Здесь представлены краткие справки по фонетике и грамматике языков
Аустрической макросемьи,
взятые с проекта глобальной этимологической базы данных "Вавилонская башня" Сергея Старостина.
Эти сведения будут затем размещаться в каждом праязыковом этимологическом словнике.
Всего здесь представлено X аустрических языковых систем, распределённых по 4 семьям и 2 ветвям:
Типологические обзоры языков мяо-яоской семьи (Miao-Yao)
Типологические обзоры языков австроазиатской семьи (Austroasiatic) с праавстроазиатским
Типологические обзоры языков даической семьи (Daic)
Типологические обзоры языков австронезийской семьи (Austronesian)
Здесь австронезийские языки относятся к австро-тайской надветви,
но в даических (паратайских) языках это, почему-то, не указано.
Мяо-яо
и австроазиатские тоже предполлагаются принадлежащими к мяо-австроазиатской
ветви (здесь это не указано).
Типологические обзоры языков мяо-яоской семьи
Number: 2352
Language: Miao
Alternate Name: Hmong
Location: Thailand
Population: 4 million
Classification: Austric: Miao-Yao: Miao
Other Sources: Smalley, William A. 1976. "The Problems of Consonants and Tone: Hmong (Meo, Miao)," PL C43, 85-??
Consonant system:
p ph t̪ t̪h ʔt̪h c ch k kh q qh ʔ
pl plh t̪l t̪lh t̪s t̪sh č čh
f s̪ ṣ̌ šj h
v ẓ̌
m ml n̪ ñ
m̥ m̥l n̪̥ ñ̥
l̪
l̪̥
ṛ
ṛ̥
Stops: p ph t̪ t̪h ʔt̪h c ch k kh q qh ʔ
Affricates: pl plh t̪l t̪lh t̪s t̪sh č čh
Fricatives: f v s̪ ṣ̌ ẓ̌ šj h
Nasals: m m̥ ml m̥l n̪ n̪̥ ñ ñ̥
Laterals: l̪ l̪̥
Vibrants: ṛ ṛ̥
Modified Consonants: Nc ph b th d ch ɟ kh ɡ qh G pl plh ts tsh č čh ṛ ṛ̥
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ ɨ a o ɔ
Diphthongs: ai iǝ ǝɨ uǝ ɔw
Consonant system:
p ph t th (ṭ) c k kh kʷ (q) ʔ
(č)
(ṣ) h
m m̥ n n̥ ŋ
l l̥
r r̥
Stops: p ph t th (ṭ) c k kh kʷ (q) ʔ
Affricates: (č)
Fricatives: (ṣ) h
Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ŋ
Laterals: l l̥
Vibrants: r r̥
Modified Consonants:
cj p t c ph ch m n
Nc ?
Glides: j j̥ w w̥
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: ai au aɨ ɑi ɑu ɑɨ
Language: Miao
Alternate Name: Hmong
Dialect: Black
Location: S China (SE Kweichow)
Population: 4 million
Classification: Austric: Miao-Yao: Miao
Other Sources: AL 7:4
Consonant system:
p ph t th k kh q qh ʔ
č čh
f fh v s sh š šh x ɣ h
m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ
l ɬ ɬh
Stops: p ph t th k kh q qh ʔ
Affricates: č čh
Fricatives: f fh v s sh š šh x ɣ h
Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ
Laterals: l ɬ ɬh
Modified Consonants: cj p ph t th ɬ ɬh l
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Tones: hi-lev hi-ris hi-mid-lev mid-lev lo-mid-lev lo-lev lo-ris fall
Number: 2355
Language: Miao
Alternate Name: Hmong
Dialect: Red
Location: S China (W Hunan)
Population: 4 million
Classification: Austric: Miao-Yao: Miao
Other Sources: AL 7:4
Consonant system:
p ph t th c ch k kh q qh
ṭs ṭsh
ṣ ẓ ṣ̌ h ɦ
m n ñ ŋ
l l̥
Stops: p ph t th c ch k kh q qh
Affricates: ṭs ṭsh
Fricatives: ṣ ẓ ṣ̌ h ɦ
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l l̥
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Tones: hi-lev hi-fall mid-ris mid-fall lo-ris
Syntax: SVO AN/NA ND NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2356
Language: Miao
Alternate Name: Hmong
Dialect: White
Other Sources: Downer, G. B. 1967. "Tone Change and Tone-Shift in White Miao," BSOAS 30, 589-99.
Consonant system:
p ph t̪ t̪h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭh c ch k khq qh
pl plh ts tsh č čh
f v s z š ç j ̂ χ
m m̥ ml m̥l n̪ n̪̥ ñ ñ̥
l l̥ ḷ ḷ̥
Stops: p ph t̪ t̪h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭh c ch k kh q qh
Affricates: pl plh ts tsh č čh
Fricatives: f v s z š ç j ̂ χ
Nasals: m m̥ ml m̥l n̪ n̪̥ ñ ñ̥
Laterals: l l̥ ḷ ḷ̥
Modified Consonants: Nc p ph t th ṭ ṭh c ch k kh q qh pl plh ts tsh č čh
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ: e o
Diphthongs: ai ia aɯ au ua
Other Sources: Mao Tsung-wu and Chou Tsu-yao. 1972. "A Brief Description of the Yao Language," in MYLS, 239-55.
Consonant system:
p ph t th ṭ ṭh k kh q qh (ʔ)
pl plh tl̥ tl̥hts tsh ṭ̣s ṭsh č čh
f v s ṣ ẓ š ž h
m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ
l l̥
Stops: p ph t th ṭ ṭh k kh q qh (ʔ)
Affricates: pl plh tl̥ tl̥h ts tsh ṭs ṭsh č čh
Fricatives: f v s ṣ ẓ š ž h
Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ
Laterals: l l̥
Modified Consonants: Nc p ph pl plh ts tsh t th ṭ ṭh ṭ̣̣s ṭsh č čh k kh q qh
Glides: (w)
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: (ǝ) a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs:
ua ai eɯ au ou (ie ue ei ia)
(uei uai iau iou)
Tones: hi-mid-fall mid-fall hi-lev lo-mid-fall hi-mid-lev lo-ris mid-lev lo-mid-ris
Demonstratives: 8 (this/that/that above/that below/that to the side & not seen/that far to the side & not seen/that in front/that inside) + ref
Syntax: SVO NA GN ND NUM-N POSS-N Num+N+A+D
Prep/Post: PREP
Comments:
Dialect differences in phonology:
(1) Some dialects lack prenasalized obstruents.
(2) Some dialects lack uvular consonants (q qh).
(3) Some dialects have preglottalized nasals, laterals, glides and z.
(4) Some dialects have nasal vowels.
(5) The number of tones in Miao dialects ranges from 4 to 11.
(6) Some dialects have additional vowel phonemes: ɛ ɔ ɵ ɣ ɨ ɯ y.
Other Sources: Mao Tsung-wu and Chou Tsu-yao. 1972. "A Brief Description of the Yao Language," in MYLS, 239-55.
Consonant system:
p ph t th k kh
ʔb
pl plh ts tsh
ʔbl
f θ h
m ml n ŋ
m̥ n̥
l ɬ
Stops: p ph ʔb t th k kh
Affricates: pl plh ʔbl ts tsh
Fricatives: f θ h
Nasals: m m̥ ml n n̥ ŋ
Laterals: l ɬ
Modified Consonants:
cj k kh ŋ ŋ̥ h
cʷ k kh ŋ h
Glides: j ɥ w
Vowel system:
i (ɨ) u
ɛ (ǝ) o
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: (ɨ) (ǝ) a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: ī ɛ̄ ā ū ɔ̄
Nasal Vowels:
ɛ̃ ã ũ õ
ı̃̄ ɛ̃̄ ã̄ ũ̄ ȭ
Diphthongs:
ie uǝ ai oi ui iu ɛu au ou
iẽ ẽi ãi õi ũi iũ ɛ̃u ãu
uǝi ieu
Other Sources:
Mao Tsung-wu and Chou Tsu-yao. 1972. "A Brief Description of the Yao Language," in MYLS, 239-55.
Haudricourt, A. G. 1969. "Occlusives latérales dans le sud-est asiatique," BSLP 64, 221-32.
Consonant system:
p ph t th ṭ ṭh c ch k kh
ts tsh tl tlh
f v θ ṣ ẓ z̥̣ ɣ h
m m̥ n n̥ ṇ ṇ̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥
l l̥
Stops: p ph t th ṭ ṭh c ch k kh
Affricates: ts tsh tl tlh
Fricatives: f v θ ṣ ẓ z̥̣ ɣ h
Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ṇ ṇ̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥
Laterals: l l̥
Modified Consonants: Nc p ph t th ṭ ṭh c ch k kh ts tsh tl tlh cʷ k kh ŋk ŋkh ŋ ŋ̥ h
Glides: j j̥ w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɤ
Diphthongs:
ei ai oi au ɤu ua ia
iau
Tones: mid-lev lo-ris hi-lev lo-mid-ris-fall hi-mid-fall-to-2 lo-mid-lev hi-mid-fall-to-1 lo-mid-fall
Demonstratives: 4 (proximate/medial/distant/that distant and not visible) + ref
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND POSS-N
Number: 2361
Language: Mien
Alternate Name: Yao
Location: N Thailand (Chiengrai)
Population: 1 million
Classification: Austric: Miao-Yao: Yao
Dictionary: Lombard, Sylvia J. 1968. Yao-English Dictionary. Ithaca: Dept of Asian Studies, Cornell Univ.
Other Sources:
Downer, G. B. 1961. "Phonology of the Word in Highland Yao," BSOAS 24, 531-41.
Purnell, Herbert Charles, Jr. 1965. Phonology of a Yao Dialect Spoken in the Province of Chiengrai, Thailand. HSL 15.
Callaway, Lois and C. W. Callaway. 1976. "Mien (Yao)," PL C43, 221-37.
Consonant system:
p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ ʔ
t̪s t̪sh d̪z č čh ɡ̌
f s̪ h
m m̥ n̪ n̪̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥
l l̥
Stops: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ ʔ
Affricates: t̪s t̪sh d̪z č čh ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s̪ h
Nasals: m m̥ n̪ n̪̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥
Laterals: l l̥
Modified Consonants:
cj
cʷ
Glides: j j̥ w w̥
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e æ
Central Vowels: (ǝ) a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ a only
Diphthongs: iǝ uǝ
Language: Mien
Alternate Name: Yao
Dialect: P'u K'amteng
Location: NW Laos
Population: 1 million
Classification: Austric: Miao-Yao: Yao
Other Sources: AL 7:4
Consonant system:
p ph t th k kh ʔ
ts tsh
f s h
m m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̥
l l̥
Stops: p ph t th k kh ʔ
Affricates: ts tsh
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̥
Laterals: l l̥
Modified Consonants: cj = k kh n n̥
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: (ɨ) (ǝ) a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: ā
Language: Mien
Alternate Name: Yao
Dialect: Pa-P'ai
Location: S China (NE Kwangtung)
Population: 1 million
Classification: Austric: Miao-Yao: Yao
Other Sources: AL 7:4
Consonant system:
p b t d ḍ c k ɡ ʔ
f v š h
m n ṇ ñ ŋ
l
Stops: p b t d ḍ c k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: f v š h
Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Syllable: mˈ Nˈ
Tones: hi-lev hi-fall mid-lev mid-fall lo-lev
Number: 2364
Language: Mien
Alternate Name: Yao
Dialect: Kwangsi
Location: S China (Kwangsi)
Population: 1 million (326,000)
Classification: Austric: Miao-Yao: Yao
Other Sources: Mao Tsung-wu and Chou Tsu-yao. 1972. "A Brief Description of the Yao Language," in MYLS, 239-55.
Consonant system:
p ph b t th d k kh ɡ (ʔ) (ıIt is highly likely that there were no native aspirated initials in Mien.ı p. 240
ts tsh dz č čh ɡ̌
f s š h
m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥
l ɬ
Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ (ʔ) (ıIt is highly likely that there were no native aspirated initials in Mien.ı p. 240
Affricates: ts tsh dz č čh ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s š h
Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥
Laterals: l ɬ
Modified Consonants:
cj p ph b m m̥ f ts tsh dz s t th d n n̥ l ɬ
cʷ p ph b m m̥ f ts tsh dz s t th d l ɬ č čh ɡ̌ ñ ñ̥ š k kh ɡ ŋ h
cjʷ k kh ɡ h
Glides: j ɥ w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: (ɨ) (ǝ) a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄
Diphthongs: ei ai ɔi ui iu eu au ou
Типологические обзоры языков австроазиатской семьи
Number: 2365
Language: Proto-Austroasiatic
Location: SE Asia
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic
Other Sources:
Benedict, Paul K. 1975. "Austro-Thai and Austroasiatic," in Austro-Thai: Language and Culture, by Paul K. Benedict, 464-90. [Also in AAS 1, 1-36.]
Pinnow, H. J. 1965. "Personal Pronouns in the Austroasiatic Languages: A Historical Study," Lingua 14, 3-42.
Consonant system:
p b mb t d c ɟ k ɡ q G ʔ
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b mb t d c ɟ k ɡ q G ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SVO
Number: 2366
Language: Korku
Location: C India (NW Madhya Pradesh)
Population: 284,000
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Munda: North
Other Sources:
Zide, N. H. 1960. Korku Phonology and Morphophonemics. Philadelphia: Univ of Pennsylvania Diss.
Zide. Norman H. 1979. "Korku Syllables and Syllable Stress," PL C45, 161-86.
AL 8:4
WALS
Consonant system:
p ph t th c ch k kh ʔ
b b̤ d d̤ ɟ ɟ̤ ɡ ɡ̤
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r ɾ̣
Stops: p b ph b̤ t th d d̤ c ch ɟ ɟ̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r ɾ̣
Glides: j w w̃
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Tones: hi lo
Stress: phonemic
Syntax: SOV
Number: 2367
Language: Santali
Location: NE India (Assam)
Population: 3.7 million
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Munda: North: Kherwari: Santali
Dictionary: Bodding, P. O. 1929-36. A Santal Dictionary, 5 vols. Oslo: Jacob Dybwad.
Other Sources:
Sebeok, Thomas A. 1943. "Phonemic System of Santali," JAOS 63, 66-7.
AL 8:4
Consonant system:
p ph b b̤ t̪ t̪h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍ̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤
č ɡ̌ čh ɡ̤̌
v s̪ h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l̪
r ṛ
Stops: p ph b b̤ t̪ t̪h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍ̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤
Affricates: č ɡ̌ čh ɡ̤̌
Fricatives: v s̪ h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r ṛ
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Other Sources:
Gumperz, John J. 1957. "Notes on the Phonology of Mundari," IL 17, 6-15.
Stampe, David L. 1966. "Abstracts and Translations," IJAL 32, 74-80.
AL 8:4
Consonant system:
p ph b b̤ t̪ t̪h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭh ḍ d̤̣ k kh ɡ ɡ̤ (ʔ)
č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
s h
m n̪ ṇ
l̪ ḷ
r
Stops: p ph b b̤ t̪ t̪h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍ̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤ (ʔ)
Affricates: č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n̪ ṇ
Laterals: l̪ ḷ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ o
Nasal Vowels: (ṽ)
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Diphthongs: ai ui oi ae oe au ou oa ua ia ea eo
Other Sources: Sinha, N. K. 1974. Mundari Phonetic Reader. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.
Consonant system:
p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ (ʔ)
č ɡ̌
s h
m n ŋ ṇ
l
r (ɾ̣)
Stops: p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ (ʔ)
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ ṇ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r (ɾ̣)
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: (ǝ) ɐ
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ū ō ɑ̄
Diphthongs: ae ai ao au ea eo ia iu oa oe ui ua
Stress: non-phonemic
Syntax: SOV
Number: 2371
Language: Ho
Location: NE India (Bihar)
Population: 800,000
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Munda: North: Kherwari: Mundari
Grammar: Denney, J. n.d. Ho Grammar and Vocabulary. Chaibasa, Bihar: Xavier Ho Publications.
Consonant system:
p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ
č ɡ̌
s̪ h
m n̪ ṇ ñ ŋ
l̪
r ṛ
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s̪ h
Nasals: m n̪ ṇ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r ṛ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels:
ṽ all
v̄̃ all
Modified Vowels:
vowel harmony
v̰ (=glottalized=vʔv) all
ṽ̰ all
Stress: VH
Consonant system:
p ph b b̤ t̪ t̪h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭh ḍ d̤̣ k kh ɡ ɡ̤
č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
s ɦ
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ ɾ̣
Stops: p ph b b̤ t̪ t̪h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭh ḍ d̤̣ k kh ɡ ɡ̤
Affricates: č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
Fricatives: s ɦ
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ ɾ̣
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Noun
Number: s d p (anim only)
Gender: a i
Demonstratives: 4: 3 + that invisible
Articles: indef
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
*3 *6d *6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS(kinship terms, body parts) D+Num+A+N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 2376
Language: Juang
Dialect: Phulbadi
Location: E India (Orissa)
Population: 17,000
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Munda: South: Central
Grammar: Matson, D. M. 1964. A Grammarical Sketch of Juang. Madison: Univ of Wisconsin Diss.
Consonant system:
p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ
č ɡ̌
s
m n ṇ ñ ŋ
l ḷ
r
Stops: p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s
Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l ḷ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Number: 2377
Language: Juang
Dialect: Suakati
Location: E India (Orissa)
Population: 17,000
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Munda: South: Central
Other Sources:
Pinnow, H. J. 1966. "Abstracts and Translations," IJAL 32, 76.
AL 8:4
Consonant system:
p ph b b̤ t th d d̤ ṭ ṭh ḍ d̤̣ k kh ɡ ɡ̤
č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
s h
m n ṇ ñ ŋ
l ḷ
r ṛ
Stops: p ph b b̤ t th d d̤ ṭ ṭh ḍ d̤̣ k kh ɡ ɡ̤
Affricates: č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l ḷ
Vibrants: r ṛ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i (e) ɛ
Central Vowels: (ǝ) a
Back Vowels: u (o) ɔ (ɑ)
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Diphthongs: ei ɛi ai ɑi ɔi oi ui au ɑu ɔu ae ɑe ɔe iɛ uɛ io ao aɔ uɔ ua
Other Sources:
Bhattacharya, Sudhibhushan. 1954. "Studies in the Parengi Language," IL 14, 512-28.
Zide, Arlene R. K. 1963. Parengi Phonology. Philadelphia: Univ of Pennsylvania M.A. Thesis.
Zide, Arlene R. K. 1972. "Transitive and Causative in Gorum," JL 8, 201-15.
Aze, F. Richard. 1973. "Clause Patterns in Parengi-Gorum," in PCSD I, 235-312.
Aze, Richard and Trish Aze. 1973. "Parengi Texts," in PCSD III, 213-362.
Consonant system:
p b t̪ ḍ k ɡ ʔ
ɡ̌
s
m n ñ ŋ
l
r ɾ̣
Stops: p b t̪ ḍ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: s
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r ɾ̣
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels:
ṽ all
v̄̃ all
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Other Sources:
Biligiri, H. S. 1965. "The Sora Verb," Lingua 15, 231-50.
Stampe, David L. 1965. "Abstracts and Translations," IJAL 31, 332-41.
Starosta, Stanley. 1971. "Derivation and Case in Sora Verbs," IL 32, 194-206.
AL 8:4
Consonant system:
p b t̪ ḍ k ɡ ʔ
ɡ̌
s
m n ñ ŋ
l
r ṛ
Stops: p b t̪ ḍ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: s
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r ṛ
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: ɯ u ɔ
Other Sources:
Stampe, David L. 1965. "Abstracts and Translations," IJAL 31, 332-41.
De Armond, Richard C. 1976. "Proto-Gutob-Remo-Gtaq Stressed Monosyllabic Vowels and Initial Consonants," in AAS 1, 213-27.
Consonant system:
p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ ʔ
(ts) ɡ̌
(f) s z (h)
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: (ts) ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) s z (h)
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Syllable: (C)V(ʔ)(C)
Number: 2382
Language: Remo
Location: E India (Orissa)
Population: 2,500
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Munda: South: Koraput: Gutob-Remo-Gta'
Grammar:
Fernandez, Frank. 1967. A Grammatical Sketch of Remo: A Munda Language. Chapel Hill: Univ of North Carolina.
Fernandez, F. 1965. A Grammar of Remo. Chapel Hill: Univ of North Carolina Diss.
Other Sources: De Armond, Richard C. 1976. "Proto-Gutob-Remo-Gtaq Stressed Monosyllabic Vowels and Initial Consonants," in AAS 1, 213-27.
Consonant system:
p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ ʔ
ɡ̌
s z
m n̪ ṇ ñ ŋ
l̪
r̪
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: s z
Nasals: m n̪ ṇ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r̪
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ã ũ õ
Diphthongs:
ij aw
ẽj ãj õj
Other Sources:
Stampe, David L. 1965. "Abstracts and Translations," IJAL 31, 332-341.
De Armond, Richard C. 1976. "Proto-Gutob-Remo-Gtaq Stressed Monosyllabic Vowels and Initial Consonants," in AAS 1, 213-27.
Consonant system:
p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ ʔ
č ɡ̌
s h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e æ
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: North: Khasi
Grammar: Rabel, Lili. 1961. Khasi, A Language of Assam. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ Press.
Other Sources:
AL 8:4
WALS
WPF
Consonant system:
p ph t th k kh ʔ
b d
ɡ̌
(ɸ) s š h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: (ɸ) s š h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
I ʋ
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ɛ̄ ā ū ɔ̄
Stress: final
Pronouns:
1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6
Syntax: SVO
Number: 2386
Language: Amwi
Location: NE India (Assam)
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: North: Khasi
Grammar: Weidert, Alfons. 1975. I Tkong Amwi. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassomitz.
Consonant system:
p ph t th k kh ʔ
b d
č čh
ɡ̌
s š h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ʔ
Affricates: č čh ɡ̌
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ o
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but e o
Diphthongs:
ia ua
iã uã
Syllable: (C)CV(C), nˈ lˈ rˈ
Tones: hi hi-mid lo-mid lo
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: North: Palaungic-Khmuic: Palaungic: East
Other Sources: Luce, G. H. 1965. "Danaw, A Dying Austroasiatic Language," Lingua 14, 98-129.
Consonant system:
p ph b t th d k kh ʔ
ts tsh č ɡ̌
θ s sh h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ʔ
Affricates: ts tsh č ɡ̌
Fricatives: θ s sh h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cj b k l r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i I e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɤ ɔ ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ ?
Tones: lo-lev hi-fall lo-fall (ris)
Number: 2389
Language: Riang
Location: Myanmar
Population: 20,000
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: North: Palaungic-Khmuic: Palaungic: East
Other Sources:
Shorto, H. L. 1963. "The Structural Patterns of Northern Mon-Khmer Languages," in Linguistic Comparison in South East Asia and the Pacific, ed. by H. L. Shorto, London, School of Oriental and African Studies, 45-61.
E
Consonant system:
p b t d c k ʔ
v s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d c k ʔ
Fricatives: v s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: ch analyzed as clusters (ph th ch kh)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɑ
Diphthongs: ua iɛ
Other Sources:
Shorto,H. L. 1960. "Word and Syllable Patterns in Palaung," BSOAS 23, ??-??.
Shorto, H. L. 1963. "The Structural Patterns of Northern Mon-Khmer Languages," in Linguistic Comparison in South East Asia and the Pacific, ed. by H. L. Shorto, London, School of Oriental and African Studies, 45-61.
WALS
Consonant system:
p b t̪ d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
f v s h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t̪ d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: f v s h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: ch & c̥ are analyzed as clusters ch and hc respectively {ch = p t k, c ̥= m n ñ ŋ l r j v
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄
Diphthongs: eo ɛǝ aɛ oǝ iǝ eǝ uǝ (aǝ) (ɔɛ)
Other Sources: Ferrell, Raleigh. 1971. "Le p'u-man, langue austroasiatique," BSLP 66, 405-12.
Consonant system:
p ph t th k kh ʔ
ɸ β s h
m n ŋ
l
Stops: p ph t th k kh ʔ
Fricatives: ɸ β s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants:
cj t th k h n l
cʷ p t k m ŋ h
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i I e ɛ
Central Vowels: ʉ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ
Other Sources:
Shorto, H. L. 1963. "The Structural Patterns of Northern Mon-Khmer Languages," in Linguistic Comparison in South East Asia and the Pacific, ed. by H. L. Shorto, London, School of Oriental and African Studies, 45-61.
E
Consonant system:
p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
v s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: v s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: ch analyzed as clusters (ph th ch kh)
Glides: j ɥ
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɔ
Diphthongs: uǝ ūǝ iǝ īǝ
Other Sources:
Schlatter, Donald. 1976. "Lavüa' (Lawa, Lua')" in PL C43, 273-81.
Mitani, Yasuyuki. 1978. Phonological Studies of Lawa: Description and Comparison. Ithaca: Cornell Univ Diss.
AL 8:4
Consonant system:
p ph ʔb mb t th ʔd nd k kh ŋɡ ʔ
č čh ñ̃ɡ̌
f s h
m m̥ ʔm n n̥ ʔn ñ ʔñ ŋ ŋ̥ ʔŋ
l l̥ ʔl
ɾ ɾ̥
Stops: p ph ʔb mb t th ʔd nd k kh ŋɡ ʔ
Affricates: č čh ñ̃ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m m̥ ʔm n n̥ ʔn ñ ʔñ ŋ ŋ̥ ʔŋ
Laterals: l l̥ ʔl
Vibrants: ɾ ɾ̥
Glides: j j̥ ʔj w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Diphthongs: iǝ ɨǝ uǝ ei ai ɔi ǝo ǝɨ ao aɨ
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: North: Palaungic-Khmuic: Mal-Khmu'
Dictionary: Lindell, Kristina. 1974. "A Vocabulary of the Yuan Dialect of the Kammu Language," Acta Orientalia 36, 191-207.
Other Sources: Gårding, Eva and Kristina Lindell. 1977. "Tones in Northern Kammu: A Phonetic Investigation," Acta Orientalia 38, 321-32.
Consonant system:
p ph ʔb t th ʔd c ch k kh ʔ
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p ph ʔb t th ʔd c ch k kh ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ia ɨa ua ǝa
Syllable: (C)CV(C)
Tones: hi lo
Demonstratives: 4 (3 + that far away)
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: North: Palaungic-Khmuic: Mal-Khmu'
Dictionary: Lindell, Kristina. 1974. "A Vocabulary of the Yuan Dialect of the Kammu Language," Acta Orientalia 36, 191-207.
Other Sources: Gårding, Eva and Kristina Lindell. 1977. "Tones in Northern Kammu: A Phonetic Investigation," Acta Orientalia 38, 321-32.
Consonant system:
p ph b t th d c ch ɟ k kh ɡ ʔ
s h
m m̥ ʔm n n̥ ʔn ñ ŋ ŋ̥
l l̥
r r̥
Stops: p ph b t th d c ch ɟ k kh ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m m̥ ʔm n n̥ ʔn ñ ŋ ŋ̥
Laterals: l l̥
Vibrants: r r̥
Glides: j w w̥
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ia ɨa ua ǝa
Other Sources: Ferlus, Michel. 1974. "Problèmes de mutations consonantiques en thavung," BSLP 69, 311-23.
Consonant system:
p ph b t th d c ɟ k kh kʷ khʷ ʔ
v s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
Stops: p ph b t th d c ɟ k kh kʷ khʷ ʔ
Fricatives: v s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ia ɨa ua
Other Sources: Ferlus, Michel. 1974. "Problems de mutations consonantiques en thavung," BSLP 69, 311-23.
Consonant system:
p ph b t th d c ɟ k kh kʷ kʷh ʔ
v s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
Stops: p ph b t th d c ɟ k kh kʷ kʷh ʔ
Fricatives: v s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ia ɨa ua
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: North: Viet-Muong
Grammar:
Emeneau, M. B. 1951. Studies in Vietnamese (Annamese) Grammar. UCPL 8.
Lê-Van-Ly 1960. Le parler vietnamien. Saigon.
Thompson, Laurence C. 1965. A Vietnamese Grammar. Seattle: Univ of Washington Press.
Consonant system:
(p) t̪ t̪h ṭ c k ʔ
ɓ ɗ
f s̪ ṣ x h
v z̪ ẓ ɣ
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l
Stops: (p) ɓ t̪ t̪h ɗ ṭ c k ʔ
Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ ṣ ẓ x ɣ h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w ɯ̯ ɑ̯
Vowel system:
i ɯ u
e ɤ o
ɛ ɐ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɐ a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ ɔ
Diphthongs:
ie ɨǝ uo ɯɤ ɯa ua ...
triphthongs
TextBooks:
Thompson, Laurence. 1959. "Saigon Phonemics," Lg 35, 454-76.
Nguyкn Dăng Liкm. 1970a. A Contrastive Phonological Analysis of English and Vietnamese PL C8.
Other Sources:
Nguyкn Dăng Liкm. 1970b. Vietnamese Pronunciation. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
AL 8:3
Consonant system:
p ɓ t̪ t̪h ɗ ṭ c k
f v s ṣ x ɣ h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p ɓ t̪ t̪h ɗ ṭ c k
Fricatives: f v s ṣ x ɣ h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄
Diphthongs: iǝ ɯǝ uǝ ɐu
Other Sources:
Miller, John D. 1964. "Word Classes in Brôu," in Mon-Khmer Studies I, Saigon, SIL, 41-62.
Miller, Carolyn P. 1964. "The Substantive Phrase in Brôu," in Mon-Khmer Studies I, Saigon, SIL, 63-80.
Miller, John and Carolyn Miller. 1967. English-Brôu Language Familiarization Manual. Saigon: SIL.
Phillips, Richard L., John Miller and Carolyn Miller. 1976. "The Bru Vowel System: Alternate Analyses," MKS 5, 203-17.
Thongkum, Theraphan L. 1979. "The Distribution of the Sounds of Bruu," MKS 8, 221-93.
Consonant system:
p ph t th c k kh ʔ
b d
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p ph b t th d c k kh ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɯ u
e ɤ o
ɛ ʌ ɔ
a ɒ
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ ɔ ʌ ɒ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels:
ɛ̃ ã ɒ̃ ũ ɯ̃ ɔ
ı̃̄ ɛ̃̄ ɑ̃̄ ɒ̃̄ ũ̄ ɔ̃̄ ʌ̃̄
Modified Vowels:
v̤ (breathy) all
v̤̄ all but ʌ
Diphthongs:
ia ea ɯa oa oʌ ua
ie̤ ia̤ ɯo̤ oa̤ uo̤ ua̤
ũǝ ũa
Syllable: (C)CV(C) Nˈ
Stress: final
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6*
*6 has two forms: (1) definite, (2) indefinite.
Other Sources: Ferlus, Michel. 1971. "La langue souei: Mutations consonantiques et bipartition de système vocalique," BSLP 66, 379-88.
Consonant system:
p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ʔ
v s̪ h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l̪
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ʔ
Fricatives: v s̪ h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: (ṽ)
Modified Vowels:
All vowels show two registers: (1) clear (unmarked), (2) somber and breathy, marked by a subscript ̤
v̤̄ all
Diphthongs: ia ˨a ua
Other Sources: Johnston, Beulah M. 1976. "Kuy," PL C43, 259-72.
Consonant system:
p ph b t th d k kh ʔ
č čh ɡ̌
(f) s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
(r)
Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ʔ
Affricates: č čh ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (r)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɔ ʌ ɒ
Long Vowels: ī ē ɛ̄ ā ū ɯ̄ ō ɤ̄ ɔ̄ ʌ̄ ɒ̄
Modified Vowels: Vowels exhibit two registers: (1) 'high' register, characterized by stricture in the pharyngeal cavity, with tense, tight, bright voice quality. (2) 'low' register with open pharyngeal cavity and breathy low pitch.
Diphthongs: ia ua
Other Sources:
Watson, Saundra K. 1964. "Personal Pronouns in Pacŏh," in Mon-Khmer Studies I, Saigon, SIL, 81-97.
Watson, Richard. 1964. "Pacŏh Phonemes," in Mon-Khmer Studies I, Saigon, SIL, 135-48.
Watson, Richard L. 1966. Reduplication in Pacoh. HSL 21.
Watson, Saundra K. 1966. "Verbal Affixation in Pacŏh," in Mon-Khmer Studies II, Saigon, SIL, 15-30.
Watson, Saundra K. 1976. "The Pacŏh Noun Phrase," MKS 5, 219-31.
Watson, Richard. 1977. "Discourse Elements in a Pacoh Narrative," MKS 6, 279-322.
Consonant system:
p ʔb t ʔd c ʔɟ k ʔ
š h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p ʔb t ʔd c ʔɟ k ʔ
Fricatives: š h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: ph th kh are considered clusters ph th kh.
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Modified Vowels:
v̰ (pharynɡealized) e ǝ o only
v̰̄ e ǝ o only
There are two registers, tense and lax.
Diphthongs:
iǝ ɨǝ uǝ
ḛa ǝ̰a o̰a
Syllable: (C)CV(C)
Demonstratives: 8 (this/that/that far ahead/that very far ahead/that far behind/that very far behind/that to the side/that one (?))
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6sS
6 has two forms: (1) specific, (2) non-specific.
Syntax: SVO NA/(AN [quantifiers]) NG ND NUM-N N-POSS Num+N+A+D
Other Sources:
Wallace, Judith M. 1966. "Katu Personal Pronouns," in Mon-Khmer Studies II, Saigon SIL, 55-62.
Costello, Nancy A. 1966. "Affixes in Katu," in Mon-Khmer Studies II, Saigon, SIL, 63-86.
Consonant system:
p b ʔb t d ʔd k ɡ ʔ
č ɡ̌
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b ʔb t d ʔd k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ʉ ǝ ɐ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɒ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Other Sources:
Smith, Ronald L. 1973a. "Ngeq Phonemes," MKS 4, 77-84.
Smith, Ronald L. 1973b. "Reduplication in Ngeq," MKS 4, 85-111.
Consonant system:
p (ph) b t (th) d k (kh) ʔ
č ɡ̌
s̪ h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p (ph) b t (th) d k (kh) ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s̪ h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i̤ e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ̤ ǝ a
Back Vowels: ṳ o ɔ
Long Vowels: ī̤ ē ɛ̄ ɨ̤̄ ǝ̄ ā ṳ̄ ō ɔ̄
Modified Vowels: There are two registers: tense (v) and lax (v̤).
Diphthongs:
ɨa ǝa ua ou ǝɔ
ǝɔ̄ ɨ̄ǝ ǝā
ei̤ ia̤
Other Sources:
Haupers, Ralph. n.d. Stieng Phrase Book. n.p.: SIL.
AL 8:3
Consonant system:
p b ʔb t d ʔd c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b ʔb t d ʔd c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
ch ?
ʔN ?
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ ɔ ʌ
Long Vowels: v̄
Syntax: SVO NG NUM-N/N-NUM N-POSS
Number: 2460
Language: Chrau
Location: S Vietnam (Bien Hoa)
Population: 18,000
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: East: Bahnaric: South: Stieng-Chrau
Dictionary: Thomas, David and Thô Sang Luc. 1966. Chrau Vocabulary. Saigon: Bô Giáo-Duc.
Grammar: Thomas, David D. 1971. Chrau Grammar. OL Special Publication 7.
Other Sources:
Thomas, David D. 1962. "Remarques sur la phonologie du chrau," BSLP 57, 175-91.
Thomas, Dorothy. 1964. "Chrau Zoology: An Ethnolinguistic Study," Te Reo 7, 1-14.
Thomas, Dorothy. 1966. "Chrau Intonation," in Mon-Khmer Studies II, Saigon, SIL, 1-13.
Thomas, Dorothy. 1978. "The Discourse Level in Chrau," MKS 7, 233-95.
Thomas, Dorothy. 1979. "The Paragraph Level in Chrau," MKS 8, 187-220.
AL 8:3
Consonant system:
p b (ɓ) t̪ d̪ (ɗ̪) c ɟ k ɡ ʔ (Aspirated stops are analyzed as clusters)
s h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l̪
ɾ̣
Stops: p b (ɓ) t̪ d̪ (ɗ̪) c ɟ k ɡ ʔ (Aspirated stops are analyzed as clusters)
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: ɾ̣
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: (ɨ) (ǝ) a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ɛ̄ ǝ̄ ā ū ō ɔ̄
Diphthongs: iǝ uǝ (ɨǝ)
Syllable: (C)(C)CV(C)
Stress: final
Demonstratives: 4: (3 + that far) + ref
Articles: indef
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2mf 5mf
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS Num+N+A
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2461
Language: Sre
Location: S Vietnam (Tuyen Duc)
Population: 100,000
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: East: Bahnaric: South: Sre-Mnong
Grammar: Manley, Timothy M. 1972. Outline of Sre Structure. OL Special Publication 12.
Other Sources:
Smalley, William A. 1954. "Sre Phonemes and Syllables," JAOS 74, 217-222.
AL 8:3
Consonant system:
p ph b ɓ t th d ɗ c ch ɟ k kh ɡ ʔ
s h
m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p ph b ɓ t th d ɗ c ch ɟ k kh ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j j̥ w w̥
Vowel system:Front Vowels:
i̤ (e) ɛ (Vowels show two registers: (1) retracted tongue root, tense, constricted timbre (unmarked); (2) advanced tongue root, deep, breathy, spooky quality (marked by..)
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ (o) ɤ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī̤ ē ɛ̄ ū ɯ̄ ō ɤ̄ ɔ̄ ɑ̄
Syllable: (C)(C)CV(C)(C) Nˈ
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 4: (3 + that out ot sight)
Other Sources:
Blood, Evangeline. 1965. "Clause and Sentence Types in Mnong Rolom," Te Reo 8, 23-7.
Blood, Henry and Evangeline Blood. 1966. "The Pronoun System of Uon Njuñ Mnong Rolom," in Mon-Khmer Studies II, Siagon, SIL, 103-11.
Blood, Henry F. 1976. "The Phonemes of Uon Njuñ Mnong Rolom," MKS 5, 4-23.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
č ɡ̌
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡ̌ (voiced stops (b d ɡ ɡ̌) are optionally prenasalized in words spoken in isolation.)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i I e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄
Diphthongs: ie ia uo ua
Other Sources:
Phillips, Richard L. 1973a. "Mnong Vowel Variations with Initial Stops," MKS 4, 119-27.
Phillips, Richard L. 1973b. "A Mnong Pedagogical Grammar: The Verb Phrase and Constructions with Two or More Verbs," MKS 4, 129-38.
Consonant system:
p b ɓ t̪ d̪ ɗ̪ c ɟ ʄ k ɡ (ɠ) ʔ
s h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b ɓ t̪ d̪ ɗ̪ c ɟ ʄ k ɡ (ɠ) ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i (ɛ)
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ɛ̄ ɨ̄ ǝ̄ ā ū ō ɔ̄
Syntax: SVO NA ND N-POSS N+A+D
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2467
Language: Loven
Location: S Laos
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: East: Bahnaric: West
Other Sources: Ferlus, Michel. 1971. "Simplification des groups consonantiques dans deux dialectes austroasiens de Sud-Laos," BSLP 66, 389-403.
Consonant system:
p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ c ɟ k kh ɡ ʔ
v v̥ ʔv s̪ ʔs̪ h ʔh
m m̥ ʔm n̪ n̪̥ ʔn̪ ñ ʔñ ŋ ŋ̥ ʔŋ
l̪ l̪̥ ʔl̪
r ʔr
Stops: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ c ɟ k kh ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: v v̥ ʔv s̪ ʔs̪ h ʔh
Nasals: m m̥ ʔm n̪ n̪̥ ʔn̪ ñ ʔñ ŋ ŋ̥ ʔŋ
Laterals: l̪ l̪̥ ʔl̪
Vibrants: r ʔr
Glides: j j̥ ʔj
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ ɐ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ie ɨǝ uo ia ua
Syllable: (C)CV(C)
Number: 2468
Language: Lave
Location: S Laos
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: East: Bahnaric: West
Consonant system:
Number: 2469
Language: Sok
Location: S Laos
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: East: Bahnaric: West
Consonant system:
Number: 2470
Language: Sapuan
Location: S Laos
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: East: Bahnaric: West
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 2471
Language: Cheng
Location: S Laos
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: East: Bahnaric: West
Consonant system:
Number: 2472
Language: Suq
Location: S Laos
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: East: Bahnaric: West
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: East: Bahnaric: Central
Other Sources:
Banker, Elizabeth M. 1964. "Bahnar Affixation," in Mon-Khmer Studies I, Saigon, SIL, 99-117.
Banker, John E. 1964. "Transformational Paradigms of Bahner Clauses," in Mon-Khmer Studies I, Saigon, SIL, 7-39.
Consonant system:
p b ʔb t d ʔd c ɟ ʔɟ k ɡ ʔ
š h
m n ñ ŋ
l ʔl
r
Stops: p b ʔb t d ʔd c ɟ ʔɟ k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: š h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l ʔl
Vibrants: r
Glides: j ʔj w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄
Syntax: SVO NG N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2481
Language: Alak
Location: S Laos
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: East: Bahnaric: Central
Consonant system:
Number: 2482
Language: Tampuan
Location: NE Cambodia
Population: 25,000
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: East: Bahnaric: Central
Consonant system:
Number: 2483
Language: Lmam
Location: NE Cambodia
Population: 1,000
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: East: Bahnaric: Central
Consonant system:
Number: 2484
Language: Takua
Location: C Vietnam (Quang Tнn)
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: East: Bahnaric: North: East
Consonant system:
Number: 2485
Language: Cua
Location: C Vietnam (S Quang Tнn)
Population: 12,000
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: East: Bahnaric: North: East
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 2486
Language: Kayong
Location: C Vietnam (NW Quang Ngai)
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: East: Bahnaric: North: East
Consonant system:
Number: 2487
Language: Rengao
Location: C Vietnam (Kontum)
Population: 17,000
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: East: Bahnaric: North: West
Other Sources:
Gregerson, Kenneth. 1979. Predicate and Argument in Rengao Grammar. Dallas: SIL.
GREGERSON, Kenneth J. and Kenneth D. Smith. 1973. "The Development of To'drah Register," MKS 4, 143-84.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
č ɡ̌
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I̤ ɛ
Central Vowels: a a̤
Back Vowels: ʋ̤ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī̤ ē̤ ɛ̄ ā ā̤ ṳ̄ ō̤ ɔ̄
Modified Vowels: There are 2 registers: (1) tense, pharyngealized, tongue root retracted, bright, clear timbre; (2) lax, advanced tongue root, deep, muffled timbre, marked by the subscript ̤ .
Other Sources:
Gradin, Dwight. 1966. "Consonantal Tone in Jeh Phonemics," in Mon-Khmer Studies II, Saigon, SIL, 41-53.
Cohen, Patrick D. 1966. "Presyllables and Reduplication in Jeh," in Mon-Khmer Studies II, Saigon, SIL, 31-40.
Gradin, Dwight. 1976a. "Word Affixation in Jeh," MKS 5, 25-42.
Gradin, Dwight. 1976b. "The Verb in Jeh," MKS 5, 43-75.
Cohen, Patrick. 1976. "The Noun Phrase in Jeh," MKS 5, 139-52.
Cohen, Nancy. 1976. "Some Interclausal Relations in Jeh," MKS 5, 153-64.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
č ɡ̌
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: Aspirated stops (ph th kh) are analyzed as clusters: ch.
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: (ṽ all)
Modified Vowels:
v̤ (deep) all
v̤̄ e a only
"The deep vowel quality is produced by relaxing the faucal pillars, lowering the larynx, and giving increased pressure from the diaphragm. The result is a deep, somewhat gruff, voice quality. Pitch is usually lower than that of the clear form. Deepness, when occuring with short vowels, changes the vowel height, forcing it up in most instances. . . Deep vowel in Jeh parallels very closely the description of the 'second register' of the pitch range of Cambodian, . . . the laryngealization of Sedang and the breathiness of Halang." Gradin 1966, 41-6.
Diphthongs: iǝ uǝ
Other Sources: Cooper, James and Nancy Cooper. 1966. "Halang Phonemes," in Mon-Khmer Studies II, Saigon, SIL, 87-98.
Consonant system:
p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: Aspirated stops (ph th kh), voiceless nasals (m̥ n̥ ñ̥ ŋ̥) and ɡlides (j̥ w̥), and ɡlottalized nasals (ʔm ʔn ʔñ ʔŋ) and ɡlides (jʔ wʔ) are analyzed as clusters: Ch hN hG ʔN Gʔ, respectively.
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Modified Vowels:
Vowels belong to two registers: (1) the first register has plain clear voice. (2) The second register has breathy dark sounding voice, and is marked by a subscript ̤ . Second register vowels have less vibration of the vocal cords as well as more oral resonance and increased pulmonic pressure.
v̤̄ a only
Diphthongs: iǝ uǝ ea oa
Syllable: (C)CV(C)
Number: 2491
Language: Sedang
Location: C Vietnam (Kontum)
Population: 40,000
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: East: Bahnaric: North: West: Sedang-Todrah
Dictionary: Smith, Kenneth D. 1967. Sedang Vocabulary. Saigon: Bô Giáo-Duc.
Grammar: Smith, Kenneth D. 1979. Sedang Grammar. PL B50.
Other Sources:
Smith, Kenneth D. 1968. "Laryngealization and De-laryngealization in Sedang Phonemics," Linguistics 38, 52-69.
Smith, Kenneth D. 1969. "The Phonology of Sedang Personal Names," AL 11, 187-98.
Smith, Kenneth D. 1976a. "Sedang Pronoun Reference," MKS 5, 165-78.
Smith, Kenneth D. 1976b. "Sedang Animal Folk Taxonomy," MKS 5, 179-94.
Consonant system:
p mb t nd k ŋɡ ʔ
č ñɡ̌
v s ṣ h
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ñɡ̌
Fricatives: v s ṣ h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: Aspirated stops (ph th kh), voiceless nasals (m̥ n̥ ñ̥ ŋ̥) and liquids (l̥ r̥) and preglotlalized consonants (ʔb ʔd ʔv ʔm ʔñ ʔŋ ʔl ʔr) are analyzed as clusters: Ch hN hL ʔC, respectively.
Glides: (j)
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but o ǝ
Modified Vowels:
v̰ (larynɡealized) all
ṽ̰ all
(Vowels have 2 registers: (1) tense laryngealized, (2) lax, clear.)
Diphthongs:
ia ua ea oa io uo eo ie oe
All diphthongs may be (1) nasalized, (2) laryngealized or (3) both.
Other Sources: Phillips, Richard L. 1973. "Vowel Distribution in Hrê," MKS 4, 63-8.
Consonant system:
p t d k ʔ
č
s h
m n ñ ŋ
r
Stops: p t d k ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j jʔ j̥ w wʔ
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i i̤ e e̤ ɛ ɛ̤
Central Vowels: a a̤
Back Vowels: u ṳ o ɔ ɔ̤
Modified Vowels: There are two registers: tense (v) and lax (v̤). Tense vowels are pronounced with tense faucal pillars and tongue root retracted; they are clear and bright. Lax vowels are pronounced with released faucal pillars and tongue root fronted; they are deep, muffled and breathy.
Other Sources: GREGERSON, Kenneth J. and Kenneth D. Smith. 1973. "The Development of To'drah Register," MKS 4, 143-84.
Consonant system:
p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
ts
h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j j̥ jʔ w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i i̤ e e̤ ɛ̤
Central Vowels: a a̤
Back Vowels: u ṳ o o̤ ɔ̤
Long Vowels: ī ī̤ ē ā ā̤ ū ṳ̄ ō
Modified Vowels: There are two registers: tense (v) and lax (v̤). The term register was first used by Henderson (1952), "The Main Features of Cambodian Pronunciation," BSOAS 14, 149-74.
Diphthongs:
ia ua
ia̤ ua̤
Other Sources: GREGERSON, Kenneth J. and Kenneth D. Smith. 1973. "The Development of To'drah Register," MKS 4, 143-84.
Consonant system:
p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
s z h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s z h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j j̥ jʔ w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: (i) i̤ e (e̤) ɛ̤
Central Vowels: a a̤
Back Vowels: (u) ṳ o o̤ ɔ̤
Long Vowels: ī ī̤ ē ē̤ ā ā̤ ū ṳ̄ ō ō̤
Modified Vowels: There are two registers: tense (v) and lax (v̤).
Diphthongs:
ia ua ea oa
ia̤ ua̤
Other Sources:
Jenner, Philip N. 1974. "Observations on the Surin Dialect of Khmer," in PL C31, 61-73.
Smalley, William A. 1976. "The Problem of Vowels: Northern Khmer," PL C43, 43-83.
Consonant system:
p ɓ t ɗ c k ʔ
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p ɓ t ɗ c k ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i (e) ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Modified Vowels: There is no register distinction in the vowels of this dialect.
Diphthongs:
iǝ ɨǝ uǝ
īǝ ɨ̄ǝ ūǝ
Syllable: (C)CV(C)
Stress: final
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND NUM-N/N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Comments: Mutual intelligibility with Standard Cambodian is limited.
Number: 2497
Language: Khmer
Alternate Name: Cambodian
Location: Cambodia
Population: 6 million
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: East: Khmer
Dictionary:
Jacob, Judith M. 1974. A Concise Cambodian-English Dictionary. London: Oxford Univ Press.
Huffman, Franklin E. and Im Proum. 1977. Cambodian-English Glossary. New Haven: Yale Univ Press.
Headley, Robert K. Jr.,et al. 1977. Cambodian-English Dictionary, 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: Catholic Univ of America Press.
Huffman, Franklin E. and Im Proum. 1978. English-Khmer Dictionary. New Haven: Yale Univ Press.
TextBooks:
Jacob, Judith M. 1968. Introduction to Cambidian. London: Oxford Univ Press.
Huffman, Franklin E. 1970. Modern Spoken Cambodian. New Haven: Yale Univ Press.
Other Sources:
Henderson, Eugénie J. A. 1952. "The Main Features of Cambodian Pronunciation," BSOAS 14, 149-74.
Huffman, Franklin E. 1970. Cambodian System of Writing and Beginning Reader. New Haven: Yale Univ Press.
AL 8:3
Consonant system:
p ɓ t̪ ɗ c k ʔ
v s h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p ɓ t̪ ɗ c k ʔ
Fricatives: v s h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: Ch (C = p t c k) are analyzed as clusters rather than aspirated stops.
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I̤ ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ̤ ǝ̤ a
Back Vowels: ʋ̤ o ɑ
Long Vowels: ī̤ ē̤ ɛ̤̄ ɨ̤̄ ǝ̤̄ ā ṳ̄ ō̤ ɔ̤̄ ɑ̄
Modified Vowels: Syllable nuclei are divided into two registers: (1) First register (=clear, head, tense voice) is left unmarked. (2) Second register (=breathy, spooky, lax, chest, low-pitched voice) is marked with ̤ under the vowel or diphthong.
Diphthongs:
ei ǝɨ uǝ ou æɛ aǝ ao
ĕǝ ŭǝ ŏǝ
i̤ǝ ɨ̤ǝ ɔ̤ǝ
Syllable: (C)(C)CV(C)
Stress: final
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1* 4*
2*
3*
Politeness: the Cambodian pronouns, which are a subclass of nouns, show many nuances of politeness and familiarity in addition to the distinctions for person and number displayed above.
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM/(NUM-N) N-POSS N+A+Num+D
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2498
Language: Pear
Location: SW Cambodia (Pursat)
Population: 2,000
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: East: Pearic
Dictionary:
Headley, Robert K. Jr. 1977. "A Pearic Vocabulary," MKS 6, 69-149.
Headley, Robert K. Jr. 1978. "An English-Pearic Vocabulary," MKS 7, 61-94.
Consonant system:
p b t̪ d̪ k (ɡ) ʔ
č
s̪ h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l̪
ɾ̪
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k (ɡ) ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s̪ h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: ɾ̪
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ɛ̄ ɨ̄ ǝ̄ ā ū ō ɔ̄
Diphthongs: ie iǝ ea ew aɛ aǝ aw ao ɨǝ ǝw uǝ oa
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: South: Monic
Dictionary: Shorto, H. L. 1962. A Dictionary of Modern Spoken Mon. London: Oxford Univ Press.
Other Sources:
Guillon, Emmanuel. 1976. "Some Aspects of Mon Syntax," in AAS 1, 407-21.
AL 8:3
Consonant system:
p ph ɓ t th ɗ k kh ʔ
č čh
s š h
m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ
l l̥
r
Stops: p ph ɓ t th ɗ k kh ʔ
Affricates: č čh
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ
Laterals: l l̥
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: Some scholars analyze ch and N̥ L̥ and G̥ as clusters.
Glides: j w w̥
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɒ
Long Vowels: v̄ ?
Modified Vowels:
v̤̄ all ?
Vowels belong to two registers: (1) the first register has clear, head voice. (2) The second register, marked by a subscript ̤ , has breathy, chest voice.
Diphthongs: ɔe ao
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: South: Aslian
Grammar: Diffloth, G. 1976. "Jah-Hut, an Austroasiatic Language of Malaysia," PL C42, 73-118.
Other Sources: ASP
Consonant system:
p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ʉ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ ?
Nasal Vowels: ṽ: all
Diphthongs:
jɛ wo wǝ wa wɛ wɔ
jɛ̃ wõ wǝ̃ wã wɛ̃ wɔ̃
Syllable: (C)CV(C)
Demonstratives: 5 (3 + that above, that below)
Consonant system:
p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
s h
m n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ʉ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ẽ ɛ̃ ũ
Number: 2508
Language: Kensiu
Location: N Malaysia (Kedah)
Population: 200
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: South: Aslian: Semang: Western
Other Sources: ASP
Consonant system:
p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ʉ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ɛ̃ ã ũ
Number: 2509
Language: Kenta' Bong
Location: N Malaysia
Population: 200
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: South: Aslian: Semang: Western
Other Sources:
Omar, Asmah Haji. 1976. "The Verb in Kentakbong," in AAS 2, 951-70.
ASP
Consonant system:
p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ı̃̃ ǝ̃ ã ũ
Number: 2510
Language: Mos
Location: Thailand
Population: 300
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: South: Aslian: Semang: Western
Consonant system:
Number: 2511
Language: Jehai
Location: N Malaysia (NE Perak)
Population: 700
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: South: Aslian: Semang: Eastern
Grammar: Schebesta, P. 1928. "Grammatical Sketch of the Jahai Dialect Spoken by a Negrito Tribe of Ulu Perak and Ulu Kelantan, Malay Peninsula," BSOAS 4, 803-26.
Other Sources: ASP
Consonant system:
p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: Nc: ?
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ʉ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃
Tones: hi lo
Stress: final
Noun
Number: a few plurals for people
Demonstratives: 3
Consonant system:
p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
f s z h
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: f s z h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ʉ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ɛ̃ ʉ̃ ã ũ
Consonant system:
p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
f s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: Nc: ?
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ʉ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ʉ̃ ǝ̃ ã ɔ̃
Consonant system:
p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all but u
Number: 2517
Language: Temiar
Location: N Malaysia (S Perak)
Population: 10,000
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: South: Aslian: Senoic
Grammar:
GD: Carey, Iskandar. 1961. Tengleq Kui Serok. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Benjamin, Geoffery 1976. "An Outline of Temiar Grammar," in AAS 1, 129-87.
Other Sources: ASP
Consonant system:
p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I e ɛ
Central Vowels: ʉ ǝ a
Back Vowels: ʋ o ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ɛ̄ ʉ̄ ū ɯ̄ ō ɔ̄ ɑ̄
Nasal Vowels:
Ĩ ɛ̃ ʉ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃ ı̄̃ ɛ̄̃ ʉ̄̃ ū̃ ɔ̄̃ ɑ̄̃
Modified Vowels: nasal harmony
Syllable: CV(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p for a few nouns
Demonstratives: 6: 3 + that just out of reach, that above, that below
Articles: def
Consonant system:
p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ʉ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels:
ɛ̃ ǝ̃ ã ...
ē̃ ɛ̄̃ ū̃ ...
Modified Vowels: v̄̃ ɛ e u
Consonant system:
p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: Nc ?
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ʉ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ i ɛ o...
Nasal Vowels: ṽ ɛ u...
Consonant system:
p ph b t th d c ɟ k kh ɡ ʔ
s h
m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥
l l̥
ɾ
Stops: p ph b t th d c ɟ k kh ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥
Laterals: l l̥
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: Nc ?
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ʉ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all but ʉ
Nasal Vowels:
ɛ̃ ũ ...
v̄̃ i ...
Consonant system:
p b t th d c ɟ k kh ɡ ʔ
s h
m m̥ n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t th d c ɟ k kh ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m m̥ n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: Nc p t c k
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ʉ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all but ʉ ǝ
Nasal Vowels:
ı̃ ɛ̃ ɔ̃ ...
ɛ̄̃ ā̃ ɔ̄̃ ...
Consonant system:
p b t th d c ch ɟ k kh ɡ ʔ
s sh h
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t th d c ch ɟ k kh ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s sh h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: Nc p kh ̣ ̣ ̣
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ʉ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all but ɛ ʉ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ ɛ ʉ ...
Consonant system:
p b t th d c ɟ k kh ɡ ʔ
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t th d c ɟ k kh ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: Nc p t th
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ʉ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ɛ̃ ũ ɔ̃ ...
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: South: Nicobar Islands
Grammar: GD: Radhakrishnan, R. 1981. The Nancowry Word, Phonology, Affixal Morphology and Roots of a Nicobarese Language. Edmonton, Canada: Linguistic Research.
Consonant system:
p t c k ʔ
f s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p t c k ʔ
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e ǝ o
ɛ ɔ
æ a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ æ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but ɔ
Diphthongs: ia ua ɨa
Other Sources:
Critchfield, Jean. 1966. "Abstracts and Translations," IJAL 32, 393.
WALS
Consonant system:
p t c k ʔ
f s h
v
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ ɹ̣
Stops: p t c k ʔ
Fricatives: f v s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ ɹ̣
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e ɨ̄ o
ɛ ǝ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ɨ̄ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Syntax: VOS NA NUM-N
Number: 2528
Language: Nicobarese
Dialect: Nancowry
Location: India (Nicobar Islands)
Population: 800
Classification: Austric: Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: South: Nicobar Islands
Dictionary: Man, Edward Horace. 1889. A Dictionary of the Central Nicobarese Language. London: W. H. Allen.
Grammar: DG: Radhakrishnan, R. 1981. The Nancowry Word Phonology, Affixal Morphology and Roots of A Nicobarsese Language. Edmonton: Linguistic Research.
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
p t c k ʔ
f s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p t c k ʔ
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ æ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but ɔ
Diphthongs: ia ua ɨa
Syllable: CV(C)
Stress: final syllable of root
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: VOS NA NG DN/ND NUM-N N-POSS Num+N+A
Prep/Post: PREP
Типологический обзор австро-тайского праязыка
Number: 2529
Language: Proto-Austro-Tai
Location: SE Asia
Classification: Austric: Austro-Tai
Other Sources: Benedict, Paul K. 1975. Austro-Thai: Language and Culture. New Haven: HRAF Press.
Consonant system:
p b t d c ɟ k ɡ q G (ʔ)
ts dz
s z (š) ž) (x) ɣ (ʁ) h
m n ñ ŋ N
l ḷ
r
Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ q G (ʔ)
Affricates: ts dz
Fricatives: s z (š) ž) (x) ɣ (ʁ) h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ N
Laterals: l ḷ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d c ɟ k ɡ q G ts dz s z (š) (ž) j
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ ?
Diphthongs: ia
Other Sources: Haudricourt, A.G. 1967. "La langue lakkia," BSLP 62, 165-82.
Consonant system:
p ph t th k kh ʔ
ʔb
pl plh ts tsh
ʔbl
f θ h
m ml n ŋ
m̥ n̥ ŋ̥j
l
l̥
Stops: p ph ʔb t th k kh ʔ
Affricates: pl plh ʔbl ts tsh
Fricatives: f θ h
Nasals: m m̥ ml n n̥ ŋ ŋ̥j
Laterals: l l̥
Modified Consonants:
cj k kh ŋ ŋ̥ h
cʷ k kh h ŋ
Glides: j j̥ ɥ w w̥
Vowel system:
i u
e o
ɛ
a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all but ɛ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ ɛ a u o
Modified Vowels: v̄̃ all but ɛ
Diphthongs:
ie uo
ĩe
Tones: hi lev hi fall lo-mid ris lo-mid ris-fall lo-mid fall-ris lo lev
Ergative:
Consonant system:
p ph t th k kh ʔ
b ʔb ʔd ɡ
č čh
ɡ̌
f s š h
v z
m n ñ ŋ
l
Stops: p ph b ʔb t th ʔd k kh ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č čh ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s z š h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants:
cj p ph b t th d ʔd m n l
cʷ k kh ɡ ʔd č čh s z n ñ ŋ l
Glides: j ɥ w
Vowel system:
i u
ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: i e ǝ a u o
Tones: (hi lev) hi-fall hi-mid lev mid ris mid fall lo-mid ris
Ergative:
Other Sources:
Li, Fang-Kuei. 1948. "The Distribution of Initials and Tones in the Sui Language," Lg 24, 160-7.
AL 7:3
Consonant system:
p ph t̪ t̪h k kh q qh ʔ
b ʔb d̪ ʔd̪
č čh
ɸ s š x h
z ɣ ʔɣ ʁ
m ʔm ʔn̪ ñ ʔñ ŋ ʔŋ
m̥ n̪̥ n̥ ñ̥ ŋ̥
l
Stops: p ph b ʔb t̪ t̪h d̪ ʔd̪ k kh q qh ʔ
Affricates: č čh
Fricatives: ɸ s z š x ɣ ʔɣ ʁ h
Nasals: m m̥ ʔm n̥ n̥̪ ʔn̪ ñ ñ̥ ʔñ ŋ ŋ̥ ʔŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Other Sources: Li, Fang-Kuei. 1977. A Handbook of Comparative Tai. OLSP 15.
Consonant system:
p ph b ʔb t̪ t̪h d̪ ɗ̪ k kh ɡ ʔ
č čh ɡ̌
f v s z x ɣ h
m m̥ n̪ n̪̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥
l l̥
r r̥
Stops: p ph b ʔb t̪ t̪h d̪ ɗ̪ k kh ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č čh ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s z x ɣ h
Nasals: m m̥ n̪ n̪̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥
Laterals: l l̥
Vibrants: r r̥
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ ?
Diphthongs:
ie ɨe ue ǝi ei ɛi ai ɔi ǝɨ eɨ oɨ ǝu ou au ɛu iu ɨi
iau iǝu uai uǝi
Other Sources:
Li, Fang-Kuei. 1977. A Handbook of Comparative Tai. OSLP 15.
AL 7:3
Consonant system:
p (ph) t̪ (t̪h) k (kh) ʔ
č (čh)
f v š h
m n̪ ŋ
l ɬ
Stops: p (ph) t̪ (t̪h) k (kh) ʔ
Affricates: č (čh)
Fricatives: f v š h
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l ɬ
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Long Vowels: i e ɛ ɨ ǝ a uo ɔ
Diphthongs:
ai au aɨ
āi ɔ̄i ōi ūi ɨ̄ɨ āu ɛ̄u ēu īu
Syllable: (C)(G)V(C) Nˈ lˈ
Tones: hi lev hi-mid lev mid lev mid fall lo-mid lev lo-mid ris
Ergative:
Other Sources: Tongkum, Theraphan L. 1976. "The Saek Language of Ban Ba Wa: Some Phonetic Notes," in GR, 398-409.
Consonant system:
p ph b t th d k kh ɡ ʔ
č
v s h̃
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: v s h̃
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i (e) ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs:
iu eu ɛu ai au ui oi ɤi ɔi iǝ ɯǝ uǝ
āi āu
iǝu uǝi ɯǝi uǝu
Syllable: (C)CV
Tones: hi hi-fall mid-ris mid-lev-glot mid-fall-glot lo
Ergative:
Consonant system:
p ʔb t ʔd k ʔ
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p ʔb t ʔd k ʔ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cɒ ŋ
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Back Vowels: o ɑ
Long Vowels: i e ɨ a u o
Tones: hi lev hi fall mid lev mid ris lo fall lo ris
Ergative:
Other Sources: Gedney, William J. 1965. "Yay a Northern Tai Language in North Viertnam," Lingua 14, 180-93.
Consonant system:
p ph b t th d c ch k kh (ɡ) ʔ
f v θ s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p ph b t th d c ch k kh (ɡ) ʔ
Fricatives: f v θ s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
cj p b m
cʷ k ʔ h ŋ
Glides: j ɥ
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i æ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ɯ ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ a only
Diphthongs: ia ɯa ua
Syllable: CV(C)
Tones: hi lev hi-mid lev lo-mid lev lo-lev ris fall
Syntax: SVO NA
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 2563
Language: Man Cao-lan
Location: N Vietnam (Moncay)
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Central
Consonant system:
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 2564
Language: Nung
Location: N Vietnam
Population: 170,000
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Central
Other Sources: Freiberger, Nancy E. 1964. "A Phonemic Description of Nong (Nung)," Te Reo 7, 15-22.
Consonant system:
p ph b t th d k kh ʔ
č
f s x
m n ñ ŋ
l ɬ
Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: f s x
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l ɬ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ ɐ
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: æ a ɒ
Syllable: CV(C)
Tones: hi ris hi glot mid lev lo ris lo fall lo glot
Syntax: SVO NA
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 2565
Language: Tay
Location: NE Vietnam
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Central
Consonant system:
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 2566
Language: Tho
Location: N Vietnam
Population: 150,000
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Central
Consonant system:
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 2567
Language: Tien-pao
Location: SE China (W Kwangsi)
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Central
Consonant system:
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 2568
Language: Ts'un-lao
Location: N Vietnam (Monday)
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Central
Consonant system:
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 2569
Language: Yung-chu'un
Location: SE China (C Kwangsi)
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Central
Consonant system:
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 2570
Language: Lung-chow
Location: SE China (SW Kwangsi)
Population: 170,000
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Central
Other Sources: Li, Fang-Kuei. 1977. A Handbook of Comparative Tai. OLSP 15.
Consonant system:
p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ʔ
č čh
f v š h
m n̪ ŋ
l ɬ
Stops: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ʔ
Affricates: č čh
Fricatives: f v š h
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l ɬ
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I
Central Vowels: ǝ
Back Vowels: ʋ ɑ
Long Vowels: i e ǝ a u o
Diphthongs:
ɑi ɑu aǝ
āi ōi ūi īu ēu āu
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)
Tones: hi lev mid lev mid fall lo lev lo fall glott ris
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 2571
Language: Khamti
Location: NE India (Assam)
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern
Dictionary: Weidert, Alfons 1977. Tai-Khamti Phonology and Vocabulary. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.
Consonant system:
p ph t̪ t̪h k kh ʔ
ts
s h
m n̪ ŋ
l
Stops: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I
Central Vowels: ɐ
Back Vowels: ʋ ɯ
Long Vowels: i e ɛ a u ɯ o ɔ
Other Sources: Egerod, Søren. 1959. "Essentials of Khün Phonology and Script," Acta Orientalia 24, 123-46.
Consonant system:
p ph ʔb t th ʔd k kh ʔ
ts
ɸ s h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p ph ʔb t th ʔd k kh ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: ɸ s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)CV(C)
Tones: hi lev hi ris hi fall mid fall lo fall lo ris
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 2573
Language: Lao
Alternate Name: Laotian
Location: Laos
Population: 10 million
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern
Dictionary:
Marcus, Russell. 1970. English-Lao : Lao-English Dictionary. Rutland Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle.
Kerr, Allen D. 1972. Lao-English Dictionary. Washington, D.C:. Catholic Univ of America Press.
Reinhorn, Marc. 1970. Dictionnaire laotien-français, 2 vols. Paris: CNRS.
Grammar:
Hospitalier, J.-J. 1937. Grammaire Laotienne. Paris: Paul Geuthner.
Nginn, Pierre S. 1965. Eléments de grammaire laotienne. Vientiane: Ministère de l'Education Nationale.
Morev, Lev N. 1972. Laosskij jazyk. Moscow: Nauka.
TextBooks: Roffe, G.Edward and Thelma W. Roffe. 1956-58. Spoken Lao. Washington, D.C.: American Council of Learned Societies.
Other Sources: Roffe, G. Edward. 1946. "The Phonemic Structure of Lao," JAOS 66, 289-95.
Consonant system:
p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ c k kh ʔ
f v s h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l
(r)
Stops: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ c k kh ʔ
Fricatives: f v s h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (r)
Modified Consonants: cʷ th k kh č s h n ŋ l
Glides: j
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: (ṽ a)
Diphthongs:
ia ɨa ua ai ao
iā ɨā uā
Syllable: C V (C)
Tones: hi ris hi fall mid lev lo level lo ris lo fall
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1* 4*
2* 5*
3* 6*
* The pronoun system shows many gradations of politeness and familiarity
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern
Dictionary:
Cushing J.N. 1914. A Shan and English Dictionary. Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press. [Reprinted 1971 by Gregg International Publishers, Farnborough, England]
Grammar: GD: Cushing J.N. 1906. Elementary Handbook of the Shan Language. Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press. [Reprinted 1971 by Gregg International Publishers, Farnborough, England]
TextBooks: Bigg-Wither. Ferdinand. 1911. A Guide to the Study of Shan Language. Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press.
Other Sources:
Egerod Søren 1957. "Essentials of Shan Phonology and Script," Academia Sinica 29:1, 121-9.
Egerod Søren. 1962. "Three Shan Texts," Acta Orientalia 26, 149-88.
Consonant system:
p ph t th c ch k kh (ʔ)
s sh h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p ph t th c ch k kh (ʔ)
Fricatives: s sh h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e æ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: au iu ow oi
Tones: hi, mid, lo, ris, fall
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2579
Language: Thai
Alternate Name: Siamese
Location: Thailand
Population: 20 million
Classification: Austric: Daic: Li-Kam-Tai: Be-Kam-Tai: Kam-Tai: Tai: Southwestern
Dictionary:
McFarland, George B. 1954. Thai -English Dictionary. Stanford: Stanford Univ Press.
Haas, Mary R. 1964. Thai-English Student's Dictionary. Stanford: Stanford Univ Press.
Manich Jumsai, M.L. 1960. English-Thai Dictioanary. London: Macmillan.
Grammar: Noss, Richard B. 1964. Thai Reference Grammar. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Service Institute.
TextBooks:
Anthony, Edward M., Deborah P. French and Udom Warotamasikkhadit. 1968. Foundations of Thai, 2 vols. Ann Arbor: Univ of Michigan Press.
Haas, Mary R. and Heng R. Subhanka. 1973. Spoken Thai. Ithaca, N.Y.: Spoken Languages Service.
Other Sources:
Abramson, Arthur S. 1962. The Vowels and Tones of Standard Thai. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Warotamasikkhadit. Udom. 1972. Thai Syntax. The Hague: Mouton.
Li, Fang Kuei. 1977. A Handbook of Comparative Tai. OLSP 15.
Consonant system:
p ph t̪ t̪h c ch k kh ʔ
b d̪ (ɡ)
f s̪ h
m n̪ ŋ
l
(ɾ)
Stops: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ c ch k kh (ɡ) ʔ
Fricatives: f s̪ h
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (ɾ)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
I ɨ ʋ
ǝ o
ɛ ɔ
æ a
Front Vowels: I ɛ æ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: ʋ o ɔ
Long Vowels: i e æ ɨ ǝ a u o ɔ
Diphthongs:
ia ɨa ua
iā ɨā uā
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)
Tones: hi, mid, lo, ris, fall
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
*1mf 4
2 5
3Pfn 6
P=plain
*The pronoun system has numerous polite-intimate distinctions.
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+Num+D
Ergative:
Other Sources: Donaldson, Jean. 1963. White Tai Phonology. HSL 5.
Consonant system:
p ph b t th d k kh (ʔ)
č čh
f s x h
m n ñ ŋ
l
Stops: p ph b t th d k kh (ʔ)
Affricates: č čh
Fricatives: f s x h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: cʷ k kh x ŋ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ ɐ ā
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: ā
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Tones: hi ris, hi ris-glot, mid lev, mid lev glot, lo-mid, lo fall glot, lo ris glot
Ergative:
Other Sources: Fippinger, Jay and Dorothy Fippinger. 1970. "Black Tai Phonemes, with Reference to White Tai," AL 12, 83-97.
Consonant system:
p b t th d k ʔ (b, d in free variation with ɓ, ɗ)
č
f v s x h
m n ñ ŋ
l
Stops: p b t th d k ʔ (b, d in free variation with ɓ, ɗ)
Affricates: č
Fricatives: f v s x h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: cʷ k x ŋ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ a only
Diphthongs: iǝ ɨǝ uǝ
Syllable: CV(C)
Tones: hi lev, hi ris, hi-mid lev, mid fall glot, lo-mid lev, lo lev glot
Типологические обзоры языков австронезийской семьи
Number: 2589
Language: Proto-Austronesian
Location: SE Asia
Classification: Austric: Austro-Tai: Austronesian
Other Sources:
Chrétien, C. Douglas. 1965. "The Statistical Structure of the Proto-Austronesian Morph," Lingua 14, 243-70.
Prentice, D. J. 1974. "Yet Another PAN Phoneme," OL 13, 33-75.
Wolff, John. 1974. "Proto-Austronesian *r and *d," OL 13, 77-121.
Consonant system:
p b t d ṭ ḍ c ɟ k ɡ q G ʔ
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l ḷ
r
Stops: p b t d ṭ ḍ c ɟ k ɡ q G ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l ḷ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Comments: There is no concensus on the phonemes of proto-austronesian, the phonological system sketched above is a composite of several different sources.
Other Sources:
Egerod, Søren. 1965b. "Verb Inflection in Atayal," Lingua 15, 251-82.
Egerod, Søren. 1966a. "A Statement on Atayal Phonology," Artibus Asiae, Supplement 23, 120-30.
Dyen, Isidore. 1971. "The Austronesian Languages of Formosa," CTIL 8, 168-99.
RPTP.
Egerod, Søren. 1966b. "Word Order and Word Classes in Atayal," Lg 42, 346-69.
Consonant system:
p t k q ʔ
ts
s x ɦ
β ž ɣ
m n ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p t k q ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: β s ž x ɣ ɦ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
ɛ (ǝ) ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: (ǝ) a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ i u only
Stress: final
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO/VOS NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2591
Language: Sedeq
Alternate Name: Seediq
Location: EC Taiwan
Population: 20,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Atayalic
Other Sources:
Dyen, Isidore. 1971. "The Austronesian Languages of Formosa," CTIL 8, 168-99.
Starosta, Stanley. 1974. "Causative Verbs in Formosan Languages," OL 13, 279.
RPTP
Consonant system:
p t k q ʔ
b d
ɡ̌
s x
ɣ
m n ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k q ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: s x ɣ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u
Syntax: VOS NG ND N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2592
Language: Proto-Tsouic
Location: Taiwan
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Tsouic
Other Sources: RPTP
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
ts č
θ s h
v z ž
m n ñ ŋ
l ɬ
ɾ r
Stops: p t k ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: v θ s z ž h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: ɾ r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u
Nasal Vowels: ṽ a
Number: 2593
Language: Rukai
Dialect: Budai
Location: SE Taiwan
Population: 6,300
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Tsouic
Other Sources: RPTP
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ḍ ɡ
ts
θ s
v ð
m n ŋ
ɬ
ɾ r
Stops: p b t d ḍ k ɡ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: v θ ð s
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: ɬ
Vibrants: ɾ r
Vowel system:
i ɨ
o
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: o
Stress: phonemic
Syntax: VSO
Number: 2594
Language: Rukai
Dialect: Tona
Location: SE Taiwan
Population: 6,300
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Tsouic
Other Sources: RPTP
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d ḍ ɡ
ts
θ s
v
m n ŋ
ɬ
Stops: p b t d ḍ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: v θ s
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: ɬ
Vowel system:
i ɨ
o
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: o
Stress: phonemic
Number: 2595
Language: Rukai
Dialect: Mantauran
Location: SE Taiwan
Population: 6,300
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Tsouic
Other Sources: RPTP
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
ts
s h
v ð
m n ŋ
ɬ
ɾ r
Stops: p t k ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: v ð s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: ɬ
Vibrants: ɾ r
Vowel system:
i ɨ
o
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: o
Number: 2596
Language: Rukai
Dialect: Maga
Location: SE Taiwan
Population: 8,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Tsouic
Other Sources:
Starosta, Stanley. 1974. "Causative Verbs in Formosan Languages," OL 13, 279-369.
RPTP
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ḍ ɡ
ts
θ s
v
m n ŋ
l
ɹ̣
Stops: p b t d ḍ k ɡ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: v θ s
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɹ̣
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
ɛ ǝ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Stress: phonemic
Articles: def
Syntax: VSO NUM-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2597
Language: Rukai
Dialect: Taromak
Location: SE Taiwan
Population: 6,300
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Tsouic
Grammar: Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 1973. Rukai Structure. Taipei: Institute of History and Philology, Academica Sinica.
Consonant system:
p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ ʔ
ts
v θ ð s h
m n ŋ
l ḷ
r
Stops: p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: v θ ð s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l ḷ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)(G)V(C)
Stress: final
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: VSO AN NG DN NUM-N N-POSS D+Num+A+N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2598
Language: Tsou
Location: SC Taiwan
Population: 3,100
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Tsouic: Tsouic Proper: Northern
Grammar: GD: Tung, T'ung-ho, et al. 1964. A Descriptive Study of the Tsou Language, Formosa. Taipei: Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica.
Other Sources:
Dyen, Isidore. 1971. "The Austronesian Languages of Formosa," CTIL 8, 168-99.
Starosta, Stanley. 1974. "Causative Verbs in Formosan Languages," OL 13, 279-369.
Stanley, Patricia. 1979. "Morphophonemics of Verb Suffixes in Tsou," PL C45, 187-98.
Consonant system:
p ʔb t k ʔ
ts
f v s z h
m n ŋ
ʔl
Stops: p ʔb t k ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: f v s z h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: ʔl
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Syllable: (C)(C)V
Stress: non-phonemic (usually penultimate)
Demonstratives: 6 (this visible/that visible/yonder visible/invisible but already seen/invisible never seen/invisible near)
Other Sources:
Dyen, Isidore. 1971. "The Austronesian Languages of Formosa," CTIL 8, 168-99.
RPTP.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
ts
β s (h)
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p t k ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: β s (h)
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ m n only
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i (e)
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u (ɔ)
Long Vowels: v̄
Syllable: (C) V Nˈ
Stress: phonemic
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3
Syntax: VSO NG ND NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Comments: "Most speak Bunan also. No fluent speakers under 25 (1976). Older speakers are generally fluent in Japanese; younger speakers, in Mandarin. Knowledge of Taiwanese seems rather limited." RPTP, 26.
Consonant system:
p t k (ɡ) ʔ
ts (č) (ɡ̌)
β s (h)
m n ŋ
ɬ
ɾ r
Stops: p t k (ɡ) ʔ
Affricates: ts (č) (ɡ̌)
Fricatives: β s (h)
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: ɬ
Vibrants: ɾ r
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i (ɛ)
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: ʋ (ɔ)
Long Vowels: v̄
Syllable: (C) V
Stress: non-phonemic (penult/antepenult)
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3
Syntax: VSO NG ND N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Comments: "Most of the Saaroa people, except for the very old, can understand and speak Bunun fluently, but only a few Bununs understand Saaroa. Saaroa children speak Saaroa rather poorly." RPTP, 59.
Number: 2601
Language: Bunun
Dialect: Takituduh
Location: SC Taiwan
Population: 24,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Paiwanaic
Other Sources:
Starosta, Stanley. 1974. "Causative Verbs in Formosan Languages," OL 13, 279-369.
RPTP
Consonant system:
p ʔb t ʔd k q ʔ
č
v ð s h
m n ŋ
l
Stops: p ʔb t ʔd k q ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: v ð s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Stress: final
Articles: def
Syntax: VSO
Comments: The Ishbukun D. differs from the Takituduh D. (1) in lacking q,h,l, (2) in possessing χ, ɬ, and (3) in exhibiting penultimate stress.
Number: 2602
Language: Paiwan
Location: S Taiwan
Population: 45,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Paiwanaic
Other Sources: RPTP
Consonant system:
p b t d ḍ c ɟ k ɡ q ʔ
ts
v s z
m n ŋ
ɬ
r ɾ̣
Stops: p b t d ḍ c ɟ k ɡ q ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: v s z
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: ɬ
Vibrants: r ɾ̣
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u
Stress: penult
Number: 2603
Language: Puyuma
Location: SE Taiwan
Population: 7,200
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Paiwanaic
Other Sources: RPTP
Consonant system:
p t ṭ k ʔ
ɸ β ð s ẓ̌ h ɦ
m n ŋ
l ḷ
r
Stops: p t ṭ k ʔ
Fricatives: ɸ β ð s ẓ̌ h ɦ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l ḷ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u
Stress: final
Number: 2604
Language: Saisiyat
Location: NC Taiwan
Population: 2,900
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Paiwanaic
Other Sources:
Dyen, Isidore. 1971. "The Austronesian Languages of Formosa," CTIL 8, 168-99.
Starosta, Stanley. 1974. "Causative Verbs in Formosan Languages," OL 13, 279-369.
Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 1978. "The Case-Marking Systems of the Four Less-Known Formosan Languages," PL C61, 569-615.
RPTP
Consonant system:
p b t k ʔ
s̪ z̪ š h
m n ŋ
ɾ ɹ̣
Stops: p b t k ʔ
Fricatives: s̪ z̪ š h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Vibrants: ɾ ɹ̣
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e œ æ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: o
Syllable: CV(C)
Stress: final
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO/VOS NG DN/ND NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2605
Language: Ami
Location: E Taiwan
Population: 90,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Paiwanaic
Other Sources:
Starosta, Stanley. 1974. "Causative Verbs in Formosan Languages," OL 13, 279-369.
RPTP
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
ts
v s ɣ h
m n ŋ
ɬ
ɾ r
Stops: p t k ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: v s ɣ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: ɬ
Vibrants: ɾ r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u
Articles: def
Other Sources: Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 1978. "The Case-Marking systems of the Four Less-Known Formosan Languages," PL C61, 569-615. RPTP
Consonant system:
p ʔb t ʔd k q ʔ
f θ ð š h
m n ŋ
l ɬ
r
Stops: p ʔb t ʔd k q ʔ
Fricatives: f θ ð š h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄
Stress: phonemic (but mostly penult)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western
Dictionary:
Cruz, F. 1967. Chamorro-English, English-Chamorro Dictionary. Hong Kong: Green Pagoda Press.
Topping, Donald M., Pedro M. Ogo and Bernadita C. Dungca. 1975. Chamorro-English Dictionary. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
GD: Pressing, Edward Ritter von. 1918. Dictionary and Grammar of the Chamorro Language of the Island of Guam. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
Grammar:
Pressing, Edward Ritter-von. 1918. Dictionary and Grammar of the Chamorro Language of the Island of Guam. washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
Topping, Donald M. 1973. Chamorro Reference Grammar. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.
TextBooks: Topping, Donald M. 1969a. Spoken Chamorro. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.
Other Sources:
Seiden, William. 1960. "Chamorro Phonemes," AL 2:4, 6-35.
Topping, Donald M. 1968. "Chamorro Vowel Harmony," OL 7, 67-79.
Topping, Donald M. 1969b. "A Restatement of Chamorro Phonology," AL 11, 62-77.
Witucki, Jeannette, 1974. "The Vowels of Chamorro," PL A43, 55-74.
Witucki, Jeannette. 1976. "The Consonants of Chamorro, " PL A46, 1-20. AL 7:2
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d g
ts
dz
f s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɹ̣
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts dz
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ̣ɹ̣
Modified Consonants:
c̄ p b t d k ɡ s m n l only
cʷ ɡ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
(e) (o)
æ ɒ
Front Vowels: i (e) æ
Back Vowels: u (o) ɒ
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Diphthongs: ai ao
Syllable: (C) (C) V (C)
Stress: phonemic, but mostly penult
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def, indef
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO/SVO AN/(NA[nationality]) NG DN NUM-N N-POSS D+Num+A+N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2617
Language: Palauan
Location: W Caroline Is (Palau Is)
Population: 12,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western
Dictionary: McManus, Edwin G. 1977. Palauan-English Dictionary. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.
Grammar:
Capell, A. 1949. A Grammar of the Language of Palau. Washington, D.C.: National Research Council.
Josephs, Lewis S. 1975. Palauan Reference Grammar. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.
TextBooks: Carlson, Clayton H. 1967. Palauan Lessons. Honolulu: Pacific and Asian Linguistic Institute, Univ of Hawaii.
Other Sources: Bender, Byron W. 1971. "Micronesian Languages," CTIL 8, 426-65.
Consonant system:
t̪ k ʔ
b
s
ð (ɣ)
m ŋ
l
ɾ
/ɣ/ has been replaced by /ʔ/ in the speech of all speakers under 50 (1949) Capell p. 4.
Stops: b t̪ k ʔ
Fricatives: ð s (ɣ) /ɣ/ has been replaced by /ʔ/ in the speech of all speakers under 50 (1949) Capell p. 4.
Nasals: m ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̄ l r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
ɛ (ǝ) o
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: (ǝ) a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ i ɛ u o only
Syllable: Nˈ lˈ rˈ
Stress: phonemic
Noun
Number: s p [human nouns only]
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6h
6 is used for human nouns only
Syntax: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N N-POSS D+Num+A+N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2618
Language: Yapese
Location: W Caroline Is (Yap Is)
Population: 5,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western
Dictionary: Jensen, John Thayer. 1977a. Yapese-English Dictionary. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.
Grammar: Jensen, John Thayer. 1977b. Yapese Reference Grammar. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.
Other Sources: Bender, Byron W. 1971. "Micronesian Languages," CTIL 8, 426-65.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ʔ
č̣
f fʔ θ θʔ ṣ (h)
β ð (ẓ) ɣ
m ʔm n̪ ʔn̪ ŋ (ʔŋ)
l̪ ʔl̪
ṛ
Stops: p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ʔ
Affricates: č̣
Fricatives: β f fʔ θ θʔ ð ṣ (ẓ) ɣ (h)
Nasals: m ʔm n̪ ʔn̪ ŋ (ʔŋ)
Laterals: l̪ ʔl̪
Vibrants: ṛ
Vowel system:
i u
e ɵ o
ɛ
a ɑ
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɵ a
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western
Other Sources: Charles, Mathew. 1974. "Problems in the Reconstruction of Proto-Philippine Phonology and the subgrouping of the Philippine Languages," OL 13, 457-509
Consonant system:
p b t d k (ɡ) ʔ
ɡ̌
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
(r) ʁ
Stops: p b t d k (ɡ) ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (r) ʁ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Stress: penult/final
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
s h
m n ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̄ all but ʔ h
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I
Central Vowels: ǝ
Back Vowels: ʋ
Long Vowels: v̄ i e a u ɔ
Stress: phonemic
Demonstratives: 3
Other Sources:
Healey, Alan. 1958. "Notes on Yogad," OLM 3, 111-20.
AL 7:2
Consonant system:
p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ (ʔ)
ɸ s̪ (h)
m n̪ ŋ
l̪
(r)
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ (ʔ)
Fricatives: ɸ s̪ (h)
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: (r)
Modified Consonants: c̄ all but r j w
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Syllable: CV(C)
Stress: final
Demonstratives: 4: beside speaker, beside hearer, middle distance, far
Other Sources:
Oates, W. J. and L. F. Oates. 1958."The Phonemes of Central Cagayan Negrito," OLM 3, 48-66.
Healey, Phyllis M. 1958. "An Agta Conversational Text," OLM 3, 91-103.
Mayfield, Roy. 1972. "Agta Sentence Structure," Linguistics 85, 21-66. PML
Al 7:2
Consonant system:
p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
ɸ β s̪ ž h
m n̪ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: ɸ β s̪ ž h
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)
Stress: mostly final, sometimes penult
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
č ɡ̌
f v s z
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s z
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Stress: phonemic
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Northern Philippines: Northern Luzon: Northern Cordilleran: Dumagat
Dictionary: Headland, Thomas N. and Janet D. Headland. 1974. A Dumagat (Casiguran)- English Dictionary. PL C28.
Grammar:
Vanoverbergh, Morice. 1937. Some Undescribed Languages of Luzon. Nijmegen: Dekker & van de Vegt.
Headland, Thomas N. and Alan Healey. 1974. "Grammatical Sketch of Dumagat (Casiguran)," PL A43, 1-54.
Other Sources: PML
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
s h
m n ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Stress: phonemic, but mostly final
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Northern Philippines: Northern Luzon: Ilokano
Dictionary:
Constantino, Ernesto. 1971. Ilokano Dictionary. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
Carro, Andrés. 1957. Iloko-English Dictionary. Baguio: Catholic School Press.
Grammar:
Vanoverbergh, Morice. 1955. Iloko Grammar. Baguio City: Catholic School Press.
Constantino, Ernesto A. 1971. Ilokano Reference Grammar. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
TextBooks:
McKaughan, Howard and Jannette Forster. 1963. Ilocano: An Intensive Language Course. Grand Forks, South Dakota: SIL.
Bernabe, Emma, Virginia Lapid and Bonifacio Sibayan. 1971. Ilokano Lessons. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
Other Sources:
Bloomfield, Leonard. 1942. "Outline of Ilocano Syntax," Lg 18, 193-200.
AL 7:2
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
(č) (ɡ̌)
(f) (v) s (h)
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: (č) (ɡ̌)
Fricatives: (f) (v) s (h)
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u (o)
Long Vowels: v̄ ?
Stress: phonemic (final/penult)
Other Sources:
Wiens, Harmut. 1976. "Phonological Features of Limos Kalinga, with Comments on Affected Speech," Philippine Journal of Lingustics 7, 38-47.
Wiens, Harmut. 1979. "The Semantic Function of Focus Affixes in Limos Kalinga," PL A50, 19-47.
WPF
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
s
m n ŋ
l
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: c̄ all but ʔ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Other Sources: Grayden, Bruce. 1979. "The Southern Kalinga /l/" PL A50, 91-100.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
s
m n ŋ
l
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: c̄ p ʔ s m
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Syllable: CV(C)
Stress: phonemic
Number: 2643
Language: Balangaw
Location: N Philippines (NC Luzon)
Population: 6,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Northern Philippines: Northern Luzon: Central Cordilleran: Nuclear Cordilleran
Grammar: Shetler, Joanne. 1976. Notes on Balangao Grammar. Huntington Beach, CA: SIL.
Other Sources:
Shetler, Jo and Anne Fetzer. 1964. "The Obscuring of Word Accent in Balangao", OL 3, 101-9.
Shelter, Jo. 1966. "Balangao Phonemes," PL A8, 1-7.
PML
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
s h
m n ŋ
l
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: c̄ all
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
h
m n ŋ
l
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Stress: phonemic
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4di 4ie
2 5
3 6
Number: 2647
Language: East Ifugao
Dialect: Batad
Location: N Philippines (NC Luzon)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Northern Philippines: Northern Luzon: Central Cordilleran: Nuclear Cordilleran: Ifugao
Dictionary: Newell, Leonard E. 1968. A Batad Ifugao Vocabulary. New Haven: Human Relations Area Files.
Other Sources:
Newell, Leonard E. 1958. "An Ifugao Text" OLM 3, 104-10.
PML
WPF
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
(s) h
m n ŋ
l
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: (s) h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Demonstratives: 3
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Northern Philippines: Northern Luzon: Central Cordilleran: Nuclear Cordilleran: Bontok
Dictionary: Reid, Lawrence A. 1976. Bontok-English Dictionary. PL C36.
Grammar: GD: Seidenadel, Carl Wilhelm. 1909. The First Grammar of the Language Spoken by the Bontoc Igorot. Chicago: Open Court Publishing Company.
Other Sources:
Reud Lawrence A. 1970. Central Bontoc: Sentence, Paragraph and Discourse. SIL 27
AL 7:2
PML
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
s (h)
m n ŋ
l
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s (h)
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: c̄ k ʔ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: phonemic
Noun
Number: s p [few plurals via reduplication]
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
s ɣ
m n ŋ
l
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s ɣ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4di 4ie
2 5
3 6
Number: 2659
Language: Pangasinan
Location: N Philippines (WC Luzon)
Population: 1 million
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Northern Philippines: Northern Luzon: Southern Cordilleran: Pangasinic
Dictionary:
Benton Richard A. 1971a. Pangasinan Dictionary. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
Constantino, Ernesto. 1975. English-Pangasinan Dictionary. Quezon City: Univ of the Philippines, Faculty Center.
Grammar:
Fidel of Amurrio. 1970. Pangasinan Grammar. Tagaytay.
Benton, Richard A. 1971b. Pangasinan Reference Grammar. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
TextBooks: Benton, Richard A. 1971c. Spoken Pangasinan. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
(ts)
s (h)
m n (ñ) ŋ
l (ʎ)
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: (ts)
Fricatives: s (h)
Nasals: m n (ñ) ŋ
Laterals: l (ʎ)
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I ø
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Stress: mostly penult
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def, indef
Consonant system:
p b t d c k ɡ ʔ
č ɡ̌
βʷ s
m n ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d c k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: βʷ s
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: o
Demonstratives: 3
Other Sources:
Cottle, Morris and Shirley Cottle. 1958. "The Significant Sounds of Ivatan,
OLM 3, 34-47.
PML
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
(č) ɡ̌
v s x ɣ
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: (č) ɡ̌
Fricatives: v s x ɣ
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: phonemic, but mostly final
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Number: 2668
Language: Ivatanen
Location: N Phillipines (Batan Is)
Population: 13,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Northern Philippines: Bashic: Ivatan
Dictionary: Diccionario español-ibatán. 1914. Manila.
Grammar: Hidalgo, Cesar A, and Araceli C. Hidalgo. 1971. A Tagmemic Grammar of Ivatan. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines.
Other Sources:
Reid, Lawrence Andrew. 1966. An Ivatan Syntax. OLSP 2.
PML
AL 7:2
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
č ɡ̌
v s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: v s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: o
Long Vowels: v̄
Stress: phonemic, but mostly final
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Northern Philippines: Central Luzon
Consonant system:
Number: 2671
Language: Kapampangan
Location: NC Philippines (SW Luzon)
Population: 1.5 Million
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Northern Philippines: Central Luzon
Dictionary:
Forman, Michael L. 1971a. Kapampangan Dictionary. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
Manalili, Bienvenido M and J. P. Tamayo. 1964. English-Tagalog-Pampango Vocabulary. Quezon City: Pressman.
Grammar: Forman, Michael L. 1971b. Kapampangan Grammar Notes. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
TextBooks: Mirikitani, Leatrice T. 1971. Speaking Kapampangan. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
Other Sources:
Clardy, Catherine Jane. 1959. "Pampango Phonology," Phonetica 3, 118-44.
Mirikitani, Leatrice T. 1972. Kapampangan Syntax. OLSP 10.
Consonant system:
p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
(č) (ɡ̌)
(f) (v) s (h)
m n̪ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: (č) (ɡ̌)
Fricatives: (f) (v) s (h)
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i (e)
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u (o)
Long Vowels: v̄ ?
Stress: phonemic
Demonstratives: 4: [3 + near speaker and addressee]
Articles: def, indef
Pronouns:
1 4di 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO/VOS AN NG DN/ND NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2672
Language: Tina
Location: NC Philippines (SW Luzon)
Population: 70,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Northern Philippines: Central Luzon
Other Sources: PML
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
s h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: o
Stress: phonemic
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4d 4ie
2 5
3 6
Number: 2673
Language: Botolan
Alternate Name: Sambal
Location: NC Philippines (SW Luzon)
Population: 30,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Northern Philippines: Central Luzon
Other Sources: WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4d 4ie
2 5
3 6
Number: 2674
Language: Bolinao
Location: NC Philippines (WC Luzon)
Population: 50,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Northern Philippines: Central Luzon
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ (Brichoux also lists kt, kp, ɡb, ŋm as unit phonemes.)
s (h)
m n ŋ
l
(ɾ)
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ (Brichoux also lists kt, kp, ɡb, ŋm as unit phonemes.)
Fricatives: s (h)
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (ɾ)
Modified Consonants: cʷ ɡ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)
Demonstratives: 4 [3 + far distant]
Articles: def
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
s (h)
m n ŋ
l
(ɾ)
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s (h)
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (ɾ)
Modified Consonants: cʷ ɡ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)
Demonstratives: 4 [ 3+ far distant]
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Southern Philippines: Manobo: North
Consonant system:
Number: 2685
Language: Binukid
Location: SE Philppines (N Mindanao)
Population: 76,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Southern Philippines: Manobo: North
Other Sources:
PML
WPF
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
s h
m n ŋ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u
Stress: phonemic
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4di 4ie
2 5
3 6
Number: 2686
Language: Kinamigin
Location: SE Philippines (Camiguin Is)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Southern Philippines: Manobo: North
Consonant system:Glides: j w
Stress: phonemic
Demonstratives: 3
Number: 2687
Language: Obo
Location: SE Philippines (SC Mindanao)
Population: 11,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Southern Philippines: Manobo: Central: South
Consonant system:
Number: 2688
Language: Ata
Location: SE Philippines (C Mindanao)
Population: 10,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Southern Philippines: Manobo: Central: South
Other Sources:
Austin, Virginia Morey. 1966. Attention, Emphasis and Focus in Ata Manobo. HSL 20.
Hartung, Patricia M. 1975. "Clause-modifying Particles in Ata Manobo," PL A44, 29-60.
PML
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
s h
m n ŋ
l
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: c̄ all but s h w
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Demonstratives: 4 [3 + far distant]
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO AN/NA NG DN NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2689
Language: Tigwa
Location: SE Philippines (C Mindanao)
Population: 20,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Southern Philippines: Manobo: Central: South
Other Sources: PML
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
s h
m n ŋ
l
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u
Syllable: CV(C)
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
3=6
Number: 2690
Language: Agusan
Location: SE Philippines (NE Mindanao)
Population: 47,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Southern Philippines: Manobo: Central: East
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4di 4ie
2 5
3 6
Number: 2691
Language: Dibabawon
Location: SE Philippines (E Mindanao)
Population: 1,800
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Southern Philippines: Manobo: Central: East
Other Sources:
AL 7:2
PML
WPF
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
s h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u
Stress: phonemic
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4di 4ie
2 5
3 6
Number: 2692
Language: Rajah Kabungsuan
Location: SE Philippines (E Mindanao)
Population: 1,700
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Southern Philippines: Manobo: Central: East
Consonant system:
Number: 2693
Language: Ilianen
Location: SE Philippines (WC Mindanao)
Population: 5,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Southern Philippines: Manobo: Central: West
Other Sources:
Wrigglesworth, Hazel J. 1971. "Discourse and Paragraph Structure of Ilianen Manobo" PL C22, 85-194.
Shand, Jean. 1976. "Ilianen Manobo Sentence Structure," PL A46, 45-89.
WPF
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
β s h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: β s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4di 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO AN NG DN NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2694
Language: Western Bukidnon
Location: SE Philippines (C Mindanao)
Population: 8,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Southern Philippines: Manobo: Central: West
Dictionary: Elkins, Richard E. 1968. Manobo-English Dictionary. OLSP 3.
Grammar: Elkins, Richard E. 1970. Major Grammatical Patterns of Western Bukidnon Manobo. SIL 26.
Other Sources: PML
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
β s ẓ ɣ h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: β s ẓ ɣ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u
Syllable: CV(C)
Demonstratives: 4: [3 + far distant]
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4di 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO AN NG DN NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2695
Language: Tagabawa
Location: SE Philippines (SC Mindanao)
Population: 1,700
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Southern Philippines: Manobo: South
Consonant system:
Number: 2696
Language: Sarangani Manobo
Location: SE Philippines (S Mindanao)
Population: 34,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Southern Philippines: Manobo: South
Other Sources:
Meiklejohn, Percy and Kathleen Meiklejohn. 1958. "Accentuation in Sarangani Manobo," OLM 3, 1-5.
Dubois, Carl D. 1973. "Connectives in Sarangani Manobo Narratives," Linguistics 110, 17-28.
PML
WPL
Consonant system:
b t d k ɡ ʔ
ɸ s h
m n ŋ
l
Stops: b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: ɸ s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: o
Syllable: C(G)V(C)
Stress: penult
Pronouns:
1 4di 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: ND N-POSS
Number: 2697
Language: Kalamansig
Alternate Name: Cotabato
Location: SE Philippines (SW Mindanao)
Population: 11,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Southern Philippines: Manobo: South
Other Sources:
Kerr, Harland B. 1965. "The Case-marking and Classifying Function of Cotabato Manobo Voice Affixes," OL 4, 15-47.
PML
Consonant system:
b t d k ɡ ʔ
ɸ s h
m n ŋ
l
Stops: b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: ɸ s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Demonstratives: 4 [3 + far distant]
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO
Number: 2698
Language: Tasaday
Location: Philippines
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Southern Philippines: Manobo: South
Consonant system:
Number: 2699
Language: Magindanao
Location: SE Philippines (SW Mindanao)
Population: 503,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Southern Philippines: Danao
Dictionary: GD: Porter, R.S. 1903. A Primer and Vocabulary of the Moro Dalect. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office.
Grammar: Juanmarti, Jacinto. 1906. A Grammar of the Maguindanao Tongue. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office.
Other Sources: AL 7:2
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
s
m n ŋ
l
(r)
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (r)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u
Stress: phonemic
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def, indef
Pronouns:
1 4d 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO NA NG ND NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2700
Language: Maranao
Location: SE Philippines (WC Mindanao)
Population: 603,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Southern Philippines: Danao
Dictionary: McKaughan, Howard P. and Batua A. Macaraya. 1967. A Maranao Dictionary. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
Other Sources: AL 7:2
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
s h
m n ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: o
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Kalamian
Dictionary: Warren, Charles P. 1975. "Field Vocabulary of the Batak of Palawan (Philippines)," in Linguistics and Anthropology, ed. by M. Dale Kinkade, Kenneth L. Hale and Oswald Werner, Lisse, Peter de Ridder, 649-75.
Other Sources:
PML
E
WPF
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
s h
m n ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: aj aw iw oj uj
Stress: final/penult
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4di 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VOS
Prep/Post: PREP
Comments: The Batak are physically Negritos.
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Tagalog
Dictionary:
Tablan, Andrea A. and Carmen B. Mallari. 1961. Pilipino-English, English-Pilipino Dictionary. New York: Washington Square Press.
Ramos Teresita V. 1971a. Tagalog Dictionary. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
Grammar:
Schachter, Paul and Fe T. Otanes. 1972. Tagalog Reference Grammar. Berkeley: Univ of California Press.
Ramos, Teresita V. 1971b. Tagalog Structures. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
TextBooks:
Bowen, J. Donald, et al. 1965. Beginning Tagalog. Berkeley: Univ of California Press.
Ramos Teresita V. and Videa de Guzman. 1971. Tagalog for Beginners. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
Other Sources:
Llamzon, Teodoro A. 1966. Tagalog Phonology," AL 8:1, 30-9.
AL 7:2
NPL
Consonant system:
p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
(č)
(f) s h
m n̪ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: (č)
Fricatives: (f) s h
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I (e)
Central Vowels: ɐ
Back Vowels: ʋ (o)
Long Vowels: v̄ i (e) a u (o)
Diphthongs: ej aj oj uj iw ew aw ow
Syntax: VSO/(VOS) AN/NA NG DN/ND NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS D+A+N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2713
Language: Lubang
Location: Philippines
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Tagalog
Consonant system:
Number: 2714
Language: Marinduque
Location: Philippines
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Tagalog
Consonant system:
Number: 2715
Language: Pandan1
Location: EC Philippines (N Catanduanes Is)
Population: 65,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bikol
Consonant system:
Number: 2716
Language: Iriga
Location: EC Philippines (SE Luzon)
Population: 180,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bikol
Consonant system:
Number: 2717
Language: Buhi
Location: EC Philippines (SE Luzon)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bikol
Consonant system:
Number: 2718
Language: Libon
Location: EC Philippines (SE Luzon)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bikol
Consonant system:
Number: 2719
Language: Oas
Location: EC Philippines (SE Luzon)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bikol
Consonant system:
Number: 2720
Language: Daraga
Location: Philippines
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bikol
Consonant system:
Number: 2721
Language: Virac
Location: Philippines
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bikol
Consonant system:
Number: 2722
Language: Naga
Alternate Name: Bikol
Location: EC Philippines (SE Luzon)
Population: 3 million
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bikol
Dictionary: Mintz, Malcolm W. 1971a. Bikol Dictionary. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.
Grammar:
Epstein, Jon. 1967a. Standard Bikol. Washington D.C.: Dept of HEW, Office of Education.
Mintz, Malcolm W. 1971b. Bikal Grammar Notes. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
TextBooks:
Epstein, Jon. 1967b. Bikol Lessons. Wahsington, D.C.: Dept of HEW, Office of Education.
Mintz, Malcolm W. 1971c. Bikol Text. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
Other Sources: NPL
Consonant system:
p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
(č) ɡ̌
s (š) h
m n̪ (ñ) ŋ
l (ʎ)
ɾ
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: (č) ɡ̌
Fricatives: s (š) h
Nasals: m n̪ (ñ) ŋ
Laterals: l (ʎ)
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I (e)
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u (o)
Long Vowels: v̄ ?
Diphthongs: iw aj aw oj
Stress: phonemic
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def, indef
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: AN DN N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2723
Language: Davaweño
Location: SE Philippines (E Mindanao)
Population: 124,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Mansakan
Consonant system:
Number: 2724
Language: Kamayo
Location: SE Philippines (NE Mindanao)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Mansakan
Consonant system:
Number: 2725
Language: Isamal
Location: Philippines
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Mansakan
Consonant system:
Number: 2726
Language: Caraga
Location: SE Philippines (E Mindanao)
Population: 3,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Mansakan
Consonant system:
Number: 2727
Language: Mandayan
Location: SE Philippines (E Mindanao)
Population: 3,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Mansakan
Consonant system:
Number: 2728
Language: Mansakan
Alternate Name: Mansaka
Location: SE Philippines (SE Mindanao)
Population: 35,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Mansakan
Other Sources: PML
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
s
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u
Modified Vowels: v̆ (short vowels)
Demonstratives: 4: [3+ far distant]
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Number: 2729
Language: Kalagan
Location: SE Philippines (SE Mindanao)
Population: 5,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Mansakan
Other Sources:
Dawson, Francis B. 1958. "The Phonemes of Kalagan," OLM 3, 67-82.
WPF
Consonant system:
b t d k ɡ ʔ
ɸ s (h)
m n ŋ
l
Stops: b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: ɸ s (h)
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: c̄ s m n l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)
Stress: final
Pronouns:
1 4di 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO NG
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2730
Language: Tagakaolo
Location: SE Philippines (S Mindanao)
Population: 38,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Mansakan
Other Sources:
AL 7:2
PML
Consonant system:
b t d k ɡ ʔ
ɸ s h
m n ŋ
l
Stops: b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: ɸ s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4d 4ie
2 5
6
Number: 2731
Language: Mamanwa
Location: SE Philippines (NE Mindanao)
Population: 1,400
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Mamanwa
Grammar: Miller, Jeanne and Helen Miller. 1976. Mamanwa Grammar. Huntington Beach, CA: SIL.
Other Sources:
Blood, Doris Walker. 1962. "The 'Y' Archiphoneme in Mamanwa," AL 4:4, 29-30.
Verstraelen, Eugene. 1965. "Some Elementary Data on the Mamanwa Language," Anthropos 60, 803-15.
Miller, Jeanne. 1969. "Nonverbal Clauses in Mamanwa", PL A19,1-9.
Miller, Helen W. 1969. "Mamanwa Morphology," PL A19, 11-32.
Miller, Helen. 1973. "Thematization in Mamanwa," Linguistics 110, 55-73.
Miller, Jeanne. 1973. "Semantic Structure of Mamanwa Verbs," Lingustics 110, 74-81.
AL 7:2
PML
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
s ž h
m n ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s ž h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: o
Syllable: CV(C)
Stress: phonemic (but mostly final or penult)
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO AN/NA NG DN NUM-N N-POSS/POSS-N D+A+N
Prep/Post: PREP
Comments: spoken by Negritos
Number: 2732
Language: Surigaonon
Location: SE Philippines (NE Mindanao)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: South
Consonant system:
Number: 2733
Language: Jaun-Jaun
Location: Philippines
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: South
Consonant system:
Number: 2734
Language: Kantilan
Location: Philippines
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: South
Consonant system:
Number: 2735
Language: Tausug
Location: S Philippines (Jolo Is)
Population: 330,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: South
Other Sources:
PML
WPF
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
s ž h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s ž h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Demonstratives: 4: [3 + far distant]
Pronouns:
1 4di 4ie
2 5
3 6
Number: 2736
Language: Butuanon
Location: SE Philippines (NE Mindanao)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: South
Consonant system:
Number: 2737
Language: Cebuano
Location: SC Philippines (Cebu Is)
Population: 10 million
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: Cebuan
Dictionary:
Yap, Elsa Paula and Maria Victoria Bunye. 1971. Cebuano-Visayan Dictionary. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
Wolff John U. 1972. A Dictionary of Cebuano Visayan. Ithaca: Southeast Asia Program, Cornell Univ.
Grammar:
Nelson Andrew M. 1964. An Introduction to Cebuano. Cebu City: Rotary Press.
Buyne, Maria Victoria R. and Elsa Paula Yap. 1971a. Cebuano Grammar Notes. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
Wolff John U. 1962. A Description of Cebuano Visayan. Ithaca: Division of Modern Languages, Cornell Univ.
TextBooks:
Wolff John U. 1966. Beginning Cebuano, 2 vols. New Haven: Yale Univ Press.
Bunye, Maria Victoria R. and Elsa Paula Yap. 1971b. Cebuano for Beginners. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
Consonant system:
p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
s h
m n ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i (e)
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u (o)
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ij aj uj iw aw
Stress: phonemic (but mostly predictable: (1) on long vowel, (2) penult, (3) final)
Demonstratives: 4: [3 + far away]
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO AN/(NA) NG DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2738
Language: Boholano
Location: Philippines
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: Cebuan
Consonant system:
Number: 2739
Language: Gubat
Location: Philippines
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: Central
Consonant system:
Number: 2740
Language: North Samar
Location: Philippines
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: Central
Consonant system:
Number: 2741
Language: Waray
Dialect: Waray
Location: EC Philippines (SE Luzon)
Population: 3 million (185,000)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: Central
Consonant system:
Number: 2742
Language: Waray
Dialect: Samar-Leyte
Location: EC Philippines (Samar Is)
Population: 3 million
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: Central
Other Sources: NPL
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
s h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄
Stress: phonemic
Number: 2743
Language: Camotes
Location: Philippines
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: Central
Consonant system:
Number: 2744
Language: Bantayan
Location: Philippines
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: Central
Consonant system:
Number: 2745
Language: Masbate
Location: EC Philippines (Masbate Is)
Population: 400,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: Central
Consonant system:
Number: 2746
Language: Hiligaynon
Location: C Philippines (E Panay Is)
Population: 4.2 million
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: Central
Dictionary:
Enrı́quez, Pablo J. 1949. English-Tayalog-Visayan (Cebuano-Illongo) Vocabulary. Manila: Philippine Book Co.
Motus, Cecile L. 1971a. Hiligaynon Dictionary. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
Grammar: Wolfenden, Elmer. 1971. Hiligaynon Reference Grammar. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
TextBooks: Motus Cecile L. 1971b. Hiligaynon Lessons. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
Other Sources:
Ghatage, A. M. 1964. "The Phonemes of Hiligaynon," IL 25, 77-82.
Wolfenden, Elmer. 1975. A Description of Hiligaynon Syntax. SIL 46.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
(ts) (dz)
(f) (v) s h
m n ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: (ts) (dz)
Fricatives: (f) (v) s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i (e)
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u (o)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: Central
Consonant system:
Number: 2748
Language: Banton
Location: C Philippines (Banton Is)
Population: 49,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: Banton
Consonant system:
Number: 2749
Language: Odionganon
Location: Philippines
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: Banton
Consonant system:
Number: 2750
Language: Kuyunon
Location: WC Philippines (Cuyo Is)
Population: 49,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: West
Other Sources: Lackowski, Peter. 1968. "Verb Inflection in Cuyunon," OL 7, 92-103.
Consonant system:
p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
(f) (v) s̪ (h)
m n̪ ŋ
l̪
ɾ
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: (f) (v) s̪ (h)
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i (e)
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u (o)
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: aj aɨ aw ja jɨ ju wa wɨ wi
Syntax: VSO
Number: 2751
Language: Datagnon
Location: Philippines
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: West
Consonant system:
Number: 2752
Language: Kinaray-a
Location: C Philippines (W Panay Is)
Population: 347,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: West
Consonant system:
Number: 2753
Language: Pandan2
Location: Philippines
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: West
Consonant system:
Number: 2754
Language: Looknon
Location: Philippines
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: West
Consonant system:
Number: 2755
Language: Bulalakawnon
Location: Philippines
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: West
Consonant system:
Number: 2756
Language: Aklanon
Location: C Philippines (N Panay Is)
Population: 411,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Meso-Phillipine: Central Philippines: Bisayan: West
Consonant system:
Number: 2757
Language: Bagobo
Location: SE Philippines (S Mindanao)
Population: 35,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: South Mindanao
Consonant system:
Number: 2758
Language: Tiruray
Location: S Philippines (SW Mindanao)
Population: 34,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: South Mindanao
Dictionary: Schlegel, Stuart A. 1971. Tiruray-English Lexicon. UCPL 67.
Consonant system:
b t d k ɡ ʔ
̰ɸ s x
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: ɸ s x
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Syllable: CV(C)
Stress: non-phonemic
Number: 2759
Language: Tboli
Alternate Name: Tagabili
Location: S Philippines (SW Mindanao)
Population: 32,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: South Mindanao
Other Sources:
PML
WALS
WPF
Consonant system:
b t d k ɡ ʔ
f s h
m n ŋ
l
Stops: b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4di 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO
Number: 2760
Language: Cotabato Bilaan
Location: SE Philippines (S Mindanao)
Population: 41,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: South Mindanao
Other Sources:
Dean, James C. 1958. "Some Principal Grammatical Relations of Bilaan," OLM 3, 83-90.
Abrams, Norman. 1970. "Bilaan Morphology," PL A24, 1-62.
PML
WPF
Consonant system:
b t d k ɡ ʔ
f s h
m n ŋ
l
Stops: b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Demonstratives: 4 [3 + far distant]
Articles: DEF
Pronouns:
1 4di 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO AN NG ND NUM-N N-POSS/(POSS-N ) Num+A+N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2761
Language: Sarangani Bilaan
Location: SE Philippines (S Mindanao)
Population: 24,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: South Mindanao
Other Sources:
McLachlin Betty and Barbara Blackburn. 1971. "An Outline of Sarangani Bilaan Discourse and Paragraph Structure," PL C22, 1-83.
PML
WPF
Consonant system:
b t d k ɡ ʔ
ɡ̌
f s h
m n ŋ
l
Stops: b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Demonstratives: 3
Other Sources: Sneddon, J. N. 1978. Proto-Minahasan: Phonology, Morphology and Wordlist. PL B54.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
t̪s
s h
m n ŋ
ḷ̌
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: t̪s
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: ḷ̌
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: Central Sulawesi
Consonant system:
Number: 2782
Language: Saluan
Location: Indonesia
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: Central Sulawesi: Eastern
Consonant system:
Number: 2783
Language: Andio
Location: Indonesia
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: Central Sulawesi: Eastern
Consonant system:
Number: 2784
Language: Balantak
Location: Indonesia (EC Celebes)
Population: 125,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: Central Sulawesi: Eastern
Consonant system:
Number: 2785
Language: Balaesan
Location: Indonesia (NE Celebes Is)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: Central Sulawesi: West Central
Consonant system:
Number: 2786
Language: Tolitoli
Location: Indonesia (NW Celebes Island)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: Central Sulawesi: West Central: Tomini
Consonant system:
Number: 2787
Language: Tomini
Location: Indonesia (NW Celebes Is)
Population: 50,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: Central Sulawesi: West Central: Tomini
Consonant system:
Number: 2788
Language: Bolano
Location: Indonesia (NW Celebes Island)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: Central Sulawesi: West Central: Tomini
Consonant system:
Number: 2789
Language: Dondo
Location: Indonesia
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: Central Sulawesi: West Central: Tomini
Consonant system:
Number: 2790
Language: Dampelasa
Location: Indonesia (NW Celebes Is)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: Central Sulawesi: West Central: Tomini
Consonant system:
Number: 2791
Language: Kasimbar
Location: Indonesia (NW Celebes Is)
Population: 100,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: Central Sulawesi: West Central: Tomini
Consonant system:
Number: 2792
Language: Petapa
Location: Indonesia (NW Celebes Island)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: Central Sulawesi: West Central: Tomini
Consonant system:
Number: 2793
Language: Ndau
Location: Indonesia
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: Central Sulawesi: West Central: Tomini
Consonant system:
Number: 2794
Language: Kaili
Location: Indonesia (C Celebes )
Population: 200,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: Central Sulawesi: West Central: Kaili-Pamona
Consonant system:
Number: 2795
Language: Pipikoro
Location: Indonesia (C Celebes )
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: Central Sulawesi: West Central: Kaili-Pamona
Consonant system:
Number: 2796
Language: Lindu
Location: Indonesia
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: Central Sulawesi: West Central: Kaili-Pamona
Consonant system:
Number: 2797
Language: Sedoa
Location: Indonesia
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: Central Sulawesi: West Central: Kaili-Pamona
Consonant system:
Number: 2798
Language: Napu
Location: Indonesia (C Celebes )
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: Central Sulawesi: West Central: Kaili-Pamona
Consonant system:
Number: 2799
Language: Bada
Location: Indonesia (C Celebes )
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: Central Sulawesi: West Central: Kaili-Pamona
Consonant system:
Number: 2800
Language: Rampi
Location: Indonesia
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: Central Sulawesi: West Central: Kaili-Pamona
Consonant system:
Number: 2801
Language: Pamona
Location: Indonesia
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: Central Sulawesi: West Central: Kaili-Pamona
Consonant system:
Number: 2802
Language: Bungku
Location: Indonesia (EC Celebes)
Population: 180,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: Central Sulawesi: West Central: Bungku-Mori
Consonant system:
Number: 2803
Language: Mori
Location: Indonesia (Celebes)
Population: 200,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: Central Sulawesi: West Central: Bungku-Mori
Consonant system:
Number: 2804
Language: Lalaki
Location: Indonesia (SE Celebes)
Population: 125,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: Central Sulawesi: West Central: Bungku-Mori
Consonant system:
Number: 2805
Language: Mekongka
Location: Indonesia
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: Central Sulawesi: West Central: Bungku-Mori
Consonant system:
Number: 2806
Language: Makassarese
Location: Indonesia
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: South Sulawesi
Consonant system:
Number: 2807
Language: Bugis
Alternate Name: Bugi
Location: Indonesia (SW Celebes)
Population: 2.5 million
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: South Sulawesi
Grammar: Samsuri. 1965 Introduction to a Rappang Buginese Grammar. Bloomington: Indiana Univ Diss.
Other Sources: AL 7:2
Consonant system:
p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
č ɡ̌
(f) s̪ (x) h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) s̪ (x) h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3
politeness: 2 forms for 2 & 5: (1)equal or inferior (2)superior
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND NUM-N/N-NUM N-POSS N+A+D
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2808
Language: Mandar
Location: Indonesia (WC Celebes)
Population: 300,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: South Sulawesi
Consonant system:
Number: 2809
Language: Sa'dan
Dialect: Kesu'
Location: Indonesia (WC Celebes)
Population: 50,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: South Sulawesi
Other Sources: Sande, J. S. and W. A. L. Stokhof. 1977. "On the Phonology of the Toraja Kesuʔ Dialect," MSILI 4, 19-34.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
(č) (ɡ̌)
s (h)
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: (č) (ɡ̌)
Fricatives: s (h)
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ p t k m n ŋ s l r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: phonemic, but mostly penult
Number: 2810
Language: Massenrempulu
Location: Indonesia
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: South Sulawesi
Consonant system:
Number: 2811
Language: Pitu Ulunna Salo
Location: Indonesia (Celebes)
Population: 175,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: South Sulawesi
Consonant system:
Number: 2812
Language: Mamuju
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: South Sulawesi
Consonant system:
Number: 2813
Language: Seko
Location: Indonesia (WC Celebes)
Population: 275,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: South Sulawesi
Consonant system:
Number: 2814
Language: Wotu
Location: Indonesia (C Celebes )
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: South Sulawesi
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Celebes: Muna-Buton
Grammar: Anceaux, J.C. 1952. The Wolio Language. The Hague: H. L. Smits.
Consonant system:
p (b) ɓ t (d) ɗ c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
(f) s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p (b) ɓ t (d) ɗ c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: (f) s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d c ɟ k ɡ
Glides: (j) w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Syllable: (C)V
Stress: "Word accent consists of a high pitch of the penultimate vowel." Anceaux, p. 9
Demonstratives: 3 + ref
Articles: art
Other Sources:
Prentice, D. J. 1969. "Phonemes of Sabah Murut," PL A20, 23-41.
Prentice, D. J. 1971. The Murut Language of Sabah. PL C18.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
ɡ̌
s
m n (ñ) ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: s
Nasals: m n (ñ) ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: diphthonɡs
Other Sources: Prentice, D. J. 1974. "Yet Another PAN Phoneme," OL 13, 33-75.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
(ɡ̌)
(v) s (z) h
m n ŋ
l
(r)
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: (ɡ̌)
Fricatives: (v) s (z) h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (r)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Other Sources:
Prentice, D. J. 1974. "Yet Another PAN Phoneme," OL 13, 33-75.
Hurlbut, Hope M. 1979. "Some Features of Narrative Discourse in Kadazan," in PL, C49, 255-82.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
(ɡ̌)
(v) s (z) h
m n ŋ
l
(r)
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: (ɡ̌)
Fricatives: (v) s (z) h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (r)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Articles: def
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Apo Duat
Consonant system:
Number: 2859
Language: Kelabit
Location: Malaysia (N Borneo)
Population: 17,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Apo Duat
Consonant system:
Number: 2860
Language: Sa'ban
Alternate Name: Long Benga'
Location: Malaysia (N Sarawak)
Population: 1,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Apo Duat
Other Sources:
Clayre, I. F. C. S. 1973. "The Phonemes of Sa'ban, " Linguistics 100, 26-46.
Clayre, I. F. C. S. 1970. "Sa'ban Revisited," Sarawak Museum Journal 18, 319-??.
Consonant system:
p b t d k (ɡ) ʔ
č ɡ̌
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k (ɡ) ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̄ p b t d k ɡ̌ s r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Long Vowels: ̄ā
Diphthongs: ǝi ai ɔi iǝ ɛǝ ɨǝ uǝ ɔe ǝu au
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C) Nˈ
Demonstratives: 3
Syntax: SVO NA/(AN [colors]) NG ND NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2861
Language: Lengilu
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Apo Duat
Consonant system:
Number: 2862
Language: Putoh
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Apo Duat
Other Sources:
Clayre, I. F. C. S. 1970. "The Spelling of Melanau (née Milano)," Sarawak Museum Journal 18, 330-52.
Clayre, Iain. 1973. "Notes on Spatial Deixis in Melanau," AL 15, 71-86.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
č ɡ̌
s j ̂ h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r ʁ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s j ̂ h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r ʁ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Other Sources: Clayre, I. F. C. S. 1970. "The Spelling of Melanau (née Milano)," Sarawak Museum Journal 18, 330-52.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
č ɡ̌
v s z j ̂ h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: v s z j ̂ h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Land Dayak
Consonant system:
Number: 2881
Language: Lara'
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Land Dayak
Consonant system:
Number: 2882
Language: Jagoi
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Land Dayak
Consonant system:
Number: 2883
Language: Singgie
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Land Dayak
Consonant system:
Number: 2884
Language: Biatah
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Land Dayak
Consonant system:
Number: 2885
Language: Bukar Sadong
Location: Malaysia (N Borneo)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Land Dayak
Other Sources:
Court, Christopher. 1967. "Some Areal Features of Mĕntu Land Dayak," OL 6, 46-50.
Court, Christopher. 1977. "Irregular Verbs in Mĕntu Land Dayak (Bukar-Sadong, Ulu Sekayam): Some Remarks on Verb Morphology," PL A33, 1-7.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
č ɡ̌
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: Nc = p t d k č . . .
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Nasal Vowels: ṽ
Modified Vowels: nasal harmony
Stress: NH
Number: 2886
Language: Bekati'
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Land Dayak
Consonant system:
Number: 2887
Language: Benyadu'
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Land Dayak
Consonant system:
Number: 2888
Language: Kembayan
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Land Dayak
Consonant system:
Number: 2889
Language: Ribun
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Land Dayak
Consonant system:
Number: 2890
Language: Djongkang
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Land Dayak
Consonant system:
Number: 2891
Language: Sanggau
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Land Dayak
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Kayan: Western
Other Sources: Blust, Robert A. 1977. "Sketches of the Morphology and Phonology of Bornean Languages 1: Uma Juman (Kayan), PL A33, 8-122.
Consonant system:
p b t̪ d k ɡ ʔ
ɡ̌
v s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t̪ d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates:
ɡ̌
Fricatives: v s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: uj (aw)
Syllable: (C) V (C)
Stress: final
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4die 4tie 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS N+A+D
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2895
Language: Baram Kayan
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Kayan: Western
Consonant system:
Number: 2896
Language: Mendalam Kayan
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Kayan: Western
Consonant system:
Number: 2897
Language: Kayan Mahakam
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Kayan: Western
Consonant system:
Number: 2898
Language: Busang
Location: Indonesia (Borneo)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Kayan: Western
Consonant system:
Number: 2899
Language: Bahau
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Kayan: Western
Consonant system:
Number: 2900
Language: Kayan River Kayan
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Kayan: Western
Consonant system:
Number: 2901
Language: Wahau Kayan
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Kayan: Western
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Kenyah: Main Kenyah
Consonant system:
Number: 2916
Language: Upper Baram Kenyah
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Kenyah: Main Kenyah
Consonant system:
Number: 2917
Language: Bahau River Kenyah
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Kenyah: Main Kenyah
Consonant system:
Number: 2918
Language: Kayan River Kenyah
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Kenyah: Main Kenyah
Consonant system:
Number: 2919
Language: Mahakam Kenyah
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Kenyah: Main Kenyah
Consonant system:
Number: 2920
Language: Kelinyao Kenyah
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Kenyah: Main Kenyah
Consonant system:
Number: 2921
Language: Lawangan
Location: Indonesia (SE Borneo)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Barito: East
Other Sources: Hudson, Alfred B. 1967. The Barito Isolects of Borneo. CUDP 68.
Consonant system:
p b t d k
ɡ̌
s
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: s
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Number: 2922
Language: Dusun Deyah
Location: Indonesia (S Borneo)
Population: 20,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Barito: East
Other Sources: Hudson, Alfred B. 1967. The Barito Isolects of Borneo. CUDP 68.
Consonant system:
p t k
ɡ̌
s
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p t k
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: s
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Number: 2923
Language: Ma'anyan
Location: Indonesia (SE Borneo)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Barito: East
Other Sources:
AL 7:2
WALS
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
ɡ̌
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ ɡ̌ s r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Syntax: SVO
Number: 2924
Language: Malagasy
Location: Madagascar
Population: 5 million
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Borneo: Barito: East
Dictionary:
Richardson, J. 1885. A New Malagasy-English Dictionary. Tananarive: London Missionary Society. [Reprinted 1967 by Gregg International Publishers, Farnborough, England]
Abinal, Antoine and V. Malzac. 1963. Dictionnaire malgache-français. Paris: Editions Maritimes et Coloniales.
An Elementary English-Malagasy Dictionary. 1970. Tananarive: Andro Vaovao & Trano Printy Loterana.
Malzac, V. 1963. Dictionnaire français-malgache. Paris: Editions Maritimes et Coloniales.
GD: Deschamps, Hubert. 1936. Le dialecte antaisaka (langue malgache). Tananarive: Pitot de la Beaujardière.
Grammar:
Malzac, V. 1960. Grammaire malgache. Paris: Société d'Editions Géographiques Maritimes et Coloniales.
Arakin, V. D. 1963. Mal'gashskij jazyk. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo vostochnoj literatury.
Garvey, Catherine J., et al. 1964. A Sketch of Malagasy Grammar. Washington, D.C.:CAL
TextBooks:
Garvey, Catherine J., et al. 1964. Malagasy Introductory Course. Washington D.C.:CAL.
Stark, Elsie L. 1969. Malagasy without Moans. Tananarive: Trano Printy Loterana.
Other Sources:
Dahl, Otto C. 1952. " Etude de phonologie et de phonétique malgaches," Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap" 16, 148-200.
Dyen, Isidore. 1971. "Malagasy," CTIL 8, 211-39.
Keenan, Edward Louis and Elinor Ochs. 1979. "Becoming a Competent Speaker of Malagasy," in LTS, 113-58.
Dez, Jacques. 1978. "Le malgache," in IEL, 331-49.
Consonant system:
p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ
ts dz
f v s z h
m n̪
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ
Affricates: ts dz
Fricatives: f v s z h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: Nc b d̪ ḍ ɡ dz (The prenasalized voiceless stops mp, nt̪, nṭ, ŋk, nts, reported in the early literature, have apparently vanished from the contemporary language.)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u (ɔ)
Diphthongs: ai au ui
Syllable: (C) V (C)
Stress: penult & antepenult, sometimes phonemic
Demonstratives: 6: this, that, that further away, that far away, that very far away, that's so far away it cannot be seen
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VOS NA NG DND[both obligatory] N-NUM N-POSS D+N+A+Num+D
Prep/Post: PREP
Comments: Genetically closest to Ma'anyan
Other Sources: Mihing, T. W. J. and W. A. L. Stokhof. 1977. "On the Ngaju Dayak Sound System," MSILI 3, 49-??.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
č ɡ̌
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: (ǝ) a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ɛ̄ ā ū ɔ̄
Diphthongs: aw aj uj oj ej ij
Other Sources:
Hooker, Betty. 1975. "Some Nominal Phrases in Yakan," PL A44, 1-12.
Behrens, Dietlinde. 1975. "Yakan Phonemics and Morphophonemics," PL A44, 13-28.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
ɡ̌
s h
m n ŋ
l
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: c̄ all but ʔ ɡ̌ h j
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: penult
Demonstratives: 4 : [3 + that out of sight]
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Sama-Bajaw: Inner Sulu Sama
Other Sources:
Gault, Jo Ann. 1979. "Phonemics and Morphophonemics of Sama Baangingi," PL A50, 49-68.
PML
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
ɡ̌
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
(r)
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (r)
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Sama-Bajaw: Borneo Coast Bajaw: Indonesian
Consonant system:
Number: 2947
Language: Kajoa
Location: Indonesia (Kajoa Is)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Sama-Bajaw: Borneo Coast Bajaw: Indonesian
Consonant system:
Number: 2948
Language: Roti1
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Sama-Bajaw: Borneo Coast Bajaw: Indonesian
Number: 2949
Language: Jaya Bakti
Location: Indonesia
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Sama-Bajaw: Borneo Coast Bajaw: Indonesian
Consonant system:
Number: 2950
Language: Poso
Location: Indonesia
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Sama-Bajaw: Borneo Coast Bajaw: Indonesian
Consonant system:
Number: 2951
Language: Tongian1
Location: Indonesia (Togian Is)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Sama-Bajaw: Borneo Coast Bajaw: Indonesian
Consonant system:
Number: 2952
Language: Tongian2
Location: Indonesia (Togian Is)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Sama-Bajaw: Borneo Coast Bajaw: Indonesian
Consonant system:
Number: 2953
Language: Wallace
Location: Indonesia
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Sama-Bajaw: Borneo Coast Bajaw: Indonesian
Consonant system:
Number: 2954
Language: Javanese
Location: Indonesia (Java)
Population: 45 million
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Sundic
Dictionary: Horne, Elinor C. 1974. Javanese-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale Univ Press.
TextBooks:
Horne, Elinor C. 1961. Beginning Javanese. New Haven: Yale Univ Press.
Horne, Elinor C. 1963. Intermediate Javanese. New Haven: Yale Univ Press.
Herrfurth, Hans. 1968. Lehrbuch des modernen Djwanisch. Leipzig: Enzyklopädie.
Other Sources:
Uhlenbeck, E. M. 1950. "The Structure of the Javanese Morpheme," Lingua 2, 239-70.
Uhlenbeck, E. M. 1953. "The Study of Word Classes in Javanese," Lingua 3, 322-54.
Uhlenbeck, E.M. 1965. "Some Preliminary Remarks on Javanese Syntax," Lingua 15, 53-70.
Consonant system:
p b̤ t̪ d̪̤ t d̤ k ɡ̤ ʔ
ts d̤z
(f) s (z̤) h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l l̤
r
Stops: p b̤ t̪ d̪̤ t d̤ k ɡ̤ ʔ
Affricates: ts d̤z
Fricatives: (f) s (z̤) h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l l̤
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̤ = b̤ mb̤ d̤̪ nd̤̪ d̤ nd̤ ɡ̤ ŋɡ̤ d̤z nd̤z l̤ (z̤) Heavy consonants have a murmured fuzzy quality which affects the vowel after them by making of a bit a lower in pitch and giving it a breathy sound. Horne 1961. XXIX
Nc = b̤ d̪̤ d̤ ɡ̤ d̤z
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Syllable: (C) (C) V (C)
Stress: non-phonemic
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3 [that = ref]
Articles: def
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND NUM-N/N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2955
Language: Sundanese
Location: Indonesia (W Java)
Population: 15 million
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Sundic
Dictionary: Lezer, Leo A. 1931. Lezer's soendasch woordenboek. Bandoeng: L. A. Lezer.
Grammar: Pavlenko, Andrei P. 1965. Sundanskij jazyk. Moscow: Nauka.
Other Sources:
Robins, R. H. 1953. "The Phonology of the Nasalized Verbal Forms in Sundanese," BSOAS 15, 138-45.
Robins, R. H. 1959. "Nominal and Verbal Derivation in Sundanese," Lingua 8, 337-69.
Van Syoc, Wayland Bryce. 1959. The Phonology and Morphology of the Sundanese Language. Ann Arbor: Univ of Michigan Diss.
Robins, R. H. 1965. "Some Typological Obsevations on Sundanese Morphology," Lingua 15, 435-50.
Robins, R. H. 1968. "Basic Sentence Structure in Sundanese." Lingua 21, 351-8.
WALS
Consonant system:
p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
č ɡ̌
s̪ h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s̪ h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Modified Vowels: nasal harmony
Syllable: (C) (C) V (C)
Stress: penult
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def, indef
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Sundic: Lampung
Grammar: Walker, Dale F. 1976. A Grammar of the Lampung Language: The Pesisir Dialect of Way Lima. Jakarta: Baden Penyelenggara Seri NUSA.
Other Sources: Walker, Dale F. 1975. "A Lexical Study of Lampung Dialects," MSILI 1, 11-22.
Consonant system:
p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
č ɡ̌
s̪ x h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l̪
(r)
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s̪ x h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: (r)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Syllable: (C) (C) (C) V (C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3+ ref
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4ie
3 5
3 6
[All pronouns except 4i have two forms: formal and informal.]
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2959
Language: Komering
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Sundic: Lampung
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
č ɡ̌
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Sundic: Sumatra: Batak: Southern
Grammar: Tuuk, H. N. van der. 1971. A Grammar of Toba Batak. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Other Sources:
AL 7:2
WALS
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
č ɡ̌
s h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: usually penult in nouns
Demonstratives: 3
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Sundic: Malayic
Dictionary: Kiliaan, H. N. 1904, 1905. Madoereesch-nederlandsch woordenboek, 2 vols. Leiden: E.J.Brill.
Other Sources:
Stevens, Alan M. 1965. "Language Levels in Madurese," Lg 41, 294-302.
Stevens, Alan M. 1966. "The Madurese Reflexes of Proto-Malayopolynesian," JAOS 86, 147-56.
Stevens, Alan M. 1968. Madurese Phonology and Morphology. New Haven: American Oriental Society.
Consonant system:
p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ t th d k kh ɡ ʔ
č čh ɡ̌
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ t th d k kh ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č čh ɡ̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ all but ʔ
Glides: j (w)
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ ?
Syllable: (C) V (C)
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3 [that = ref]
Articles: def
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
č ɡ̌
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w ǝ̯
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Other Sources:
Prentice, D.J. and A. Hakim Usman. 1978. " Kerinci Sound-Changes and Phonotactics," PL C61, 121-63.
Steinhauer, H. and A. Hakim Usman. 1978. "Notes on the Morphemics of Kerinci (Sumatra), " PL C61, 483-502.
AL 7:2
E
Consonant system:
p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
č ɡ̌
(f) s̪ z̪ (x) h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) s̪ z̪ (x) h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Diphthongs: ej ɔj aj ow ew ɛw aw
Stress: final
Other Sources:
Johns, Anthony H. 1958. Rantjak Dilabueh: A Minangkabau Kaba. CUDP 32.
E
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
č ɡ̌
f s z h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s z h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: ai
Stress: final
Other Sources: Hogan, David W. 1976. "Urak Lawoi' (Orang Laut)," PL C43 283-302.
Consonant system:
p ph b t th d k kh ɡ ʔ
č čh ɡ̌
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č čh ɡ̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Sundic: Malayic: Local Malay
Dictionary:
Winstedt, Richard. 1959. An Unabridged Malay-English Dictionary. Kuala Lumpur: Marican & Sons.
Winstedt, Richard. 1972. An Unabridged English-Malay Dictionary. Kuala Lumpur: Marican & Sons.
Grammar:
Winstedt, Richard. 1957. Colloquial Malay. Singapore: Marican & Sons.
Verguin, Joseph. 1967. Le malais. The Hague: Mouton.
Pearce, James. 1960. A Simple but Complete Grammar of the Malay Language. Singapore: Malaya Publishing House.
TextBooks:
Lewis. M. Blanche. 1959. Teach Yourself Malay. London: English Universities Press.
Dyen, Isidore, et al. 1971. Spoken Malay, 2 vols. Ithaca: Spoken Language Services.
Lewis, M. Blanche. 1969. Sentence Analysis in Modern Malay. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.
Other Sources:
Payne, Edward M. F. 1970. Basic Syntactic Structures in Standard Malay. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka.
Abdullah, Hassan. 1974. The Morphology of Malay. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaki.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
č ɡ̌
(f) (θ) (ð) s z š (x) h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) (θ) (ð) s z š (x) h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ ?
Diphthongs: ai au ia
Syllable: (C) V (C)
Stress: penult
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def, indef
Pronouns:
1* 4ie
2 5
3 6
*Many polite-familiar distinctions (depending on social caste, nationality, etc.) characterize the pronoun system.
Syntax: SVO NA NG(GN) ND NUM-N N-POSS(POSS-N) Num+N+A+D
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2989
Language: Malay
Dialect: Mentok
Location: Indonesia (Bangka Is)
Population: 10 million
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Sundic: Malayic: Local Malay
Other Sources: AL 7:2
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
č ɡ̌
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u
Syllable: (C) V (C)
Stress: non-phonemic
Number: 2990
Language: Malay
Dialect: Sea Dayak
Location: Malaysia (Sarawak)
Population: 10 million
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Sundic: Malayic: Local Malay
Dictionary: Scott, N.C. 1956. A Dictionary of Sea Dayak. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, Univ of London.
Other Sources: AL 7:2
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
č ɡ̌
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ ?
Diphthongs: aj aw uj
Number: 2991
Language: Indonesian
Alternate Name: Indonesian Malay
Location: Indonesia
Population: 10 million
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Sundic: Malayic: Local Malay
Dictionary:
Echols, John M. and Hassan Shadily. 1974. An Indonesian-English Dictionary. Ithaca: Cornell Univ Press.
Echols, John M. and Hasan Shadily. 1975. An English-Indonesian Dictionary. Ithaca: Cornell Univ Press.
Grammar:
Kahler, Hans. 1964. Grammatik der Bahasa Indonesia. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
MacDonald, R. Ross and Soenjono Dardjowidjojo. 1967. A Student's Reference Grammar of Modern Formal Indonesian. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.
TextBooks:
Wolff, John U. 1971. Beginning Indonesian, 2 vols. Ithaca: Southeast Asia Program, Cornell Univ.
Danoesoegondo, Poerwanto. 1966-71. Bahasa Indonesia for Beginners. Sydney: Sydney Univ Press.
Kwee, John B. 1974. Teach Yourself Indonesian. London: English Universities Press.
Other Sources: Dardjowidjojo, Soenjono. 1978. Sentence Patterns in Indonesian. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.
Consonant system:
p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
(f) (v) s̪ (z̪) š (x) h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l̪
ɾ
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: (f) (v) s̪ (z̪) š (x) h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i (I) e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o (ɔ)
Diphthongs: aj aw oj ow ej
Syllable: (C) V (C)
Stress: penult (and final)
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def, indef
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Many formal-informal distinctions in the pronoun system.
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS Num+N+A+D
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 2992
Language: Orang Laut
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western: Sundic: Malayic: Local Malay
TextBooks:
Mundhenk, Alice Tegenfeldt and Hella Goschnick. 1977. "Haroi Phonemes," in PL A48, 1-15.
Goschnick, Hella. 1977. "Haroi Clauses," in PL A48, 105-24.
Consonant system:
p ph ɓ t̪ t̪h ɗ c k kh ʔ
š h hʷ
m m̥ n̪ n̪̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥
l l̥
ɾ ɾ̥
Stops: p ph ɓ t̪ t̪h ɗ c k kh ʔ
Fricatives:
š h hʷ
Nasals: m m̥ n̪ n̪̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥
Laterals: l l̥
Vibrants: ɾ ɾ̥
Glides: j j̥ ʔj w w̥ ʔw
Front Vowels: i I e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: (ṽ e ǝ ā ɔ̄)
Diphthongs:
ia ea ɨa ua oa
iā ēā ɨ̄a ūā ōā
ẽa õa
ẽ̄a ɨ̃̄a ȭa ũ̄a
Syllable: (C)CV(C)
Stress: on main syllable [ word=presyllable+main syllable]
Other Sources:
Blood, David L. 1967. "Phonological Units in Cham," AL 9:8, 15-32.
Dyen, Isidore. 1971. "The Chamic Languages," CTIL 8, 200-10.
Consonant system:
p ph (ʔ)b t th (ʔ)d c ch k kh ʔ
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p ph (ʔ)b t th (ʔ)d c ch k kh ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Diphthongs: iǝ uǝ
Other Sources:
Blood, David L. 1977. " A Three-Dimensional Analysis of Cham Sentences," in PL A48, 53-
Friberg, Timothy and Kvoeu Hor. 1977. "Register in Western Cham Phonology," in PL A48, 17-38.
Blood, Doris Walker. 1977. "Clause and Sentence Final Particles in Cham," in PL A48, 39-51.
Consonant system:
p ph ʔb t th ʔd c ch ʔɟ k kh ʔ
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r rʔ
Stops: p ph ʔb t th ʔd c ch ʔɟ k kh ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r rʔ
Glides: j j̥ jʔ w wʔ
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ i e ɛ ɨ ǝ a u o ɔ
Modified Vowels: Syllables belong to one of two registers, with tongue root advancement affecting the consonant and register: (1) First register vowels have normal, clear, tense `head' voice, higher pitch, and follow initial voiceless consonants. (2) Second register vowels have deep, breathy, sepulchral, relaxed, 'chest' voice, lower pitch, and follow initial voiced consonants.
Diphthongs: iǝ ɛǝ uǝ ɔǝ
Stress: on mainsyllable [=final]
Other Sources: Fuller, Eugene. 1977. "Chru Phonemes," in PL A48, 77-87.
Consonant system:
p ph b t th d k kh ɡ ʔ
č ɡ̌
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j jʔ w wʔ
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ i e ɛ ǝ a u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels:
ṽ
v̄̃
Modified Vowels: Chru seems to have a non-contrastive feature of register.
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)
Stress: final [=on main syllable]
Consonant system:
p ph b b̤ ɓ ɓ̤ t th d d̤ ɗ ɗ̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤ ʔ
č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
s h
m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥
l l̥
r
Stops: p ph b b̤ ɓ ɓ̤ t th d d̤ ɗ ɗ̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤ ʔ
Affricates: č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥
Laterals: l l̥
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ
Other Sources:
Rosen, Joan M. 1979a. "The Verbal Particle Leu in the Maumere Language," in South-East Asian Linguistic Studies, vol. 4 (=PL C49), 283-303.
Rosen, Joan M. 1979b. "The Verbal Particle Man in the Maumere Language," Philippine Journal of Linguistics 10, 84-108.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
ɡ̌
v s h
m n ŋ
l ʔl
r ʔr
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: v s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l ʔl
Vibrants: r ʔr
Glides: j w ʔw
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̤ all but ǝ
Consonant system:
b t d k
f s h
m n
l
r
Stops: b t d k
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ĩ ẽ ã ũ õ
Stress: penult
Other Sources:
Stevens, Alan M. 1967. "Kemak: An Austronesian Language," AL 9:1, 26-32.
E
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
s h
m n
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: ? cʷ b k m
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄
Other Sources: Mills, Roger F. and John Grima. 1980. "Historical Developments in Lettinese," in ANS, 273-84.
Consonant system:
p t d k
s
m n
l
r
Stops: p t d k
Fricatives: s
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w w̃
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Other Sources: Mills, Roger F. and John Grima. 1980. "Historical Developments in Lettinese," in ANS, 273-84.
Consonant system:
p t d k
s ɣ
m n
l
r
Stops: p t d k
Fricatives: s ɣ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Other Sources:
Walker, Alan. 1979. Sawu Grammar. [Diss in progress]
AL 7:2
Consonant system:
p b ɓ t̪ d ɗ ʄ k ɡ ɠ ʔ
ɡ̌
h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b ɓ t̪ d ɗ ʄ k ɡ ɠ ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Central: Bima-Sumba
Dictionary: Verheijen, Jilis A. J. 1967, 1970. Kamus Manggarai, 2 vols. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
č ɡ̌
s h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ č ɡ̌
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Other Sources:
Moore, Patrick. 1980. "Nga'da Phonology," in ANS, 203-12.
Djawanai, Stephanus. 1977. "A Description of the Basic Phonology of Nga'da and the Treatment of Borrowings," MSILI 4, 10-18.
Djawanai, Stephanus. 1978. "Participant Relationships in Nga'da Discourse," MSILI 5, 20-35.
WALS
Consonant system:
ph b ɓ d̪ th ɗ̣ kh ɡ ʔ
ɡ̌
f v s z x ɣ
m n ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: ph b ɓ d̪ th ɗ̣ kh ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s z x ɣ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̄ m n b ŋ ɾ s
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Bomberai
Consonant system:
Number: 3098
Language: Uruangnirin
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Bomberai
Consonant system:
Number: 3099
Language: Onin
Location: Indonesia (W Irian Jaya)
Population: 600
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Bomberai
Consonant system:
Number: 3100
Language: Sekar
Location: Indonesia (NW Irian Jaya)
Population: 450
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Bomberai
Consonant system:
Number: 3101
Language: Arguni
Location: Indonesia (W Irian Jaya)
Population: 200
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Bomberai
Consonant system:
Number: 3102
Language: Bedoanas
Location: Indonesia (W Irian Jaya)
Population: 250
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Bomberai
Consonant system:
Number: 3103
Language: Erokwanas
Location: Indonesia (W Irian Jaya)
Population: 250
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Bomberai
Consonant system:
Number: 3104
Language: Irahutu
Alternate Name: Irarutu
Location: Indonesia (W Irian Jaya)
Population: 3,800
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Bomberai
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 3105
Language: Nabi
Location: Indonesia (W Irian Jaya)
Population: 550
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Bomberai
Consonant system:
Number: 3106
Language: Gane
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: South Halmahera: South
Consonant system:
Number: 3107
Language: East Makian
Alternate Name: Taba
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: South Halmahera: South
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 3108
Language: Buli
Location: Indonesia (S Halmahera Is)
Population: 1,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: South Halmahera: Central-East
Consonant system:
Number: 3109
Language: Maba
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: South Halmahera: Central-East
Consonant system:
Number: 3110
Language: Patani
Location: Indonesia (SE Halmahera Is)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: South Halmahera: Central-East
Consonant system:
Number: 3111
Language: Sawai
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: South Halmahera: Central-East
Consonant system:
Number: 3112
Language: Weda
Location: Indonesia (S Halmahera Is)
Population: 900
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: South Halmahera: Central-East
Consonant system:
Number: 3113
Language: Misool
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: South Halmahera: Central-East
Consonant system:
Number: 3114
Language: Amber
Location: Indonesia (Waigeo Is)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: South Halmahera: Central-East
Consonant system:
Number: 3115
Language: Wajamli
Location: Indonesia (Halmahera Is)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: South Halmahera: Central-East
Consonant system:
Number: 3116
Language: Bichole
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: South Halmahera: Central-East
Consonant system:
Number: 3117
Language: Giman
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: South Halmahera: Central-East
Consonant system:
Number: 3118
Language: Salawati
Location: Indonesia (Salawati Is)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: South Halmahera: Central-East
Consonant system:
Number: 3119
Language: Waigeo
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: South Halmahera: Central-East
Consonant system:
Number: 3120
Language: Batanta
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: South Halmahera: Central-East
Consonant system:
Number: 3121
Language: As
Location: Indonesia (NW Irian Jaya)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: South Halmahera: Central-East
Consonant system:
Number: 3122
Language: Maya
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: South Halmahera: Central-East
Consonant system:
Number: 3123
Language: Maden
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: South Halmahera: Central-East
Consonant system:
Number: 3124
Language: Palamul
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: South Halmahera: Central-East
Consonant system:
Number: 3125
Language: Matbat
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: South Halmahera: Central-East
Consonant system:
Number: 3126
Language: Laganyan
Location: Indonesia
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: South Halmahera: Central-East
Consonant system:
Number: 3127
Language: Kawe
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: South Halmahera: Central-East
Consonant system:
Number: 3128
Language: Gebe
Location: Indonesia (Gebe Is)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: South Halmahera: Central-East
Consonant system:
Number: 3129
Language: Waropen
Location: Indonesia (N Irian Jaya)
Population: 6,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Geelvink Bay
Consonant system:
Number: 3130
Language: Mor2
Location: Indonesia (Irian Jaya)
Population: 1,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Geelvink Bay
Grammar: GD: Laycock, Don. 1978. "A Little Mor," PL C61, 285-316.
Consonant system:
(p) (b) t (d) k (ɡ) ʔ
β s h
m n
r
Stops: (p) (b) t (d) k (ɡ) ʔ
Fricatives: β s h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Tones: hi lo
Stress: phonemic ?
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SVO NA GN/NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+D+A+Num
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3131
Language: Iresim
Location: Indonesia (W Irian Jaya)
Population: 100
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Geelvink Bay
Consonant system:
Number: 3132
Language: Yaur
Location: Indonesia (W Irian Jaya)
Population: 350
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Geelvink Bay
Consonant system:
Number: 3133
Language: Yeretuar
Location: Indonesia (W Irian Jaya)
Population: 250
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Geelvink Bay
Consonant system:
Number: 3134
Language: Tandia
Location: Indonesia (W Irian Jaya)
Population: 350
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Geelvink Bay
Consonant system:
Number: 3135
Language: Biak
Location: Indonesia (Biak Island)
Population: 40,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Geelvink Bay: Biakic
Consonant system:
Number: 3136
Language: Ron
Location: Indonesia (Ron Is)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Geelvink Bay: Biakic
Consonant system:
Number: 3137
Language: Dusner
Location: Indonesia (W Irian Jaya)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Geelvink Bay: Biakic
Consonant system:
Number: 3138
Language: Meoswar
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Geelvink Bay: Biakic
Consonant system:
Number: 3139
Language: Wabo
Location: Indonesia (N Irian Jaya)
Population: 900
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Geelvink Bay: Yapen
Consonant system:
Number: 3140
Language: Kurudu
Location: Indonesia (Kurudu Island)
Population: 1,100
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Geelvink Bay: Yapen
Consonant system:
Number: 3141
Language: Wandamen
Location: Indonesia (N West Irian)
Population: 14,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Geelvink Bay: Yapen
Consonant system:
Number: 3142
Language: Ansus
Location: Indonesia (Sapan Island)
Population: 3,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Geelvink Bay: Yapen
Consonant system:
Number: 3143
Language: Woi
Location: Indonesia (Mios Num Is)
Population: 1,500
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Geelvink Bay: Yapen
Consonant system:
Number: 3144
Language: Pom
Location: Indonesia (Japen Is.)
Population: 1,700
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Geelvink Bay: Yapen
Consonant system:
Number: 3145
Language: Aibondeni
Location: Indonesia (N Irian Jaya)
Population: 150
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Geelvink Bay: Yapen
Consonant system:
Number: 3146
Language: Marau1
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Geelvink Bay: Yapen
Number: 3147
Language: Munggui
Location: Indonesia (N Irian Jaya)
Population: 650
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Geelvink Bay: Yapen
Consonant system:
Number: 3148
Language: Papuma
Location: Indonesia (N Irian Jaya)
Population: 700
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Geelvink Bay: Yapen
Consonant system:
Number: 3149
Language: Busami
Location: Indonesia (N Irian Jaya)
Population: 350
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Geelvink Bay: Yapen
Consonant system:
Number: 3150
Language: Serui-Laut
Location: Indonesia (Japen Is.)
Population: 1,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Geelvink Bay: Yapen
Consonant system:
Number: 3151
Language: Wadapi-Laut
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Geelvink Bay: Yapen
Consonant system:
Number: 3152
Language: Ambai
Location: Indonesia (N Irian Jaya)
Population: 6,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: South Halmahera-Northwest New Guinea: Geelvink Bay: Yapen
Other Sources:
Pawley, Andrew. 1973. "Some Problems in Proto-Oceanic Grammar," OL 12, 103-88.
Lincoln, Peter C. 1973. "Some Possible Implications of POC *t as /l/ in Gedaged," OL 12, 279-93.
Consonant system:
p t d k q
s
m n ñ ŋ
l
R
Stops: p t d k q
Fricatives: s
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: R
Modified Consonants:
Nc p t d k s
cʷ p m
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Syntax: SVO NG N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Comments: Pawley 1973 estimates the breakup of Proto-Oceanic as no later than about 3,000 BC.
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Siassi: Sepik: Western
Other Sources: WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Number: 3162
Language: Sissano
Location: NW PNG (N West Sepik)
Population: 4,500
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Siassi: Sepik: Western
Other Sources:
Laycock, Don. 1973. "Sissano Warapu, and Melanesian Pidginization," OL 12, 245-77.
Consonant system:
p (b) t (d) k (ɡ) ʔ
β s (ɣ)
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p (b) t (d) k (ɡ) ʔ
Fricatives: β s (ɣ)
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: (ǝ) a
Back Vowels: u o
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SVO NA N-POSS
Number: 3163
Language: Tumleo
Location: NW PNG (N West Sepik)
Population: 650
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Siassi: Sepik: Western
Other Sources:
WALS
WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO
Number: 3164
Language: Ali
Location: NW PNG (N West Sepik)
Population: 2,100
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Siassi: Sepik: Western
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Number: 3165
Language: Ulau
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Siassi: Sepik: Western
Other Sources: Gregersen, Edger A. 1976. "A Note on the Manam Language of Papua New Guinea," AL 18, 95-111.
Consonant system:
p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
(ɡ̌)
s̪ (h)
m n̪ ŋ
l̪
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Affricates: (ɡ̌)
Fricatives: s̪ (h)
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
f s h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
s h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Number: 3177
Language: Gedaged
Location: N PNG (Madang)
Population: 2,800
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Siassi: Madang: Bel
Dictionary: Mager, J. 1952. Gedeged-English Dictionary. Columbus, Ohio: Board of Foreign Missions of the American Lutheran Church.
Other Sources:
Lincoln, Peter C. 1973. "Some Possible Implications of POC *t as /l/ in Gedaged," OL 12, 279-93.
AL 6:9
WPF
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
f s z
m n ŋ
l
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: f s z
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Siassi: Madang: Astrolaban
Dictionary: Simons, Gary and Linda Simons. 1977. A Vocabulary of Biliau, an Austronesian Language of New Guinea, with Notes on Its Development from Proto-Oceanic. Ithaca: Dept of Modern Languages and Linguistics, Cornell Univ.
Other Sources: WPF
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
f s z
m n ŋ
l
ɾ̣
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: f s z
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ̣
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ a only (= aʔa)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Siassi: Rai Coast
Other Sources: ANLGS
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ kp ʔ
s z ɣ
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ʔ
Fricatives: s z ɣ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: Nc b ɡ kp z
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Syntax: SVO
Number: 3184
Language: Mangap
Alternate Name: Mbula
Location: NE PNG (N Morobe)
Population: 1,800
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Siassi: Rai Coast
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Siassi: Bariai-Ngero: Bariai
Grammar: Counts, David R. 1969. A Grammar of Kaliai-Kove. OLSP 6.
Consonant system:
p mb t nd k ŋɡ (ʔ)
β s ɣ h
m n ŋ
l
ɾ r
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ (ʔ)
Fricatives: β s ɣ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ r
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Other Sources: Chowning, Ann. 1973. "Milke's 'New Guinea Cluster': The Evidence from Northeast New Britain," OL 12, 189-243.
Consonant system:
p mb t nd k ŋɡ
β s ɣ h
m n ŋ
l
ɹ
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ
Fricatives: β s ɣ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɹ
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SVO NA GN N-NUM POSS-N(3)/N-POSS(1,2,4,5,6)
Other Sources:
Capell, A. 1949. "Two Tonal Languages of New Guinea," BSOAS 13, 184-99.
AL 6:9
WPF
Consonant system:
p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
s nz h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s nz h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
Nc b d ɡ z
cʷ p b ɡ
Glides: j
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Diphthongs: ae ao ai au ea ɔa oe
Other Sources: Capell, A. 1949. "Two Tonal Languages of New Guinea," BSOAS 13, 184-99.
Consonant system:
p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
s h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
Nc b d ɡ
cʷ p b ɡ
Glides: j
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Diphthongs: ae ao ai au ea ɔa oe
Other Sources: Collier, Ken and Margaret Collier. 1975. "A Tentative Phonemic Statement of the Apoze Dialect, Kela Language," PFAL, 129-61.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
s z
m n ŋ
l
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: s z
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Diphthongs: ai ae au oi
Other Sources:
Holzknecht, K. G. 1973a. "The Phonemes of the Adzera Language," PL A38, 1-11.
Holzknecht, K. G. 1973b. "Morphophonemics of the Adzera Language," PL A38, 13-19.
Holzknecht, K. G. 1973c. "A Synopsis of Verb Forms in Adzera," PL A38, 21-8.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
ts dz
f s h
m n ŋ
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts dz
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ ʔ ts dz
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ɯ o
Long Vowels: v̄ i a o
Diphthongs: diphthonɡs triphthonɡs
Other Sources:
Adams, Karen and Linda Lauck. 1975. "A Tentative Phonemic Statement of Patep," PFAL, 71-128.
Lauck, Linda M. 1976. "Patep Sentences," in Grammatical Studies in Patep, Ukarumpa, PNG, SIL, 5-122.
Consonant system:
p mb t nd k ŋɡ ʔ
ndz ñɡ̌
β s ɣ h
m n ŋ
l
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ ʔ
Affricates: ndz ñɡ̌
Fricatives: β s ɣ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants:
cj p mb t nd β m n
cʷ p mb k ŋɡ m ŋ
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ
Other Sources:
Hooley, Bruce A. 1964. "A Problem in Buang Morphology," PL A3, 35-42.
E
Consonant system:
p mb t̪ nd̪ k ŋɡ q NG
ñɡ̌
v s ɣ h
m n̪ ŋ N
l̪
ɾ
Stops: p mb t̪ nd̪ k ŋɡ q NG
Affricates: ñɡ̌
Fricatives: v s ɣ h
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ N
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: cʷ k ŋɡ ŋ
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Other Sources:
Ray, Sidney H. 1938. "The Languages of the Eastern Louisiade Archipelago," BSOAS 9, 363-84.
AL 6:9
E
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
v s h
m n (ŋ)
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: v s h
Nasals: m n (ŋ)
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ b k ɡ m
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Other Sources:
Ray, Sidney H. 1938. "The Languages of the Eastern Louisiade Archipelago," BSOAS 9, 363-84.
AL 6:9
WALS
Consonant system:
p mb t nd k ŋɡ
ɡ̌
(f) v s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) v s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ k ŋɡ
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
s h
m n
ľ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: ľ
Modified Consonants: cʷ p b k ɡ m
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Other Sources:
Lynch, John. 1973. "Verbal Aspects of Possession in Melanesian Languages," OL 12, 69-102.
Cooper, Russell E. 1975. "Coastal Suau: A Preliminary Study of Internal Relationships," in SLCSEP, 227-78.
ANLGS
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
(f) s h
m n
l
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: (f) s h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: cʷ k
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Stress: penult
Other Sources:
Lithgow, Daphne. 1977. "Dobu Phonemics," in Phonologies of Five P.N.G. Languages," Ukarumpa, PNG, SIL, 73-96.
WPF
Consonant system:
ph b th d kh ɡ ʔ
s
m n
ľ
Stops: ph b th d kh ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s
Nasals: m n
Laterals: ľ
Modified Consonants: cʷ ph b kh ɡ ʔ m
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Milne Bay: Western: Bwaidoka
Dictionary: GD: Jenness, D. and A. Ballantyne. 1928. Language Mythology and Songs of Bwaidoga. New Plymouth, New Zealand.
Other Sources: Young, Maribelle. 1979. Bwaidoka Tales. PL D16.
Consonant system:
b t d k ɡ
f v s h
m n
l
Stops: b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: f v s h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: cʷ b k f m
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Demonstratives: 3
Other Sources: Huckett, Joyce. 1974. "Notes on Iduna Grammar," in Three Studies in Languages of Eastern Papua, Ukarumpa, PNG, SIL, 63-133.
Consonant system:
b t d k ɡ ʔ
f v s h
m n
l
Stops: b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: f v s h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Demonstratives: +ref
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N(alien) N-POSS(inalien) D+N+A+Num
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
v s
m n
ľ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: v s
Nasals: m n
Laterals: ľ
Modified Consonants: cʷ p b k ɡ m
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Stress: phonemic
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Central Province: Western
Other Sources: WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Number: 3271
Language: Roro
Alternate Name: Waima
Location: SE PNG (Central)
Population: 8,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Central Province: Western
Other Sources:
Bluhme,H. 1970. "The Phoneme System and Its Distribution in Roro," in PL C13, 867-77.
Davis, Michael M. 1974. "The Dialects of the Roro Language of Papua: A Preliminary Survey," Kivung 7, 3-15.
E
WPF
Consonant system:
p t̪ k ʔ
β h
m n̪
ɾ
Stops: p t̪ k ʔ
Fricatives: β h
Nasals: m n̪
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: (v̄ e a o)
Diphthongs: diphthonɡs
Syllable: (C)V
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV
Number: 3272
Language: Kuni
Location: SE PNG (Central)
Population: 1,700
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Central Province: Western
Other Sources: WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Number: 3273
Language: Nara
Alternate Name: Pokau
Location: SE PNG (Central)
Population: 7,600
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Central Province: Western
Grammar: Lanyon-Orgill, P. A. 1945. "Grammar of the Pokau Language, Central Division of Papua, New Guinea," BSOAS 11, 641-55.
Other Sources: AL 6:9
Consonant system:
p b t d k ʔ
v s z h
m n
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ʔ
Fricatives: v s z h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ i a o
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV NA ND N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 3274
Language: Gabadi
Alternate Name: Kabadi
Location: SE PNG (Central)
Population: 1,400
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Central Province: Western
Other Sources: AL 6:9
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
v s
m n
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: v s
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Number: 3275
Language: Doura
Location: SE PNG (Central)
Population: 800
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Central Province: Western
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Central Province: Eastern: Motu-Sinagoro
Grammar: Kolia, J. A. 1975. "A Balawaia Grammar Sketch and Vocabulary," in SLCSEP, 107-226.
Other Sources: ANLGS
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
β ɣ
m n
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: β ɣ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: cʷ k ɡ ɣ
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Stress: penult
Noun
Number: s [p] [pl only for a few words]
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV (AN [nationality])/NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N/(N-POSS) D+N+A+Num
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 3277
Language: Motu
Location: SE PNG (Central)
Population: 13,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Central Province: Eastern: Motu-Sinagoro
Grammar: GD: Lister-Turner, R. and J. B. Clark. 1931. A Grammar of the Motu Language of Papua. Sydney.
Other Sources: ANLGS
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
v s ɣ h
m n
l
ɹ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: v s ɣ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɹ
Modified Consonants: cʷ k ɡ
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ae ai ao au ei eu oe oi ou
Syntax: SOV NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N(alien)/N-POSS(inalien=body parts, personal relationship & attributes)
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 3278
Language: Keapara
Dialect: Galoma
Location: SE PNG (Central)
Population: 16,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Central Province: Eastern: Motu-Sinagoro
Grammar: GD: Short, Lillian Mary Theakston. 1965. THe Phonetics and Grammar of the Hula Language. Adelaide: Univ of Adelaide Thesis.
Other Sources:
Dutton, T. E. 1970. "Notes on the Languages fo the Rigo Area of the Central District of Papua," in PL C13, 879-983.
Lynch, John. 1973. "Verbal Aspects of Possession in Melanesian Languages," OL 12, 69-102.
ANLGS
Consonant system:
p t k
β ð ɣ
m n
l
ɹ
Stops: p t k
Fricatives: β ð ɣ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɹ
Modified Consonants: cʷ k
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Stress: penult
Other Sources:
Chowning, Ann. 1973. "Milke's 'New Guinea Cluster': The Evidence from Northwest New Britain," OL 12, 189-243.
AL 6:9
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
β s h
m
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: β s h
Nasals: m
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: ei ea eu oi ou ui ae au ue
Stress: penult
Articles: art
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Britain
Consonant system:
Number: 3290
Language: Arawe
Location: PNG (SW New Britain)
Population: 2,200
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Britain: Arawe
Consonant system:
Number: 3291
Language: Moewehafen
Location: PNG (SC New Britain)
Population: 1,800
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Britain: Arawe
Consonant system:
Number: 3292
Language: Gasmata
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Britain: Arawe
Consonant system:
Number: 3293
Language: Longa
Alternate Name: Amara
Location: PNG (W New Britain)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Britain: Lamogai
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 3294
Language: Idne
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Britain: Lamogai
Consonant system:
Number: 3295
Language: Mok
Location: PNG (W New Britain)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Britain: Lamogai
Consonant system:
Number: 3296
Language: Lamogai
Location: PNG (WC New Britain)
Population: 1,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Britain: Lamogai
Consonant system:
Number: 3297
Language: Pulie
Location: PNG (W New Britain)
Population: 1,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Britain: Lamogai
Consonant system:
Number: 3298
Language: Rauto
Location: PNG (W New Britain)
Population: 1,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Britain: Lamogai
Consonant system:
Number: 3299
Language: Pasismanua
Alternate Name: Kaulong
Location: PNG (E New Britain)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Britain: Whiteman
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 3300
Language: Kapore
Location: PNG (NC New Britain)
Population: 600
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Britain: Whiteman
Consonant system:
Number: 3301
Language: Mangseng
Location: PNG (EC New Britain)
Population: 350
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Britain: Whiteman
Consonant system:
Number: 3302
Language: Uvol
Location: PNG (EC New Britain)
Population: 800
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Britain: Mengen
Consonant system:
Number: 3303
Language: Mamusi
Location: PNG (E New Britain)
Population: 4,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Britain: Mengen
Consonant system:
Number: 3304
Language: Mengen
Alternate Name: Poeng
Location: PNG (E New Britain)
Population: 5,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Britain: Mengen
Other Sources:
AL 6:9
E
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
v s
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: v s
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Syntax: SVO
Number: 3305
Language: Barok
Location: PNG (SC New Ireland)
Population: 1,500
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Ireland-Tolai: Patpatar-Tolai
Consonant system:
Number: 3306
Language: Patpatar
Location: PNG (SC New Ireland)
Population: 4,400
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Ireland-Tolai: Patpatar-Tolai
Consonant system:
Number: 3307
Language: Sursurunga
Location: PNG (S New Ireland)
Population: 1,700
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Ireland-Tolai: Patpatar-Tolai
Other Sources: Hutchisson, Don and Sharon Hutchisson. 1975. "A Preliminary Phonology of Sursurunga," PFAL, 163-202.
Consonant system:
p mbʷ t nd k ŋɡ
s h
mʷ n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p mbʷ t nd k ŋɡ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: mʷ n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Number: 3308
Language: Tangga
Location: PNG (Tanga Islands)
Population: 4,200
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Ireland-Tolai: Patpatar-Tolai
Grammar: GD: Bell, F. L. S. 1977. Tanga-English, English-Tanga Dictionary. OLM 21.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ (ʔ)
f s
m n ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ (ʔ)
Fricatives: f s
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄
Syntax: SVO AN/NA NG ND NUM-N POSS-N(alien)/N-POSS(inalien)
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3309
Language: Lihir
Location: PNG (Lihir Island)
Population: 4,800
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Ireland-Tolai: Patpatar-Tolai
Consonant system:
Number: 3310
Language: Konomala
Location: PNG (S New Ireland)
Population: 1,500
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Ireland-Tolai: Patpatar-Tolai
Consonant system:
Number: 3311
Language: Kandas
Location: PNG (S New Ireland)
Population: 950
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Ireland-Tolai: Patpatar-Tolai
Consonant system:
Number: 3312
Language: Siar
Location: PNG (S New Ireland)
Population: 1,500
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Ireland-Tolai: Patpatar-Tolai
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 3313
Language: Tolai
Location: PNG (NE New Britain)
Population: 50,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Ireland-Tolai: Patpatar-Tolai
TextBooks: Franklin, Karl J. 1962. Tolai Language Course. Ukarumpa, PNG: SIL.
Other Sources: AL 6:9
Consonant system:
b t d k ɡ
β f ð s
m n ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: β f ð s
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: cʷ k ɡ ŋ
Glides: j
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Stress: non-phonemic
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4die 4tie 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6
Syntax: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3314
Language: Duke of York
Alternate Name: Ramoaaina
Location: Solomon Is
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Ireland-Tolai: Patpatar-Tolai
Other Sources:
ML
E
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3315
Language: Lavongai
Alternate Name: Tungak
Location: PNG (New Hanover Is)
Population: 10,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Ireland-Tolai: Northern New Ireland
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 3316
Language: Tigak
Location: PNG (N New Ireland)
Population: 4,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Ireland-Tolai: Northern New Ireland
Grammar: GD: Beaumont, C. H. 1979. The Tigak Language of New Ireland. PL B58.
Other Sources:
Beaumont, Clive H. 1969. "Tigak Phonology," Te Reo 12, 84-90.
Beaumont, Clive H. 1970. "Tigak Personal Pronouns," Kivung 3, 180-7.
Consonant system:
p b t k ɡ
β s
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t k ɡ
Fricatives: β s
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Diphthongs: ai au oi
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND NUM-N POSS-N(alien)/N-POSS(inalien) Num+N+A+D
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3317
Language: Kara
Location: PNG (N New Ireland)
Population: 4,300
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Ireland-Tolai: Northern New Ireland
Other Sources: E
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 3318
Language: Tiang
Location: PNG (Dyaul Is)
Population: 1,100
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Ireland-Tolai: Northern New Ireland
Consonant system:
Number: 3319
Language: Nalik
Location: PNG (NC New Ireland)
Population: 2,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Ireland-Tolai: Northern New Ireland
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 3320
Language: Notsi
Location: PNG (C New Ireland)
Population: 2,400
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Ireland-Tolai: Northern New Ireland
Other Sources: E
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 3321
Language: Tabar
Location: PNG (Tabar Islands)
Population: 2,100
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Ireland-Tolai: Northern New Ireland
Consonant system:
Number: 3322
Language: Mussau
Location: PNG (Mussau Island)
Population: 6,600
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Ireland-Tolai: St. Matthias
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 3323
Language: Tenis
Location: PNG (Tench Is)
Population: 50
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Ireland-Tolai: St. Matthias
Consonant system:
Number: 3324
Language: Lamusong
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Ireland-Tolai: Madak
Consonant system:
Number: 3325
Language: Madak
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Ireland-Tolai: Madak
Consonant system:
Number: 3326
Language: Wuvulu
Alternate Name: Aua
Location: PNG (Wuvulu Island)
Population: 850
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Admiralty Islands: Western
Other Sources: E
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 3327
Language: Seimat
Location: PNG (Ninigo Islands)
Population: 450
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Admiralty Islands: Western
Other Sources:
Smythe, W. E. 1970. "Melanesian, Micronesian, and Indonesian Features in Languages of the Admiralty Islands," in PL C13, 1209-34.
E
Consonant system:
p t k
s x h
m n ŋ
l
Stops: p t k
Fricatives: s x h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Syntax: SVO
Number: 3328
Language: Kaniet
Location: PNG (Kaniet Is)
Population: extinct (1950)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Admiralty Islands: Western
Other Sources:
Smythe, W. E. 1970. "Melanesian, Micronesian, and Indonesian Features in Languages of the Admiralty Islands," in PL C13, 1209-34.
WALS
Consonant system:
b d ɡ ʔ
s h
m n ŋ
l
ɾ r
Stops: b d ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ r
Modified Consonants: Nc b d
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ ?
Stress: phonemic
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Bougainville: North & East: North-Nehan: Nehan
Grammar: GD: Todd, Evelyn M. 1978. "A Sketch of Nissan (Nehan) Grammar," PL C61, 1181-1239.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
s h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
TextBooks: TD: Allen, Jerry and Janice Allen. 1965. Halia Language Course. Port Moresby: Dept of Information & Extension Services.
Other Sources:
Allen, Jerry. 1971. "Tense/Aspect and Conjunctions in Halia Narratives," OL 10, 63-77.
Allen, Janice. 1972. "Relationships between Sentence and Discourse in Halia," PL A34, 1-15.
Consonant system:
p b t k ɡ
ts
s h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t k ɡ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ ?
Diphthongs: ei ɛi au ou
Articles: art
Other Sources: Allen, Jerry and Matthew Beaso. 1975. "Petats Phonemes and Orthography," PFAL, 45-70.
Consonant system:
p b t k ɡ
č
s h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t k ɡ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: I e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: ʋ o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ i a u
Diphthongs: ei ai au ou
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)
Comments: used as a lingua franca by upwards of 10,000 people in the area around Buka Is.
Other Sources:
Hostetler, Roman and Carolyn Hostetler. 1975. "A Tentative Description of Tinputz Phonology," PFAL, 5-43.
E
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
β s h
m n
l
Stops: p t k ʔ
Fricatives: β s h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e æ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ai
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
v s h
m n
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: v s h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: r
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Bougainville: North & East: East
Other Sources:
AL 6:9
MIL
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
f s h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: NA GN/NG POSS-N/N-POSS
Number: 3360
Language: Uruava
Location: PNG (SE Bougainville Is)
Population: 5
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Bougainville: North & East: East
Other Sources: AL 6:9
Consonant system:
p b t d k
v s h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k
Fricatives: v s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Number: 3361
Language: Torau
Location: PNG (NC Bougainville)
Population: 700
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Bougainville: North & East: East
Other Sources: AL 6:9
Consonant system:
p b t d k
v s h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k
Fricatives: v s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Number: 3362
Language: Banoni
Location: PNG (WC Bougainville)
Population: 1,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Bougainville: East
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 3363
Language: Piva
Location: PNG (NW Bougainville)
Population: 550
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Bougainville: East
Other Sources:
Whaley, Owen G. 1962. "Babatana Segmental Phonemes," Te Reo 5, 60-2.
AL 6:9
MIL
Consonant system:
p mb t nd k ŋɡ
ñɡ̌
v s z ɣ
m n ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ
Affricates: ñɡ̌
Fricatives: v s z ɣ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 [4die] 4ie
2 [5d] 5
3 [6d] 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS/POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3368
Language: Marovo
Location: Solomon Is (SE New Georgia)
Population: 2,400
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Georgia: East
Consonant system:
Number: 3369
Language: Vangunu
Location: Solomon Is (Vangunu Is)
Population: 290
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Georgia: East
Consonant system:
Number: 3370
Language: Ghanongga
Location: Solomon Is (Ganongga Is)
Population: 1,300
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Georgia: West
Consonant system:
Number: 3371
Language: Lungga
Location: Solomon Is
Population: 950
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Georgia: West
Consonant system:
Number: 3372
Language: Simbo
Location: Solomon Is (Simbo Is)
Population: 700
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Georgia: West
Dictionary: Lanyon-Orgill, Peter. 1969. The Language of Eddystone Island (Western Solomon Islands). Perthshire, Scotland: Crichton Press.
Consonant system:
p mb t̪ n̪d̪ k ŋɡ
v s n̪ž ɣ (h)
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l̪
r
Stops: p mb t̪ n̪d̪ k ŋɡ
Fricatives: v s ñž ɣ (h)
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Front Vowels: i I e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Diphthongs: ai
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: NA NG NUM-N N-POSS
Number: 3373
Language: Nduke
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Georgia: West
Consonant system:
Number: 3374
Language: Roviana
Location: Solomon Is (Rendova Is)
Population: 4,100
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Georgia: West
Other Sources:
Todd, Evelyn. 1978. "Roviana Syntax," PL C61, 1035-42.
AL 6:9
MIL
Consonant system:
p mb t nd k ŋɡ
č ñɡ̌
v s z ɣ h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ
Affricates: č ñɡ̌
Fricatives: v s z ɣ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO NA NG ND NUM-N [POSS-N]/N-POSS NUM+N+A+D
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3375
Language: Ughele
Location: Solomon Is (N Rendova Is)
Population: 650
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Georgia: West
Consonant system:
Number: 3376
Language: Kusaghe
Location: Solomon Is (N New Georgia Is)
Population: 950
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Georgia: West
Consonant system:
Number: 3377
Language: Hoava
Location: Solomon Is (C New Georgia)
Population: 600
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Georgia: West
Consonant system:
Number: 3378
Language: Kia
Location: Solomon Is (N Santa Isabel)
Population: 950
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Santa Isabel: West
Other Sources:
AL 6:9
MIL
Consonant system:
p mb t nd k ŋɡ
č ñɡ̌
f v s ɣ h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ
Affricates: č ñɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s ɣ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS/POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3379
Language: Laghu
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Santa Isabel: West
Consonant system:
Number: 3380
Language: Kokota
Location: Solomon Is (Santa Isabel Island)
Population: 190
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Santa Isabel: Central
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: VSO
Number: 3381
Language: Zazao
Alternate Name: Kilokaka
Location: C Solomon Is (Santa Isabel Is)
Population: 550
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Santa Isabel: Central
Other Sources: MIL
Consonant system:
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: NA NG NUM-N N-POSS/POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3382
Language: Blablanga
Location: Solomon Is (Santa Isabel Island)
Population: 170
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Santa Isabel: Central
Consonant system:
Number: 3383
Language: Maringe
Location: Solomon Is (C Santa Isabel Island)
Population: 6,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Santa Isabel: East
Consonant system:
Number: 3384
Language: Gao
Location: Solomon Is (S Santa Isabel Island)
Population: 550
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Santa Isabel: East
Other Sources: ML
Consonant system:
p mb t nd k ŋɡ ʔ
ñɡ̌
f v s z ɣ h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ ʔ
Affricates: ñɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s z ɣ h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4die 4tie 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6
Syntax: NA NG NUM-N N-POSS/POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3385
Language: Nembao
Alternate Name: Amba
Location: Santa Cruz Islands (Utupua Is)
Population: 150
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Santa Cruz: Utupua
Other Sources:
AL 6:9
MIL
E
Consonant system:
p mb t nd k ŋɡ
č
f v θ ɣ
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: f v θ ɣ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ m
Front Vowels: i y e ø
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: (art)
Pronouns:
1 4de 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3386
Language: Asumboa
Location: Santa Cruz Islands (Utupua Is)
Population: 35
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Santa Cruz: Utupua
Other Sources: E
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 3387
Language: Tanimbili
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Santa Cruz: Utupua
Other Sources: E
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 3388
Language: Buma
Alternate Name: Teanu
Location: Solomon Islands
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Santa Cruz: Vanikoro
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 3389
Language: Vano
Location: Santa Cruz Islands (Vanikoro Is)
Population: 50
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Santa Cruz: Vanikoro
Other Sources:
AL 6:9
MIL
E
Consonant system:
p mb t nd k ŋɡ
č
f v s z
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: f v s z
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ p k ŋɡ m
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: (art)
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3390
Language: Tanima
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Santa Cruz: Vanikoro
Other Sources: E
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 3391
Language: Aneityum
Alternate Name: Anejom
Location: S New Hebrides Islands (Aneityum Is)
Population: 320
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Southern New Hebrides
Dictionary: Inglis, John. 1882. A Dictionary of the Aneityumese Language. London: Williams & Norgate.
Grammar: Hewitt, Helen-Jo Jakusz. 1966. "Aneityum of the Southern New Hebrides," Te Reo 9, 1-43.
Other Sources:
AL 6:9
WALS
Consonant system:
p t̪ k (ʔ)
č
f v θ s̪ ɣ h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l̪
ɾ̣
Stops: p t̪ k (ʔ)
Affricates: č
Fricatives: f v θ s̪ ɣ h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: ɾ̣
Modified Consonants: cʷ p m
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: ɐ
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ɛ̄ ā ū ɔ̄
Diphthongs: ai ei oi au ou
Consonant system:
p b t d k
β f s ɣ h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k
Fricatives: β f s ɣ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
cʷ k β m
Nc: ?
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ ?
Diphthongs: ai au oi
Consonant system:
p b t d k
ɡ̌
f v s h
m n ṇ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s h
Nasals: m n ṇ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ k f m n
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: ai au ei oi
Noun
Number: s d t p
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4die 4tie 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3395
Language: Whitesands
Alternate Name: Weasisi
Location: S New Hebrides Islands (E Tanna Is)
Population: 2,500
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Southern New Hebrides: Tanna
Grammar: Gray, W. 1891. "Grammar of the Weasisi-Tanna Language," in SSL, 108-62.
Other Sources: E
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
f v s h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: f v s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: ai au ei oi
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Southern New Hebrides: Tanna
Dictionary: Lynch, John. 1977a. Lenakel Dictionary. PL C55.
Grammar: Lynch, John. 1978. A Grammar of Lenakel. PL B55.
Other Sources:
Lynch, John. 1973. "Verbal Aspects of Possession in Melanesian Languages," OL 12, 69-102.
Lynch, John. 1977. "On the History of the Tanna Numerals and Number-Markers," Te Reo 20, 3-28.
Consonant system:
p t k
β f s h
m n ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p t k
Fricatives: β f s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: cʷ p m
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Stress: penult
Noun
Number: a few nouns use a plural prefix
Demonstratives: 3 + ref
Pronouns:
1 4die 4tie 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS/POSS-N N+A+NUM+D
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Caledonia: Northern: Far North
Consonant system:
Number: 3400
Language: Kumak
Alternate Name: Nenema
Location: N New Caledonia
Population: 500
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Caledonia: Northern: Far North
Grammar: GD: Haudricourt, André G. 1963. La langue des Nenemas et des Nigoumak. Auckland: Linguistic Society of New Zealand.
Consonant system:
p ph mb t th nd c ñɟ k kh ŋɡ
v š ɣ h
m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p ph mb t th nd c ñɟ k kh ŋɡ
Fricatives: v š ɣ h
Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
cʷ p ph mb m m̥ h
cj h
Glides: j j̥ w w̥
Front Vowels: (y) I e (ø)
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ o
Long Vowels: v̄ all v̄̃ a o ...
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Demonstratives: 4 + [3 + far away]
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3401
Language: Caac
Location: N New Caledonia
Population: 500
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Caledonia: Northern: Far North
Other Sources:
Hollyman, K. J. 1962. "Première esquisse de la phonologie du caaqac," Te Reo 5, 41-51.
WPF
Consonant system:
p ph mb t̪ t̪h n̪d̪ c ch ñɟ k kh ŋɡ
̱v ɣ h
m m̥̥ n̪ n̪̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥
l̪
r
Stops: p ph mb t̪ t̪h n̪d̪ c ch ñɟ k kh ŋɡ
Fricatives: v ɣ h
Nasals: m m̥̥ n̪ n̪̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ p ph mb m m̥
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i y e ø
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ v̄̃ all but y ø
Nasal Vowels: v̄̃ u a
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Number: 3402
Language: Yuaga
Alternate Name: Nua
Location: N New Caledonia
Population: 350
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Caledonia: Northern: Far North
Other Sources:
Haudricourt, André G. 1971. "New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands," CTIL 8, 359-96.
AL 6:9
Consonant system:
p ph mb t̪ t̪h n̪d̪ ṭ ṭh ṇḍ c ch ñɟ k kh ŋɡ
θ h
m m̥ n̪ n̪̥ ṇ ṇ̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥
ḷ
Stops: p ph mb t̪ t̪h n̪d̪ ṭ ṭh ṇḍ c ch ñɟ k kh ŋɡ
Fricatives: θ h
Nasals: m m̥ n̪ n̪̥ ṇ ṇ̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥
Laterals: ḷ
Modified Consonants: cʷ p ph mb m m̥
Glides: w w̥
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄
Nasal Vowels: ṽ
Pronouns:
1 4die 4tie 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6
Syntax: VSO N-POSS
Number: 3403
Language: Pwapwa
Location: NC New Caledonia
Population: 150
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Caledonia: Northern: North
Other Sources: WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Number: 3404
Language: Pwaamei
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Caledonia: Northern: North
Other Sources: WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Number: 3405
Language: Hmwaveke
Dialect: Wamoang. 'Aeke
Location: NC New Caledonia
Population: 300 ((+)c. 1050)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Caledonia: Northern: North
Other Sources:
AL 6:9
WPF
Consonant system:
p ph b t th d ḍ k kh ɡ
ts dz
f v θ ð s x xh
m m̥ n n̥ ñ ŋ
l l̥
Stops: p ph b t th d ḍ k kh ɡ
Affricates: ts dz
Fricatives: f v θ ð s x xh
Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l l̥
Glides: w w̥
Tones: hi lo
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Number: 3406
Language: Jawe
Location: New Caledonia
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Caledonia: Northern: North
Other Sources: WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Number: 3407
Language: Nemi
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Caledonia: Northern: North
Other Sources: WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Number: 3408
Language: Fwai
Alternate Name: Poai
Location: NC New Caledonia
Population: 700
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Caledonia: Northern: North
Other Sources:
Haudricourt, André G. 1971. "New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands," CTIL 8, 359-96.
Rivierre, Françoise. 1975. "Phonologie du némi (Nouvelle Calédonie) et notes sur les consonnes postnasalisées," BSLP 70, 345-56.
AL 6:9
WPF
Consonant system:
p ph mb t th nd c ñɟ k kh ŋɡ ʔ
f v s h h̃
m m̥̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ
(l) (l̥)
Stops: p ph mb t th nd c ñɟ k kh ŋɡ ʔ
Fricatives: f v s h h̃
Nasals: m m̥̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ
Laterals: (l) (l̥)
Modified Consonants:
cʷ p (ph) mb pm m m̥
hcN(postnas) p t c k
Glides: j j̥ w w̥ w̃
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Stress: final
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: N-POSS
Number: 3409
Language: Pije
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Caledonia: Northern: North
Other Sources: WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Number: 3410
Language: Cemuhi
Alternate Name: Camuki
Location: NC New Caledonia
Population: 1,200
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Caledonia: Northern: Central
Other Sources:
Haudricourt , A. G. 1968. "La langue de Gomen et la langue de Touho en Nouvelle Calédonie," BSLP 63, 218-35.
Haudricourt, André G. 1971 "New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands," CTIL 8, 359-96.
AL 6:9
WALS
WPF
Consonant system:
p mb t nd c ñɟ k ŋɡ
h̃
m n ñ ŋ
l
Stops: p mb t nd c ñɟ k ŋɡ
Fricatives: h̃
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants:
cʷ p mb m
(ch̃(aspirate postnas) p t c k "The aspirate postnasalized series are still pronounced by a few old persons, but in general all these phonemes have become merged into h followed by a nasal vowel." Haudricourt 1971, p.370)
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄
Nasal Vowels: ṽ
Tones: hi mid low
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: VOS
Number: 3411
Language: Paici
Alternate Name: Pati
Location: C New Caledonia
Population: 2,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Caledonia: Northern: Central
Other Sources:
Haudricourt, André G. 1971 "New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands," CTIL 8, 359-96.
Rivierre, Jean-Claude. 1974. "Tons et segments du discours en langue paicḭ (Nouvelle Calédonie)," BSLP 69, 325-40.
WPF
Consonant system:
p mb t nd c ñɟ k ŋɡ
h̃
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p mb t nd c ñɟ k ŋɡ
Fricatives: h̃
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ p mb m
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ ɐ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but ɛ ɐ ɔ
Syllable: (C)V
Tones: hi mid low
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: VSO NA NG N-POSS
Number: 3412
Language: Arho
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Caledonia: Southern: South
Other Sources: WP
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Number: 3413
Language: Arha
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Caledonia: Southern: South
Other Sources: WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Number: 3414
Language: Ajie
Alternate Name: Anjie
Location: SC New Caledonia
Population: 4,500
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Caledonia: Southern: South
Grammar: GD: Leenhardt, Maurice. 1935. Vocabulaire et grammaire de la langue houaıɽlow. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie.
Other Sources:
Haudricourt, André G. 1971. "New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands," CTIL 8, 359-96.
Kasarhérou, Jacqueline. 1961. "Prosodèmes de la langue mélanésienne de Houaı̈low," BSLP 56, 181-201.
La Fontinelle, Jacqueline de. 1971. "Phonologie de l'adjië (Nouvelle Calédonie), " in La dénomination des couleurs chez les Mbay de Moı̈ssala, by Jean-Pierre Caprile, Paris, SELAF, 132-5.
Consonant system:
p mb t nd c ñ̃ɟ k ŋɡ
β s ɣ
m n ñ ŋ
l
r ɾ
Stops: p mb t nd c ñ̃ɟ k ŋɡ
Fricatives: β s ɣ
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r ɾ
Modified Consonants: cʷ p mb k ŋɡ β m
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ ɐ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ ?
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: indef
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: VSO NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3415
Language: Orowe
Alternate Name: Boewe
Location: SC New Caledonia
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Caledonia: Southern: South
Other Sources: WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Number: 3416
Language: Neku
Location: SC New Caledonia
Population: 150
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Caledonia: Southern: South
Other Sources: WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Number: 3417
Language: Nere
Location: New Caledonia
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Caledonia: Southern: South
Other Sources: WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Number: 3418
Language: Tiri
Location: SC New Caledonia
Population: 600
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Caledonia: Southern: South
Dictionary: Grace, George W. 1976. Grand Couli Dictionary (New Caledonia). PL C12.
Other Sources:
Haudricourt, André G. 1971. "New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands," CTIL 8, 359-96.
E
WPF
Consonant system:
p mb t̪ n̪d̪ ṭ n.ḍ k ŋɡ
f v θ ð ṣ ɣ h
m n̪ ṇ ŋ
ɾ ṛ
Stops: p mb t̪ n̪d̪ ṭ nḍ k ŋɡ
Fricatives: f v θ ð ṣ ɣ h
Nasals: m n̪ ṇ ŋ
Vibrants: ɾ ṛ
Modified Consonants: cʷ p mb (k) (ŋɡ) f h m
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e ɛ æ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ ɐ
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ v̄̃
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but e o
Modified Vowels: ̄̃
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SVO/VOS NG N-POSS
Number: 3419
Language: Xaracuu
Alternate Name: Anesu
Location: S New Caledonia
Population: 1,500
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Caledonia: Southern: South
Other Sources:
Haudricourt, André G. 1971. "New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands," CTIL 8, 359-96.
E
Consonant system:
p mb t nd c ñɟ k ŋɡ
f s ç x
m n ñ ŋ
r
Stops: p mb t nd c ñɟ k ŋɡ
Fricatives: f s ç x
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ p mb k ŋɡ f x m ŋ
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ ɐ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SVO/VOS
Number: 3420
Language: Xaragure
Alternate Name: 'Aragure
Location: S New Caledonia
Population: 500
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Caledonia: Southern: South
Dictionary: Grace, G. W. 1976. Grand Couli Dictionary (New Caledonia). PL C12.
Other Sources: E
Consonant system:
p mb t nd k ŋɡ
č ñɡ̌
f v š ç x
m n ñ ŋ
r
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ
Affricates: č ñɡ̌
Fricatives: f v š ç x
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ p mb k ŋɡ x m
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ ɐ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ v̄̃
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but e o
Modified Vowels: ̄̃
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SVO/VOS N-POSS
Number: 3421
Language: Dubea
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Caledonia: Southern: Far South
Other Sources: WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Number: 3422
Language: Numee
Alternate Name: Kuñe, Kapone
Location: S New Caledonia (Ile of Pines)
Population: 1,100
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: New Caledonia: Southern: Far South
Other Sources:
Haudricourt, André G. 1971. "New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands," CTIL 8, 359-96.
WPF
Consonant system:
p mb t̪ n̪d̪ ṭ. n.ḍ c ñɟ k ŋɡ
β ɣ
m n̪ ṇ ñ ŋ
ṛ
Stops: p mb t̪ n̪d̪ ṭ ṇḍ c ñɟ k ŋɡ
Fricatives: β ɣ
Nasals: m n̪ ṇ ñ ŋ
Vibrants: ṛ
Modified Consonants: cʷ p mb k m ŋ
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i y I Y e ɛ œ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o (ɔ)
Nasal Vowels: i e ɛ œ a u ɔ
Tones: hi lo
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Number: 3423
Language: Iaai
Location: Loyalty Is (Uvea Is)
Population: 1,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Loyalty Islands
Grammar: Tryon, D. T. 1968. Iai Grammar. PL B8.
Other Sources:
Haudricourt, André G. 1971. "New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands," CTIL 8, 359-96.
AL 6:9
MIL
WALS
E
Consonant system:
p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ
č ɡ̌
ɸ f θ ð s x h
m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥
l ɬ
ɹ
Stops: p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: ɸ f θ ð s x h
Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: ɹ
Modified Consonants: cʷ b m m̥
Glides: j w w̥
Front Vowels: i y e (ø) œ æ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: initial
Demonstratives: 3 + ref
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: VOS/SVO NA NG ND/DN N-NUM N-POSS/POSS-N [WALS says the language is SVO; E gives VOS.]
Prep/Post: PREP/(POST)
Number: 3424
Language: Dehu
Alternate Name: Drehu
Location: Loyalty Is (Lifu Is)
Population: 6,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Loyalty Islands
Dictionary:
Tryon, D. T. 1967a. Dehu-English Dictionary. PL C6.
Tryon, D. T. 1967b. English-Dehu Dictionary. PL C7
Grammar: Tryon, D. T. 1968. Dehu Grammar. PL B7.
Other Sources:
Haudricourt, André G. 1971. "New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands," CTIL 8, 359-96.
Tryon, D. T. 1970. "Loanwords in Dehu Pre-1920," in PL C13, 429-40.
AL 6:9
ML
Consonant system:
p (b) t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ
č (ɡ̌)
f (v) θ ð s z x h
m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥
l ɬ
Stops: p (b) t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ
Affricates: č (ɡ̌)
Fricatives: f (v) θ ð s z x h
Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥
Laterals: l ɬ
Glides: j w w̥
Front Vowels: i e ø æ
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: initial
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Loyalty Islands
Dictionary: Tryon, D. T., and M.-J. Dubois. 1969, 1971. Nengone Dictionary, 2 vols. PL C9, C23.
Grammar: Tryon, D. T. 1967. Nengone Grammar. PL B6.
Other Sources:
Haudricourt, André G. 1971. "New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands," CTIL 8, 359-96.
AL 6:9
ML
Consonant system:
ph b th d ṭh ḍ kh ɡ ʔ
č ɡ̌
(f) θ s z š (x) ɣ h
m m̥ n n̥ ñ ŋ ŋ̥
l
r
Stops: ph b th d ṭh ḍ kh ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) θ s z š (x) ɣ h
Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ñ ŋ ŋ̥
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w w̥
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Other Sources: Cashmore, Christine. 1969. "Some Proto-Eastern Oceanic Reconstructions with Reflexes in Southeast Solomon Islands Languages," OL 8, 1-25.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
s z
m ñ ŋ
l
r ʁ
Stops: p t k ʔ
Fricatives: s z
Nasals: m ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r ʁ
Modified Consonants:
Nc p t k
cʷ ŋ
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Syntax: SVO NG N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Comments: Pawley 1973 estimates the breakup of Proto-Oceanic as no later than about 3,000 BC.
Other Sources: Nathan, Geoffrey S. 1973. "Nauruan in the Austronesian Language Family," OL 12, 479-501.
Consonant system:
p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
m n ŋ
r r̥
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Vibrants: r r̥
Modified Consonants:
c̄ m mʷ n ŋ
cʷ p b k ɡ m
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: I ɛ æ
Back Vowels: u ʌ ɑ
Long Vowels: ī ē ǣ ū ō ɑ̄
Other Sources: Bender, Byron W. 1971. "Micronesian Languages," CTIL 8, 426-65.
Consonant system:
b t k
m n ŋ
r
Stops: b t k
Nasals: m n ŋ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄ m mʷ n ŋ
cʷ b k m
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
TextBooks: Bender, Byron W. 1969. Spoken Marshallese. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.
Other Sources:
Bender Byron W. 1968. "Marshallese Phonology," OL 7, 16-35.
Bender Byron W. 1971. "Micronesian Languages," CTIL 8 426-65.
Consonant system:
bɯ t̪ɯ kɯ
hɯ
mɯ n̪ɯ ŋɯ
l̪ɯ
rɯ
Stops: bɯ t̪ɯ kɯ
Fricatives: hɯ
Nasals: mɯ n̪ɯ ŋɯ
Laterals: l̪ɯ
Vibrants: rɯ
Modified Consonants:
c̄
cɯ b t k h m n ŋ l r
cʷ k n ŋ l r cj b t m n l r
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e ɛ æ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ ɐ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɒ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Demonstratives: 6: [3 + this close to both of us, that not visible, that distant but visible]
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: NA ND NUM-N/N-NUM N-POSS N+D+NUM & NUM+N+A
Comments:
*In Marshalles all consonants belong to one fo three classes: (1) velarized, (2) labialized (3) palatalized. The phonemic system given in the chart is based on the set of velarized phonemes.
*Bender 1968 proposes a four-vowel system ǀɨ ǝ ɐ aǀ (or perhaps even a three-vowel system ǀɨ ǝ aǀ) where the front vowels and back vowels are considered to be allophones of the mid series conditioned by surrounding consonants.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
f s̪ ṣ̌
m n̪ ŋ
l̪
ɾ̣
Stops: p t̪ k
Fricatives:
f s̪ ṣ̌
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: ɾ̣
Modified Consonants:
cɯ all
cʷ t k s ṣ n ŋ l r
Glides: j ɥ w
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ ɐ
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ɛ̄ ǣ ɨ̄ ǝ̄ ɐ̄ ā ū ō ɔ̄ ɒ̄
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6
Politeness: THere is a plain/polite distinction for 2 3 4 5 6 as well as special humble forms for 1&4
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+NUM+D
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3431
Language: Mokilese
Location: E Caroline Is (Mokil Atoll)
Population: 1,200
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Micronesian: Micronesian Proper: Ponapeic
Dictionary: Harrison, Sheldon P. and Albert Salich. 1977. Mokilese-English Dictionary. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.
Grammar: Harrison, Sheldon P. 1976 Mokilese Reference Grammar. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii
Consonant system:
p t c k
s
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p t c k
Fricatives: s
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄ all
cʷ p m
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: (ṽ o ɛ̄)
Syntax: SVO NA NG(inalien)/GN(alien) ND N-NUM N-POSS(inalien)/POSS-N(alien) N+A+NUM+D
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3432
Language: Ponapean
Alternate Name: Pohnpeian
Location: E Caroline Is (Ponape Is)
Population: 17,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Micronesian: Micronesian Proper: Ponapeic
Grammar: GD: Gulick, Luther H. 1880. "A Vocabulary of the Ponape Dialect," JAOS 10, 1-109.
Other Sources: Bender, Byron W. 1971. "Micronesian Languages," CTIL 8, 426-65.
Consonant system:
p t ṭ k
s
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p t ṭ k
Fricatives: s
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ p m
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ
Diphthongs: ai au
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SVO NA/(AN ) ND N-NUM N-POSS/POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3433
Language: Trukese
Location: C Caroline Is (Truk Islands)
Population: 26,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Micronesian: Micronesian Proper: Trukic
Dictionary:
Goodenough, Ward H. and Hiroshi Sugita 19??. Trukese-English Dictionary. Memoir 141 of the American Philosophical Society.
Elbert, S. H. 1947. Trukese-English and English-Trukese Dictionary. Pearl Harbor: United States Government.
Grammar: GD: Elbert, S. H. 1947. Trukese-English and English-Trukese Dictionary. Pearl Harbor: United States Government.
Other Sources:
Dyen, Isidore. 1949. "On the History of the Trukese Vowels," Lg 25, 420-36.
Benton, Richard A. 1968. "Numeral and Attributive Classifiers in Trukese," OL 7, 104-46.
Bender, Byron W. 1971. "Micronesian Languages," CTIL 8, 426-65.
Consonant system:
p t k
č
f s
m n ŋ
r
Stops: p t k
Affricates: č
Fricatives: f s
Nasals: m n ŋ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄ all but j w
cʷ p m
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e (æ)
Central Vowels: (ɨ) ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o (ɔ)
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA GN DN/ND NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS D+NUM+N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3434
Language: Carolinian
Dialect: Puluwat
Location: Caroline Is (Puluwat Is)
Population: 4,000 (1,500)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Micronesian: Micronesian Proper: Trukic
Dictionary: Elbert, Samuel H. 1972. Puluwat Dictionary. PL C24.
Grammar: Elbert, Samuel H. 1974. Puluwat Grammar. PL B29.
Other Sources: Elbert, Samuel H. 1970. "Loan Words in Puluwat," in PL C13, 235-54.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
č
f s̪ h
m n̪ ŋ
l
r ɹ̣
Stops: p t̪ k
Affricates: č
Fricatives: f s̪ h
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r ɹ̣
Modified Consonants:
c̄ all but j w
cɯ p m
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i ɛ æ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɒ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: CV(C)
Demonstratives: 5: very near speaker, quite near speaker, very near addressee, far + that invisible (?=4ef)
Articles: def, indef
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG (DN)/ND NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3435
Language: Ulithian
Location: W Caroline Is (Ulithi Atoll)
Population: 2,500
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Micronesian: Micronesian Proper: Trukic
Grammar: Sohn, Ho-min and B. W. Bender. 1973 A Ulithian Grammar. PL C27.
Consonant system:
p t c k
βʷ f ð š χ
m n ŋ
l (lɯ)
r
Stops: p t c k
Fricatives: βʷ f ð š χ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l (lɯ)
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄ all but χ n
cʷ β m
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e ø æ
Central Vowels: (a)
Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɒ
Long Vowels: ī ē ↔ō (↔ē) ǣ ū ō ɔ̄ ɒ̄
Syntax: SVO NA NG (DN)/ND NUM-N/N-NUM N-POSS/POSS-N N+A+D+NUM
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3436
Language: Ulithian
Dialect: Sonsorol
Location: W Caroline Is (Sonsorol Atoll)
Population: 2,500 (300)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Micronesian: Micronesian Proper: Trukic
Grammar: GD: Capell, A. 1969. Grammar and Vocabulary of the Language of Sonsorol-Tobi. OLM 12.
Consonant system:
p b t̪ c k ɡ
f v ð s x ɣ
m n̪ ŋ
ʎɯ
r
Stops: p b t̪ c k ɡ
Fricatives: f v ð s x ɣ
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: ʎɯ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: v̄
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i I ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ ʋ ɤ ɔ
Long Vowels: (v̄)
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Diphthongs: diphthonɡs
Stress: mostly penult
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO (AN)/NA NG ND NUM-N POSS-N(alien)/N-POSS(inalien)
Consonant system:
p t k
č
ɸʷ f s ṣ̌ x
m n ŋ
ɾ ɹ̣
Stops: p t k
Affricates: č
Fricatives: ɸʷ f s ṣ̌ x
Nasals: m n ŋ
Vibrants: ɾ ɹ̣
Modified Consonants:
c̄
cʷ ɸ m
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ʉ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ i e ʉ ɵ a u o ɔ v̥ i ɛ ʉ u o
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Southeast Solomons: Gela-Guadalcanal
Dictionary: Ivens, W. G. 1940. A Dictionary of the Language of Bugotu. London: Royal Asiatic Society.
Grammar: Ivens, W. G. 1933. A Grammar of the Language of Bugotu, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands," BSOAS 7, 141-77.
Other Sources:
AL6:9
MIL
ML
Consonant system:
p mb t nd k ŋɡ
č ñɡ̌
f v θ s ɣ h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ
Affricates: č ñɡ̌
Fricatives: f v θ s ɣ h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ae ai au ei
Stress: antepenult
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Southeast Solomons: Gela-Guadalcanal
Dictionary: Fox, C. E. 1955. A Dictionary of the Nggela Language. Auckland.
Grammar: Ivens, W. G. 1937. "A Grammar of the Language of Florida, British Solomon Islands," BSOAS 8, 1075-1110.
Other Sources:
Todd, Evelyn M. 1980. "Qae (Solomon Islands) and Its Linguistic Context," in ANS, 227-40.
AL 6:9
ML
Consonant system:
p mb t nd k ŋɡ
v s z ɣ h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ
Fricatives: v s z ɣ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all?
Stress: penult
Other Sources: Todd, Evelyn M. 1980. "Qae (Solomon Islands) And Its Linguistic Context," in ANS, 227-40.
Consonant system:
p mb t nd k ŋɡ
v ð s ɣ
m n ŋ
l
ṛ
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ
Fricatives: v ð s ɣ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ṛ
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Number: 3442
Language: Ghari
Alternate Name: Vaturanga
Dialect: Ndi
Location: Solomon Is (NW Guadalcanal)
Population: 1,500
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Southeast Solomons: Gela-Guadalcanal
Grammar: Ivens, W. G. 1934. "A Grammar of the Language of Vaturanga, Guadalcanal, British Solomon Islands," BSOAS 7, 349-75.
Other Sources:
Todd, Evelyn M. 1980 "Qae (Solomon Islands) and Its Linguistic Context," in ANS, 227-40.
ML
AL 6:9
Consonant system:
p mb t nd k ŋɡ
ts ndz
v s h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ
Affricates: ts ndz
Fricatives: v s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Other Sources: Todd, Evelyn M. 1980 "Qae (Solomon Islands) and Its Linguistic Context," in ANS, 227-40.
Consonant system:
p mb t nd k ŋɡ
č ñɡ̌
v s ɣ
m n ŋ
l
ṛ
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ
Affricates: č ñɡ̌
Fricatives: v s ɣ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ṛ
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ŋɡ
č
v s
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ŋɡ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: v s
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Southeast Solomons: Malaita-San Cristobal: Malaita
Dictionary: Ivens, W. G. 1937. "A Vocabulary of the Language of Longgu, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands," BSOAS 9, 165-93.
Grammar: Ivens, W. G. 1934. "A Grammar of the Language of Longgu, Guadalcanal, British Solomon Islands," BSOAS 7, 601-21.
Other Sources:
AL 6:9
WALS
Consonant system:
p mb t nd k ŋɡ
v θ s
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ
Fricatives: v θ s
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ mb v m
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 5
Syntax: VOS NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS/POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3448
Language: Lau
Location: Solomon Is (N Malaita)
Population: 5,500
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Southeast Solomons: Malaita-San Cristobal: Malaita: Northern
Dictionary: Fox, Charles E. 1974. Lau Dictionary. PL C25.
Grammar: Ivens, W. G. 1929. "A Grammar of the Lau Language, North East Coast of Big Mala, Solomon Islands," BSOAS 5, 323-43.
Other Sources:
AL 6:9
E
Consonant system:
mb t nd k ŋɡ ʔ
f s h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: mb t nd k ŋɡ ʔ
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ k ŋɡ ŋ
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ae ai ao au ei ou
Stress: initial
Consonant system:
mb t nd k ŋɡ
f ð s
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: mb t nd k ŋɡ
Fricatives: f ð s
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ k ŋɡ ŋ
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ae ai ao au ei ou
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3450
Language: Kwara'ae
Alternate Name: Fiu
Location: Solomon Is (NC Malaita)
Population: 12,400
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Southeast Solomons: Malaita-San Cristobal: Malaita: Northern
Grammar:
Ivens, W. G. 1931. "A Grammar of the Language fo Kwara 'Ae, North Mala, Solomon Islands," BSOAS 6, 679-700.
Deck, Norman C. 1934. Grammar of the Language Spoken by the Kwara'ae People of Mala, British Solomon Islands. New Plymouth, New Zealand
Other Sources:
AL 6:9
MIL
Consonant system:
mb t nd k ŋɡ ʔ
f s h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: mb t nd k ŋɡ ʔ
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ k ŋɡ ŋ
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ae ai ao au
Stress: penult
Demonstratives: 3 + ref
Articles: def, indef
Pronouns:
1 4die (4tie)* 4ie
2 5d (5t)* 5
3 6d (6t)* 6
*Deck 1934 reports that trial forms now have a plural meaning, so there are two sets of plural pronouns.
Consonant system:
mb th nd ŋɡ ʔ
f s x
m n ŋ
l
Stops: mb th nd ŋɡ ʔ
Fricatives: f s x
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: cʷ ŋɡ x ŋ
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ ?
Pronouns:
1 4die 4tie* 4ie
2 5d 5t* 5
3 6d 6t* 6
*"The trial and plural [forms] are often used interchangeably in terms of semantic reference, though [trial] can be used to imply a limited number of persons and [plural] an unlimited or large number." Keesing 1975, P XXIV.
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Southeast Solomons: Malaita-San Cristobal: Malaita: Southern
Dictionary: Ivens, W. G. 1932. "A Vocabulary of the Language of Longgu, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands," BSOAS 6, 963-1002.
Grammar: Ivens, W. G. 1929. "A Study of the Language of Marau Sound, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands," BSOAS 5, 345-58.
Other Sources: AL 6:9
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
v s h
m n
l
r
Stops: p t k ʔ
Fricatives: v s h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ae ai ao au ei ou
Syllable: (C)V
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4die 4tie 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6
Syntax: NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3457
Language: Oroha
Location: Solomon Is (S Maramasike Is)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Southeast Solomons: Malaita-San Cristobal: Malaita: Southern
Grammar: Ivens, W. G. 1928. "A Study of the Oroha Language, Mala, Solomon Islands," BSOAS 4, 587-610.
Consonant system:
p t k
f s h
m n
r
Stops: p t k
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: r
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ae ai ao au ei ou
Demonstratives: 2
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
č
s h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p t k ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ p m
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e æ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3459
Language: Arosi
Location: Solomon Is (W San Cristobal)
Population: 2,800
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Southeast Solomons: Malaita-San Cristobal: San Cristobal
Dictionary: Fox, Charles E. 1978. Arosi Dictionary. PL C57.
Grammar: Capell, A. 1971. Arosi Grammar. PL B20.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ ʔ
s h
m n ŋ
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: cʷ p b k ɡ m
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Consonant system:
p b t k ʔ
f s ɣ
m n ŋ
r
Stops: p b t k ʔ
Fricatives: f s ɣ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ b m
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: ae ai au ao
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East Santo
Grammar: Guy, J. B. M. 1974. A Grammar of the Northern Dialect of Sakao. PL B33.
Other Sources: Guy, Jacques Bernard Michel. 1978. "Proto-North New Hebridean Reconstructions," C61, 781-850.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
β ð s ɣ h
m n̪ ŋ
l
ɾ r
Stops: p t̪ k
Fricatives: β ð s ɣ h
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ r
Modified Consonants: c̄ all but h r j
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i y e ø ɛ œ æ
Central Vowels: ɨ
Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɒ
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Diphthongs: aɔ œe
Stress: non-phonemic
Noun
Number: [a few kinship terms are inflected for plural]
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: indef
Pronouns:
1 4die 4tie* 4ie
2 5d 5t* 5
3 6d 6t* 6 + INDEF
*"The trial .... has taken on the meaning of a limited plural (from three to usually about ten)." Guy 1974, p. 8.
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+D+NUM
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3464
Language: Lorediakarkar
Location: N New Hebrides Is (E Santo Island)
Population: 50
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East Santo
Consonant system:
Number: 3465
Language: Shark Bay
Location: N New Hebrides Is (E Santo Island)
Population: 150
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East Santo
Other Sources: Guy, Jacques Bernard Michel. 1978. "Proto-North New Hebridean Reconstructions," C61, 781-850.
Consonant system:
p t k
ts
f θ s ž h
m n ŋ
r ɾ̣
Stops: p t k
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: f θ s ž h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Vibrants: r ɾ̣
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e ɛ æ
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Number: 3466
Language: Butmas
Location: N New Hebrides Is (E Santo Is)
Population: 300
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East Santo
Consonant system:
Number: 3467
Language: Polonombauk
Location: N New Hebrides Is (E Santo Is)
Population: 50
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East Santo
Consonant system:
Number: 3468
Language: Labo
Location: N New Hebrides Is (SW Malekula)
Population: 350
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Interior
Other Sources:
AL 6:9
MIL
Consonant system:
p b t d ṭ k ɡ
v s ɣ
m n ṇ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d ṭ k ɡ
Fricatives: v s ɣ
Nasals: m n ṇ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
cʷ b m
Nc ?
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: NA GN/NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3469
Language: Letemboi
Location: N New Hebrides Is (S Malekula)
Population: 180
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Interior: Small Nambas
Consonant system:
Number: 3470
Language: Repanbitip
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (SE Malekula)
Population: 60
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Interior: Small Nambas
Consonant system:
Number: 3471
Language: Dixon Reef
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (W Malekula)
Population: 50
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Interior: Small Nambas
Consonant system:
Number: 3472
Language: Nasarian
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (W Malekula)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Interior: Small Nambas
Consonant system:
Number: 3473
Language: Katbol
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (E Malekula)
Population: 50
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Interior: Malekula Central
Consonant system:
Number: 3474
Language: Lingarak
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (E Malekula)
Population: 120
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Interior: Malekula Central
Consonant system:
Number: 3475
Language: Vinmavis
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (W Malekula)
Population: 140
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Interior: Malekula Central
Consonant system:
Number: 3476
Language: Litzlitz
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (E Malekula)
Population: 200
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Interior: Malekula Central
Consonant system:
Number: 3477
Language: Larevat
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (W Malekula)
Population: 100
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Interior: Malekula Central
Consonant system:
Number: 3478
Language: Maragus
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (N Malekula)
Population: 10
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Interior: Malekula Central
Consonant system:
Number: 3479
Language: Big Nambas
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (NW Malekula Island)
Population: 2,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Interior: Malekula Central
Grammar: Fox, G. J. 1979. Big Nambas Grammar. PL B60.
Consonant system:
p t nd k
ɸ s x
m n
l
r
Stops: p t nd k
Fricatives: ɸ s x
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ t ɸ n l r c̯ p ɸ m (apico-labials c̯= "the apex of the tongue comes into contact with the upper lip." Fox 1979)
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ a u only
Diphthongs: ai au ei
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C) [ no CCVCC]
Stress: phonemic
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-POSS N+A+D
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3480
Language: Hiw
Location: N New Hebrides Is (N Torres Islands)
Population: 50
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Consonant system:
Number: 3481
Language: Toga
Alternate Name: Lo
Location: N New Hebrides Is (S Torres Islands)
Population: 150
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Other Sources:
AL 6:9
MIL
Consonant system:
p t nd k
č
β θ ð ɣ h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p t nd k
Affricates: č
Fricatives: β θ ð ɣ h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ p m
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i y e ø
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4die 4tie 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3482
Language: Lehali
Location: N New Hebrides Is (N Ureparapara Is)
Population: 100
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Other Sources:
Guy, Jacques Bernard Michel. 1978. "Proto-North New Hebridean Reconstructions," PL C61, 761-850.
ML
Consonant system:
p t n̪d̪ k
β s ɣ h
m n ŋ
l
Stops: p t n̪d̪ k
Fricatives: β s ɣ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: cʷ k m ŋ
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e ɛ æ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɒ
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: NA N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3483
Language: Lehalurup
Location: N New Hebrides Is (S Ureparapara Is)
Population: 60
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4die 4tie 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6
Number: 3484
Language: Motlav
Alternate Name: Mwotlap
Location: N New Hebrides Is (Mota Lava Is)
Population: 850
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Other Sources:
Kasarhérou, Jacqueline. 1962 "Les changements vocaliques de trois préfixes en motlav", Te Reo 5, 32-4.
WALS
Consonant system:
pʷ mb t nd k ŋɡ
v s ɣ h
m n ŋ
l
Stops: pʷ mb t nd k ŋɡ
Fricatives: v s ɣ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: cʷ p mb k ŋɡ m ŋ
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: indef
Pronouns:
1 4die 4tie 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3485
Language: Mota
Location: N New Hebrides Is (Mota Is)
Population: 270
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Dictionary: Codrington, Robert H. and John A. Palmer. ????. A Dictionary of the Language of Mota, Sugarloaf Island, Banks Islands. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
Other Sources:
AL 6:9
ML
Consonant system:
p t k
β s ɣ
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p t k
Fricatives: β s ɣ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ p m
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: ai ae ao au
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4die 4tie 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS(inalien)/POSS-N (alien)
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3486
Language: Vatrata
Dialect: Leon
Location: N New Hebrides Is (N Vanua Lava)
Population: 100
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Other Sources: ML
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
v s ɣ
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p t k ʔ
Fricatives: v s ɣ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ p m
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i y e ø
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: indef
Pronouns:
1 4die 4tie 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6
Syntax: NA POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3487
Language: Alo-Teqel
Location: N New Nebrides Is (SE Vanua Lava IS)
Population: extinct
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Other Sources: ML
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
v s ɣ
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p t k ʔ
Fricatives: v s ɣ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ p m
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4die 4tie 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6
Syntax: ND N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3488
Language: Mosina
Alternate Name: Mosin, Vuras
Location: N New Hebrides Is (S Vanua Lava )
Population: 400
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Other Sources: ML
Consonant system:
p t k
v s ɣ
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p t k
Fricatives: v s ɣ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ p m
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4die 4tie 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6
Syntax: NA NG POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3489
Language: Nume
Location: N New Hebrides Is (N Gaua Is )
Population: 120
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Other Sources: ML
Consonant system:
mb t nd k
v s ɣ
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: mb t nd k
Fricatives: v s ɣ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ mb m
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4die 4tie 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6
Syntax: NA NG POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3490
Language: Koro
Location: N New Hebrides Is (SW Gaua Is )
Population: 70
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Consonant system:
Number: 3491
Language: Wetamut
Location: N New Hebrides Is (SE Gaua Is )
Population: 70
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Consonant system:
Number: 3492
Language: Lakona
Alternate Name: Gog
Location: N New Hebrides Is (NW Gaua Is )
Population: 80
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Other Sources: ML
Consonant system:
p t d k ʔ
č
v θ ð s ɣ h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p t d k ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: v θ ð s ɣ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ p m
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def, indef
Pronouns:
1 4die 4tie 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6
Syntax: POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3493
Language: Merlav
Location: N New Hebrides Is (Mere Gaua Is )
Population: 850
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Other Sources:
ML
WPF
Consonant system:
mb t nd k
v s ɣ
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: mb t nd k
Fricatives: v s ɣ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ k m
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4die 4tie 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6
Syntax: NA POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3494
Language: Marino
Location: N New Hebrides Is (N Maewo Is )
Population: 90
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Grammar: Ivens, W. G. 1941. "A Grammar of the Language of Lotora, Maewo, New Hebrides, Melanesia," BSOAS 10, 679-98.
Other Sources:
AL 6:9
ML
Consonant system:
p mb t nd k
v s ɣ
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p mb t nd k
Fricatives: v s ɣ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ mb m
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Diphthongs: ae ai ao au ei
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3495
Language: Central Maewo
Location: N New Hebrides Is (C Maewo Is )
Population: 350
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Other Sources: WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4die 4tie 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6
Number: 3496
Language: Baetora
Location: N New Hebrides Is (SC Maewo Is )
Population: 500
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Consonant system:
Number: 3497
Language: Northeast Aoban
Alternate Name: Oba
Location: N New Hebrides Is (NE Aoba Is )
Population: 3,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Dictionary: Ivens, W. G. 1940 . "A Grammar of the Language of Lobaha Lepers' Island, New Hebrides, Melanesia," BSOAS 10, 345-63.
Other Sources:
Guy, Jacques Bernard Michel. 1978. "Proto-North New Hebridean Reconstructions," PL C61, 781-850.
AL 6:9
ML
Consonant system:
mb t nd k ʔ
β s ɣ h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: mb t nd k ʔ
Fricatives: β s ɣ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ mb m
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: ae ai ao au ei eo eu
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4die 4tie 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3498
Language: Nduindui
Location: N New Hebrides Is (W Aoba Is )
Population: 3,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Consonant system:
Number: 3499
Language: Raga
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (N Pentecost Island )
Population: 2,300
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Grammar: Ivens, W. G. 1938. "A Grammar of the Language of Lamalanga, North Raga, New Hebrides, " BSOAS 9, 733-63.
Other Sources:
Walsh, D. S. 1962. "The Phonemes of Raga," Te Reo 5, 57-60.
AL 6:9
ML
Consonant system:
mb t nd k ŋɡ
f v s ɣ h
m n ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: mb t nd k ŋɡ
Fricatives: f v s ɣ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: cʷ mb f m
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: ai ao au ei
Stress: penult
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4die 4tie 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3500
Language: Apma
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (C Pentecost Island )
Population: 3,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Consonant system:
Number: 3501
Language: Sowa
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (SC Pentecost Island)
Population: 20
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Consonant system:
Number: 3502
Language: Seke
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (S Pentecost Island)
Population: 200
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Consonant system:
Number: 3503
Language: Sa
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (S Pentecost Island)
Population: 1,200
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Consonant system:
Number: 3504
Language: North Ambrym
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (N Ambrym Island)
Population: 1,900
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Other Sources:
MIL
ML
Consonant system:
p mb t nd k
č
f v s ɣ h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p mb t nd k
Affricates: č
Fricatives: f v s ɣ h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ mb v m
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: ai au
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4die 4tie 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6
Syntax: NA NG ND N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3505
Language: Lonwolwol
Location: N New Hebrides Is (W Ambrym Island)
Population: 400
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Dictionary: Paton, W. F. 1973. Ambrym (Lonwolwol) Dictionary. PL C21.
Grammar: Paton, W. F. 1971a. Ambrym (Lonwolwol) Grammar. PL B19.
Other Sources: Paton, W. F. 1971b. Tales of Ambrym. PL D10.
Consonant system:
b t d k ɡ
ɡ̌
f v s h
m n ŋ
l
ɾ r
Stops: b t d k ɡ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ r
Modified Consonants:
cj b t d f s
cʷ b
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i y I e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ (ɵ) a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ ɔ ɑ ...
Diphthongs: diphthonɡs
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: phonemic
Noun
Number: s d t p ['trial' may mean just 3 or a small group (3-8)]
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4die 4tie 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3506
Language: Dakaka
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (SW Ambrym Island)
Population: 400
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Consonant system:
Number: 3507
Language: Port Vato
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (SW Ambrym Island)
Population: 500
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Consonant system:
Number: 3508
Language: Southeast Ambrym
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (SE Ambrym Island)
Population: 1,200
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Dictionary: Parker, G. J. 1970a. Southeast Ambrym Dictionary. PL C17.
Other Sources:
Parker, Gary J. 1968. "Southeast Ambrym Phonology," OL 7, 81-91.
Parker, Gary J. 1970. "Morphophonemics of the Inalienable Nouns in Southeast Ambrym," OL 9, 1-10.
Consonant system:
p mb t nd k ŋɡ
β s x h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ
Fricatives: β s x h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Front Vowels: i e æ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides
Other Sources:
AL 6:9
MIL
WPF
Consonant system:
p mb t nd k ŋɡ
v s h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ
Fricatives: v s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: ai au
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4die 4tie 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3510
Language: Valpei
Location: N New Hebrides Is (NW Santo Island)
Population: 200
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: West Santo
Consonant system:
Number: 3511
Language: Nokuku
Location: N New Hebredes Is (NW Santo Island)
Population: 160
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: West Santo
Other Sources:
AL 6:9
MIL
Consonant system:
p t k
č
v s
m n
l
r
Stops: p t k
Affricates: č
Fricatives: v s
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ p m
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4die 4tie 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6
Syntax: NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3512
Language: Vunapu
Location: N New Hebrides Is (N Santo Island)
Population: 250
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: West Santo
Consonant system:
Number: 3513
Language: Piamatsina
Location: N New Hebrides Is (N Santo Island)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: West Santo
Consonant system:
Number: 3514
Language: Tolomako
Location: N New Hebrides Is (NC Santo)
Population: 300
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: West Santo
Other Sources:
Guy, Jacques Bernard Michel. 1978 "Proto-North New hebridean reconstuctions," PL C61, 781-850
AL 6:9
MIL
ML
Consonant system:
p t k
ts
β s ɣ
m n
l
r
Stops: p t k
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: β s ɣ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: ai
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def indef
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM POSS-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3515
Language: Tolomako
Location: N New Hebrides Is (NC Santo Is)
Population: 300
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: West Santo
Other Sources:
Guy, Jacques Bernard Michel. 1978. "Proto-North New Hebridean Reconstructions," PL C61, 781-850.
AL 6:9
MIL
ML
WPF
Consonant system:
p t k
ts
β s ɣ
m n
l
r
Stops: p t k
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: β s ɣ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: ai
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4die 4tie 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS/POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3516
Language: Tasmate
Location: N New Hebrides Is (W Santo)
Population: 100
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: West Santo
Consonant system:
Number: 3517
Language: Wusi
Location: N New Hebrides Is (W Santo Island)
Population: 170
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: West Santo
Consonant system:
Number: 3518
Language: Akei
Location: N New Hebrides Is (SW Santo)
Population: 600
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: West Santo
Other Sources: WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Number: 3519
Language: Malmariv
Location: N New Hebrides Is (C Santo)
Population: 100
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: West Santo
Consonant system:
Number: 3520
Language: Navut
Location: N New Hebrides Is (SW Santo Is)
Population: 100
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: West Santo
Consonant system:
Number: 3521
Language: Lametin
Location: N New Hebrides Is (C Santo Is)
Population: 100
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: West Santo
Consonant system:
Number: 3522
Language: Morouas
Location: N New Hebrides Is (C Santo Is)
Population: 100
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: West Santo
Consonant system:
Number: 3523
Language: Roria
Location: N New Hebrides Is (SW Santo)
Population: 100
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: West Santo
Consonant system:
Number: 3524
Language: Fortsenal
Location: N New Hebrides Is (S Santo Is)
Population: 100
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: West Santo
Consonant system:
Number: 3525
Language: Amblong
Location: N New Hebrides Is (S Santo)
Population: 100
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: West Santo
Consonant system:
Number: 3526
Language: Wailapa
Location: N New Hebrides Is (S Santo Is)
Population: 100
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: West Santo
Consonant system:
Number: 3527
Language: Tangoa
Location: N New Hebrides Is (SE Santo)
Population: 250
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: West Santo
Grammar: Annand, J. 1891. "A Grammar of the Tangoan-Santo Language," in SSL, 1-14.
Other Sources:
Camden, William G. 1979. "Parallels in Structure of Lexicon and Syntax between New Hebrides Bislama and the South Santo Language as spoken at Tangoa," PL A57, 51-117.
MIL
Consonant system:
p t k
ts
v s x
m n ŋ
l
ɾ̣ ṛ
Stops: p t k
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: v s x
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ̣ ṛ
Modified Consonants: c̯ (apico-labial) = p v m (Camden reports that the apical-labials occur only in men's speech; Annand describes p̯ as a sound between t and p, pronounced with the tongue between the teeth touching the upper lip.)
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Syllable: (C)V Nˈ
Stress: penult
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4die 4tie 4ie
2 5d 5t 5
3 6d 6t 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM POSS-N(alien)/N-POSS(inalien) N+A+D
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3528
Language: Araki
Location: N New Hebrides Is (S Santo)
Population: 70
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: West Santo
Consonant system:
Number: 3529
Language: Narango
Location: N New Hebrides Is (SE Santo)
Population: 160
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: West Santo
Consonant system:
Number: 3530
Language: Tambotalo
Location: N New Hebrides Is (SE Santo)
Population: 50
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: West Santo
Consonant system:
Number: 3531
Language: Aore
Location: N New Hebrides Is (Aore Is)
Population: 1
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: West Santo
Consonant system:
Number: 3532
Language: Malo
Location: N New Hebrides Is (Malo Island)
Population: 1,500
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: West Santo
Grammar: Landels, J. D. 1891. "Outline Grammar of Maloese," in SSL, 15-33.
Consonant system:
(p) mb t nd k ŋɡ
ts č
v s x ɣ
m n
l
r
Stops: (p) mb t nd k ŋɡ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: v s x ɣ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: ai au ei oi
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3533
Language: Tutuba
Location: N New Hebrides Is (Tutuba Is)
Population: 100
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: West Santo
Consonant system:
Number: 3534
Language: Mafea
Location: N New Hebrides Is (E Santo Is)
Population: 50
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: West Santo
Consonant system:
Number: 3535
Language: Malua Bay
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (NW Malekula)
Population: 200
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Coastal
Consonant system:
Number: 3536
Language: Vovo
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (N Malekula)
Population: 100
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Coastal
Consonant system:
Number: 3537
Language: Mpotovoro
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (N Malekula)
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Coastal
Consonant system:
Number: 3538
Language: Mae
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (N Malekula)
Population: 500
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Coastal
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 3539
Language: Vao
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (N Malekula Island)
Population: 850
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Coastal
Consonant system:
Number: 3540
Language: Atchin
Location: N New Hebrides Is (NE Malekula Island)
Population: 950
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Coastal
Grammar: GD: Capell, A. and J. Layard. 1980. Materials in Atchin, Malekula: Grammar, Vocabulary and Texts. PL D20.
Other Sources:
Capell, A. 1935. "Grammatical Categories in the New Hebrides," BSOAS 8, 189-202.
AL 6:9
Consonant system:
p b t̪ d̪ c k ɡ ʔ
ts
β s š x ɣ h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l̪
B (bilabial trill) r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ c k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: β s š x ɣ h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: B (bilabial trill) r
Modified Consonants:
Nc p t k b d ɡ s
cʷ m p b β mp mb
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i y ø ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɒ
Long Vowels: v̄
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Stress: tendency for penult
Demonstratives: 8 (semantic nature unclear)
Articles: indef personal, predicative, ligative
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG/GN ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3541
Language: Uripiv
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (NE Malekula Island)
Population: 1,900
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Coastal
Other Sources:
AL 6:9
MIL
Consonant system:
p b t d ṭ k ɡ
č
v s h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d ṭ k ɡ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: v s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: NA NG/(GN [for proper names]) ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3542
Language: Unua
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (E Malekula Island)
Population: 300
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Coastal
Consonant system:
Number: 3543
Language: Rerep
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (SE Malekula)
Population: 200
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Coastal
Grammar: Morton, Alex. 1891. "Grammar of the Language Spoken at Pangkumu, Malekula," in SSL, 34-72.
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
č
f v s x
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: f v s x
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ p b m
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: ai au
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3544
Language: Aulua
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (SE Malekula Island)
Population: 200
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Coastal
Other Sources:
AL 6:9
MIL
Consonant system:
p b t d ṭ k ɡ
č
f v s ɣ
m n ṇ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d ṭ k ɡ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: f v s ɣ
Nasals: m n ṇ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
cʷ m
Nc p b t d k ɡ r ?
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3545
Language: Burmbar
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (SE Malekula Island)
Population: 350
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Coastal
Consonant system:
Number: 3546
Language: Port Sandwich
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (SE Malekula Island)
Population: 700
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Coastal
Consonant system:
Number: 3547
Language: Maskelynes
Alternate Name: Kuliviu
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (SE Malekula)
Population: 620
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Coastal
Other Sources:
AL 6:9
MIL
Consonant system:
p b t d ṭ k ɡ
č
v s ɣ
m n ṇ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d ṭ k ɡ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: v s ɣ
Nasals: m n ṇ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: Nc b k ɡ ?
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4de 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: NA NG ND N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3548
Language: Axamb
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (S Malekula Island)
Population: 250
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Coastal
Consonant system:
Number: 3549
Language: Malfaxal
Location: N New Hebrides Is (SW Malekula)
Population: 400
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Coastal
Consonant system:
Number: 3550
Language: Southwest Bay
Alternate Name: Sinesip
Location: NC New Hebrides Is (SW Malekula)
Population: 250
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Coastal
Other Sources:
AL 6:9
MIL
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
v s š h
m n ṇ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: v s š h
Nasals: m n ṇ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
cʷ b m
Nc p b bʷ d k ɡ r ?
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: ai ei au
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4de 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: NA NG/GN ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3551
Language: Lewo
Location: C New Hebrides Is (N Epi Is)
Population: 700
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Epi
Other Sources:
AL 6:9
MIL
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
v s
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: v s
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ b m Nc ?
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG/GN ND N-NUM N-POSS/POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3552
Language: Bierebo
Location: C New Hebrides Is (N Epi Is)
Population: 270
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Epi
Consonant system:
Number: 3553
Language: Baki
Location: C New Hebrides Is (W Epi Is)
Population: 200
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Epi
Grammar: Fraser, R. M. 1891. "A Grammar of the Baki Language," in SSL, 73-97.
Other Sources:
AL 6:9
MIL
Consonant system:
(p) b t d ṭ k
č
v s
m n ṇ ŋ
l
r
Stops: (p) b t d ṭ k
Affricates: č
Fricatives: v s
Nasals: m n ṇ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
cʷ b m
Nc ?
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: ai au ou ei
Stress: penult
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: NA NG/GN ND N-NUM N-POSS(inalien)/POSS-N(alien)
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3554
Language: Maii
Location: C New Hebrides Is (W Epi Is)
Population: 100
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Epi
Consonant system:
Number: 3555
Language: Bieria
Location: C New Hebrides Is (W Epi Is)
Population: 70
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Epi
Grammar: Fraser, R. M. 1891. "Grammar of the Bierian Language," in SSL, 98-107.
Consonant system:
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3556
Language: Namakura
Dialect: Makura
Location: SC New Hebrides Is (Makura Is)
Population: 1,900
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Central New Hebrides
Other Sources:
AL 6:9
MIL
Consonant system:
p b t d k ɡ
v s h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: v s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ b m
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: ai ae au
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: NA N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3557
Language: Namakura
Dialect: Tongoa
Location: SC New Hebrides Is (Tongoa Is)
Population: 1,900
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Central New Hebrides
Other Sources:
AL 6:9
WPF
Consonant system:
p bʷ t k
v s
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p bʷ t k
Fricatives: v s
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ b m
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
2 6d 6
Number: 3558
Language: North Efate
Dialect: Nguna
Location: SC New Hebrides Is (Nguna Island)
Population: 1,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Central New Hebrides
Grammar: Sehutz, Albert J. 1969. Nguna Grammar. OLSP 5.
Other Sources: MIL
Consonant system:
p ɓʷ t̪ k
v s
m n̪ ŋ
l̪
ɾ
Stops: p ɓʷ t̪ k
Fricatives: v s
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: ɾ
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V
Demonstratives: 3 + ref
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG /(GN [only with names of people]) ND N-NUM N-POSS/(POSS-N [with words for 'wife' and 'husband'])
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3559
Language: South Efate
Location: SC New Hebrides Is (Efate Island)
Population: 3,500
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Central New Hebrides
Dictionary: MacDonald, D. 1894. The Asiatic Origin of the Oceanic Languages. Melbourne: Melville, Mullen & Slade.
Other Sources: ML
Consonant system:
b t k
f s
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: b t k
Fricatives: f s
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ k m
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: NA N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3560
Language: Rotuman
Location: Fiji (Rotuma Is)
Population: 5,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Rotuman-Fijian
Grammar: GD: Churchward, C. Maxwell. 1940. Rotuman Grammar and Dictionary. Sydney: Methodist Church of Australasia.
Other Sources:
Biggs, Bruce. 1965. "Direct and Indirect Inheritance in Rotuman," Lingua 14, 383-445.
Milner, George B. 1971. "Fijian and Rotuman," CTIL 8, 397-425.
AL 6:9
ML
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
č
f v s h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p t k ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: f v s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ ?
Noun
Number: [a few kin terms have a separate plural]
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
2 6d 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS N+A+NUM+D
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Rotuman-Fijian: Fijian
Dictionary:
Capell, A. 1941. A New Fijian Dictionary. Sydney: Australasian Medical Publishing Co.
Grammar:
Moore, William. 1881. Handbook of the Fijian Language. Ovalau, Fiji: G. L. Griffiths.
Milner, George B. 1956. Fijian Grammar. Suva, Fiji: Government Press.
TextBooks: Schütz, Albert J. and Rusiate T. Komaitai. 1971. Spoken Fijian. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
Other Sources:
Scott, N. C. 1948. "A Study in the Phonetics of Fijian," BSOAS 12, 737-52.
Lynch, John. 1973. "Verbal Aspects of Possession in Melanesian Languages," OL 12, 69-102.
AL 6:9
WPF
Consonant system:
(p) mb t̪ n̪d̪ k ŋɡ
β ð s
m n ŋ
l
ɾ nɾ
Stops: (p) mb t̪ n̪d̪ k ŋɡ
Fricatives: β ð s
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ nɾ
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syntax: VOS NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS(inalien)/POSS-N(alien)
Prep/Post: PREP
Comments: Fijian comprises a number of distinct dialects, some of which are perhaps not mutually intelligible. "The terms 'Fijian language' and 'the Fijian dialects' are misleading. The 'Fijian dialects' clearly include several different languages. Although continuing contact between neighbouring speech communities had probably limited diversification, the structural diversity of the Fijian languages and dialects is at least equal to that of the Polynesian group as a whole.'' Andrew Pawlay, p. 269 of "The Relationships of Polynesian Outlier langauges," Journal of the Polynesian Society 76, 259-96.
Other Sources:
Elbert, Samuel H. 1965. "Phonological Expansions in Outlier Polynesia," Lingua 14, 431-42.
Cashmore, Christine. 1969. "Some Proto-Eastern Oceanic Reconstructions with Reflexes in Southeast Solomon Islands Languages," OL 8, 1-25.
CTIL 8, 482.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
f v s h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p t k ʔ
Fricatives: f v s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V
Number: 3564
Language: Niuean
Location: Niue Is
Population: 5,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian: Tongic
Dictionary: McEwen, J. M. 1970. Niue Dictionary. Wellington: Dept of Maori and Island Affairs.
Grammar: GD: Tregear, Edward and S. Percy Smith. 1907. A Vocabulary and Grammar of the Niuē Dialect of the Polynesian Langauge. Wellington: Government Printer.
Other Sources: AL 6:7
Consonant system:
p t k
f v (s) h
m n ŋ
l
Stops: p t k
Fricatives: f v (s) h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syntax: VSO NA NG ND NUM-N/(N-NUM [when the noun phrase is definite]) N-POSS/POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3565
Language: Tongan
Location: Tonga Islands
Population: 83,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian: Tongic
Dictionary: Chruchward, C. Maxwell. 1959 Tongan Dictionary. London: Oxford Univ Press.
Grammar:
Churchward, C. Maxwell. 1953. Tongan Grammar. London: Oxford Univ Press.
Morton, Ermel Joseph. 1962. A Descriptive Grammar of Tongan (Polynesian). Ann Arbor: University Microfilms.
TextBooks: Shumway, Eric P. 1971. Intensive Course in Tongan. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
Other Sources: AL 6:7
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
f v s h
m n ŋ
l
Stops: p t k ʔ
Fricatives: f v s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
2 6d 6
Syntax: VSO/(VOS [with definite direct object]) NA NG ND NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3566
Language: Samoan
Location: Samoan Is
Population: 160,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian: Nuclear: Samoic Outlier
Dictionary:
Milner, George B. 1966. Samoan Dictionary. London: Oxford Univ Press.
Grammar:
GD: Pratt, George. 1962. Grammar and Dictionary of the Samoan Language. Malua, Samoa: Malua Printing Press.
Churchward, Spencer. 1951. A Samoan Grammar. Melbourne: Methodist Church of Australasia.
TextBooks:
Baird, Rey L. 1967. Samoan: An Intensive Language Training Course. Provo: Brigham Young Univ.
Marsack C. C. 1973. Teach Yourself Samoan. London: English University Press.
Other Sources:
Pawley, Andrew. 1960. "Samoan Phonology in Outline," Te Reo 3, 47-50.
Pawley, Andrew. 1961. "A Scheme for Describing Samoan Grammar," Te Reo 3, 38-43.
Pawley, Andrew. 1962. "The Person-Markers in Samoan," Te Reo 5, 52-6.
Pawley, Andrew. 1966. "Samoan Phrase Structure: The Morphology-Syntax of a Western Polynesian Language," AL 8:5, 1-63.
Consonant system:
p (t*) k ʔ (*ǀtǀ and ǀnǀ occur only in formal speech; in colloquial speech they are replaced by ǀkǀ and ǀŋǀ, respectively.)
f v s (h)
m (n*) ŋ (*ǀtǀ and ǀnǀ occur only in formal speech; in colloquial speech they are replaced by ǀkǀ and ǀŋǀ, respectively.)
l
Stops: p (t*) k ʔ (*ǀtǀ and ǀnǀ occur only in formal speech; in colloquial speech they are replaced by ǀkǀ and ǀŋǀ, respectively.)
Fricatives: f v s (h)
Nasals: m (n*) ŋ (*ǀtǀ and ǀnǀ occur only in formal speech; in colloquial speech they are replaced by ǀkǀ and ǀŋǀ, respectively.)
Laterals: l
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Other Sources:
Milner, G. B. 1958. "Aspiration in Two Polynesian Languages" BSOAS, 21, 368-75.
AL 6:7
WPF
Consonant system:
p ph t th k kh
f v s
m n ŋ
l
Stops: p ph t th k kh
Fricatives: f v s
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V
Stress: penult
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Number: 3569
Language: East Uvea
Alternate Name: East Futuna
Location: Futuna Islands
Population: 2,600
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian: Nuclear: Samoic Outlier
Grammar: Gunn, William. 1891. "Grammar of the Language of Futuna" in SSL, 163-207.
Other Sources: AL 6:7
Consonant system:
p t k
f v s š h
m n ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p t k
Fricatives: f v s š h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Other Sources:
Elbert, Samuel H. 1965. "Phonological Expansions in Outlier Polynesia," Lingua 14, 431-42.
AL 6:7
E
Consonant system:
p ph mb t th nd k kh ŋɡ
f v (s) h
m m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̥
l
Stops: p ph mb t th nd k kh ŋɡ
Fricatives: f v (s) h
Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̥
Laterals: l
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syntax: SVO
Number: 3573
Language: Tikopia
Alternate Name: Anuta
Location: Solomon Is (Anuta Island)
Population: 2,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian: Nuclear: Samoic Outlier: Southern
Grammar: GD: Feinberg, Richard. 1977. The Anutan Language Reconsidered: Lexicon and Grammar of a Polynesian Outlier, 2 vols. New Haven: Human Relations Area Files.
Other Sources:
AL 6:7
E
Consonant system:
p t k
(f) v (s)
m n ŋ
(l)
r
Stops: p t k
Fricatives: (f) v (s)
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: (l)
Vibrants: r
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Articles: def
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
f v s h
m n ŋ
l
Stops: p t k ʔ
Fricatives: f v s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syntax: VSO
Number: 3575
Language: Emae
Location: SC New Hebrides Is (Emae Is)
Population: 300
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian: Nuclear: Samoic Outlier: Southern
Grammar: Capell, A. 1962. The Polynesian Language of Mae (Emwae), New Hebrides. Auckland: Linguistic Society of New Zealand.
Consonant system:
p mb t nd k
f v s
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p mb t nd k
Fricatives: f v s
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Consonant system:
p t k
f v s
m n ŋ
r
Stops: p t k
Fricatives: f v s
Nasals: m n ŋ
Vibrants: r
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syntax: SVO
Number: 3577
Language: West Futuna
Alternate Name: Futuna-Aniwa
Location: S New Hebrides (West Futuna)
Population: 800
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian: Nuclear: Samoic Outlier: Southern
Grammar: Capell, A. 1960. Anthropology and Linguistics of Futuna-Aniwa, New Hebrides. OLM 5.
Other Sources:
AL 6:7
Dougherty, Janet W. D. 1977. "Reduplication in West Futuna," Journal of the Polynesian Society 86, 207-21.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k ʔ
ɸ v s š h
m n̪ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p t̪ k ʔ
Fricatives: ɸ v s š h
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: w
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ae ai au ei oe
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian: Nuclear: Samoic Outlier: Northern
Grammar:
Hogbin, H. Ian. 1930. "Notes on a Grammar of the Language of Ongtong Java," BSOAS 5, 823-53.
Lanyon-Orgill, Peter A. 1944. A Study of the Leuangiua Language. London: Luzac.
Other Sources:
Salmond, Anne. 1974. A Generative Syntax of Luangiua. The Hague: Mouton.
AL 6:7
Consonant system:
p k ʔ
v s h
m ŋ
l
Stops: p k ʔ
Fricatives: v s h
Nasals: m ŋ
Laterals: l
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian: Nuclear: Samoic Outlier: Micronesian
Dictionary:
Lieber, Michael D. and Kalio H. Dikepa. 1974. Kapingamarangi Lexicon. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.
Grammar: GD: Elbert, Samuel H. 1948. Grammar and Comparative Study of the Language of Kapingamarangi: Texts and Word Lists. Washington, D.C.: National Research Council.
Other Sources: AL 6:7
Consonant system:
p ph t th k kh
h
m m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̥
ɹ ɹ̥
Stops: p ph t th k kh
Fricatives: h
Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̥
Vibrants: ɹ ɹ̥
Glides: w w̥
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: diphthonɡs
Stress: penult or on long vowel
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SVO/VSO NA NG ND POSS-N N-NUM N-POSS/POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 3582
Language: Nukuoro
Location: Nukuoro Is
Population: 260
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian: Nuclear: Samoic Outlier: Micronesian
Grammar: Carroll, Vern. 1965. An Outline of the Structure of the Language of Nukuoro. Wellington: The Polynesian Society.
Other Sources: AL 6:7
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
v s x
m n̪ ŋ
ľ̪
Stops: p t̪ k
Fricatives: v s x
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: ľ̪
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian: Nuclear: Eastern Polynesian
Grammar: GD: Fuentes, Jordi. 1960. Diccionario y gramática de la lengua de la Isla de Pascua. Santiago, Chile: Editorial Andres Bell.
Other Sources:
Langdon, Robert and Darrell Tryon. 1983. The Language of Easter Island: Its Development and Eastern Polynesian Relationships. Laie, Hawaii: Institute for Polynesian Studies.
AL 6:7
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
v h
m n ŋ
ɾ
Stops: p t k ʔ
Fricatives: v h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian: Nuclear: Eastern Polynesian: Tahitic
Dictionary:
Lemaitre, Yves. 1973. Lexique du tahitien contemporain. Paris: Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer.
Grammar:
GD: Janssen, Tepano. 1969. Grammaire et dictionnaire de la langue tahitienne. Paris: Musée de l'Homme.
Lovy, R. D, and L.-J Bouge 1953. Grammaire de la langue tahitienne. Paris: Musée de l'Homme.
Coppenrath, Hubert and Paul Prevost. 1975. Grammaire approfondie de la langue tahitienne. Papeete, Tahiti: Librairie Pureora.
TextBooks: Tryon, D. T. 1970. Conversational Tahitian. Berkeley: Univ of California Press.
Consonant system:
p t ʔ
f v h
m n
ɾ
Stops: p t ʔ
Fricatives: f v h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: ɾ
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ai au ae oi
Syllable: (C)V
Stress: penult or on first long vowel or diphthong
Demonstratives: 3 + ref
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
2 6d 6
Syntax: VSO NA NG/GN DN NUM-N/N-NUM POSS-N D+N+A+NUM
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian: Nuclear: Eastern Polynesian: Tahitic
Dictionary: Savage, Stephen. 1962. A Dictionary of the Maori Language of Rarotonga. Wellington: Dept of Island Territories.
Other Sources:
Busem, J. E. 1960. "Rarotongan Personal Pronouns : Form and Distribution," BSOAS 23, 123-37.
Buse, J. E. 1963a. "Rarotongan Sentence Structures," BSOAS 26, 632-45.
Buse, J. E. 1963b. "The Structure of Rarotongan Nominal Negative and Conjunctival Pieces," BSOAS 26, 393-419.
Buse J. E. 1965. "Problems of Morphology and Classification Illustrated from Rarotongan," Lingua15, 32-47.
AL 6:7
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
β
m n ŋ
ɾ
Stops: p t k ʔ
Fricatives: β
Nasals: m n ŋ
Vibrants: ɾ
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian: Nuclear: Eastern Polynesian: Tahitic
Dictionary: Stimson, J. Frank and Donald S. Marshall. 1964. A Dictionary of Some Tuamotuan Dialects of the Polynesian Language. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Other Sources:
Kuki, Hiroshi. 1970a. Tuamotuan Phonology. PL B17.
Kuki, Hiroshi. 1970. "The Place of the Glottal Stop in Tuamotuan," Te Reo 13, 46-62.
Devita, Phil. 1971. "A Partial Investigation of the Spatial Forms of Some Tuamotuan Dalects," AL 13, 401-20.
AL 6:7
Consonant system:
p t̪ k (ʔ)
ɸ v h
m n̪ ŋ
ɾ
Stops: p t̪ k (ʔ)
Fricatives: ɸ v h
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Vibrants: ɾ
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V
Stress: penult
Syntax: VSO NA
Number: 3588
Language: Maori
Location: N New Zealand (North Island)
Population: 100,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian: Nuclear: Eastern Polynesian: Tahitic
Dictionary:
Biggs, Bruce G. 1966. English-Maori Dictionary. Wellington: A. H. & A. W. Reed.
Williams, Herbert W. 1971. A Dictionary of the Maori Language. Wellington: Government Printer.
Grammar:
Biggs, Bruce G. 1961. "The Structure of New Zealand Maori," AL 3:3, 1-54.
Hohepa, Patrick W. 1967. A Profile Generative Grammar of Maori. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Krupa, Victor. 1968. The Maori Language. Moscow: Nauka.
TextBooks:
Smyth, Patrick. 1957. Te Reo Maori. Christchurch: Whitcombe and Tombs.
Harawira, K. T. 1961. Teach Yourself Maori. Wellington: A. H. and A. W. Reed.
Biggs, Bruce G. 1973. Let's Learn Maori. Wellington: A. H. and A. W. Reed.
Jones, A. Morris. 1953. "Phonetics of the Maori Langauge" JPS 62, 237-41.
Other Sources: Krupa, Victor. 1966. Morpheme and Word in Maori. The Hague: Mouton.
Consonant system:
p t k
ɸ h
m n ŋ
ɾ
Stops: p t k
Fricatives: ɸ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: w
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Diphthongs: ei ae ai ao au ou ea ia ua oa
Consonant system:
p t k
v h
m n ŋ
r
Stops: p t k
Fricatives: v h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Vibrants: r
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Number: 3591
Language: Marquesan
Location: Marquesas Is (Hiva'oa Island)
Population: 5,000
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian: Nuclear: Eastern Polynesian: Marquesic
Grammar: GD: Dordillon, René Ildefonse. 1931, 1932. Grammaire et dictionanaire de la langue des Iles Marquises, 2 vols. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie.
Other Sources: AL 6:7
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
f v h
m n ŋ
r
Stops: p t k ʔ
Fricatives: f v h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Vibrants: r
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Classification: Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central Pacific: Polynesian: Nuclear: Eastern Polynesian: Marquesic
Dictionary: Pukui, Mary K. and Samuel H. Elbert. 1971. Hawaiian Dictionary. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
Grammar: Alexander, W. D. 1968. A Short Synopsis of the Most Essential Points in Hawaiian Grammar. Rutland Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle.
TextBooks:
Elbert, Samuel H. and Samuel A. Keala. 1970 Conversational Hawaiian. Honoloulu: Univ of Hawaii Press.
Kahananui. Dorothy M. and Albert P. Anthony. 1974. Let's Speak Hawaiian. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.
AL 6:7
Other Sources: AL 6:7
Consonant system:
p k ʔ
h
v
m n
l
Stops: p k ʔ
Fricatives: v h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vowel system:
I ʋ
ɛ ǝ ɔ
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Diphthongs: ai ae au ao ei eu iu ou
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