Типологии австралийских языков

Краткие фонетико-грамматические сведения по австрало-аборигенным языкам

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Домой:	Рус	Анг	Ита	Исп	Эсп

Здесь представлены краткие справки по фонетике и грамматике языков Австралийской макросемьи, взятые с проекта глобальной этимологической базы данных "Вавилонская башня" Сергея Старостина. Эти сведения будут затем размещаться в каждом праязыковом этимологическом словнике.

Всего здесь представлено X языковых систем австралийской филы (происходящей из праавстралийского языка, распределённых по 15 аборигенным семьям (и неклассифицированные):

Обзор типологии Праавстралийского языка
Обзоры типология отдельных языков австралийских аборигенов
Обзоры типология Йивайдянских языков (Yiwaidjan)
Обзоры типология Мангеррийских языков (Mangerrian)
Обзоры типология Гунвиньгуанских языков (Gunwinyguan)
Обзоры типология Бурарранских языков (Burarran)
Обзоры типология Маранских языков (Maran)
Обзоры типология Западно-барклийских языков (West Barkly)
Обзоры типология Гаравских языков (Garawan)
Обзоры типология Ларагьянских языков (Laragiyan)
Обзоры типология Дальских языков (Daly)
Обзоры типология Дяминдюнгских языков (Djamindjungan)
Обзоры типология Дераганских языков (Djeragan)
Обзоры типология Бунабанских языков (Bunaban)
Обзоры типология Нюлнюланских языков (Nyulnyulan)
Обзоры типология Вороранских языков (Wororan)
Обзоры типология языков Пама-нюнга (Pama-Nyungan)

Обзор типологии Праавстралийского языка

~~Number:~~ 4363: Language: Proto-Australian; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian; Other Sources: Dixon, R. M. W. 1979. "The Nature and Development of Australian Languages," ARA 8, 431-43. LOA; Consonant system: b d ɟ ɡ m n ñ ŋ l (ʎ) r ɹ̣ Stops: b d ɟ ɡ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l (ʎ) Vibrants: r ɹ̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: CV(C)

Обзоры типология отдельных языков австралийских аборигенов

~~Number:~~ 4364: Language: Enindhilyagwa Alternate Name: Anindilyakwa; Location: N Australia (Groote Eylandt); Population: 1,000; Classification: Australian; Other Sources: Turner, D. H. 1974. Tradition and Transformation. Camberra: AIAS. LOA; Consonant system: p t̯ t ṭ c k kʷ m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ ŋʷ l̯ ʎ r ṛ Stops: p t̯ t ṭ c k Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̯ ʎ Vibrants: r ṛ Modified Consonants: cʷ k ŋ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u ɛ ǝ a Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u; Pronouns: 1 4dimf 4demf 4ie 2 5dmf 5 3mf 6d 6; Syntax: SOV AN DN NUM-N/N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 4365: Language: Ndjébbana; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4366: Language: Yanyuwa Alternate Name: Anyula; Location: N Australia (NE Northern); Population: 150; Classification: Australian; Other Sources: Kirton, Jean F. 1964. "Anyula Person Pronouns," in PLAA, 139-48. MacDonald, Elfreda. 1964. "Notes on the Noun Classes of Anyula," in PLAA, 151-6. Kirton, Jean F. 1967. "Anyula Phonology," in PL A10, 15-28. Kirton, Jean F. 1971a. "Yanyula Noun Modifiers," in PL A27, 1-14. Kirton, Jean F. 1971b. "Complexities of Yanyula Nouns," in PL A27, 15-70. Kirton, Jean F. 1976. "Yanyula Nominative and Ergative-Allative Cases," in PL A47, 1-9. Kirton, Jean F. 1978. "Yanyuwa Verbs," in PL A51, 1-52.; Consonant system: b d̯ d ḍ ɟ ɡ̂ ɡ m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ̂ ŋ l̯ l ḷ ʎ r ɹ̣̣ (ɡ̂ is dorso-palatal) Stops: b d̯ d ḍ ɟ ɡ̂ ɡ (ɡ̂ is dorso-palatal) Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ̂ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Modified Consonants: Nc ? Glides: j w; Vowel system: i ʋ a Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: ʋ; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s d p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 3: this, that (specific) + that (non-specific) = ref?; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3mf 6d 6; Syntax: AN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4367: Language: Gagudju Alternate Name: Kakadu; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian; Other Sources: WPF; Consonant system:; Pronouns: 1 4d 4mf 2 5dmf 5mf 3 6dmf 6mf

~~Number:~~ 4368: Language: Kungarakany; Location: Australia (Northern); Population: 1; Classification: Australian; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4369: Language: Mangarayi; Location: N Australia (N Northern); Population: 50; Classification: Australian; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: OVS

~~Number:~~ 4370: Language: Mingin; Location: N Australia (NW Queensland); Population: probably extinct; Classification: Australian; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4371: Language: Nakkara; Location: N Australia (N Northern); Population: 70; Classification: Australian; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4372: Language: Nunggubuyu; Location: N Australia (NE Northern Territory); Population: 400; Classification: Australian Dictionary: Hughes, E. J. 1971. Nunggubuyu-English Dictionary, 2 vols. OLM 14.; Other Sources: Hughes, Earl J. and Alan Healey. 1971. "The Nunggubuyu Verb," in POLAA, 47-58. Hughes, Earl J. and Velma J. Leeding. 1971a. "A Tentative Description of Nunggubuyu Clauses," in POLAA, 58-71. Hughes, Earl J. and Velma J. Leeding. 1971b. "The Phonemes of Nunggubuyu," in POLAA, 72-81.; Consonant system: b d̯ d ḍ ɟ ɡ m (n̯) n ṇ ñ ŋ l̯ l ḷ r ɹ̣̣ Stops: b d̯ d ḍ ɟ ɡ Nasals: m (n̯) n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i (æ) Central Vowels: ɐ Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ a only ?; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: non-phonemic (on ā; if no ā, initial); Noun Classes: 5 [masc hum (+other nouns) belong to class I; fem hum (+other nouns) to class II. For classes III-V (and the rest of I&II) there is little semantic correlation.; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5 3mf 6 4de=4e; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN; Noun Incorporation: noun incorp; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4373: Language: Tiwi; Location: N Australia (Melville Island); Population: 1,400; Classification: Australian Grammar: GD: Osborne, C. R. 1974. The Tiwi Language. Canberra: AIAS.; Consonant system: p t̪ t (ṭ) k ʔ ɣ m n̪ n (ṇ) ŋ l (ḷ) ɾ ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t̪ t (ṭ) k ʔ Fricatives: ɣ Nasals: m n̪ n (ṇ) ŋ Laterals: l (ḷ) Vibrants: ɾ ɹ̣̣ Modified Consonants: cʷ p k m ŋ Glides: j w Front Vowels: I Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: ʋ ɒ; Syllable: (C)V[ɹˈ](C) Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f ["Sex . . . is not the sole basis of gender in Tiwi. . . Physical size and shape are the factors controlling the assignment of gender to inanimate things. The semantic features correlated with masculine gender being 'small,' 'straight', 'thin,' and those correlated with feminine gender being 'large,' 'round,' 'ample.' Osborne 1974, 51. Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4di 4ie 2 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N; Noun Incorporation: noun incorp; Prep/Post: PREP Comments: "Tiwi is today one of the very few Australian languages which are still in full use as the normal medium of communication for an entire tribe." Osborne 1974: 3.

~~Number:~~ 4374: Language: Waray; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 4375: Language: Limilngan; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4376: Language: Umbugarla; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4377: Language: Gunbudj; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4378: Language: Murrinh-Patha; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

Обзоры типология Йивайдянских языков

~~Number:~~ 4379: Language: Margu; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Yiwaidjan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4380: Language: Amurag; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Yiwaidjan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4381: Language: Iwaidja Alternate Name: Yiwaja; Location: N Australia (N Northern); Population: 150; Classification: Australian: Yiwaidjan Grammar: Capell, A. 1962. Some Linguistic Types in Australia. OLM 7.; Other Sources: AL 8:2; Consonant system: p t ṭ c k ɣ m n ṇ ñ ŋ l ʎ r ṛ ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t ṭ c k Fricatives: ɣ Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ʎ Vibrants: r ṛ ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: initial; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO AN/(NA) GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N; Noun Incorporation: pronoun incorp; Prep/Post: PREP/POST

~~Number:~~ 4382: Language: Maung; Location: N Australia (Goulburn Is); Population: 200; Classification: Australian: Yiwaidjan Grammar: GD: Capell, A. and H. E. Hinch. 1970. Maung Grammar. The Hague: Mouton.; Other Sources: Hinch, H. E. 1964. "The Maung Personal Pronoun," in PLAA, 129-38. AL 8:2; Consonant system: p t ṭ c k (ʔ) ɣ m n ṇ ñ ŋ l ḷ ɾ r ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t ṭ c k (ʔ) Fricatives: ɣ Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ Vibrants: ɾ r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɔ; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C) Stress: non-phonemic; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 6: (1) names of male beings (2) names of female beings (3) plural of 1 & 2 (4) objects associated with the ground (except plants) (5) trees & their parts (6) plants & vegetable foods Demonstratives: 3+ref Articles: art; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3* 6* *vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N; Prep/Post: PREP/(POST)

Обзоры типология Мангеррийских языков

~~Number:~~ 4383: Language: Mangerr; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Mangerrian; Consonant system:

Обзоры типология Гунвиньгуанских языков

~~Number:~~ 4384: Language: Jawony; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Gunwinyguan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4385: Language: Rembarrnga; Location: N Australia (N Northern); Population: 400; Classification: Australian: Gunwinyguan; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 4386: Language: Ngandi; Location: N Australia (N Northern); Population: extinct; Classification: Australian: Gunwinyguan; Other Sources: Heath, Jeffrey. 1978. Linguistic Diffusion in Arnhem Land. Canberra: AIAS.; Consonant system: p b t̯ d̯ t d ṭ ḍ c ɟ k ɡ ʔ m n ṇ ñ ŋ l ḷ ɾ ɹ̣̣ Stops: p b t̯ d̯ t d ṭ ḍ c ɟ k ɡ ʔ Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ Vibrants: ɾ ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: (v̄); Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)

~~Number:~~ 4387: Language: Ngalakan; Location: N Australia (N Northern); Population: 30; Classification: Australian: Gunwinyguan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4388: Language: Warlang Alternate Name: Gunbalang; Location: N Australia (N Northern); Population: 125; Classification: Australian: Gunwinyguan: Gunwinygic; Other Sources: Harris, Joy Kinslow. 1969. "Preliminary Grammar of Gunbalang," in PL A17, 1-49.; Consonant system:; Gender: m f n1 n2; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3mf 6d 6; Syntax: SVO NA DN NUM-N POSS-N D+N+A; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 4389: Language: Gunwinygu; Location: N Australia (N Northern); Population: 200; Classification: Australian: Gunwinyguan: Gunwinygic Grammar: Oates, Lynette Frances. 1964. A Tentative Description of the Gunwinggu Language. OLM 10.; Consonant system: b d̪ ḍ ɟ ɡ ʔ m n̪ ṇ ñ ŋ l ḷ ʎ r ɹ̣̣ Stops: b d̪ ḍ ɟ ɡ ʔ Nasals: m n̪ ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɔ Long Vowels: v̄; Syllable: CV(C)(C) Stress: non-phonemic (penult/root initial); Noun Classes: 4: masc, fem, neut1, neut2 [neut1 = earth & abstract things,neut2 = vegetables, trees, plants, flowers & food] Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6 Verbal prefixes have dual and trial forms, as well as an inclusives/exclusive distinction for 4d & 4.; Syntax: SOV AN/NA GN/NG DN NUM-N/N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS D+N+A; Noun Incorporation: noun incorp (only neuter nouns); Prep/Post: PREP/POST

~~Number:~~ 4390: Language: Ngalkbon Alternate Name: Ngalkbun, Dalabon; Location: N Australia (N Northern); Classification: Australian: Gunwinyguan: Gunwinygic Grammar: Capell, A. 1962. Some Linguistic Types in Australia. OLM 7.; Other Sources: AL 8:2; Consonant system: p t ṭ c k ʔ m n ṇ ñ ŋ l ḷ r ɹ̣ ṛ Stops: p t ṭ c k ʔ Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ Vibrants: r ɹ̣ ṛ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: ɨ a Back Vowels: u ɔ Long Vowels: (v̄) Diphthongs: ai au oi ei ui; Syllable: CV(C)(C); Noun; Number: s d p; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+D; Noun Incorporation: noun incorp; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4391: Language: Wagiman; Location: Australia (N Northern); Population: 50; Classification: Australian: Gunwinyguan: Yangmanic Grammar: Tryon, D. T. 1971. "The Wageman Language," in POLAA, 1-11.; Consonant system: p t c k ʔ m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p t c k ʔ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV/(SVO) NA NG N-NUM N-POSS N+A+Num

~~Number:~~ 4392: Language: Wardaman; Location: N Australia (N Northern); Classification: Australian: Gunwinyguan: Yangmanic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4393: Language: Dagoman; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Gunwinyguan: Yangmanic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4394: Language: Yangman; Location: N Australia (N Northern); Population: 50; Classification: Australian: Gunwinyguan: Yangmanic; Consonant system:

Обзоры типология Бурарранских языков

~~Number:~~ 4395: Language: Guragone; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Burarran; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4396: Language: Burarra; Location: N Australia (N Northern); Population: 450; Classification: Australian: Burarran; Other Sources: Glasgow, Kathleen. 1964a. "Four Principal Contrasts in Burera Personal Pronouns," in PLAA, 109-17. Glasgow, Kathleen. 1964b. "Frame of Reference for Two Burera Tenses," in PLAA, 118. Glasgow, David and Harland Kerr. 1964. "Burera Verb Prefixes," in PLAA, 119-28. Glasgow, David and Kathleen Glasgow. 1967. "The Phonemes of Burera," in PL A10, 1-14.; Consonant system: p t c k m n ñ ŋ l ɾ ɹ Stops: p t c k Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ ɹ Modified Consonants: c̄ p c k n ñ j Glides: j w Front Vowels: i æ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɔ; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)(C), Nˈ; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ti 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV NA

Обзоры типология Марански языков

~~Number:~~ 4397: Language: Alawa; Location: N Australia (N Northern Territory); Population: 50; Classification: Australian: Maran Grammar: Sharpe, Margaret C. 1972. Alawa Phonology and Grammar. Canberra: AIAS.; Consonant system: p mb t nd ṭ n.ḍ c ñɟ k ŋɡ m n ṇ ñ ŋ l ḷ ʎ ɾ ɹ Stops: p mb t nd ṭ n.ḍ c ñɟ k ŋɡ Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: ɾ ɹ Modified Consonants: c̄ c n ŋ l only Glides: j w Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: ɯ; Syllable: (C)V(L)(C) Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s d p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3mf 6d 6; Syntax: SVO AN GN DN/ND POSS-N/N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP/POST

~~Number:~~ 4398: Language: Warndarang; Location: N Australia (N Northern Territory); Population: 8; Classification: Australian: Maran; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 4399: Language: Mara; Location: N Australia (N Northern Territory); Population: 50; Classification: Australian: Maran; Consonant system:

Обзоры типология Западно-барклийских языков

~~Number:~~ 4400: Language: Djingili; Location: NC Australia (C Northern); Population: 40; Classification: Australian: West Barkly Grammar: GD: Chadwick, Neil. 1975. A Descriptive Study of the Djingili Language. Canberra: AIAS.; Other Sources: LOA; Consonant system: p t̯ t ṭ c k̂ k m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l̯ l ḷ r ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t̯ t ṭ c k̂ k Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: ɐ Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: ī ā ū Modified Vowels: vowel harmony Diphthongs: ai au ia ua ui; Syllable: (C)V(L)(C) Stress: penult; Noun
Number: s d p: Noun Classes: 4: masc, fem, neut, vegetable (& round objects) Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1mf 4dimf 4demf 4imf 4emf 2mf 5dmf 5mf *3mfnv *6dmfnv *6mfnv v=vegetable; Syntax: SOV NA NG DN N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4401: Language: Ngarndji; Location: NC Australia (NC Northern Territory); Population: 5; Classification: Australian: West Barkly Dictionary: Chadwick, N. 1971. "Ngarndji Wordlist and Phonological Key," in POLAA, 35-45.; Other Sources: LOA; Consonant system: b d ḍ ɟ ɡ̂ ɡ m n ṇ ñ ŋ̂ ŋ l ḷ ʎ ɾ r Stops: b d ḍ ɟ ɡ̂ ɡ Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ̂ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: ɾ r Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ a only Stress: penult; Syntax: SOV NA

~~Number:~~ 4402: Language: Wambaya Dialect: Gudanji; Location: NC Australia (NC Northern Territory); Classification: Australian: West Barkly Grammar: Aguas, E. F. 1968. "Gudandji," in PL A14, 1-20.; Consonant system: b d ḍ ɟ ɡ m n ñ ŋ l ḷ ʎ r ṛ Stops: b d ḍ ɟ ɡ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: r ṛ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Diphthongs: ai ui; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C); Noun; Number: s p; Pronouns: 1 4 2 3 6; Syntax: SVO/(SOV) NA GN DN/ND POSS-N/N-POSS

Обзоры типология Гаравских языков

~~Number:~~ 4403: Language: Garawa; Location: N Australia (NE Northern); Population: 300; Classification: Australian: Garawan; Other Sources: Furby, Christine E. 1972. "The Pronominal System of Garawa," OL 11, 1-31. Furby, Christine E. 1974. "Garawa Phonology," in PL A37, 1-11. LOA WALS; Consonant system: p t ṭ c k̂ k m n ṇ ñ ŋ̂ ŋ l ḷ ʎ ɾ ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t ṭ c k̂ k Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ̂ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: ɾ ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u; Syllable: (C)CV(C) Stress: initial; Noun
Number: s d p Demonstratives: 2: this, that (specific) + that (non-specific) = ref?: Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: VOS AN GN DN POSS-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4404: Language: Waanyi; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Garawan; Consonant system:

Обзоры типология Ларагьянских языков

~~Number:~~ 4405: Language: Laragiya; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Laragiyan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4406: Language: Wulna; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Laragiyan; Consonant system:

Обзоры типология Дальских языков

~~Number:~~ 4407: Language: Ngenkikurrunggur; Location: N Australia (NW Northern); Population: 150; Classification: Australian: Daly: Moil; Other Sources: DFL; Consonant system: p (b) t (d) c k (ɡ) (β) (s) (x) m n ñ ŋ l ʎ r ɹ Stops: p (b) t (d) c k (ɡ) Fricatives: (β) (s) (x) Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i e Back Vowels: u ɑ; Noun Classes: 8: natural objects, kinship terms & some body parts / most body parts / animals hunted for meat / plants and vegetables / trees & wooden implements / male animals / female animals / dogs; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3mf 6d 6; Syntax: SOV NA ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4408: Language: Marithiyel; Location: NC Australia (NW Northern); Population: 85; Classification: Australian: Daly: Brinken-Wagaydy: Brinken; Other Sources: DFL AL 8:2 WPF; Consonant system: p t̯ t (ṭ) c k m n (ṇ) ñ ŋ l (ḷ) r ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t̯ t (ṭ) c k Nasals: m n (ṇ) ñ ŋ Laterals: l (ḷ) Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: (ɵ) Back Vowels: u ɑ; Noun Classes: 5: body parts, kinship terms & natural phenomena / animals hunted for meat / plants & vegetables / weapons & wooden objects / trees; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3mf 6d 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN N-NUM N-POSS Num+N+A (Num may precede N when N is qualified by A); Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4409: Language: Marimanindji; Location: N Australia (NW Northern); Population: 20; Classification: Australian: Daly: Brinken-Wagaydy: Brinken; Other Sources: DFL; Consonant system: p (t̯) t ṭ c k m n ṇ ñ ŋ l ḷ ɹ ṛ Stops: p (t̯) t ṭ c k Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ Vibrants: ɹ ṛ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i e Back Vowels: u ɑ; Noun Classes: 5: body parts, kinship terms & natural phenomena / birds & animals hunted for meat / plants & vegetables / weapons & wooden implements / trees; Pronouns: 1 4di(e) 4te 4ie 2 (5d) 5t 5 3mf (6d) 6t 6; Syntax: SOV NA N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4410: Language: Maringarr; Location: N Australia (NW Northern); Population: 35; Classification: Australian: Daly: Brinken-Wagaydy: Brinken; Other Sources: DFL; Consonant system: p (t̯) t ṭ c k m n ṇ ñ ŋ l ḷ r ɹ̣̣ Stops: p (t̯) t ṭ c k Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i e Back Vowels: u ɑ; Noun Classes: 4: body parts, kinship terms & natural phenomena / birds & animals hunted for meat / edible vegetables & plants / weapons & wooden objects; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3mf 6d 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN N-NUM N-POSS N+Num+A

~~Number:~~ 4411: Language: Wadjiginy Alternate Name: Pungupungu Dialect: Ami; Location: N Australia (NW Northern); Population: 60; Classification: Australian: Daly: Brinken-Wagaydy: Wagaydy; Other Sources: DFL; Consonant system: p t ṭ c k m n ṇ ñ ŋ l ḷ r ṛ Stops: p t ṭ c k Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ Vibrants: r ṛ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɵ Back Vowels: u ɑ; Noun Classes: 4: body parts, kinship terms & natural phenomena / animals hunted for meat / plants & vegetables / trees & wooden objects; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3mf 6d 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN N-NUM N-POSS N+A+Num; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4412: Language: Maranungku; Location: N Australia (NW Northern Territory); Population: 80; Classification: Australian: Daly: Brinken-Wagaydy: Wagaydy Grammar: GD: Tryon, D. T. 1970a. An Introduction to Maranungku (Northern Australia). PL B15.; Other Sources: Tryon, D. T. 1970b. "The Daly Language Family : A Structural Survey," in Linguistic Trends in Australia, ed. by D. C. Laycock, Canberra, AIAS, 51-7. DFL; Consonant system: p t c k m n ñ ŋ l r ɹ Stops: p t c k Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɹ Modified Consonants: c̄ p t c k m n only Glides: j w Front Vowels: i æ Central Vowels: ɵ a Back Vowels: ʋ; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: initial; Noun Classes: 4: body parts, kinship terms & natural phenomena / animals hunted for meat / plants & vegetables / trees & wooden objects Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3mf 6d 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN(inalien)/NG(alien) ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+D+Num; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4413: Language: Madngele Alternate Name: Matngala; Location: N Australia (NW Northern); Population: 20; Classification: Australian: Daly: Malakmalak; Other Sources: DFL; Consonant system: p t c k m n ñ ŋ l ʎ r ɹ Stops: p t c k Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɵ Back Vowels: u ɑ; Noun Classes: 4: body parts, kinship terms & natural phenomena / animals hunted for meat / plants & vegetables / trees & wooden objects; Pronouns: 1 4di(e) 4ie 2 (5d) 5 3mf (6d) 6; Syntax: SOV NA N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4414: Language: Dyeraidy Alternate Name: Tyeraity; Location: N Australia (NW Northern); Population: 5; Classification: Australian: Daly: Malakmalak; Other Sources: DFL WPF; Consonant system: p t c k m n ñ ŋ l ʎ r ɹ Stops: p t c k Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɵ Back Vowels: u ɑ; Noun Classes: 4: body parts, kinship terms & natural phenomena / animals hunted for meat / plants & vegetables / trees & wooden objects; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3mf 6d 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN/(NG when possessor (G) is followed by a poss pronoun) N-NUM N-POSS N+Num+A; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4415: Language: Malakmalak; Location: N Australia (NW Northern); Population: 20; Classification: Australian: Daly: Malakmalak Grammar: Birk, D. B. W. 1976. The Malakmalak Language, Daly River (Western Arnhem Land). PL B45.; Other Sources: Tryon, D. T. 1970b. "The Daly Language Family : A Structural Survery," in Linguistic Trends in Australia, ed. by D. C. Laycock, Canberra, AIAS, 51-6. Birk, David B. W. 1975. "The Phonology of Malakmalak," in PL A39, 59-78. DFL WPF; Consonant system: p t c k m n ñ ŋ l ʎ ɾ ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t c k Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l ʎ Vibrants: ɾ ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: ʋ; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: mostly initial; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 4: body parts, kinship terms & natural phenomena / animals hunted for meat / plants / trees Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3mfvn 6d 6 v=plants & vegetables, n=trees and natural objects; Syntax: SOV NA GN(inalien)/NG(alien) ND N-NUM POSS-N(inalien)/N-POSS(alien) N+A+Num; Prep/Post: POST

Обзоры типология Дяминдюнгских языков

~~Number:~~ 4416: Language: Djamindjung; Location: N Australia (NW Northern Territory); Population: few; Classification: Australian: Djamindjungan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4417: Language: Nungali; Location: N Australia (NW Northern Territory); Classification: Australian: Djamindjungan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4418: Language: Ngaliwuru; Location: N Australia (NW Northern Territory); Classification: Australian: Djamindjungan; Consonant system:

Обзоры типология Дераганских языков

~~Number:~~ 4419: Language: Gadjerawang; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Djeragan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4420: Language: Miriwung; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Djeragan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4421: Language: Kitja; Location: NW Australia (NE Western); Population: 300; Classification: Australian: Djeragan; Other Sources: Taylor, Peter and Jay Taylor. 1971. "A Tentative Statement of Kitja Phonology," in POLAA, 100-9. WPF; Consonant system: p t̯ t ṭ c k m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l ḷ ʎ r ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t̯ t ṭ c k Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: ɨ a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ a only; Syllable: CV(C)(C) Stress: initial; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA

Обзоры типология Бунабанских языков

~~Number:~~ 4422: Language: Bunaba; Location: NW Australia (NE Western Australia); Population: 60; Classification: Australian: Bunaban; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4423: Language: Guniyan; Location: NW Australia (NE Western Australia); Population: 50; Classification: Australian: Bunaban; Consonant system:

Обзоры типология Нюлнюланских языков

~~Number:~~ 4424: Language: Nyulnyul Alternate Name: Bardi; Location: NW Australia (N Western); Population: 360; Classification: Australian: Nyulnyulan; TextBooks: Metcalfe, C. D. 1971. "A Tentative Phonetic Statement of the Bardi Aboriginal Language," in POLAA, 82-92.; Other Sources: Metcalfe, C. D. 1975. Bardi Verb Morphology (Northwestern Australia). PL B30. AL 8:2; Consonant system: p t ṭ c k m n ṇ ñ ŋ l ḷ ʎ r ɹ̣ Stops: p t ṭ c k Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ i a u only Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C); Tones: inital Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4d 4ie 2 5 3 6 Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4425: Language: Yawuru; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Nyulnyulan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4426: Language: Warwa; Location: NW Australia (N Western); Classification: Australian: Nyulnyulan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4427: Language: Nyigina; Location: NW Australia (N Western); Population: few; Classification: Australian: Nyulnyulan; Consonant system:

Обзоры типология Вороранских языков

~~Number:~~ 4428: Language: Wunambal; Location: NW Australia (N Western Australia); Population: possibly extinct; Classification: Australian: Wororan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4429: Language: Ungarinjin Alternate Name: Ngarinyin; Location: NW Australia (NE Western); Population: 700; Classification: Australian: Wororan Dictionary: Coate, H. H. J. and A. P. Elkin. 1974. Ngarinjin-English Dictionary, 2 vols. OLM 16. Grammar: Coate, H. H. J. and Lynette Oates. 1970. A Grammar of Ngarinjin. Canberra: AIAS.; Other Sources: E; Consonant system: p t ṭ c k m n ṇ ñ ŋ l ḷ ʎ ɾ ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t ṭ c k Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: ɾ ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: I ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: ī ā ū; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: non-phonemic; Noun
Number: s d t p: Gender: m f n1 n2; Pronouns: 1 4die 4tie 4ie 2 5d 5t 5 3mfn1n2 6dmfn1n2 6mfn1n2 trial=3 or a small number; Syntax: OSV/VOS AN GN ND NUM-N POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4430: Language: Worora; Location: NW Australia (N Western Australia); Population: 200; Classification: Australian: Wororan; Other Sources: Lucich, Peter. 1969. Children's Stories from the Worora. Canberra: AIAS. WPF; Consonant system:; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 4C 2 5d 5 5C 3 6d 6 6C C=collective; Syntax: SOV NA GN DN NUM-N/N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: POST

Обзоры типология языков Пама-нюнга

~~Number:~~ 4431: Language: Muk Thang; Location: SE Australia (E Victoria); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4432: Language: Dhuduroa; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4433: Language: Kala Lagaw Ya Alternate Name: Mabuiag; Location: NE Australia (W Torres Strait Islands); Population: 7,000; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan; Other Sources: Bani, Ephraim and Terry J. Klokeid. 1976. "Ergative Switching in Kala Lagau Langgus," in LCY, 269-83. PLNGLS AL 8:2 WPF; Consonant system: p b t̯ d̯ (t) (d) k ɡ s z m n ŋ l r Stops: p b t̯ d̯ (t) (d) k ɡ Fricatives: s z Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o; Noun; Number: s p; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4434: Language: Muruwari; Location: SE Australia (N New South Wales); Population: few; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan; Other Sources: Trefry, Judy. 1971. "Possible Clause Types in Muruwari," in POLAA, 93-9.; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV DN POSS-N/N-POSS; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4435: Language: Warumungu; Location: NC Australia (C Northern Territory); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4436: Language: Flinders Island; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4437: Language: Barrow Point; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4438: Language: Bandjalang; Location: E Australia (NE New South Wales); Population: 1,000; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan Grammar: GD: Holmer, Nils M. 1971. Notes on the Bandjalang Dialect. Canberra: AIAS. GD: Crowley, Terry. 1978. The Middle Clarence Dialects of Bandjalang. Canberra: AIAS.; Consonant system: b d ɟ ɡ m n ñ ŋ l ɾ Stops: b d ɟ ɡ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: CV(C) Stress: initial (second, if second V is long); Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f n tree Demonstratives: 3 [Each has three distinct forms: (1) visible, (2) invisible, formerly present, (3) invisible, not formerly present]; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+N Ergative: erg; Noun Incorporation: noun incorp; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4439: Language: Bandjalang Dialect: Gidabal; Location: E Australia (NE New South Wales); Population: 1,000 (20); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan Grammar: GD: Geytenbeek, Brian and Helen Geytenbeek. 1971. Gidabal Grammar and Dictionary. Canberra: AIAS.; Other Sources: Geytenbeek, Helen. 1964. "Personal Pronouns of Gidabul," in PLAA, 91-100. Geytenbeek, Brian B. 1964. "Morphology of the Regular Verbs of Gidabul," in PLAA 101-8.; Consonant system: p t̪ c k m n̪ ñ ŋ l̪ ɾ Stops: p t̪ c k Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: ɾ Glides: j w Front Vowels: I ɛ Central Vowels: ɐ Back Vowels: ʋ Long Vowels: ī ɛ̄ ā ʋ̄; Syllable: CV(C) Stress: non-phonemic (on initial syllable & v̄'s); Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m, f, n, arboreal (m and f are restricted to human beings; arboreal = trees; neuter = all inanimates other than trees and all animates other than humans) Demonstratives: 3 [Each demonstrative has three variants: (1) in sight, (2) not in sight, but present, (3) not in sight, presumed removed] + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5mf 3mf 6mf; Syntax: SVO/SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4440: Language: Pallangahmiddang; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4441: Language: Djinang; Location: N Australia (N Northern Territory); Population: 300; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Yuulngu; Other Sources: Waters, Bruce E. 1980a. "Djinang Phonology," PL A60, 1-71. Waters, Bruce E. 1980b. "Djinang Verb Morphology," PL A60, 141-78.; Consonant system: p b t d ṭ ḍ c ɟ k ɡ (ʔ) m n ṇ ñ ŋ l ḷ r ɹ̣ Stops: p b t d ṭ ḍ c ɟ k ɡ (ʔ) Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ Vibrants: r ɹ̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: initial; Syntax: SOV POSS-N/N-POSS; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4442: Language: Dhangu Dialect: Galbu; Location: N Australia (N Northern Territory); Population: 200; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Yuulngu; Other Sources: Wood, R. 1978. "Some Yuulngu Phonological Patterns," in PL A51, 53-117. E; Consonant system: p t̯ t ṭ ḍ c k ʔ m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l ḷ r ɹ̣ Stops: p t̯ t ṭ ḍ c k ʔ Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ Vibrants: r ɹ̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: I Central Vowels: ǝ Back Vowels: ʋ Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: CV(C)(C); Tones: initial; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 4443: Language: Dhuwal Alternate Name: Djapu Dialect: Gupapuyngu; Location: N Australia (N Northern Territory); Population: 250; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Yuulngu; Other Sources: Buchanan, Dianne. 1978. "Djambarrpuynu Clauses," in PL A51, 143-77. AL 8:2 WALS; Consonant system: p b t̯ d̯ t d ṭ ḍ c ɟ k ɡ ʔ m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l ḷ ɾ ɹ̣̣ Stops: p b t̯ d̯ t d ṭ ḍ c ɟ k ɡ ʔ Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ Vibrants: ɾ ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV/OVS DN POSS-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4444: Language: Djinba; Location: N Australia (N Northern Territory); Population: 150; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Yuulngu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4445: Language: Ritharngu; Location: N Australia (N Northern Territory); Population: 300; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Yuulngu Grammar: GD: Heath, Jeffrey. 1980. Basic Materials in Ritharngu: Grammar, Texts and Dictionary. PL B62.; Other Sources: Heath, Jeffrey. 1978. Linguistic Diffusion in Arnhem Land. Canberra: AIAS.; Consonant system: p b t̯ d̯ t d ṭ ḍ c ɟ k ɡ ʔ m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l ḷ r ɹ̣̣ Stops: p b t̯ d̯ t d ṭ ḍ c ɟ k ɡ ʔ Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i (e) Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u (o) Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C); Noun
Number: s d p Demonstratives: 4: [3 + far distant]: Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: VSO NA GN DN/ND POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4446: Language: Dhay'yi; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Yuulngu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4447: Language: Yan-nhangu Alternate Name: Jarnango; Location: N Australia (N Northern Territory); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Yuulngu; Consonant system:; Syntax: ND

~~Number:~~ 4448: Language: Lardil; Location: N Australia (NW Queensland, Mornington Island); Population: 270; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Tangic; Other Sources: AL 8:2 LOA; Consonant system: b d̯ d ḍ ɟ ɡ m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l r ɹ̣̣ Stops: b d̯ d ḍ ɟ ɡ Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Clicks: nʘ, n/, n!, nǂ Lardil also possessed a special speech style, used by initiated men, which added 4 nasalized clicks (nʘ, n/, n!, nǂ ), two ejectives (pʔ, k?), and an ingressive lateral fricative (ɬ) to the standard consonant repertoire. The vowel /e/ was not used in this style. Apparently this special speech style has recently fallen into disuse. Glides: j w Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all; Pronouns: 1 4die* 4ie* 2 5d* 5* 3 6d* 6* *In Lardil . . . one type of non-singular pronoun is used when the people referred to are in the same generation level or are two levels apart, and another type of pronoun is used if they are one or three generations apart." LOA 276

~~Number:~~ 4449: Language: Gayardilt Alternate Name: Yukukta; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Tangic; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 4450: Language: Proto-Paman; Location: NE Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Pama-Maric:-; Other Sources: Hale, Kenneth. 1964. "Classification of Northern Paman Languages, Cape York Peninsula, Australia: A Research Report," OL 3, 248-65.; Consonant system: p t c k m n ñ ŋ l ɾ ɹ Stops: p t c k Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ ɹ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all

~~Number:~~ 4451: Language: Gudang; Location: NE Australia (N Queensland); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Northern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4452: Language: Atampaya Alternate Name: Uradhi; Location: NE Australia (N Queensland); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Northern; Other Sources: Hale, Kenneth. 1976b. "Phonological Developments in a Northern Paman Language: Uradhi," in LCY, 41-9. AL 8:2; Consonant system: p t̯ t c k β ð ɣ m n̯ n ñ ŋ l r ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t̯ t c k Fricatives: β ð ɣ Nasals: m n̯ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u Stress: on 1st postconsonantal vowel

~~Number:~~ 4453: Language: Wudhadhi; Location: NE Australia (N Queensland); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Northern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4454: Language: Tjungundji; Location: NE Australia (N Queensland); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Northern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4455: Language: Mpalityanh; Location: NE Australia (N Queensland); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Northern; Other Sources: Hale, Kenneth. 1976a. "Phonological Developments in Particular Northern Paman Languages," in LCY, 7-40.; Consonant system: p t̯ t c k β ð ɣ m n̯ n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p t̯ t c k Fricatives: β ð ɣ Nasals: m n̯ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc p t̯ t c k (The Luthing dialect lacks prenasalized stops, but includes /ʔ/.) Glides: j w Front Vowels: i æ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u

~~Number:~~ 4456: Language: Yupngayth; Location: NE Australia (N Queensland); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Northern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4457: Language: Linngithigh; Location: NE Australia (N Queensland); Population: 6 (1960); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Northern; Other Sources: Hale, Kenneth. 1976a. "Phonological Developments in Particular Northern Paman Languages," in LCY, 7-40. AL 8:2; Consonant system: p t̯ t k ʔ tr β ð ɣ m n̯ n (ñ) ŋ l r ɹ̣ Stops: p t̯ t k ʔ Affricates: tr Fricatives: β ð ɣ Nasals: m n̯ n (ñ) ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɹ̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i æ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o; Pronouns: 1 4di 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6 Ergative: erg

~~Number:~~ 4458: Language: Ngkoth; Location: NE Australia (N Queensland); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Northern; Other Sources: Hale, Kenneth. 1976a. "Phonological Developments in Particular Northern Paman Languages," in LCY, 7-40.; Consonant system: p t̯ t c k (ʔ) tr (β) (ð) ɣ m n̯ n ñ ŋ l r ɹ Stops: p t̯ t c k (ʔ) Affricates: tr Fricatives: (β) (ð) ɣ Nasals: m n̯ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɹ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i e (ø) (æ) Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o

~~Number:~~ 4459: Language: Yinwum; Location: NE Australia (N Queensland); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Northern; Other Sources: Hale, Kenneth. 1976a. "Phonological Developments in Particular Northern Paman Languages," in LCY, 7-40.; Consonant system: p t̯ t c k tr β ð ɣ m n̯ n ñ ŋ l r ɹ Stops: p t̯ t c k Affricates: tr Fricatives: β ð ɣ Nasals: m n̯ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɹ Modified Consonants: Nc p t̯ t c k tr Glides: j w Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u

~~Number:~~ 4460: Language: Aritinngithigh Alternate Name: Aritinngithig; Location: NE Australia (N Queensland); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Northern; Other Sources: Hale, Kenneth. 1976a. "Phonological Developments in Particular Northern Paman Languages," in LCY, 7-40.; Consonant system: p t̯ t k tr β ð ɣ m n̯ n ñ ŋ l r ɹ Stops: p t̯ t k Affricates: tr Fricatives: β ð ɣ Nasals: m n̯ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɹ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i æ Central Vowels: ʉ a Back Vowels: u

~~Number:~~ 4461: Language: Awngthim Alternate Name: Anguthimri; Location: NE Australia (N Queensland); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Northern; Other Sources: Hale, Kenneth. 1976a. "Phonological Developments in Particular Northern Paman Languages," in LCY, 7-40. LOA WALS; Consonant system: b d̯ d ɟ ɡ ʔ dr β ð ɣ m n̯ n ñ ŋ l r ɹ̣̣ Stops: b d̯ d ɟ ɡ ʔ Affricates: dr Fricatives: β ð ɣ Nasals: m n̯ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Modified Consonants: Nc b d̯ d ɟ ɡ dr Glides: j w Front Vowels: i y e (ø) æ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ i e æ a u only Nasal Vowels: ṽ i e æ a only; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 4462: Language: Mbiywom; Location: NE Australia (N Queensland); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Northern; Other Sources: Hale, Kenneth. 1976a. "Phonological Developments in Particular Northern Paman Languages," in LCY, 7-40.; Consonant system: p b t̯ d̯ t d c ɟ k ɡ β ð ɣ m n̯ n ñ ŋ l r ɹ Stops: p b t̯ d̯ t d c ɟ k ɡ Fricatives: β ð ɣ Nasals: m n̯ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɹ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i y e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o

~~Number:~~ 4463: Language: Wik-Me'anha Alternate Name: Wik-Me'nh; Location: NE Australia (N Queensland); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Middle; Other Sources: AL 8:2; Consonant system: p t̪ t c k ʔ m n̯ n ñ ŋ l r ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t̪ t c k ʔ Nasals: m n̯ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i y e ø Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ i e a u

~~Number:~~ 4464: Language: Wik-Ngathana; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Middle; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: OSV

~~Number:~~ 4465: Language: Wik-Mungkan Alternate Name: Wik-Munkan; Location: NE Australia (N Queensland); Population: 750; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Middle Grammar: Oates, William, et al. 1964. Gugu-Yalanji and Wik-Munkan Language Studies. Canberra: AIAS.; Other Sources: Sayers, Barbara. 1964. "The Phonemes of Coen Wik-Munkan," in Gugu-Yalanji and Wik-Munkan Language Studies, 51-6. Sayers, Barbara J. and Harland B. Kerr. 1964. "Wik-Munkan Locative, Temporal and Demonstrative Pronouns," in PLAA, 1-12. Godfrey, M. and H. B. Kerr. 1964. "Personal Pronouns in Wik-Munkan," in PLAA, 13-34. Godfrey, Marie. 1970. "Wik-Munkan Verb Morphology," in PL C13, 741-56. Sayers, Barbara J. 1976a. "The Relevance of Stress and Pitch in the Grammatical Hierarchy of Wik-Mungkan," in LCY, 284-98. Sayers, Barbara J. 1976b. "Interpenetration of Stress and Pitch in Wik-Munkan Grammar and Phonology, in PL A42, 31-79. Sayers, Barbara J. 1976c. The Sentence in Wik-Munkan: A Description of Propositional Relationships. PL B44. Kilham, Christine A. 1977. Thematic Organization of Wik-Munkan Discourse. PL B52. AL 8:2; Consonant system: p t̯ t c k ʔ m n̯ n ñ ŋ l ɾ ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t̯ t c k ʔ Nasals: m n̯ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ ɹ̣̣ Modified Consonants: The Coen dialect lacks t̯, n̯, & ɹ̣. Glides: j w Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: initial Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6 4de=4e; Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+Num+D Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4466: Language: Wik-Iiyanh; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Middle; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4467: Language: Kugu-Muminh Alternate Name: Wik-Muminh; Location: NE Austrlai (N Queensland); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Middle; Other Sources: AL 8:2; Consonant system: p b t̯ d̯ t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ m n̯ n ñ ŋ l r ɹ̣̣ Stops: p b t̯ d̯ t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ Nasals: m n̯ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u

~~Number:~~ 4468: Language: Pakanha; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Middle; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4469: Language: Ayabadhu; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Middle; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4470: Language: Thaayorre Alternate Name: Taior; Location: NE Australia (N Queensland); Population: 100; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Western; TextBooks: Hall, Allen. 1976a. "Methods of Negation in Kuuk Thaayorre," in LCY, 299-307.; Other Sources: Hall, Allen. 1976b. "Morphological Categories of Nouns in Kuuk Thaayorre," in LCY, 308-14. E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM N-POSS Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4471: Language: Yir Yoront; Location: NE Australia (N Queensland); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Western; Other Sources: Alpher, Barry. 1976. "Phonological Peculiarities of Yir-Yoront Song Words," in LCY, 78-83.; Consonant system: p t̯ t ṭ c k ʔ m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l̯ l ɾ ɹ̣ Stops: p t̯ t ṭ c k ʔ Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l Vibrants: ɾ ɹ̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o

~~Number:~~ 4472: Language: Kaantyu; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: North-Eastern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4473: Language: Umpila; Location: NE Australia (N Queensland); Population: nearly extinct; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: North-Eastern; Other Sources: Harris, Barbara P. and Geoffrey N. O'Grady. 1976. "An Analysis of the Progressive Morpheme in Umpila Verbs: A Revision of a Former Attempt," in LCY, 165-212.; Consonant system: p t̯ t c k ʔ m n̯ n ñ ŋ l r ɹ Stops: p t̯ t c k ʔ Nasals: m n̯ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɹ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all Stress: initial; Pronouns: 1 4di 4ie 2 5

~~Number:~~ 4474: Language: Umpila Dialect: Kuuku-Ya'u; Location: NE Australia (N Queensland); Population: 175; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: North-Eastern; Other Sources: Thompson, David A. 1976. "A Phonology of Kuuku-Ya'u," in LCY, 213-31.; Consonant system: p t̯ t c k ʔ m n̯ n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p t̯ t c k ʔ Nasals: m n̯ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w Front Vowels: I Central Vowels: ɐ Back Vowels: ʋ Long Vowels: ī ā ō; Syllable: (C)(C)CV(C)(C) Stress: non-phonemic (on final v̄, otherwise initial); Syntax: SOV; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4475: Language: Umbindhamu; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Lamalamic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4476: Language: Umbuygamu; Location: Australia (Cape York Peninsula); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Lamalamic Grammar: Sommer, Bruce A. 1976. "Umbuygamu: The Classification of a Cape York Peninsula Language," in PL A47, 13-31.; Consonant system: p b t̯ d̯ t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ ɸ θ x m n̯ n ñ ŋ l̯ l r ɹ Stops: p b t̯ d̯ t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ Fricatives: ɸ θ x Nasals: m n̯ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l Vibrants: r ɹ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u; Syntax: SOV Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4477: Language: Mbariman-Gudhinma; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Lamalamic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4478: Language: Lama-Lama; Location: NE Australia (N Queensland); Population: nearly extinct; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Lamalamic; Other Sources: AL 8:2; Consonant system: p b t̯ d̯ t d c ɟ k ɡ β ð z ɣ m n̯ n ñ ŋ l r ɹ̣̣ Stops: p b t̯ d̯ t d c ɟ k ɡ Fricatives: β ð z ɣ Nasals: m n̯ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄

~~Number:~~ 4479: Language: Gugu Warra; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Lamalamic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4480: Language: Koko Pera; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Coastal; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4481: Language: Gog Nar; Location: NE Australia (N Queensland); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Coastal; Other Sources: Breen, J. G. 1976. "An Introduction to Gog-Nar," in LCY, 243-59.; Consonant system: p t̯ t c k β ɣ m n̯ n ñ ŋ l ɾ r ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t̯ t c k Fricatives: β ɣ Nasals: m n̯ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i e ø Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ ?; Syllable: (C)CV(C)(C)(C) Stress: initial; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV NA ND N-POSS Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4482: Language: Thaypan Alternate Name: Kuku-Thaypan; Location: NE Australia (N Queensland); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Central; Other Sources: Rigsby, Bruce. 1976a. "Kuku-Thaypan Descriptive and Historical Phonology," in LCY, 68-77. Rigsby, Bruce. 1976b. "Possession in Kuku-Thaypan," in LCY, 260-8.; Consonant system: p mb t̯ n̯d̯ t nd c ñɟ k ŋɡ β ð ɣ m n̯ n ñ ŋ l r ṛ Stops: p mb t̯ n̯d̯ t nd c ñɟ k ŋɡ Fricatives: β ð ɣ Nasals: m n̯ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ṛ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i e (æ) Central Vowels: ɨ a Back Vowels: u o (ɔ) Stress: on first vowel following a consonant; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN N-NUM N-POSS Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4483: Language: Aghu-Tharnggala; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Central; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4484: Language: Gogo Mini; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Central; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4485: Language: Dagalag; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Central; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4486: Language: Kawarrangg; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Central; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4487: Language: Oykangand; Location: NE Australia (N Queensland); Population: 60; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Central; Other Sources: Sommer, B. A. and E. G. Sommer. 1967. "Kunjen Pronouns and Kinship," in PL A10, 53-9. Sommer, B. A. 1969. Kunjen Phonology: Synchronic and Diachronic. PL B11. Sommer, Bruce A. 1970. "An Australian Language without CV syllables," IJAL 36, 57-8. Sommer, Bruce A. 1972. Kunjen Syntax: A Generative View. Canberra: AIAS.; Consonant system: p ph t̯ t̯h t th c ch k kh f (ð) ɣ m n̯ n ñ ŋ l r̥ ɹ̣̣ Stops: p ph t̯ t̯h t th c ch k kh Fricatives: f (ð) ɣ Nasals: m n̯ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r̥ ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: I ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: ʋ o; Syllable: VC(C)(C)(C) Stress: phonemic; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV NA NG ND N-POSS Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4488: Language: Kurtjar; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Norman; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4489: Language: Kuthant; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Norman; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4490: Language: Walangama; Location: NE Australia (N Queensland); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Norman; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4491: Language: Gugadj Alternate Name: Kukatj; Location: NE Australia (N Queensland); Population: 4; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Flinders; Other Sources: Breen, J. G. 1976. "Gugadj and Gog-Nax: A Contrastive Sketch," in LCY, 151-62.; Consonant system: p t̯ t ṭ c k m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l ḷ ɾ r ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t̯ t ṭ c k Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ Vibrants: ɾ r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i e (ø) Central Vowels: (ǝ) a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ ? Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6

~~Number:~~ 4492: Language: Agwamin; Location: Australia (Cape York); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Southern; Other Sources: Sutton, Peter. 1976. "The Diversity of Initial Dropping Languages in Southern Cape York," in LCY, 102-23.; Consonant system: p t̪ t c k m n̪ n ñ ŋ l r ɹ̣ Stops: p t̪ t c k Nasals: m n̪ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɹ̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i e œ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all

~~Number:~~ 4493: Language: Mbabaram; Location: NE Australia (N Queensland); Population: 3 (1964); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Southern; TextBooks: Dixon, R. M. W. 1966. "Mbabaram: A Dying Australian Language," BSOAS 29, 97-121.; Other Sources: Dixon, R. M. W. 1970. "Languages of the Cairns Rain Forest Region," in PL C13, 651-87.; Consonant system: b d̯ d ɟ ɡ m n̯ n ñ ŋ l r ɹ̣̣ Stops: b d̯ d ɟ ɡ Nasals: m n̯ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Modified Consonants: cʷ ɡ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɤ ɔ; Syntax: SOV DN Ergative: erg

~~Number:~~ 4494: Language: Mbara; Location: Australia; Population: extinct; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Southern; Other Sources: Sutton, Peter. 1976. "The Diversity of Initial Dropping Languages in Southern Cape York," in LCY, 102-23.; Consonant system: p t̪ t c k (ð) (z) m n̪ n ñ ŋ l r ɹ̣ Stops: p t̪ t c k Fricatives: (ð) (z) Nasals: m n̪ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɹ̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5 3; Syntax: SOV Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4495: Language: Mayi-Kutuna; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Mayabic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4496: Language: Mayi-Kulan; Location: NE Australia (NW Queensland); Population: extinct; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Paman: Mayabic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4497: Language: Guugu Yimidhirr; Location: NE Australia (N Queensland); Population: 600; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Yalanjic Grammar: de Zwaan, Jan Daniel. 1969. A Preliminary Analysis of Gogo-Yimidjir. Canberra: AIAS. GD: Haviland, John. 1979a. "Guugu Yimidhirr," in HAL 1, 26-180.; Other Sources: Haviland, John B. 1979b. "How to Talk to Your Brother-in-law in Guugu Yimidhirr," in LTS, 160-239.; Consonant system: b d̯ d ɟ ɡ (According to de Zwaan (1969), men's speech shows a preference for voiced stop allophones, while women's speech prefers voiceless stop allophones.) m n̯ n ñ ŋ l r ɹ̣̣ Stops: b d̯ d ɟ ɡ (According to de Zwaan (1969), men's speech shows a preference for voiced stop allophones, while women's speech prefers voiceless stop allophones.) Nasals: m n̯ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: CV(C) Stress: initial (& on v̄); Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4d(ie) 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6 "Free pronouns . . . refer, with few exceptions, to animate beings usually to humans." Haviland 1979a, 65.; Syntax: SOV NA GN/NG DN N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4498: Language: Gugu Yalandyi Alternate Name: Kuku-Yalanji; Location: NE Australia (N Queensland); Population: 500; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Yalanjic Grammar: GD: Oates, William, et al. 1964. Gugu-Yalanji and Wik-Munkan Language Studies. Canberra: AIAS.; Other Sources: Oates, Lynette. 1964. "Distribution of Phonemes and Syllables in Gugu-Yalanji," AL 6:1, 23-6. Hershberger, Ruth. 1964a. "Notes on Gugu-Yalanji Verbs," in PLAA, 35-54. Hershberger, Ruth. 1964b. "Personal Pronouns in Gugu-Yalanji," in PLAA, 55-68. Hershberger, Ruth. 1964c. "-Ku 'then' and -Da 'now' in Gugu-Yalanji," in PLAA, 69-72. Hershberger, Henry. 1964a. "Case Marking Affixes in Gugu-Yalanji," in PLAA, 73-82. Hershberger, Henry. 1964b. "Gugu-Yalanji Noun Phrases," in PLAA, 83-90. Oates, William and Lynette Oates. 1964. "Gugu-Yalanji Linguistic and Anthropological Data," in Gugu-Yalanji and Wik-Munkan Language Studies, 1-17. Hershberger, Ruth. 1970. "Sentence Types in Gugu-Yalanji," in PL C13, 811-24. Hershberger, Henry and Eunice V. Pike. 1970. "Stress as Related to the Grammar of Gugu-Yalanji," in PL C13, 791-810.; Consonant system: b d ɟ ɡ m n ñ ŋ l r ɹ̣̣ Stops: b d ɟ ɡ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)CV(C) Stress: initial; Noun
~~Number:~~ human nouns have reduplicated plurals: Pronouns: 1 4d 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6 5 is sometimes used as an honorific 2 by men in a brother-in-law relationship to each other.; Syntax: SOV NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N/(N-POSS) D+N+A+Num; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4499: Language: Dyaabugay Alternate Name: Djabugay; Location: NE Australia (NE Queensland); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Yidinyic; Other Sources: Hale, Kenneth. 1976. "Tyaˑpukay (Djaabugay)," in LCY, 236-42. WALS; Consonant system: p t c k m n ñ ŋ l r ɹ Stops: p t c k Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɹ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all Stress: initial Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 4500: Language: Yidiny; Location: NE Australia (NE Queensland); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Yidinyic Grammar: Dixon, R. M. W. 1977. A Grammar of Yidiny. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.; Consonant system: b d ɟ ɡ m n ñ ŋ l r ɹ̣ Stops: b d ɟ ɡ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɹ̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: on 1st v̄; if no v̄, initial Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5 *3; Syntax: SOV NA GN/NG DN N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS D+N+Num+A Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4501: Language: Dyirbal; Location: NE Australia (NE Queensland); Population: 40; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Dyirbalic Grammar: Dixon, R. M. W. 1972. The Dyirbal Language of North Queensland. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.; Consonant system: b d ɟ ɡ m n ñ ŋ l r ɹ̣̣ Stops: b d ɟ ɡ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Stress: initial; Noun
Number: s d p: Noun Classes: 4: masc, fem, neut1, neut2 Demonstratives: 3 [there are three different forms for downhill & uphill; two forms each (that + yonder) for downriver & upriver; plus one general term for yonder]; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 *3 *6d *6; Syntax: SOV NA GN DN POSS-N Very free word order: "In almost all cases the words could be arranged in any order." Dixon 1972, 59. Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4502: Language: Warrgamay; Location: NE Australia (NE Queensland); Population: extinct; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Dyirbalic; Other Sources: LOA; Consonant system: b d ɟ ɡ m n ñ ŋ l r ɹ̣̣ Stops: b d ɟ ɡ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: CV(C); Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6

~~Number:~~ 4503: Language: Nyawaygi; Location: NE Australia (NE Queensland); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Nyawaygic; Other Sources: LOA; Consonant system: b (d) ɟ ɡ m n ñ ŋ l r ɹ̣̣ Stops: b (d) ɟ ɡ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all

~~Number:~~ 4504: Language: Wulguru; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Nyawaygic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4505: Language: Guwa; Location: EC Australia (WC Queensland); Population: extinct; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Maric; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4506: Language: Yanda; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Maric; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4507: Language: Yirandhali; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Maric; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4508: Language: Gunggari; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Maric: Kapu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4509: Language: Birria; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Maric: Kapu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4510: Language: Gugu Badhun; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Maric: Mari; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4511: Language: Gudjala; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Maric: Mari; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4512: Language: Yilba; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Maric: Mari; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4513: Language: Biri; Location: NE Australia (E Queensland); Population: 10; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Maric: Mari; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 4514: Language: Giya; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Maric: Mari; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4515: Language: Yiningay; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Maric: Mari

~~Number:~~ 4516: Language: Wadjalang; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Maric: Mari; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4517: Language: Gayiri; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Maric: Mari; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4518: Language: Gangulu; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Maric: Mari; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4519: Language: Bidyara; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Maric: Mari; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4520: Language: Yiman; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Maric: Mari; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4521: Language: Margany; Location: EC Australia (SW Queensland); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Maric: Mari; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 4522: Language: Guwamu; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Maric: Mari; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4523: Language: Darambal Alternate Name: Dharumbal; Location: E Australia (SE Queensland); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Waka-Kabic: Kingkel; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 4524: Language: Bayali; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Waka-Kabic: Kingkel; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4525: Language: Gureng Gureng; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Waka-Kabic: Than; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4526: Language: Gabi; Location: E Australia (SE Queensland); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Waka-Kabic: Than; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4527: Language: Wuliwuli; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Waka-Kabic: Miyan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4528: Language: Waga; Location: E Australia (SE Queensland); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Waka-Kabic: Miyan; Other Sources: AL 8:2; Consonant system: p t ṭ c k m n ṇ ñ ŋ l r ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t ṭ c k Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ Stress: phonemic

~~Number:~~ 4529: Language: Barunggam; Location: E Australia (SE Queensland); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Waka-Kabic: Miyan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4530: Language: Muringam; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Waka-Kabic: Miyan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4531: Language: Turrubal; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Durubalic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4532: Language: Gowar; Location: E Australia (SE Queensland); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Durubalic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4533: Language: Gumbaynggir; Location: E Australia (NE New South Wales); Population: 1; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Gumbaynggiric Grammar: GD: Eades, Diana. 1979. "Gumbaynggir," in HAL 1, 244-361.; Consonant system: b d ɟ ɡ m n ñ ŋ l r ɹ̣̣ Stops: b d ɟ ɡ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: CV(C) Stress: non-phonemic; Noun
Number: s (p) Demonstratives: 3 + ref: Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV/(SVO) AN/(NA) GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4534: Language: Yaygir; Location: E Australia (NE New South Wales); Population: extinct (1973); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Gumbaynggiric Grammar: GD: Crowley, Terry. 1979. "Yaygir," in HAL 1, 363-84.; Consonant system: b d ɟ ɡ m n ñ ŋ l r r̥ ɹ̣ Stops: b d ɟ ɡ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r r̥ ɹ̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all Stress: initial, if no v̄; if v̄, on first v̄ Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 3mf 6d 6; Syntax: SVO GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4535: Language: Yugambal; Location: E Australia (NE New South Wales); Population: 1; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Yuin-Kuric: Kuri Grammar: Sharpe, M. 1969. A Description of the Yugumbir Dialect of Bandjalang. Brisbane: Univ of Brisbane Press.; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4536: Language: Nganyaywana; Location: SE Australia (NE New South Wales); Population: extinct; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Yuin-Kuric: Kuri; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4537: Language: Dyangadi; Location: SE Australia (NE New South Wales); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Yuin-Kuric: Kuri Grammar: GD: Holmer, Nils M. 1966-67. An Attempt Towards a Comparative Grammar of Two Australian Languages, 2 vols. Canberra: AIAS.; Consonant system: p b t̯ d̯ t d ṭ c ɟ k ɡ m n̯ n ñ ŋ l̯ l ḷ r ɹ ɹ̣̣ Stops: p b t̯ d̯ t d ṭ c ɟ k ɡ Nasals: m n̯ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ Vibrants: r ɹ ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: I Central Vowels: ǝ Back Vowels: ʋ Long Vowels: ī ā ū Demonstratives: 3 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4538: Language: Gadang; Location: SE Australia (E New South Wales); Population: almost extinct; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Yuin-Kuric: Kuri Grammar: GD: Holmer, Nils M. 1966-67. An Attempt Towards a Comparative Grammar of Two Australian Languages, 2 vols. Canberra: AIAS.; Consonant system: p b t̯ d̯ t d ṭ c ɟ k ɡ m n̯ n ñ ŋ l̯ l ḷ r ɹ ṛ Stops: p b t̯ d̯ t d ṭ c ɟ k ɡ Nasals: m n̯ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ Vibrants: r ɹ ṛ Glides: j w Front Vowels: I Central Vowels: ǝ Back Vowels: ʋ Long Vowels: ī ā ū Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4d 4ie 2 5d 5 3mf 6d 6 5d=6d Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4539: Language: Awabakal; Location: SE Australia (E New South Wales); Population: extinct?; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Yuin-Kuric: Kuri; Other Sources: WPF; Consonant system:; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3mf 6d 6

~~Number:~~ 4540: Language: Gudungura; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Yuin-Kuric: Yuin; Other Sources: WPF; Consonant system:; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6

~~Number:~~ 4541: Language: Ngarigu; Location: SE Australia (SE New South Wales); Population: extinct; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Yuin-Kuric: Yuin Grammar: GD: Hercus, Luise A. 1969. The Languages of Victoria: A Late Survey. Canberra: AIAS.; Other Sources: AL 8:2; Consonant system: b d̯ d ḍ ɟ ɡ m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l̯ l ḷ ʎ r ɹ̣̣ Stops: b d̯ d ḍ ɟ ɡ Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ ? Stress: initial

~~Number:~~ 4542: Language: Thawa; Location: SE Australia (SE New South Wales); Population: extinct; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Yuin-Kuric: Yuin Grammar: Eades, Diana Kelloway. 1976. The Dharawal and Dhurga Languages of the New South Wales South Coast. Canberra: AIAS.; Consonant system: b d̯ d ɟ ɡ m n̯ n ñ ŋ l ɾ Stops: b d̯ d ɟ ɡ Nasals: m n̯ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: CV(C) Stress: on 1st v̄; if no v̄, on 1st vowel; Noun
Number: s d p Demonstratives: 3: Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 *3 *6d *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4543: Language: Dyirringany; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Yuin-Kuric: Yuin; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4544: Language: Dhurga; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Yuin-Kuric: Yuin; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4545: Language: Dharawal; Location: SE Australia (SE New South Wales); Population: extinct; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Yuin-Kuric: Yuin Grammar: Eades, Diana Kelloway. 1976. The Dharawal and Dhurga Languages of the New South Wales South Coast. Canberra: AIAS.; Consonant system: b d̯ d ɟ ɡ m n̯ n ñ ŋ l ɾ Stops: b d̯ d ɟ ɡ Nasals: m n̯ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: CV(C) Stress: on 1st v̄; if no v̄, on 1st vowel; Noun
Number: s d p Demonstratives: 3: Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 *3 *6d *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4546: Language: Darkinyung; Location: SE Australia (E New South Wales); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Yuin-Kuric: Yora; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4547: Language: Dharuk; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Yuin-Kuric: Yora; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4548: Language: Gamilaraay; Location: SE Australia (NC New South Wales); Population: few; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Wiradhuric; Other Sources: LOA AL 8:2; Consonant system: b d̯ d ɟ ɡ m n̯ n ñ ŋ l ʎ r ɹ̣̣ Stops: b d̯ d ɟ ɡ Nasals: m n̯ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄

~~Number:~~ 4549: Language: Gamilaraay Dialect: Yuwaalaraay; Location: SE Australia (NC New South Wales); Population: few; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Wiradhuric Grammar: GD: Williams, Corinne J. 1980. A Grammar of Yuwaalaraay. PL B74.; Consonant system: b d̯ d ɟ ɡ m n̯ n ñ ŋ l r ɹ̣̣ Stops: b d̯ d ɟ ɡ Nasals: m n̯ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: ī ā ū Diphthongs: ai ɛi; Syllable: CV(C)(C) Stress: by and large predictable from the phonemic shapes of words; Noun
Number: s (d) p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def: Pronouns: 1 4d(ie) 4(ie) 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV AN/(NA) GN/(NG) DN/(ND) NUM-N N/POSS/(POSS-N); Prep/Post: POST Comments: d̯ and n̯ are lamino-dental, "produced with the tongue tip behind the lower teeth, and the blade touching the upper teeth and alveolar ridge." p. 19 ɟ and ñ are palatal, produced with the blade touching the soft palate. "The most frequently occrring word order for transitive sentences is [SOV]. This order was recorded in 65% of 150 sentences." p. 93 OVS, SVO and VSO are also found.

~~Number:~~ 4550: Language: Ngiyambaa Dialect: Waljwan; Location: SE Australia (C New South Wales); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Wiradhuric; Other Sources: WPF; Consonant system:; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6

~~Number:~~ 4551: Language: Wiradhuri; Location: SE Australia (S New South Wales); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Wiradhuric; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4552: Language: Baagandji Alternate Name: Paakantyi; Location: SE Australia (W New South Wales); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Baagandji; Other Sources: Wurm, S. A. and L. Hercus. 1976. "Tense-marking in Gunu Pronouns," in PL A47, 33-55. WALS; Consonant system: Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SVO Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4553: Language: Yotayota; Location: SE Australia (S New South Wales); Population: extinct; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Yotayotic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4554: Language: Yabula-Yabula; Location: SE Australia (SW New South Wales); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Yotayotic; Other Sources: WPF; Consonant system:; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6

~~Number:~~ 4555: Language: Wemba Wemba; Location: SE Australia (N Victoria); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Kulinic: Kulin Grammar: Hercus, Luise A. 1969. The Languages of Victoria: A Late Survey. Canberra: AIAS.; Other Sources: WPF; Consonant system: p t̯ t ṭ c k m n ṇ ñ ŋ l r ṛ Stops: p t̯ t ṭ c k Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ṛ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: (ǝ) a Back Vowels: u (o) Diphthongs: ai Stress: initial; Noun
Number: s d p [usually not used] Demonstratives: 4: [3 + that far away]: Pronouns: 1 4die 4te 4ie 2 5t 5 *3 *6t *6; Syntax: VOS AN GN/NG DN N-POSS Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4556: Language: Wemba Wemba Dialect: Wergaia; Location: SE Australia (N Victoria); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Kulinic: Kulin Grammar: GD: Hercus, Luise A. 1969. The Languages of Victoria: A Late Survey. Canberra: AIAS.; Other Sources: Hercus, Luise A. 1974. "Texts in Victorian Languages," in PL A37, 13-43. WALS WPF; Consonant system: b d ḍ ɟ ɡ m n ṇ ñ ŋ l r ṛ Stops: b d ḍ ɟ ɡ Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ṛ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: (v̄) Diphthongs: ai au ui ua ie Stress: initial; Noun
~~Number:~~ (s, d, p) Demonstratives: 3: Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: VOS AN/(NA) NG DN NUM-N/N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4557: Language: Wemba Wemba Dialect: Madhi-Madhi; Location: SE Australia (N Victoria); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Kulinic: Kulin Grammar: GD: Hercus, Luise A. 1969. The Languages of Victoria: A Late Survey. Canberra: AIAS.; Consonant system: b d̯ d ḍ ɡ m n̯ n ṇ ŋ (l̯) l ḷ r Stops: b d̯ d ḍ ɡ Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ŋ Laterals: (l̯) l ḷ Vibrants: r Glides: j w Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Diphthongs: ai au ui Stress: mostly initial Demonstratives: 4: [3 + far away]; Syntax: VOS AN GN(anim)/NG(inanim) DN NUM-N N-POSS D+N+A Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 4558: Language: Nari Nari; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Kulinic: Kulin; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4559: Language: Wathawurung; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Kulinic: Kulin; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: VOS

~~Number:~~ 4560: Language: Kolakngat; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Kulinic: Kulin; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4561: Language: Wuywurrung Alternate Name: Daguwuru; Location: SE Australia (C Victoria); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Kulinic: Kulin Grammar: GD: Hercus, Luise A. 1969. The Languages of Victoria: A Late Survey. Canberra: AIAS.; Other Sources: WPF; Consonant system: b d̯ d ḍ ɟ ɡ m n ṇ ñ ŋ l ḷ r ṛ Stops: b d̯ d ḍ ɟ ɡ Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ Vibrants: r ṛ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u (o); Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6

~~Number:~~ 4562: Language: Bungandidj; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Kulinic: Bungandidj; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4563: Language: Kuurn Kopan Noot; Location: SE Australia (SW Victoria); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Kulinic: Bungandidj; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4564: Language: Ngarinyeri Alternate Name: Tanganekald Dialect: Narrinyeri; Location: S Australia (SE South); Population: Narrinyeri D. extinct (1964); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Ngarinyeric-Yithayithic Grammar: GD: Yallop, Colin. 1975. "The Narinjari Language 1864-1964," OLM 17, 1-109.; Consonant system: p t̯ t ṭ c k m (n̯) n ṇ ñ ŋ l ḷ ʎ ɾ ɾ Stops: p t̯ t ṭ c k Nasals: m (n̯) n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: ɾ Glides: j w Front Vowels: I ɛ Central Vowels: (ǝ) a Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: ī ɛ̄ ɨ̄ ā ū ɔ̄ Diphthongs: aj aw; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C) Stress: initial; Noun
Number: s (d) p Demonstratives: 2: Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SVO AN GN/NG DN NUM-N POSS-N(alien)/N-POSS(inalien) Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 4565: Language: Ngayawung; Location: S Australia (SE South); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Ngarinyeric-Yithayithic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4566: Language: Yuyu; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Ngarinyeric-Yithayithic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4567: Language: Keramin; Location: SE Australia (SW New South Wales); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Ngarinyeric-Yithayithic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4568: Language: Yitha-Yitha; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Ngarinyeric-Yithayithic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4569: Language: Lhanima; Location: C Australia (W Queensland); Population: extinct?; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Karnic: Palku; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4570: Language: Pitta-Pitta; Location: C Australia (W Queensland); Population: The Pitta-Pitta dialect is virtually extinct, but other dialects have speakers remaining.; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Karnic: Palku Grammar: GD: Blake, Barry J. 1979. "Pitta-Pitta," in HAL 1, 182-242.; Other Sources: LOA; Consonant system: p t̯ t ṭ c k m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l̯ l ḷ ʎ ɾ r ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t̯ t ṭ c k Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: ɾ r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ a; Syllable: CV(C) Stress: initial Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3mf 6d 6 Any animal, including humans, of the female sex must be referred to by the feminine pronoun. Every other entity must be referred to by the 'masculine' pronoun." Blake 1979,193.; Syntax: SOV NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4571: Language: Arabana; Location: SC Australia (C South Australia); Population: few; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Karnic: Arabana; TextBooks: Hercus, L. A. 1972. "The Pre-Stopped Nasal and Lateral Consonants," AL 14, 293-305.; Other Sources: AL 8:2 WALS; Consonant system: b d̯ d ḍ ɟ ɡ m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l̯ l ḷ ʎ ɾ r ɹ̣̣ Stops: b d̯ d ḍ ɟ ɡ Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: ɾ r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 4572: Language: Midhaga; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Karnic: Karna; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4573: Language: Garuwali; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Karnic: Karna; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4574: Language: Yarluyandi; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Karnic: Karna; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4575: Language: Ngamini; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Karnic: Karna; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4576: Language: Yandruwandha; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Karnic: Karna; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4577: Language: Diyari; Location: EC Australia (NE South); Population: 15; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Karnic: Karna Grammar: Austin, Peter. 1981. A Grammar of Diyari, South Australia. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.; Other Sources: Trefry, D. 1970. "The Phonological Word in Dieri," in Linguistic Trends in Australia, ed. by D. C. Laycock, Canberra, AIAS, 65-73.; Consonant system: p t̯ t d ṭ ḍ c k m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l̯ l ḷ ʎ ɾ ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t̯ t d ṭ ḍ c k Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: ɾ ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: I Central Vowels: ǝ Back Vowels: ʋ; Syllable: CV(C) Stress: initial; Noun; Number: s d p; Gender: f F (= non-feminine) Demonstratives: 4 (3 + distant) + ref Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3fF 6d 6 F=non-fem; Syntax: SOV NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST Comments: Youngest fluent speaker is around 50; children no longer learn it. "It will become extinct within a generation." p. 13

~~Number:~~ 4578: Language: Wangkumara Dialect: Galali; Location: EC Australia (SW Queensland); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Karnic: Ngura Grammar: GD: McDonald, M. and S. A. Wurm. 1979. Basic Materials in Wankumara (Galali): Grammar, Sentences and Vocabulary. PL B65.; Consonant system: p b t̯ d̯ t d ṭ ḍ c ɟ k ɡ m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l̯ l ḷ ʎ r ɹ̣ Stops: p b t̯ d̯ t d ṭ ḍ c ɟ k ɡ Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: I Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: ʋ; Syllable: CV(C) Stress: initial; Noun
~~Number:~~ dual, non-dual Demonstratives: 3: Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3mP* 6d 6 *apparently two forms: masc, plain; Syntax: SVO/(SOV) AN GN DN/ND NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4579: Language: Badjiri; Location: EC Australia (S Queensland); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Karnic: Ngura; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4580: Language: Bidjara; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Karnic: Ngura; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4581: Language: Malyangaba; Location: S Australia (E South); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Karnic: Yarli; Other Sources: AL 8:2; Consonant system: p t̯ t ṭ c k m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l ʎ r ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t̯ t ṭ c k Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄

~~Number:~~ 4582: Language: Yardliwarra; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Karnic: Yarli; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4583: Language: Wagaya; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Wagaya-Warluwaric; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4584: Language: Yindjilandji; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Wagaya-Warluwaric; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4585: Language: Warluwara; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Wagaya-Warluwaric; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 4586: Language: Kalkatungu; Location: EC Australia (W Queensland); Population: 12; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Kalkatungic Grammar: GD: Blake, Barry J. 1969. The Kalkatungu Language. Canberra: AIAS.; Other Sources: WPF; Consonant system: p t̯ t ṭ c k m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l̯ l ḷ ʎ ɾ ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t̯ t ṭ c k Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: ɾ ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: initial Demonstratives: 3: close (in front), close (beside, behind, above, below), far; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3hai 6d 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN ND NUM-N POSS-N Num+N+A; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4587: Language: Yalarnnga Alternate Name: Jalanga; Location: EC Australia (W Queensland); Population: 1; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: Kalkatungic; Other Sources: Blake, Barry J. 1971. "Jalanga: An Outline Morphology," in POLAA, 12-27.; Consonant system: p t̯ t ṭ c k m n̯ n ñ ŋ l̯ l r Stops: p t̯ t ṭ c k Nasals: m n̯ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l Vibrants: r Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)V(C) Demonstratives: 3: near (in front), near (oblique, i.e. beside, above, below, behind), far; Pronouns: 1 4d(i) 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6 4di=4d+4; Syntax: SOV NA DN/ND POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST Comments: The corpus is small and other phonemes may occur in the language. e.g. nˈ lˈ.

~~Number:~~ 4588: Language: Kaititj; Location: C Australia (SC Northern Territory); Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: Arandic; Other Sources: LOA; Consonant system: b d̯ d ḍ ɟ ɡ m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l̯ l ḷ ʎ r ɹ̣̣ Stops: b d̯ d ḍ ɟ ɡ Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Modified Consonants: cN (prestopped nasals) = m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Glides: j w ɯ̯ Central Vowels: ǝ a

~~Number:~~ 4589: Language: Alyawarra; Location: C Australia (SC Northern Territory); Population: 500; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: Arandic Grammar: GD: Yallop, Colin. 1977. Alyawarra: An Aboriginal Language of Central Australia. Canberra: AIAS.; Consonant system: p t̯h t ṭ c k ɣ m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l̯ l ḷ ʎ r ɹ̣ Stops: p t̯h t ṭ c k Fricatives: ɣ Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ̣ Modified Consonants: cN (nasally released consonants) p t̯h t ṭ c k Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ i (u) Diphthongs: aj (aw); Syllable: (C)(W)V(C), Nˈ Stress: on 1st vowel following first C in word (= initial/second); Noun
Number: s d p Demonstratives: 3 + ref: Pronouns: 1 4die* 4ie* 2 5d* 5* 3 6d* 6* *Every Alyawarra belongs to one of four sections: an individual's section is determined by, but is not the same as, his mother's section. . . Most dual and plural personal pronouns exist in three forms. Form I is used if the persons referred to by the pronouns are both (all) of one section; form II is used if the persons referred to are not of one section but are both (all) within the same section-pair. . .; form III is used where neither I nor II is appropriate, that is, where at least two of the persons referred to are of different section-pairs." Yallop 1977, 4-5.; Syntax: SOV NA GN/NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+Num Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4590: Language: Aranda Alternate Name: Arrarnta Dialect: Southern; Location: C Australia (S Northern Territory); Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: Arandic; Other Sources: AL 8:2 LOA WALS WPF; Consonant system: b d̯ d ḍ ɟ ɡ ɣ m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l̯ l ḷ ʎ r ɹ̣ Stops: b d̯ d ḍ ɟ ɡ Fricatives: ɣ Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ̣ Modified Consonants: cN (nasally released consonants) ? Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄; Pronouns: 1 4di1i2e 4i1i2e 2 5di1i2e 5i1i2e 3 6d 6 "The i#1 is used when the referents belong to the same marriage class, the i#2 is used when the referents are part of separate marriage classes on the same side of the moiety, and the e is used when there is at least one person from the other half of the moeity." WPF; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 4591: Language: Lower Aranda; Location: Australia; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: Arandic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4592: Language: Walmajarri Alternate Name: Wolmeri; Location: NW Australia (N Western); Population: 1,000; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Ngumbin; Other Sources: Hudson, Joyce and Eirlys Richards. 1969. "The Phonology of Walmatjari," OL 8, 171-89. WPF; Consonant system: p t ṭ c k m n ṇ ñ ŋ l ḷ ʎ r ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t ṭ c k Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: CV(C)(C) Stress: initial; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6

~~Number:~~ 4593: Language: Djaru; Location: NC Australia (W Northern); Population: 200; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Ngumbin; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4594: Language: Gurindji; Location: NC Australia (NC Northern Territory); Population: 250; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Ngumbin; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4595: Language: Mudburra; Location: Australia; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Ngumbin; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4596: Language: Ngarinman; Location: NC Australia (NW Northern); Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Ngumbin; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4597: Language: Garadyari; Location: NW Australia (N Western Australia); Population: 35; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Marngu Grammar: Capell, A. 1962. Some Linguistic Types in Australia. OLM 7.; Consonant system: p t ṭ c k m n ṇ ñ ŋ l ḷ ʎ ɾ ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t ṭ c k Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: ɾ ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u; Syllable: CV(C)(C); Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV DN POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4598: Language: Mangarla; Location: Australia; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Marngu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4599: Language: Nyangumarta; Location: NW Australia (N Western Australia); Population: 700; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Marngu Grammar: O'Grady, Geoffrey N. 1964. Nyangumata Grammar. OLM 9.; Other Sources: O'Grady, G. N. 1960. "New Concepts in Nyangumadˈa: Some Data on Linguistic Acculturation," AL 2:1, 1-6. O'Grady, Geoffrey N. and Kathleen A. Mooney. 1973. "Nyangumarda Kinship Terminology," AL 15, 1-23. AL 8:2; Consonant system: p t ṭ c k m n ṇ ñ ŋ l ḷ ʎ r ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t ṭ c k Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: I Central Vowels: ɐ Back Vowels: ʋ Long Vowels: ī ā ū; Syllable: CV(C) Stress: initial; Noun; Number: s d p; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6

~~Number:~~ 4600: Language: Ngarla; Location: W Australia (NW Western Australia); Population: 6; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Ngayarda; Other Sources: AL 8:2; Consonant system: p (t̯)* t ṭ c k (*Lamino-dentals merged with lamino-palatals in the 20th century.) m (n̯)* n ṇ ñ ŋ (l̯)* l ḷ ʎ r ɹ̣̣ Stops: p (t̯)* t ṭ c k (*Lamino-dentals merged with lamino-palatals in the 20th century.) Nasals: m (n̯)* n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: (l̯)* l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6

~~Number:~~ 4601: Language: Nyamal; Location: W Australia (NW Western Australia); Population: 20; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Ngayarda; Other Sources: AL 8:2; Consonant system: p (t̯)* t ṭ c k (Lamino-dentals in some idiolects only.) m (n̯)* n ṇ ñ ŋ (l̯)* l ḷ ʎ r ɹ̣̣ Stops: p (t̯)* t ṭ c k (Lamino-dentals in some idiolects only.) Nasals: m (n̯)* n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: (l̯)* l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6

~~Number:~~ 4602: Language: Nyiyabali Alternate Name: Balyku; Location: W Australia (NW Western Australia); Population: 50; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Ngayarda; Other Sources: AL 8:2; Consonant system: p t̯ t ṭ c k m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l̯ l ḷ ʎ r ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t̯ t ṭ c k Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: (v̄); Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6

~~Number:~~ 4603: Language: Tjurruru; Location: Australia; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Ngayarda; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4604: Language: Kariyarra; Location: W Australia (NW Western Australia); Population: 40; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Ngayarda; Other Sources: Brandenstein, C. G von. 1970. Narratives from the North-West of Western Australia, 3 vols. Canberra: AIAS. AL 8:2; Consonant system: p t̯ t ṭ c k m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l̯ l ḷ ʎ r ṛ ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t̯ t ṭ c k Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: r ṛ ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all; Noun; Number: s d p; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 *3 *6d *6; Syntax: SVO/SOV AN/NA GN DN NUM-N/N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4605: Language: Martuyhunira; Location: Australia; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Ngayarda; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 4606: Language: Nhuwala; Location: W Australia (W Western); Population: extinct; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Ngayarda; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4607: Language: Yindjibarndi; Location: W Australia (NW Western Australia); Population: 200; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Ngayarda; Other Sources: AL 8:2 WALS; Consonant system: p t̯ t ṭ c k ð m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l ḷ r ṛ ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t̯ t ṭ c k Fricatives: ð Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ Vibrants: r ṛ ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄; Noun; Number: s d p; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 4608: Language: Binigura; Location: Australia; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Ngayarda; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4609: Language: Wariyangga; Location: W Australia (W Western); Population: extinct; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Mantharda; Other Sources: AL 8:2; Consonant system: p t̯ t ṭ c k m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l̯ l ḷ ʎ r ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t̯ t ṭ c k Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄

~~Number:~~ 4610: Language: Djwarli; Location: Australia; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Mantharda; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4611: Language: Thargari; Location: W Australia (W Western Australia); Population: 12; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Mantharda; Other Sources: Klokeid, Terry J. 1969. Thargari Phonology and Morphology. PL B12. AL 8:2; Consonant system: ph b t̯h d ṭh ḍ ch ɟ kh ɡ d̯ð ð m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l ḷ ɾ ɹ̣̣ Stops: ph b t̯h d ṭh ḍ ch ɟ kh ɡ Affricates: d̯ð Fricatives: ð Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ Vibrants: ɾ ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: I Central Vowels: ɐ Back Vowels: ʋ Long Vowels: ī ū ɑ̄; Syllable: CV(C); Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 *3 *6d *6; Syntax: SVO NA GN DN/ND N-NUM POSS-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4612: Language: Dhalandji; Location: W Australia (W Western Australia); Population: 60; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Kanyara; Other Sources: AL 8:2; Consonant system: p t̯ t ṭ c k m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l̯ l ḷ ʎ r ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t̯ t ṭ c k Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄; Syllable: CV(C); Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6

~~Number:~~ 4613: Language: Bayungu; Location: W Australia (W Western Australia); Population: 20; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Kanyara; Other Sources: AL 8:2; Consonant system: p t̯ t ṭ c k m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l̯ l ḷ ʎ r ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t̯ t ṭ c k Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 ? ? Ergative: erg

~~Number:~~ 4614: Language: Yinggarda Alternate Name: Yingkarta; Location: W Australia (W Western Australia); Population: 10; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Kardu; Other Sources: AL 8:2 WALS; Consonant system: p t̯ t ṭ c k m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l̯ l ḷ ʎ r ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t̯ t ṭ c k Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SVO Ergative: erg

~~Number:~~ 4615: Language: Maya; Location: Australia; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Kardu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4616: Language: Malgana; Location: Australia; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Kardu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4617: Language: Nhanda; Location: W Australia (W Western Australia); Population: 2; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Kardu; Other Sources: AL 8:2; Consonant system: p t̯ t ṭ c k ʔ m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l̯ l ḷ ʎ r ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t̯ t ṭ c k ʔ Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄; Syllable: (C)V(C) Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 *3 *6d *6; Syntax: SOV N-POSS Ergative: erg

~~Number:~~ 4618: Language: Wadjari Dialect: Badimaya; Location: W Australia (WC Western); Population: 100; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Wadjari; Other Sources: AL 8:2 WALS; Consonant system: p t̯ t ṭ c k m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l̯ l ḷ ʎ r ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t̯ t ṭ c k Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 4619: Language: Wirdimay; Location: Australia; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Wadjari; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4620: Language: Karlamay; Location: Australia; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Wadjari; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4621: Language: Karlamay; Location: SW Australia (SW Western Australia); Population: 2 (1969); Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Wadjari; Other Sources: AL 8:2; Consonant system: p t̯ t ṭ c k m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l̯ l ḷ ʎ r ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t̯ t ṭ c k Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄

~~Number:~~ 4622: Language: Wirangu; Location: S Australia (S South); Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Wati; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4623: Language: Warnman Alternate Name: Wanman; Location: WC Australia (NC Western Australia); Population: 100; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Wati; Other Sources: AL 8:2; Consonant system: p t ṭ c k m n ṇ ñ ŋ l ḷ ʎ r ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t ṭ c k Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄; Syllable: CV(C) Stress: initial; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 *3 *6d *6 Ergative: erg

~~Number:~~ 4624: Language: Western Desert Language Dialect: Pitjantjatjara; Location: W Australia (E Western); Population: 4,000 (2,000); Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Wati Grammar: Glass, Amee and Dorothy Hackett. 1970. Pitjantjatjara Grammar. Canberra: AIAS.; Other Sources: Glass, Amee and Dorothy Hackett. 1969. Pitjantjatjara Texts. Canberra: AIAS. Glass, Amee and Dorothy Hackett. 1979. Ngaanyatjarra Texts. Canberra: AIAS.; Consonant system: p t̯ t ṭ k m n̯ n ṇ ŋ l̯ l ḷ r ɹ̣ Stops: p t̯ t ṭ k Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ Vibrants: r ɹ̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: CV(C) Stress: initial Demonstratives: 3 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 *3 *6d *6; Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS N+D+A+Num Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4625: Language: Western Desert Language Alternate Name: Ngaanyatjarra Dialect: Warburton Ranges; Location: W Australia (E Western); Population: 4,000; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Wati Dictionary: Douglas, W. H. 1977. Illustrated Topical Dictionary of the Western Desert Language. Canberra: AIAS. Grammar: Douglas, W. H. 1964. An Introduction to the Western Desert Language. OLM 4.; Consonant system: p t̯ t ṭ k m n̯ n ṇ ŋ l̯ l ḷ r ɹ̣ Stops: p t̯ t ṭ k Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ Vibrants: r ɹ̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: I Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: ʋ Long Vowels: v̄ all Stress: initial Demonstratives: 3 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 *3 *6d *6; Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4626: Language: Western Desert Language Dialect: Pintupi; Location: W Australia (E Western); Population: 4,000 (800); Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Wati; Other Sources: Hansen, K. C. and L. E. Hansen. 1969. "Pintupi Phonology," OL 8, 153-70. LOA; Consonant system: p t ṭ c k m n ṇ ñ ŋ l ḷ ʎ ɾ ɹ Stops: p t ṭ c k Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: ɾ ɹ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: CV(C) Stress: initial

~~Number:~~ 4627: Language: Western Desert Language Dialect: Gugada; Location: W Australia (E Western); Population: 4,000 (almost extinct); Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Wati Grammar: Platt, John T. 1972. An Outline Grammar of the Gugada Dialect. Canberra: AIAS.; Consonant system: p t̯ t ṭ k m n̯ n ṇ ŋ l̯ l ḷ ɾ ɹ̣ Stops: p t̯ t ṭ k Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ Vibrants: ɾ ɹ̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: I Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: ʋ Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: initial Demonstratives: 3 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4die 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4628: Language: Western Desert Language Dialect: Yulbaridja; Location: W Australia (E Western); Population: 4,000; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Wati; Other Sources: AL 8:2; Consonant system: p t ṭ c k m n ṇ ñ ŋ l ḷ ʎ r ɹ̣ Stops: p t ṭ c k Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 *3 *6d *6; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 4629: Language: Western Desert Language Dialect: Mantjiltjara; Location: W Australia (E Western); Population: 4,000; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Wati; Other Sources: Marsh, James. 1969. "Mantjiltjara Phonology," OL 8, 131-52.; Consonant system: p t ṭ c k m n ṇ ñ ŋ l ḷ ʎ r ɹ̣ Stops: p t ṭ c k Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: CV(C) Stress: initial

~~Number:~~ 4630: Language: Warlmanpa Alternate Name: Walmanba; Location: C Australia (W Northern Territory); Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Ngarga; Other Sources: WPF; Consonant system:; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6

~~Number:~~ 4631: Language: Warlpiri; Location: C Australia (W Northern Territory); Population: 3,000; Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Ngarga Dictionary: Reece, Laurie. 1975. Dictionary of the Wailbri (Walpiri) Language of Central Australia. OLM 19. Grammar: Capell, A. 1962. Some Linguistic Types in Australia. OLM 7. Reece, Laurie. 1970. Grammar of the Wailbri Language of Central Australia. OLM 13.; TextBooks: Hale, Kenneth. 1973. "Person Marking in Walbiri," in A Festschrift for Morris Halle, ed. by Stephen R. Anderson and Paul Kiparsky, New York, Holt, Rinehart Winston, 308-44.; Other Sources: AL 8:2; Consonant system: p t ṭ c k m n ṇ ñ ŋ l ḷ ʎ r ɾ̣ ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t ṭ c k Nasals: m n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: r ɾ̣ ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony Diphthongs: ai au; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: initial; Noun
Number: s d p Demonstratives: 4 [3 + that very far] + ref: Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 *3 *6d *6; Syntax: SOV NA ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4632: Language: Ngardi; Location: C Australia (W Northern Territory); Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Ngarga; Other Sources: Jagst, Lothar. 1975. "Ngardilpa (Warlpiri) Phonology," in PL A39, 21-57. WPF; Consonant system: p mb t nd ṭ ṇḍ c ñɟ k ŋɡ m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l ḷ ʎ ɾ ɾ̣ ɹ̣̣ Stops: p mb t nd ṭ ṇḍ c ñɟ k ŋɡ Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: ɾ ɾ̣ ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: I Central Vowels: ɐ Back Vowels: ʋ Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: CV(C) Stress: initial; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4633: Language: Nyungar; Location: SW Australia (SW Western); Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Nyungar Grammar: GD: Douglas, Wilfred H. 1976. The Aboriginal Languages of the South-West of Australia. Canberra: AIAS.; Consonant system: p t̯ t ṭ k m n̯ n ṇ ŋ l̯ l ḷ ɾ ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t̯ t ṭ k Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ Vibrants: ɾ ɹ̣̣ Modified Consonants: cʷ p t k Glides: j w Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o; Syllable: (C)V(N)(C) Stress: initial Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+D; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4634: Language: Nyungar Dialect: Wadjuk; Location: SW Australia (SW Western); Classification: Australia: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Nyungar; Other Sources: AL 8:2; Consonant system: p t̯ t ṭ c k m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l̯ l ḷ ʎ r ɹ̣ Stops: p t̯ t ṭ c k Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄; Pronouns: 1 4d* 4 2 5d* 5 3 6d* g *4d has four forms: (1) siblings, (2) parent & child, uncle & nephew, (3) husband & wife, (4) brothers-in-law; 5d has two forms: (1) siblings, or parent & child, (2) husband & wife; 6d has three forms: (1) siblings, (2) parent & child, (3) husband & wife. Ergative: erg

~~Number:~~ 4635: Language: Ngadjunmaya Alternate Name: Mirning; Location: SW Australia (S Western Australia); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Ngadjunmaya; Other Sources: AL 8:2; Consonant system: p t̯ t ṭ c k m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l̯ l ḷ ʎ r ɹ̣ Stops: p t̯ t ṭ c k Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: r ɹ̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6

~~Number:~~ 4636: Language: Adynyamathanha; Location: S Australia (E South Australia); Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Yura; Other Sources: Schebeck, B. 1973. "The Adnjamathanha Personal Pronoun and the 'Wailpi Kinship System'," in PL A36, 1-45. Schebeck, B. 1974. Texts on the Social System of the Atynyamat̯an̯a People with Grammatical Notes. PL D21.; Consonant system: p t̯ (d̯) t ṭ c k (ʔ) v m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ l̯ l ḷ ʎ ɾ r ɾ̣ ɹ̣̣ Stops: p t̯ (d̯) t ṭ c k (ʔ) Fricatives: v Nasals: m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̯ l ḷ ʎ Vibrants: ɾ r ɾ̣ ɹ̣̣ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ Stress: initial; Noun
Number: s d p Demonstratives: 3: Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV AN/(NA) POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 4637: Language: Banggarla; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Yura; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 4638: Language: Kaurna; Location: Australia; Classification: Australian: Pama-Nyungan: South-West: Yura; Consonant system:

© «lexicons.ru», 2012. Автор и владелец - Игорь Константинович Гаршин (см. резюме).
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