Здесь представлены краткие справки по фонетике и грамматике языков
Нило-сахарской макросемьи,
взятые с проекта глобальной этимологической базы данных "Вавилонская башня" Сергея Старостина.
Эти сведения будут затем размещаться в каждом праязыковом этимологическом словнике.
Всего здесь представлено X языковых систем нило-сахарской филы (происходящей из
пранило-сахарского языка, распределённых по 9 семьям
(и с неклассифицированным языком древнего царства Мероэ):
Сонгайская (Songhai)
Сахарская (Saharan)
Маба (Maban)
Фур (Fur)
Восточно-суданская (East Sudanic)
Центрально-суданская (Central Sudanic)
Берта (Berta)
Кунама (Kunama)
Комуз (Komuz)
Меротский язык (Meroitic)
Краткие типологические обзоры языков Сонгайской семьи
Number: 1171
Language: Songhai
Dialect: Zarma
Location: SW Niger (Niamey)
Population: 600,000 (175,000)
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Songhai
Dictionary: Marie, E. 1914. Vocabulaire français-djerma et djerma-français. Paris: Leroux.
Grammar: Tersis, Nicole. 1972. Le Zarma. Paris: SELAF.
TextBooks: Cooper, Paul V. and Oliver Rice. 1966. Djerma Basic Course. Washington, D.C.: English Language Services.
Consonant system:
p t c k kʷ
b d ɟ ɡ ɡʷ
f s x
z
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ
Fricatives: f s z x
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants:
c̄ b t d k ɡ m n l r j
Nc (p t c k s z) b d ɟ ɡ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: ã (ı̃ ẽ õ)
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ
Tones: hi lo ris fall ris-fall fall-ris
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1172
Language: Songhai
Dialect: Gao
Location: Mali (Gao)
Population: 600,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Songhai
Dictionary:
Williamson, Kay. 1967. Songhai Word List. Research Notes from the Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages 1.3. Ibadan: Univ of Ibadan.
Zimmerman, D. W. 1968. Dictionaire français-sonrai. n.p.
Grammar: GD: Prost, A. 1956. La langue sonay et ses dialects. Dakar: IFAN.
Other Sources: Nicolaı̈, Robert. 1978. "Les parlers songhay occidentaux (Tombouctou-Jenne-Ngorku)," SAL 9, 1-34.
Consonant system:
(p) t k
b d ɡ
č
ɡ̌
f s h
z
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: (p) b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s z h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄ p b t d k ɡ m n l r
Nc (p) b t d k ɡ č ɡ̌ f s z
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: (ṽ)
Diphthongs: aj aw ew
Consonant system:
(p) t c k
b d ɟ ɡ
f s h
v z
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: (p) b t d c ɟ k ɡ
Fricatives: f v s z h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ b t d k ɡ m n l r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: (v̄ all)
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ
Tones: hi lo fall
Syntax: SOV
Number: 1174
Language: Songhai
Dialect: West
Location: Mali
Population: 600,000 (15,000)
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Songhai
Other Sources: E
Consonant system:
(p) t c k
b d ɟ ɡ
f s h
v z
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: (p) b t d c ɟ k ɡ
Fricatives: f v s z h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ b t d k ɡ m n l r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: (v̄ all)
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ
Tones: hi lo fall
Syntax: SVO
Краткие типологические обзоры языков Сахарской семьи
Number: 1175
Language: Kanuri
Location: NE Nigeria (North Eastern)
Population: 2.5 million
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Saharan: Western
Dictionary: Benton, Philip A. 1911. Kanuri Readings. London: Oxford Univ Press. [Reprinted 1968 in The Languages and Peoples of Bornu, vol. 2, London, Frank Cass]
Grammar:
Benton, Philip A. 1917. Primer of Kanuri Grammar. London: Oxford Univ Press. [Reprinted 1968 in The Languages and Peoples of Bornu, vol 2, London.
GD: Lukas, Johannes. 1937. A Study of the Kanuri Language. London: Oxford Univ Press. [Reprinted 1967 by Dawsons of Pall Mall, London.]
TextBooks: Awobuluyi, Oladele. 1969. Introductory Kanuri. Washington D.C.: CAL.
Other Sources:
Ward, Ida C. 1926. "Some Notes on the Pronunciation of the Kanuri Language of West Africa," BSOAS 4, 139-46.
Awobuluyi, Oladele. 1971. "The Phonology of Yerwa Kanuri," Research Notes from the Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages 4.1, 1-21. Ibadan: Univ of Ibadan.
STAL
LA
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
č
ɡ̌
f s š h
z
m n n ̃ ŋ
l ľ
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s z š h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l ľ
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants:
c̄
Nc ?
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Diphthongs: ai ei oi ui au ea ǝi ǝu io iu ou
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C) Nˈ
Tones: hi lo ris fall
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV NA NG/(GN) ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+Num+D
Prep/Post: (PREP)/POST
Number: 1176
Language: Kanembu
Location: Chad
Population: 2,250
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Saharan: Western
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SOV
Number: 1177
Language: Tubu
Alternate Name: Tebu, Kashirda
Location: N Chad
Population: 200,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Saharan: Western
Grammar:
GD: Jourdan, P. 1935. Notes grammaticales et vocabulaire de la langue daza. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.
Le Coeur, Charles and M. Le Coeur. 1955. Grammaire et textes teda-daza. Dakar: IFAN.
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
č
ɡ̌
ɸ s š h
z
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: ɸ s z š h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i I e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: ṽ
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2 + ref
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV NA GN/NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+D+A
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1178
Language: Zagawa
Location: E Chad
Population: 60,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Saharan: Eastern
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i (I) e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u (ʋ) o ɔ
Tones: hi mid lo
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV NA ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1179
Language: Berti
Location: N Sudan
Population: extinct
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Saharan: Eastern
Consonant system:
Краткие типологические обзоры языков Мабанской семьи
Number: 1180
Language: Mimi1
Dialect: Gaudefroy-Demombynes
Location: Sudan
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Maban
Other Sources: Gaudefroy-Demombynes, M. 1905. "Documents sur les langues de l'Oubangui-Chari," Actes du XVI Congrès International des Orientalistes."
Consonant system:
Number: 1181
Language: Mimi2
Dialect: Nachtigal
Location: Sudan
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Maban
Other Sources: Nachtigal, G. 1939. "Aufzeichnungen über die Mimi-Sprache," Zeitschrift für Eingeborenen-Sprachen 29: 145-54.
Consonant system:
Number: 1182
Language: Mabang
Alternate Name: Maba
Location: E Chad
Population: 56,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Maban
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
t ṭ k ʔ
b d ḍ ɡ
ɡ̌
f s š
z
m n n ̃ ŋ
l
r
Stops: b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s z š
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ b t l Nc b d ɡ ɡ̌
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Tones: hi lo ris fall
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV NA GN/NG N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1183
Language: Mesalit
Alternate Name: Masalit
Location: Chad
Population: 100,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Maban
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Tones: hi mid lo
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV N-POSS
Number: 1184
Language: Runga
Location: Chad
Population: 43,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Maban
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SOV
Number: 1185
Language: Kibet
Location: E Chad
Population: 19,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Maban
Consonant system:
Краткие типологические обзоры языков Фурской семьи
Number: 1186
Language: Fur
Location: W Sudan (Darfur)
Population: 170,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Fur
Grammar: Beaton, A.C. 1968. A Grammar of the Fur Language. Khartoum: Univ of Khartoum.
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
ɡ̌
f s (h)
z
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s z (h)
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Diphthongs: ai aw ei ou
Tones: hi lo
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Number: 1187
Language: Biltine
Alternate Name: Amdang
Location: Chad
Population: 15,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Fur
Consonant system:
Краткие типологические обзоры языков Восточно-суданской семьи
Number: 1188
Language: Meidob
Dialect: Urrti
Location: NW Sudan (NE Darfur)
Population: 30,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Eastern: Nubian
Other Sources:
Thelwall, Robin. 1983. "Medob Nubian: Phonology, Grammatical Notes and Basic Vocabulary," in Sahelian Linguistic Studies, ed. by M. L. Bender, East Lansing, Michigan State Univ.
LA
Consonant system:
p t c k
b d ɟ ɡ
f s š h
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ
Fricatives: f s š h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̄ all but h j w
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ǝ̄ ā ū ō
Syllable: (C)V(N,L) L= l r
Tones: hi lo
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO GN DN POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1189
Language: Birgid
Alternate Name: Birked
Location: W Sudan
Population: extinct
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Eastern: Nubian
Other Sources:
Thelwall, Robin. 1977. "A Birgid Vocabulary List and Its Links with Daju," in Gedenkschrift Gustav Nachtigal, Bremen, Übersee-Museum.
LA
Consonant system:
t c k ʔ
b d ɟ ɡ
ɸ f s š h
z
m n ñ ŋ
l
r ɾ̣
Stops: b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: ɸ f s z š h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r ɾ̣
Modified Consonants: c̄ s š ñ t w ɡ n z j d l k r m b ...
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɑ ɒ
Long Vowels: ī ē ɛ̄ ā ū ō ɑ̄
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Eastern: Nubian
Other Sources:
Ayoub, Abd al-Rahman. 1968. The Verbal System in a Dialect of Nubian. Khartoum: Univ of Khartoum.
LA
Consonant system:
(p) t̪ ṭ k kʷ
b bʷ d̪ ḍ ɡ
č
ɡ̌
f š (h)
m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ
l
r
Stops: (p) b bʷ t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k kʷ ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f š (h)
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Eastern: Nubian
Dictionary: Armbruster, Charles Hubert. 1965. Dongolese Nubian: A Lexicon. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.
Grammar: Armbruster, Charles Hubert. 1960. Dongolese Nubian: A Grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
p t k (ʔ)
b d ɡ
č
ɡ̌
f s š (x) h
z ž
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ (ʔ)
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s z š ž (x) h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: diphthongs
Syllable: (C)V(C)(N)
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1192
Language: Mahas
Alternate Name: Nobiin
Location: N Sudan
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Eastern: Nubian
Other Sources:
Bell, Herman. 1968. "The Tone System of Mahas Nubian," JAL 7, 26-32.
Bell, Herman. 1971. "The Phonology of Nobı́in Nubian," ALR 9, 115-39.
LA
Consonant system:
b t̪ k
d̪ ɡ
č
ɡ̌
f s š h
m n̪ ñ
l̪
r
Stops: b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s š h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ all but ɡ ɡ̌ h
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Tones: hi lo
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV NA GN N-POSS
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1193
Language: Murle
Alternate Name: Didinga
Location: Sudan
Population: 8,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Eastern: Surma
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
p t̪ (t) (ṭ) k ʔ
b ɓ d̪ d ɗ ɡ
č
ɡ̌
s h
v ð z
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops:
p b ɓ t̪ d̪ (t) d ɗ (ṭ) k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: v ð s z h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: Nc
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all but ɛ
Tones: hi mid lo ris fall
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1194
Language: Murle
Dialect: Longarim
Location: Sudan
Population: 4,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Eastern: Surma
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
Noun
Number: s p
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO NA NG ND N-NUM/(NUM-N [1]) N-POSS
Number: 1195
Language: Murle
Location: SW Ethiopia
Population: 40,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Eastern: Surma
Grammar: GD: Lyth, R. E. 1971. The Murle Language: Grammar and Vocabulary. Khartoum: Univ of Khartoum.
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
p t k
b ɓ d ɗ ɡ
č
ɡ̌
s h
v ð z
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: v ð s z h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: ʋ o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ai au ei ɛi oi ɔi ju
Tones: ?
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO NA NG ND N-NUM/(NUM-N [1]) N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Number: 1196
Language: Bale
Location: Sudan
Population: 5,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Eastern: Surma
Consonant system:
Number: 1197
Language: Zilmamu
Location: SE Sudan
Population: 2,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Eastern: Surma
Consonant system:
Number: 1198
Language: Majang
Alternate Name: Masongo
Location: Ethiopia
Population: 28,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Eastern: Surma
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: VSO
Number: 1199
Language: Shabo
Location: Ethiopia
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Eastern: Surma
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SOV
Number: 1200
Language: Kwegu
Alternate Name: Koegu
Location: Ethiopia
Population: 600
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Eastern: Surma
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 1201
Language: Suri
Alternate Name: Murzu, Mursi
Location: SW Ethiopia
Population: 9,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Eastern: Surma
Grammar: Turton, David and M. L. Bender. 1976. "Mursi," in NSLE, 533-61.
Consonant system:
p t k (ʔ)
b ɓ d ɗ ɡ
č
ɡ̌
θ š h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ (ʔ)
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: θ š h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Tones: hi mid lo fall
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO/(SOV [negative]) NA NG DN/ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: (PREP)/POST
Number: 1202
Language: Suri
Dialect: Tirma, Tirmaga
Location: SE Sudan
Population: 9,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Eastern: Surma
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
Noun
Number: s p
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1203
Language: Me'en
Alternate Name: Mekan
Location: SW Ethiopia
Population: 38,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Eastern: Surma
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 1204
Language: Nera
Alternate Name: Nara
Location: Eritrea
Population: 63,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Eastern: Nera
Grammar:
Reinisch, L. 1874. Die Barea-Sprache. Vienna.
Thompson, E. David. 1976. "Nera," in NSLE, 484-94.
Other Sources:
Bender, Marvin L. 1968. "Analysis of a Barya Word List," AL 10:9, 1-24.
LA
Consonant system:
t k (kʔ) (ʔ)
b d ɡ
(č)
ɡ̌
f s š (x) h
(z)
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: b t d k (kʔ) ɡ (ʔ)
Affricates: (č) ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s (z) š (x) h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄ f m n l
Nc b d ɡ ɡʷ
cʷ k ɡ ŋɡ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: ɐ
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)
Tones: hi lo
Stress: phonemic
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV NA GN/NG ND NUM-N [>1]/(N-NUM [1]) POSS-N/(N-POSS) N+A+D
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1205
Language: Gaam
Alternate Name: Ingassana
Location: E Sudan
Population: 60,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Eastern: Eastern Jebel
Grammar: Verri, S. 1955. "Il linguaggio degli Ingassana nell'Africa orientale," Anthropos ??.
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
p t̪ k ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
č
ɡ̌
f θ s š h
ð z (ɣ)
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f θ ð s z š (ɣ) h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Diphthongs: ai au ei
Noun
Number: s p
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG/GN N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1206
Language: Aka
Location: N Sudan
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Eastern: Eastern Jebel
Consonant system:
Number: 1207
Language: Kelo
Location: N Sudan
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Eastern: Eastern Jebel
Consonant system:
Number: 1208
Language: Molo
Location: N Sudan
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Eastern: Eastern Jebel
Consonant system:
Number: 1209
Language: Nyimang
Location: C Sudan (Nuba Hills)
Population: 31,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Western: Nyimang
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
t̪ ṭ k kʷ
b bʷ d̪ ḍ ɡ ɡʷ
ɡ̌
s
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ r
Stops: b bʷ t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: s
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ r
Modified Consonants: Nc b d ḍ ɡ ɡ̌
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Diphthongs: diphthongs
Syllable: rˈ
Tones: hi mid lo
Stress: phonemic?
Noun
Number: s (p) (pl for kinship terms)
Demonstratives: 2 + ref
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV NA GN ND POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1210
Language: Dinik
Alternate Name: Afitti
Location: C Sudan (Nuba Hills)
Population: 2,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Western: Nyimang
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
p t̪ t k
b d̪ d ɡ
č
ɡ̌
s
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Noun
Number:
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV NA GN/NG ND POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1211
Language: Ronge
Alternate Name: Temein
Location: C Sudan (Nuba Hills)
Population: 2,300
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Western: Temein
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
p t̪ t k kʷ
b d̪ d ɡ
ɡ̌
s
m n̪ ñ ŋ ŋʷ
l
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ t d k kʷ ɡ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: s
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ ŋʷ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: Nc p b t̪ d̪ t d k ɡ ɡ̌
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: (v̄)
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Tones: hi lo
Stress: antepenult
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Number: 1212
Language: Doni
Alternate Name: Keiga Jirru
Location: C Sudan (Nuba Hills)
Population: 1,400
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Western: Temein
Consonant system:
Number: 1213
Language: Dese
Alternate Name: Teisei Umm Danab
Location: N Sudan
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Western: Temein
Consonant system:
Number: 1214
Language: Merarit
Alternate Name: Mararit
Location: Sudan
Population: 42,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Western: Tama
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
Tones: hi lo fall
Noun
Number: s p
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV NA GN POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1215
Language: Tama
Location: E Chad
Population: 60,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Western: Tama
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
t̪ k
b ɓ d̪ ɗ ɡ
ɡ̌
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: b ɓ t̪ d̪ ɗ k ɡ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: r̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i I e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Diphthongs: diphthongs
Tones: hi mid lo
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV NA GN N-NUM POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1216
Language: Sungor
Location: E Chad
Population: 39,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Western: Tama
Other Sources:
Guinet, Xavier. 1973. "Esquisse d'une phonologie du sungor," in Problèmes de phonologie, Paris, SELAF, 73-100.
LA
Consonant system:
t k
b d ɡ
č
ɡ̌
ɸ s ç h
m n n ̃ ŋ
l
ɾ r ɾ̣
Stops: b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: ɸ s ç h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ r ɾ̣
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Tones: hi lo
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV NA GN/(NG) N-POSS
Number: 1217
Language: Shatt
Location: C Sudan
Population: 9,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Western: Daju: Eastern
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ
b ɓ d ɗ ʄ ɡ ɡʷ
č
ɡ̌
s
z
m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ
l
r
Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ ʄ k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s z
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄
Nc b ɓ d ɗ ʄ ɡ z
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɵ a
Back Vowels: u o (ɔ)
Long Vowels: v̄
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Tones: hi mid lo
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3 + ref
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3mfn 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1218
Language: Liguri
Location: C Sudan (Nuba Hills)
Population: 2,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Western: Daju: Eastern
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
Noun
Number: s p
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3hH 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Number: 1219
Language: Mongo
Alternate Name: Dar Dajo
Location: Chad (Wadai)
Population: 23,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Western: Daju: Western
Consonant system:
Number: 1220
Language: Sila
Alternate Name: Dar Sila Daju
Location: Chad
Population: 33,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Western: Daju: Western
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3mf 6
Syntax: SOV NA NG N-POSS
Number: 1221
Language: Nyala
Alternate Name: Dar Fur Daju
Location: Sudan
Population: 80,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Western: Daju: Western
Consonant system:
Number: 1222
Language: Lagawa
Location: N Sudan
Population: 80,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Western: Daju: Western
Consonant system:
Number: 1223
Language: Nyalgulgule
Location: Sudan
Population: 900
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Western: Daju: Western
Consonant system:
Noun
Number: s p
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3mf 6
Syntax: SVO/SOV NA NG N-POSS
Number: 1224
Language: Shilluk
Location: SE Sudan
Population: 110,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Western: Luo: Northern
Dictionary: Heasty, J. A. 1937. English-Shilluk, Shilluk-English Dictionary. Dolieb Hill, Sudan: The American Mission.
Grammar:
Westermann, Diedrich. 1912a. A Short Grammar of the Shilluk Language. Philadelphia: Board of Foreign Missions of the United Presbyterian Church of North America.
GD: Kohnen, B. 1933. Shilluk Grammar. Verona: Missioni Africane.
Other Sources: Westermann, Diedrich. 1912b. THe Shilluk People: Their Language and Folklore. Philadelphia: Board of Foreign Missions of the United Presbyterian Church of North America. [Reprinted 1971 by Negro Universities Press, Westport, Connecticut]
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
č
ɡ̌
f θ
ð ɣ
m n̪ n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f θ ð ɣ
Nasals: m n̪ n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all?
Modified Vowels:
i̤ e̤ ǝ̤ a̤ ṳ o̤
v̤̄ all?
Diphthongs: ai au ɔi ei
Syllable: Nˈ
Tones: hi mid lo
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3 + ref
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1225
Language: Anuak
Alternate Name: Päri
Location: SW Ethiopia
Population: 56,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Western: Luo: Northern
Grammar: Lusted, Marie. 1976. "Anywa," in NSLE, 495-512.
Other Sources:
Ohman, Walter A. et al. 1976. "Three Other Ethiopian Languages," in LE.
WALS
Consonant system:
ph th kh
b d ɡ
tθ č
dð ɡ̌
m n̪ n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: ph b th d kh ɡ
Affricates: tθ dð č ɡ̌
Nasals: m n̪ n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: cʷ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Modified Vowels:
i̤ a̤ o̤ (breathy)
ī̤ ɛ̤̄ ā̤ ō̤
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Tones: hi lo
Stress: on stem syllable
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: OVS/(SOV [in non-present tenses of the applicative aspect]) NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+D+Num
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1226
Language: Anuak
Dialect: Pari
Location: SE Sudan
Population: 56,000 (8,000)
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Western: Luo: Northern
Grammar: GD: Simeoni, Antonio. 1978. Päri: A Luo Language of Southern Sudan. Bologna: Editrice Missionaria Italiana.
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
č
θ
ð
m n̪ n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: θ ð
Nasals: m n̪ n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i I e e> ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o o< ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄
Tones: hi lo
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1227
Language: Jur
Location: SW Sudan
Population: 5,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Western: Luo: Northern
Consonant system:
Number: 1228
Language: Thuri
Location: Sudan
Population: 154,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Western: Luo: Northern
Consonant system:
Number: 1229
Language: Bor1
Location: SE Sudan
Population: 6,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Western: Luo: Northern
Consonant system:
p t̪ t c k
b d̪ d ɟ ɡ
ʁ
m n̪ n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ t d c ɟ k ɡ
Fricatives: ʁ
Nasals: m n̪ n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Number: 1230
Language: Maban
Location: Sudan
Population: 20,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Western: Luo: Northern
Consonant system:
Number: 1231
Language: Burun
Location: Sudan
Population: 18,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Western: Luo: Northern
Consonant system:
Number: 1232
Language: Labwor
Location: Uganda
Population: 5,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Western: Luo: Southern
Consonant system:
Number: 1233
Language: Lwo
Location: Uganda
Population: 5,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Western: Luo: Southern
Consonant system:
Number: 1234
Language: Adhola
Location: Uganda
Population: 160,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Western: Luo: Southern
Consonant system:
Number: 1235
Language: Luo
Location: SW Kenya
Population: 1.5 million
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Western: Luo: Southern
Grammar: Gregersen, Edgar. 1961. Luo: A Grammar. New Haven: Yale Univ Press.
TextBooks: Stafford, R. L. 1967. An Elementary Luo Grammar. Nairobi: Oxford Univ Press.
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
p t k (ʔ)
b d ɡ
tθ č
dð ɡ̌
f s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ (ʔ)
Affricates: tθ dð č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Modified Vowels:
vowel harmony
i̤ e̤ ɐ̤ ṳ o̤ v̤̄ all ?
Tones: hi-ris lo-fall downstep
Stress: phonemic
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3 + ref
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1236
Language: Alur
Location: NW Uganda
Population: 200,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Western: Luo: Southern
Dictionary:
Vanneste, M. 1940. Woordenboek van de Alur-taal. Mahagi, Zaire.
Ukoko, Joseph, Jan Knappert and Marcel van Spaandonck. 1964. Essai de dictionnaire dho alur. Ghent: Univ of Ghent.
Grammar: GD: Ringe, P. C. n.d. A Simple Alur Grammar and Alur-English-Alur Vocabularies. Kampala: Eagle Language Studies.
Other Sources:
Knappert, J. 1963. "The Verb in Dhó-Álúr," JAL 2, 101-27.
LA
Consonant system:
p t̪ t k (kp) (ʔ)
b ɓ d̪ d ɗ ɡ (ɡɓ)
č
ɡ̌
f s h
v z
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b ɓ t̪ d̪ t d ɗ k ɡ (kp) (ɡɓ) (ʔ)
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s z h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Modified Vowels:
vowel harmony
Ḭ ɛ̰ ʋ̰ ɔ̰ (creaky)
Syllable: Nˈ lˈ rˈ
Tones: hi lo downstep
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3 + ref
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6 + indef
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1237
Language: Lango
Location: N Uganda (Lango)
Population: 560,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Western: Luo: Southern
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Modified Vowels: i̤ e̤ ɐ̤ ṳ o̤
Tones: hi low fall downstep
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3 + ref
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1238
Language: Acholi
Alternate Name: Akoli
Location: N Uganda
Population: 440,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Western: Luo: Southern
Dictionary:
Savage, G. A. R. 1955. A Short Acoli-English and English-Acoli Vocabulary. Kampala: The Eagle Press.
Malandra, Alfred. 1957. English-Lwoo Dictionary. Verona: Nigrizia.
Grammar:
GD: Crazzolara, J. P. 1955. A Study of the Acooli Language. London: Oxford Univ Press.
Malandra, Alfred. 1955. A New Acholi Grammar. Kamapala: The Eagle Press.
TextBooks: Savage, G. A. R. 1956. The Essentials of Lwo (Acoli). Kampala: East African Literature Bureau.
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d (ḍ) ɡ
pf tr č
bv ɡ̌
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d (ḍ) k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: pf bv tr č ɡ̌
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all?
Modified Vowels: i̤ e̤ ɐ̤ ṳ o̤
Diphthongs: diphthongs
Tones: hi lo downstep
Noun
Number: s (p) (a few plurals for kinship terms)
Demonstratives: 3 + ref
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1239
Language: Nuer
Dialect: Western
Location: SE Sudan
Population: 350,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Western: Dinka-Nuer
Dictionary:
Huffman, Ray. 1929. Nuer-English Dictionary. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
Huffman, Ray. 1931. English-Nuer Dictionary. London: Oxford Univ Press.
Grammar: Crazzolara, J. P. 1933. Outlines of a Nuer Grammar. Vienna: Anthropos.
Other Sources:
Westermann, Diedrich. 1912. "The Nuer Language," Sonderabdruck aus den Mitteilungen des Seminars für orientalische Sprachen 15:3, 48-141.
LA
Consonant system:
p t̪ t c k
b d̪ d ɟ ɡ
ʁ
m n̪ n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ t d c ɟ k ɡ
Fricatives: ʁ
Nasals: m n̪ n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j j̤ w w̤
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all?
Modified Vowels:
v̤ all + ǝ
v̤̄ all?
Vowels show a contrast between hard voice (v) and breathy, hollow voice v̤).
Diphthongs: ɛa ɔa
Tones: hi mid lo fall
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3 + ref
Pronouns:
1 (4di) 4ie
2 5
3 6
4di does not occur in independent pronouns
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1240
Language: Atuot
Location: SE Sudan
Population: 25,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Western: Dinka-Nuer
Consonant system:
Number: 1241
Language: Agar
Location: S Sudan
Population: 16,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Western: Dinka-Nuer
Consonant system:
Number: 1242
Language: Bor2
Location: S Sudan
Population: 24,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Western: Dinka-Nuer
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
p t̪ t c k
b d̪ d ɟ ɡ
ʁ
m n̪ n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ t d c ɟ k ɡ
Fricatives: ʁ
Nasals: m n̪ n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j j̤ w w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Modified Vowels:
v̤ all
v̤̄ all
Tones: hi mid lo
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO/(SOV [with aux]) NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1243
Language: Padang
Location: S Sudan
Population: 52,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Western: Dinka-Nuer
Consonant system:
Number: 1244
Language: Rek
Dialect: Malual
Location: S Sudan
Population: 40,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Western: Dinka-Nuer
Dictionary: Nebel, A. 1936. Dinka Dictionary. Verona: Missioni Africane.
Grammar: Nebel, A. 1948. Dinka Grammar. Verona: Missioni Africane.
Consonant system:
p t̪ t k
b d̪ d ɡ
č
ɡ̌
ɣ
m n̪ n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: ɣ
Nasals: m n̪ n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Modified Vowels: v̤ (breathy) all?
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO/(SOV) NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Number: 1245
Language: Kumam
Location: Uganda
Population: 100,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Western: Dinka-Nuer
Consonant system:
Number: 1246
Language: Bari
Location: N Uganda
Population: 226,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Eastern: Bari
Dictionary: Muratori, F. C., ed. 1948. English-Bari-Lotuxo-Acoli Vocabulary. Okaru: Catholic Mission Printing Press.
Grammar: Spagnolo, L. M. 1933. Bari Grammar. Verona: Missioni Africane.
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
b ɓ d ɗ ʄ ɡ ɠ ɡʷ
č
ɡ̌
f s š
m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ
l
r
Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ ʄ k ɡ ɠ kʷ ɡʷ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s š
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j ʔj w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Modified Vowels:
vowel harmony
i̤ e̤ ɐ̤ ṳ o̤ (hard voice (v) vs. hollow breathy voice v̤)
Tones: hi mid lo fall
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3cf 6
3 has 2 forms: 3(masc or fem) & 3f
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND/DN N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1247
Language: Kakwa
Location: NW Ugunda
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Eastern: Bari
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
ɓ ɗ ɡ
č
ɡ̌
ɸ s x
β
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p ɓ t ɗ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: ɸ β s x
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ all?
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Modified Vowels:
vowel harmony
i̤ e̤ ɐ̤ ṳ o̤ (hard voice (v) vs. hollow breathy voice (n̤))
Tones: hi mid lo fall
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 3 + ref
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO NA/(AN) NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1249
Language: Ongamo
Alternate Name: Ngasa
Location: Tanzania
Population: 1,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Eastern: Lotuxo-Teso: Lotuxo-Maa
Consonant system:
Number: 1250
Language: Maasai
Location: SW Kenya
Population: 210,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Eastern: Lotuxo-Teso: Lotuxo-Maa
Grammar: GD: Tucker, A. N. and J. Tompo Ole Mpaayei. A Maasai Grammar (with Vocabulary). London: Longmans, Green & Co.
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
p t k
ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ
č
f s š
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ r̥
Stops: p ɓ t ɗ ʄ k ɠ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: f s š
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ r̥
Modified Consonants:
c̄ all
Nc p ɓ t ɗ ʄ k ɠ č
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Modified Vowels:
i̤ e̤ ṳ o̤
v̤̄ all
Vowels have a contrast between hard voice (v) and hollow breathy voice (v̤).
Tones: hi mid lo fall downstep downdrift
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 3 + ref
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO NA/(AN) NG DN/ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1251
Language: Karamojong
Location: NE Uganda
Population: 200,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Eastern: Lotuxo-Teso: Teso-Turkana
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
Tones: hi mid lo fall
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Syntax: VSO NA/(AN) NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Number: 1252
Language: Topotha
Alternate Name: Toposo
Location: SE Sudan
Population: 40,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Eastern: Lotuxo-Teso: Teso-Turkana
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
Tones: hi mid lo fall
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f n
Demonstratives: 4 ( 3 + near both speaker and hearer)
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Number: 1253
Language: Turkana
Location: NW Kenya
Population: 200,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Eastern: Lotuxo-Teso: Teso-Turkana
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
Tones: hi mid lo fall
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Syntax: VSO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Number: 1254
Language: Teso
Location: EC Uganda (Teso)
Population: 830,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Eastern: Lotuxo-Teso: Teso-Turkana
Dictionary: Hilders, J. H. and J. C. D. Lawrence. 1958. An English-Ateso and Ateso-English Vocabulary. Kampala: The Eagle Press.
TextBooks: Hilders, J. H. and J. C. D. Lawrence. 1957. An Introduction to the Ateso Language. Kampala: The Eagle Press.
Consonant system:
p t k
ɓ ɗ ɡ
č
ɡ̌
s
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p ɓ t ɗ k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all?
Modified Vowels:
i̤ e̤ ṳ o̤ v̤̄ all? Vowels have a contrast between hard voice (v) and hollow breathy voice (v̤).
Diphthongs: ai oi
Tones: hi lo fall
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f n
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO/(SVO [negative]) NA/(AN) NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1255
Language: Nandi
Alternate Name: Kalenjin
Location: Kenya
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Southern: Kalenjin: Nandi-Markweta
Other Sources:
WALS
WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO
Number: 1256
Language: Kipsikiis
Alternate Name: Kipsigis
Location: SW Kenya
Population: 160,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Southern: Kalenjin: Nandi-Markweta
Other Sources:
Tucker, A. N. and M. A. Bryan. 1964. "Noun Classification in Kalenjin: Nandi-Kipsigis," ALS 5, 192-247.
LA
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
č
s
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p t̪ k
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Modified Vowels:
vowel harmony
i̤ e̤ ṳ o̤ ɑ̤
v̤̄ all
Vowels have a contrast between hard voice (v) and hollow breathy voice (v̤).
Tones: hi mid lo fall
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Number: 1257
Language: Keiyo
Location: Kenya
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Southern: Kalenjin: Nandi-Markweta
Consonant system:
Number: 1258
Language: Tuken
Location: Kenya
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Southern: Kalenjin: Nandi-Markweta
Consonant system:
Number: 1259
Language: Markweta
Alternate Name: Endo
Location: Kenya
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Southern: Kalenjin: Nandi-Markweta
Consonant system:
Number: 1260
Language: Sapiny
Alternate Name: Sebei
Location: Uganda
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Southern: Kalenjin: Elgon
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: VSO
Number: 1261
Language: Kony
Location: Kenya
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Southern: Kalenjin: Elgon
Consonant system:
Number: 1262
Language: Pok
Location: Kenya
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Southern: Kalenjin: Elgon
Consonant system:
Number: 1263
Language: Ng'oma
Location: SW Kenya
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Southern: Kalenjin: Elgon
Consonant system:
Number: 1264
Language: Terik
Location: Kenya
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Southern: Kalenjin: Elgon
Consonant system:
Number: 1265
Language: Okiek
Location: Kenya
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Southern: Kalenjin: Okiek
Consonant system:
Number: 1266
Language: Pakot
Location: W Kenya
Population: 170,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Southern: Kalenjin: Pakot
Other Sources:
Tucker, A. N. and M. A. Bryan. 1962. "Noun Classification in Kalenjin: Päkot," ALS 3, 137-81.
LA
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
ɗ
č
f s š
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ r
Stops: p t̪ ɗ k
Affricates: č
Fricatives: f s š
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ r
Modified Consonants: Nc p t k č
Vowel system:Front Vowels: I
Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ a
Back Vowels: ɔ
Long Vowels: ī Ī ē ɛ̄ ā ū ʋ̄ ō ɔ̄ ɑ̄
Tones: hi mid lo ris fall downstep
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 4 (3 + that not far)
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Number: 1267
Language: Omotik
Location: Kenya
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Southern: Tato
Consonant system:
Number: 1268
Language: Datooga
Alternate Name: Tatog
Location: N Tanzania
Population: 64,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic: Southern: Tato
Other Sources: E
Consonant system:
Syntax: VSO
Number: 1269
Language: Ik
Alternate Name: Teuso
Location: N Uganda
Population: 1,500
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Kuliak
Other Sources:
WALS
WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO
Number: 1270
Language: Ngangea
Location: Uganda
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Kuliak
Consonant system:
Number: 1271
Language: So
Alternate Name: Tepes
Location: NE Uganda
Population: 4,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Kuliak
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ
b ɓ d ɗ ʄ ɡ ɠ ɡʷ
č
ð
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ ʄ k ɡ ɠ kʷ ɡʷ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: ð
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO NA NG ND N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Краткие типологические обзоры языков Центрально-суданской семьи
Number: 1272
Language: Kresh
Location: SW Sudan
Population: 6,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Kresh
Consonant system:
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO AN/NA NG ND NUM-N/N-NUM N-POSS
Number: 1273
Language: Aja
Location: Sudan
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Kresh
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 1274
Language: Baka
Location: Zaire
Population: 2,600
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Bongo
Other Sources:
LA
WALS
Consonant system:
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i I ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ
Noun
Number: s p
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO ND N-NUM N-POSS
Number: 1275
Language: Beli
Location: Sudan
Population: 10,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Bongo
Grammar: Santandea, Stefano. 1963. A Concise Grammar Outline of the Bongo Language. Rome: Sodality of St. Peter Claver.
Consonant system:
ṭ k kp
ɓ ḍ ɗ̣ ɡ ɡb
(č)
ɡ̌ ɠ̌
f s ç h
m n ñ ŋ ŋm
l
r
Stops: b ɓ ṭ ḍ ɗ̣ k ɡ kp ɡb
Affricates: (č) ɡ̌ ɠ̌
Fricatives: f s ç h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋm
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: Nc b ḍ ɡ ɡb ɡ̌
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i I e ɛ
Central Vowels: (ǝ) a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1276
Language: Bongo
Location: SW Sudan (Bahr At Ghazal)
Population: 2,400
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Bongo
Grammar: Santandrea, Stefano. 1963. A Concise Grammar Outline of the Bongo Language. Rome: Sodality of St. Peter Claver.
Consonant system:
ṭ k kp
b ɓ ḍ ɗ̣ ɡ ɡb
ɡ̌ ɠ̌
f s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: b ɓ ṭ ḍ ɗ̣ k ɡ kp ɡb
Affricates: ɡ̌ ɠ̌
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: Nc b ḍ ɡ ɡb ɡ̌
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i I e ɛ
Central Vowels: (ǝ) a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all?
Tones: hi mid lo
Noun
Number: s p (pl rare)
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3mf(n) 6
Syntax: SVO AN/NA NG DN/ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1277
Language: Morokodo
Alternate Name: Jur Mödö
Location: Sudan
Population: 5,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Bongo
Other Sources:
LA
WALS
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO ND N-NUM
Number: 1278
Language: Sinyar
Location: Sudan
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Sinyar
Consonant system:
Number: 1279
Language: Vale
Location: Central African Republic
Population: 1,400
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Sara-Bagirmi: Sara
Consonant system:
Number: 1280
Language: Gambai
Alternate Name: Ngambay
Location: SW Chad
Population: 250,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Sara-Bagirmi: Sara
Grammar: Vandame, Charles. 1963. Le ngambay-moundou. Dakar: IFAN.
TextBooks: Thayer, Linda J. and James E. Thayer. 1971. 50 Lessons in Sara-Ngambay, 3 vols. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Other Sources: Thayer, James Edward. 1978. The Deep Structure of the Sentence in Sara-Ngambay Dialogues. SIL 57.
Consonant system:
p t k
b ɓ d ɗ ɡ
ɡ̌
s h
m n ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡ̌
Glides: j ȷ̃ w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e (ɛ)
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ: all
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ
Tones: hi mid lo
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Number: 1281
Language: Kaba
Location: Central African Republic
Population: 11,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Sara-Bagirmi: Sara
Consonant system:
Number: 1282
Language: Kaba Dunjo
Location: Central African Republic
Population: 17,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Sara-Bagirmi: Sara
Consonant system:
Number: 1283
Language: Mbai
Location: N Central African Republic
Population: 73,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Sara-Bagirmi: Sara
Dictionary:
Fortier, Joseph. 1953-61. Dictionnaire mbay-français. Moı̈ssala: Misson Catholique.
Caprile, Jean-Pierre. n.d. Lexique mbaı̈-français. Lyon: Afrique et Language.
Grammar: Fortier, Joseph. 1971. Grammaire mbaye-moı̈ssala. Lyon: Afrique et Langage.
Other Sources:
Caprile, Jean-Pierre. 1968. Essai de phonologie d'un parler mbay. BSELAF 8.
Caprile, Jean-Pierre. 1971. La dénomination des couleurs chez les mbay de Moı̈ssala. Paris: SELAF.
WPF
Consonant system:
(p) t k
b ɓ d ɗ̣ ɡ
ɡ̌
s h
m n
l
ɾ
Stops: (p) b ɓ t d ɗ̣ k ɡ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡ̌
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ: all but ɔ
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Syllable: (C)V Nˈ lˈ rˈ
Tones: hi mid lo (+6 contour tones)
Stress: initial
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Number: 1284
Language: Sara
Location: SW Chad
Population: 47,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Sara-Bagirmi: Sara
Dictionary: Hallaire, J. and J.Robinne. 1955-59. Dictionaire sara-français. Koumra-Fourviere, Chad.
Grammar: Palayer, Pierre. 1970. Éléments de grammaire sar (Tchad). Lyon: Afrique et Langage.
Other Sources: Bouquiaux, L. 1964. "A propos de la phonologie du sara," JAL 3, 160-72.
Consonant system:
p t k
b ɓ d (ɗ) ɡ
ɡ̌
s h
m n ñ ŋ
l
v̊ r ʔr
Stops: p b ɓ t d (ɗ) k ɡ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: v̊ r ʔr
Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡ̌
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ õ
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ lˈ rˈ
Tones: hi mid lo
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2 + ref
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1285
Language: Babalia
Location: W Chad
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Sara-Bagirmi: Bagirmi
Consonant system:
Number: 1286
Language: Bagirmi
Location: SW Chad
Population: 35,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Sara-Bagirmi: Bagirmi
Grammar:
GD: Gaden, H. 1909. Essai de grammaire de la langue baguirmienne. Paris: Leroux.
Stevenson, R. C. 1969. Bagirmi Grammar. Khartoum: Univ of Khartoum.
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
p t̪ ṭ c k (ʔ)
b ɓ d̪ ḍ ɗ̣ ɟ ʄ ɡ
(f) s (š) (h)
(v) (z)
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b ɓ t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ ɗ̣ c ɟ ʄ k ɡ (ʔ)
Fricatives: (f) (v) s (z) (š) (h)
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɟ ɡ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Diphthongs: ai ei oi au ou ɨu
Tones: hi mid lo
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+Num+D
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1287
Language: Fongoro
Location: Chad
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Sara-Bagirmi: Bagirmi
Consonant system:
Number: 1288
Language: Disa
Location: Chad
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Sara-Bagirmi: Bagirmi
Consonant system:
Number: 1289
Language: Gele
Location: Chad
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Sara-Bagirmi: Bagirmi
Consonant system:
Number: 1290
Language: Gula
Location: Chad
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Sara-Bagirmi: Bagirmi
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 1291
Language: Kenga
Location: SC Chad
Population: 23,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Sara-Bagirmi: Bagirmi
Grammar: Vandame, Charles. 1968. Grammaire kenga. Lyon: Afrique et Langage.
Consonant system:
p t c k
b ɓ d ɗ ɟ (ʄ) ɡ
s
z
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ c ɟ (ʄ) k ɡ
Fricatives: s z
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ
Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ
Tones: hi mid lo (+ 6 ris/fall tones)
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Number: 1292
Language: Kuka
Location: SC Chad
Population: 38,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Sara-Bagirmi: Bagirmi
Consonant system:
Number: 1293
Language: Furu
Alternate Name: Bagiro
Location: Zaire
Population: 5,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Kara
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 1294
Language: Kara
Location: SW Sudan (NW Bahr al-Ghazal)
Population: 1,900
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Kara
Grammar: Santandrea, Stefano. 1970. Brief Grammar Outlines of the Yulu and Kara Languages. Bologna: Nigrizia.
Consonant system:
p t̪ c k kp
b ʔb d̪ ʔd̪ d ḍ ɟ ɡ ɡb
č
dz ɡ̌ ʔɡ̌
f (θ) s š h
v ʕ
m n ñ ŋ
l
v̊ ɾ
Stops: p b ʔb t̪ d̪ ʔd̪ d ḍ c ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb
Affricates: dz č ɡ̌ ʔɡ̌
Fricatives: f v (θ) s š ʕ h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: v̊ ɾ
Modified Consonants:
c̄ d k h l ...
Nc b d̪ kp ɡb
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i I e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ
Tones: hi mid lo
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1295
Language: Yulu
Location: SW Sudan (NW Bahr al-Ghazal)
Population: 2,800
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: West Central: Bongo-Bagirmi: Kara
Grammar: Santandrea, Stefano. 1970. Brief Grammar Outlines of the Yulu and Kara Languages. Bologna: Nigrizia.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k kp ʔ
b ʔb d̪ ḍ ʔɗ̣ ɡ ɡb
č
dz ɡ̌ ʔɡ̌
f s h
v ʕ
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l
v̊ ɾ r
Stops: p b ʔb t̪ d̪ ḍ ʔɗ̣ k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ
Affricates: dz č ɡ̌ ʔɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s ʕ h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: v̊ ɾ r
Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡb
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i (I) e ɛ
Central Vowels: (ǝ) a
Back Vowels: u (ʋ) o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Tones: hi mid lo
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 1296
Language: Moru
Location: S Sudan
Population: 23,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: East Central: Moru-Madi
Other Sources: Cowan, William. 1965. "Note on the Phonemes of /mɔ̀rɔ́/," JAL 4,114-7.
Consonant system:
p t k kp
b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡb
č
ɡ̌
f s h
v z
m n ñ ŋ
l
r ɾ̣
Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ kp ɡb
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s z h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r ɾ̣
Modified Consonants:
Nc b d ɡ ɡb ɡ̌ v z r
cʷ č ɡ̌ s z h
Glides:
j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ ɔ
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)
Tones: hi mid lo fall
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO/SOV NA GN/NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1297
Language: Avukaya
Location: Sudan
Population: 5,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: East Central: Moru-Madi
Consonant system:
Number: 1298
Language: Kaliko
Location: Zaire
Population: 18,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: East Central: Moru-Madi
Consonant system:
Number: 1299
Language: Logo
Location: Zaire
Population: 54,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: East Central: Moru-Madi
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO/SOV NA ND N-NUM POSS-N N+Num+D
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1300
Language: Logbara
Location: Uganda
Population: 144,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: East Central: Moru-Madi
TextBooks: Barr, L. I. 1965. A Course in Lugbara. Kampala: East African Literature Bureau.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k kp ʔ
b ɓ d̪ ɗ̣ ɡ ɡb
ts ṭr
dz ḍr
f s h
v z
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ̣
Stops: p b ɓ t̪ d̪ ɗ̣ k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ
Affricates: ts dz ṭr ḍr
Fricatives: f v s z h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ̣
Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡb ḍr v z
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i I ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ã
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Tones: hi mid lo
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO [def aspect]/SOV [indef aspect] NA NG/GN ND N-NUM N-POSS/POSS-N N+Num+D
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1301
Language: Madi
Location: Uganda
Population: 120,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: East Central: Moru-Madi
Grammar: GD: Crazzolara, J. P. 1960. A Study of the Logbara (Ma'di) Language. London: Oxford Univ Press.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k kp ʔ
b ʔb d̪ ʔd̪ ɡ ɡb
pf ts tr
dr ɡ̌
f s h
v z
m n ñ ŋ ŋm
l
r
Stops: p b ʔb t̪ d̪ ʔd̪ k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ
Affricates: pf ts dz tr dr
Fricatives: f v s z h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋm
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
c̄
Nc b d ɡ ɡb dz dr v
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: ã
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Diphthongs: diphthongs
Tones: hi mid lo (+6 ris/fall tones)
Noun
Number: s p (only kinship terms)
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO/SOV NA GN/NG ND N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1302
Language: Mangbetu
Location: NE Zaire
Population: 100,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: East Central: Mangbetu-Asua
Grammar: GD: Larochette, J. 1958. Grammaire des dialectes mangbetu et medje. Tervuren: Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge.
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
p t̪ ṭ k kp ʔ
b ɓ d̪ ḍ ɗ̣ ʄ ɡ ɡb
ts
dz
f θ s h
v ð z ẓ
m n ñ ŋ
l
P B v̊ ɾ ṛ
Stops: p b ɓ t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ ɗ̣ ʄ k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ
Affricates: ts dz
Fricatives: f v θ ð s z ẓ h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: P B v̊ ɾ ṛ
Modified Consonants:
c̄ p t k kp
Nc b d ḍ ɡ ɡʷ
cʷ p ŋɡ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i I e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Tones:
hi lo ris fall
Stress: penult
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2 + ref
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG/GN ND N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1303
Language: Asua
Location: NE Zaire
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: East Central: Mangbetu-Asua
Consonant system:
Number: 1304
Language: Mamvu
Location: NE Zaire
Population: 60,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: East Central: Mangbutu-Efe
Other Sources:
LA
WALS
Consonant system:
p t̪ ṭ k kp ʔ
b ɓ d̪ ḍ ɗ̣ ʄ ɡ ɡb
ts
dz
f θ s h
v ð z ẓ
m n ñ ŋ
l
P B v̊ ɾ ṛ
Stops: p b ɓ t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ ɗ̣ ʄ k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ
Affricates: ts dz
Fricatives: f v θ ð s z ẓ h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: P B v̊ ɾ ṛ
Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i I ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ
Tones: hi mid lo
Demonstratives: 2 + ref
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG/GN N-NUM POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1305
Language: Mangbutu
Location: Zaire
Population: 8,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: East Central: Mangbutu-Efe
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Number: 1306
Language: Ndo
Alternate Name: Oke'bu
Location: NE Zaire
Population: 13,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: East Central: Mangbutu-Efe
Other Sources: WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Number: 1307
Language: Balendru
Alternate Name: Lendu
Location: NE Zaire (Djugu)
Population: 180,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: East Central: Balendru
Other Sources:
Tucker, A. N. 1940. The Eastern Sudanic Languages, vol 1. London: Oxford Univ Press.
LA
Consonant system:
p t̪ k kp
b ɓ d̪ ɗ̣ (ɟ) ʄ ɡ ɡb
ts č
dz ɡ̌
f θ s š (h)
v ð z ž
m n̪ ñ
l (ľ)
r
Stops: p b ɓ t̪ d̪ ɗ̣ (ɟ) ʄ k ɡ kp ɡb
Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v θ ð s z š ž (h)
Nasals: m n̪ ñ
Laterals: l (ľ)
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡb ɡ̌ z
Glides: j (ʔj) w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i I e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: (ɔ̃)
Syllable: rˈ zˈ
Tones: hi mid lo
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO (def aspect)/SOV (indef aspect) AN GN DN NUM-N/N-NUM POSS-N/(N-POSS)
Prep/Post: PREP
Краткие типологические обзоры языков Бертанской семьи
Number: 1308
Language: Berta
Location: W Ethiopia
Population: 50,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Berta
Dictionary: Bender, M. Lionel. 1989. "Berta Lexicon," in Topics in Nilo-Saharan Linguistics, ed. by M. Lionel Bender, Hamburg, Helmut Buske, 271-304.
Grammar:
Cerulli, E. 1947. "Three Berta Dialects in Western Ethiopia," Africa ??.
Triulzi, A., A. A. Dafallah and M. L. Bender. 1976. "Berta," in NSLE, 513-32.
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
p t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ
b d̪ ḍ ɡ
tsʔ čʔ
ɡ̌
f θ s š x h
ð z ɣ
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ ḍ k kʔ ɡ
Affricates: tsʔ čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: f θ ð s z š x ɣ h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ m l ... Nc b d ɡ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Tones: hi lo
Stress: phonemic
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3 + ref
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG/GN ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+D+Num
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Краткие типологические обзоры языков Кунаманской семьи
Number: 1309
Language: Kunama
Location: Eritrea
Population: 40,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Kunama
Grammar: Castelnuovo del Zappa, Giuseppe-Fermo da. 1938. Grammatica della lingua cunama. Asmara.
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
č
ɡ̌
f s š h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s š h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ t d k s m n l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Tones: hi lo
Stress: phonemic
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SOV NA NG/GN DN/ND N-POSS/(POSS-N [kinship terms])
Prep/Post: POST
Краткие типологические обзоры языков Комузской семьи
Number: 1310
Language: Bega
Alternate Name: Gumuz
Location: Ethiopia
Population: 53,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Komuz: Gumuz
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 1311
Language: Anej
Alternate Name: Gule
Location: N Sudan
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Komuz: Koman
Consonant system:
Comments: Most speakers are bilingual in Arabic.
Number: 1312
Language: Kwama
Alternate Name: Northern Mao
Location: Ethiopia
Population: 14,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Komuz: Koman
Consonant system:
Number: 1313
Language: Opo
Location: Ethiopia
Population: 2,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Komuz: Koman
Consonant system:
Number: 1314
Language: Komo
Location: E Sudan
Population: 6,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Komuz: Koman
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ ʔ
b ɓ d ɗ ɡ
s sʔ š h
m n
l
r
Stops: p pʔ b ɓ t tʔ d ɗ k kʔ ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s sʔ š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
cʷ p d k ɡ s š
cj
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Diphthongs: diphthongs
Tones: hi mid lo normal
Demonstratives: 1
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3mfn 6
Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-POSS
Number: 1315
Language: Twampa
Alternate Name: Uduk
Location: Sudan (Upper Nile)
Population: 5,000
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: Komuz: Koman
Other Sources: LA
Consonant system:
p t̪ t tʔ k kʔ
b ɓ d̪ d ɗ ɡ
č
ɡ̌
ɸ s h
ɣ
m n ñ ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b ɓ t̪ d̪ t tʔ d ɗ k kʔ ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: ɸ s ɣ h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:
r̄
cj
cʷ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: (v̄)
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Diphthongs: ai
Demonstratives: 3 + ref
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG ND/(DN) N-POSS
Краткий типологический обзор Меротского языка
Number: 1316
Language: Meroitic
Location: Egypt
Population: extinct
Classification: Nilo-Saharan: ?
Other Sources: Greenberg, Joseph H. 1971. "Nilo-Saharan and Meroitic," in CTIL 7, 421-42.
Consonant system:
Comments: This is the language of the ancient Meroitic kingdom of Egypt and the Sudan. It's classification as Nilo-Saharan remains controversial.