qɒ ʔ
Nasals: m n̪ ñ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄
cɒ t d q ð s z l r (b ɡ f m n)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I
Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ
Back Vowels: ʋ
Long Vowels: ī ā ū
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C)
Stress: non-phonemic
Noun
Number: s d p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2 + ref
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf
Syntax: SVO NA NG DN NUM-N N-POSS
Number: 1577
Language: Maltese
Location: Malta
Population: 50 million (325,000)
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
Dictionary: Busuttil, Edgar D. 1941. Kalepin (dizjunarju) malti-ingliz. Valletta, Malta: St. Joseph Institute.
Grammar: Aquilina, Joseph. 1959. The Structure of Maltese. Malta: Royal Univ of Malta.
Other Sources:
Borg, Alexander. 1973. "The Segmental Phonemes of Maltese," Linguistics 109, 5-11.
Fenech, Edward. 1978. Contemporary Journalistic Maltese. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
ts č
dz ɡ̌
m n̪
l
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ all but v
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ie ew iw ej aj aw
Stress: non-phonemic
Noun
Number: s (d) p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def (indef)
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3mf 6
Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG DN NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1578
Language: Epigraphic South Arabian
Location: Yemen
Population: extinct
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South
Consonant system:
Number: 1579
Language: South Arabian
Dialect: Shahari
Location: S Oman
Population: 426,000 (5,000)
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South
Other Sources: Johnstone, T. M. 1975. " The Modern South Arabian Languages," AFL 1, 93-121.
Consonant system:
t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
ɡ̌
f θ s̪ s̪ʔ š sʔ
ð ðʔ z̪
m n
l ʔl ɬ
ɮ
r ʔr
Stops: b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: f θ ð ʔð s̪ s̪ʔ z̪ š sʔ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ʔl ɬ ɮ
Vibrants: r ʔr
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all ?
Noun
Number: s (d) p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2mf 5d 5mf
3mf 6d 6mf
Syntax: NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1580
Language: South Arabian
Dialect: Harsusi
Location: South Yemen
Population: 426,000 (400,000)
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South
Dictionary: Johnstone, T. M. 1977. Harsusi Lexicon. London: Oxford Univ Press.
Other Sources: Johnstone, T. M. 1975. "The Modern South Arabian Languages," AFL 1, 93-121.
Consonant system:
t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
ɡ̌
f θ s̪ s̪ʔ š šʔ
ð ʔð z̪
m n
l ʔl ɬ
ɮ
r ʔr
Stops: b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: f θ ð ʔð s̪ s̪ʔ z̪ š šʔ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ʔl ɬ ɮ
Vibrants: r ʔr
Glides: j w
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Diphthongs: aj aw ej ew ēw īw ōj ūj
Noun
Number: s (d) p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2mf 5d 5mf
3mf 6d 6mf
Syntax: NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1581
Language: Geez
Location: N Ethiopia
Population: extinct
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: North
Other Sources:
Bender, Marvin L. 1976. "Two Ethio-Semitic Languages," in LE.
LA
Consonant system:
p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ ʔ
b d̪ d̪ʔ ɡ ɡʷ
f s̪ s̪ʔ
m n̪
l̪
r
Stops: p pʔ b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ d̪ʔ k kʔ ɡ kʷ kʔʷ ɡʷ ʔ
Fricatives: f s̪ s̪ʔ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ all but cʔ ʔ h
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ ?
Stress: penult
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf
Syntax: VSO AN/NA NG N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Comments: Geez is still used as a liturgical language by the Orthodox church.
Number: 1582
Language: Tigre
Dialect: Mensa
Location: NW Eritrea
Population: 117,000
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: North
Dictionary:
Da Milano, Prospero Maria. 1936. Vocabulario pratico: italiano-tigray-amarico. Milan: Genio.
Littman, Enno and Maria Höfner. 1962 Wörterbuch der Tigrè-Sprache: Tigrè-Deutsch-Englisch. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.
Grammar:
Leslau, Wolf. 1945. "Grammatical Sketches in Tigré (North Ethiopic), Dialect of Mensa," JAOS 65, 164-203.
TextBooks: Camperio, Manfredo. 1936. Manuale pratico della lingua tigrè con due dizionarietti. Milan: V. Hoepli.
Other Sources: Palmer, Frank R. 1962. The Morphology of the Tigre Noun. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, Univ of London.
Consonant system:
pʔ t tʔ k qʔ ʔ
b d ɡ
č čʔ
ɡ̌
f s sʔ
m n ñ
l
r
Stops: pʔ b t tʔ d k ɡ qʔ ʔ
Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s sʔ
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e æ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Stress: VH
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf
Syntax: SOV AN/NA NG DN/ND NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1583
Language: Tigrinya
Location: N Ethiopia (W Tigre)
Population: 5.1 million
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: North
Dictionary: Bassano, Francesco de. 1918. Vocabolario tigray-italiano e repertorio italiano-tigray. Rome: C. de Luigi.
Grammar: Leslau, Wolf. 1941. Documents tigrigna. Paris: Klincksieck.
TextBooks: Conti Rossini, Carlo. 1940. Lingua tigrina. Milan: Mondadori.
Other Sources: Bender, Marvin L., et al. 1976. "Two Ethio-Semitic Languages," in LE, 99-199.
Consonant system:
(pʔ) t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ ɡʷ
(č) (čʔ)
(ɡ̌)
f s̪ s̪ʔ
m n̪ (ñ)
l̪
r
Stops: (pʔ) b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ k kʔ ɡ kʷ kʔʷ ɡʷ ʔ
Affricates: (č) (čʔ) (ɡ̌)
Fricatives: f s̪ s̪ʔ
Nasals: m n̪ (ñ)
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄ all but ʔ ħ ʕ h
cʷ k kʔ ɡ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Diphthongs: æj ɑj aj æw ɑw oj
Noun
Number: s d
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf
Syntax: SOV AN GN/NG DN/(ND) NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP/(POST)
Number: 1584
Language: Amharic
Location: NC Ethiopia
Population: 8 million
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Transversal
Dictionary: Leslau, Wolf. 1976. Concise Amharic Dictionary. Berkeley: Univ of California Press.
Grammar:
Leslau, Wolf. 1969. An Amharic Reference Grammar. Los Angeles: Dept. of Near Eastern and African Languages, UCLA.
Cohen, Marcel. 1970. Traité de langue amharique. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie.
TextBooks: Leslau, Wolf. 1968. Amharic Textbook. Berkeley: Univ of California Press.
Consonant system:
(p) (pʔ) t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
č čʔ
ɡ̌
f s̪ (s̪ʔ) š h
z̪ ž
m n̪ ñ
l
ɾ
Stops: (p) (pʔ) b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ k kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s̪ (s̪ʔ) z̪ š ž h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants:
c̄ all but ʔ h
cʷ all (k kʔ ɡ most common)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Stress: non-phonemic
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f (sg only)
Demonstratives: 2 + ref
Articles: def ( indef)
Pronouns:
1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf
politeness: 2 pol & 3 pol
Language: East Gurage
Alternate Name: Silt'e
Dialect: Harari
Location: EC Ethiopia (NW Harerge)
Population: 35,000 (13,000)
Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Transversal
Grammar:
Cohen, Marcel. 1931. Études d'éthiopien méridional. Paris: Paul Geuthner.
Cerulli, Enrico. 1936. La lingua e la storia di Harar. Rome: Istituto per l'Oriente.
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
t tʔ k qʔ ʔ
b d ɡ
č čʔ
ɡ̌
f s š χ h
z
m n ñ
l
r
Stops: b t tʔ d k ɡ qʔ ʔ
Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s z š χ h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Diphthongs: ie uo
Stress: penult
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def (indef)
Consonant system:
(pʔ) t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ
b bʷ d̪ ɡ ɡʷ
č čʔ
ɡ̌
f s̪ s̪ʔ š x h hʷ
z̪ ž
m n ñ
l
r
Stops: (pʔ) b bʷ t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ k kʔ ɡ kʷ kʔʷ ɡʷ
Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s̪ s̪ʔ z̪ š ž x h hʷ
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Diphthongs: æj aj ǝj oj æw aw
Consonant system:
p t̪ t̪ʔ k qʔ
b d̪ ɡ
č čʔ
ɡ̌
f s̪ š ç
z̪ ž
m n̪ ñ
l
r
Stops: p b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ k ɡ qʔ
Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s̪ z̪ š ž ç
Nasals: m n̪ ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ all ?
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ
Stress: non-phonemic
Consonant system:
ph pʔ t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ k kh kʔ
b d̪ ɡ
č čʔ
ɡ̌
f s̪ š ç x
z̪ ž
m n̪
(l̪)
r
Stops: ph pʔ b t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ k kh kʔ ɡ
Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s̪ z̪ š ž ç x
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: (l̪)
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄
cʷ p b k kʔ ɡ f x m cj k kʔ ɡ (t)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ ɐ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ ?
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C)
Stress: penult
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def (indef)