Типологии праязыков семитохамитской семьи

Фонетико-грамматические обзоры по праязыкам хамитосемитских языковых ветвей

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Здесь представлены краткие справки по фонетике и грамматике языков Афразийской семьи, взятые с проекта глобальной этимологической базы данных "Вавилонская башня", основанную Сергеем Анатольевичем Старостиным. Эти сведения будут затем размещаться в каждом праязыковом этимологическом словнике.

Представленные языки афразийской общности ведут свою историю от праафразийского языка. На основе этимологических баз праязыков их групп (египетской, кушитской, ливийской, семитской, чадской) реконструирован праафразийский словарь.

База составлена А. Ю. Милитаревым и О. В. Столбовой как на основании многочисленных опубликованных источников, так и собственной, непрерывно продолжающейся работы. Именно в силу того, что базы постоянно изменяются и пополняются, они выглядят довольно сыро на фоне более "завершенных" электронных словарей сайта, но даже в том виде, в котором они представлены, их совокупная ценность выше, чем ценность любого из существующих на сегодняшний день этимологических афразийских словарей. Подчиненные базы посвящены дочерним семьям праафразийского (семитской, египетской, берберской, кушитским, чадским; авторство чадских баз целиком принадлежит О. В. Столбовой, остальных - почти целиком А. Ю. Милитареву). По-видимому, наиболее солидный вид на сегодня имеет семитская база, основанная на совместной работе А. Ю. Милитарева и Л. Е. Когана над Этимологическим словарем семитских языков. Смотрите и сам Праафразийский этимологический словарь.

Всего здесь представлено 6 типологических разделов, посвящённых ветвям большой афро-азиатской языковой семьи:

Обзоры типологий древнеегипетских языков (Ancient Egyptian)
Обзоры типологий берберских языков (Berber)
Обзоры типологий чадских языков (Chadic)
Обзоры типологий омотских языков (Omotic)
Обзоры типологий кушитских языков (Cushitic)
Обзоры типологий семитских языков (Semitic)

Кроме того, смотрите сведения по афразийскому языковедению (семитохамитологии), афразийскому праязыку, а также реконструкции праафразийских корней и грамматики Владиславом Марковичем Иллич-Свитычём.

Обзоры типологий древнеегипетских языков (Ancient Egyptian)

~~Number:~~ 1317

Language: Ancient Egyptian

Location: Egypt

Population: c. 2,500 B.C.

Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Ancient Egyptian

Grammar [bibliography]:

Sander-Hansen, C. E. 1963. Ågyptische Grammatik. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Donadoni, Sergio. 1963. Appunti di grammatica egiziana. Milan: Istituto Editoriale Cisalpino.
du Bourguet, Pierre. 1971. Grammaire égyptienne. Louvain: Peeters.
černy, Jaroslav. 1975. A Late Egyptian Grammar. Rome: Biblical Institute Press.

Consonant system: p t k q ʔ b d ɡ č ɡ̌ m n r ( Stops: p b t d k ɡ q ʔ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Nasals: m n Vibrants: r Glides: j w )

Vowel system: i u e a ( Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u [o нет как в этрусском!] )

Noun: Number: s d p Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def indef

Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5 3mf 6

Syntax: VSO NA NG DN/ND NUM-N/(N-NUM [2]) N-POSS D+Num+N+A

Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1318: Language: Coptic; Location: Egypt; Population: extinct (19th c.); Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Ancient Egyptian Dictionary: Cerny, J. 1976. Coptic Etymological Dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press. Grammar: Elanskaja, A. I. 1964. Koptskij jazyk. Moscow: Nauka. Kosack, Wolfgany. 1974. Lehrbuch des Koptischen. Graz: Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt.; Other Sources: Houghton, Herbert Pierrepont. 1959. The Coptic Verb. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Knudsen, Ebbe E. 1961. "Saidic Coptic Vowel Phonemes," Acta Orientalia 26, 29-42.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɟ ɡ č ɡ̌ s š x h β v m n l r Stops: p b t d ɟ k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: β v s š x h Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: ī ē ū ō; Syllable: CV(C)(C) Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SVO NA DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

Обзоры типологий берберских языков (Berber)

~~Number:~~ 1319: Language: Proto-Berber; Location: N Africa; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber; Other Sources: Prasse, Karl-G. 1972-74. Manuel de grammaire touaregue, 3 vols. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.; Consonant system: t k b d ɡ f s (š) χ h z ʁ m n l r Stops: b t d k ɡ Fricatives: f s z (š) χ ʁ h Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ cɒ d z Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4mf 2mf 5mf 3mf 6mf; Syntax: N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1320: Language: Guanche; Location: Canary Islands; Population: extinct (16th c.); Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Guanche; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1321: Language: East Numidian Alternate Name: Old Libyan; Location: Morocco; Population: extinct; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: East Numidian; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1322: Language: Siwa; Location: NW Egypt; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Eastern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1323: Language: Awjila; Location: NE Libya; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Eastern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1324: Language: Sokna; Location: NC Libya; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Eastern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1325: Language: Ghadames; Location: Libya; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Eastern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1326: Language: Tamahaq Dialect: Ahaggar; Location: S Algeria; Population: 200,000 (10,000); Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Tuareg Dictionary: Cortade, Jean-Marie. 1967. Lexique français-touareg. Algiers: Arts et Métiers Graphiques. Grammar: Prasse, Karl-G. 1972-74. Manuel de grammaire touaregue, 3 vols. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.; Consonant system: t̪ k q (ʔ) b d̪ ɟ ɡ f s̪ š χ h z̪ ž ʁ m n̪ ñ l̪ r Stops: b t̪ d̪ ɟ k ɡ q (ʔ) Fricatives: f s̪ z̪ š ž χ ʁ h Nasals: m n̪ ñ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all cɒ t d z Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e æ Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ ɐ v̄̄ (overlonɡ) all but ǝ ɐ; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: non-phonemic; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4mf 2mf 5mf 3mf 6mf; Syntax: VSO NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1327: Language: Tamazheq; Location: Niger; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Tuareg; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1328: Language: Tamasheq; Location: Niger; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Tuareg; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1329: Language: Zenaga; Location: SW Mauritania; Population: 16,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Western Grammar: Nicolas, F. 1953. La langue berbère de Mauritanie. Dakar: IFAN.; Consonant system: t k q b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f θ s š h ð z ž ɣ (ʕ) m n ñ l r Stops: b t d k ɡ q Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f θ ð s z š ž ɣ (ʕ) h Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ cɒ t d k θ ð s z l r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4mf 2mf 5mf 3mf 6mf; Syntax: VSO/SVO NG ND NUM-N N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1330: Language: Shilha; Location: SW Morocco; Population: 3 million; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Northern: Atlas Grammar: Applegate, Joseph R. 1958. An Outline of the Structure of Shilha. New York: American Council of Learned Societies.; Other Sources: Nakano, Aki'o. 1976. Dialogues in Moroccan Shilha. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo Univ.; Consonant system: t k q (ʔ) b d ɡ m n l r Stops: b t d k ɡ q (ʔ) Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all but cɒ and ɡlides cɒ t d k s z l r cʷ k ɡ q χ ʁ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u Stress: final; Syntax: VSO NA Comments: Men, but not women, are bilingual in Arabic.

~~Number:~~ 1331: Language: Tamazight Dialect: Ayt Ayache; Location: C Morocco; Population: 2 million; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Northern: Atlas Dictionary: Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. 1971a. A Computerized Lexicon of Tamazight. Ann Arbor: Center for Near Eastern and North African Studies, Univ of Michigan. Grammar: Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. 1971b. A Reference Grammar of Tamazight. Ann Arbor: Center for Near Eastern and North African Studies, Univ of Michigan.; TextBooks: Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. 1971c. A Course in Spoken Tamazight. Ann Arbor: Center for Near Eastern and North African Studies, Univ of Michigan.; Other Sources: Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. 1968. Tamazight Verb Structure. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.; Consonant system: t̪h k̄ q qʷ ʔ b d̪ ɡ̄ m n l̪ ɾ Stops: b t̪h d̪ k̄ ɡ̄ q qʷ ʔ Nasals: m n Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: c̄ most cɒ t d s z l ɾ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: m f Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5mf 3mf 6mf; Syntax: VSO/(SVO) NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1332: Language: Tamazight Dialect: Ait Ndhir; Location: C Morocco; Population: 2 million; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Northern: Atlas Grammar: Willms, Alfred. 1972. Grammatik der südlichen Beraberdialekte. Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin. Penchoen, Thomas G. 1973. Tamazight of the Ayt Ndhir. Los Angeles: Undena.; Other Sources: Harries, Jeanette. 1970. "A Berber Tanšhat: In a Tamazight Dialect," BSOAS 33, 308-21.; Consonant system: t̪ k kʷ q b d̪ ɡ ɡ̄ʷ č̄ ɡ̌̄ m n̪ l r Stops: b t̪ d̪ k kʷ ɡ ɡ̄ʷ q Affricates: č̄ ɡ̌̄ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all but θ x xʷ β ð ɣ ɣʷ ʁ j w (č ɡ̌ ɡʷ are always lonɡ) cɒ t ð (s) z r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i æ Central Vowels: (ǝ) Back Vowels: u Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5mf 3mf 6mf; Syntax: VSO NA NG DN/ND NUM-N N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1333: Language: Kabyle; Location: N Algeria; Population: 1 million; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Northern: Kabyle Dictionary: Newmen, Francis William. 1887. Kabail Vocabulary. London: Trübner. Grammar: Hanoteau, Adolphe. 1906. Essai de grammaire kabyle. Algiers. [Reprinted 1976 by Philo Press, Amsterdam.] Hanouz, S. 1968. Grammaire berbère. Paris: Klincksieck.; TextBooks: Saı̈d, Boulifa S. A.1910. Une première année de langue kabyle. Algiers: Adolphe Tourdan. Vincennes, Louis de and J.-M. Dallet. 1960. Initiation à la langue berbère (Kabylie). Fort-Nationale, Algeria: Fichier de documentation berbère.; Consonant system: t k kʷ q b d ɡ ɡʷ ts č dz ɡ̌ m n l r Stops: b t d k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ q Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌ Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ cɒ t d s z r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 + ref Articles: def indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5mf 3mf 6mf; Syntax: VSO NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1334: Language: Shawiya; Location: NE Algeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Northern: Zenati; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1335: Language: Tidikelt; Location: Algeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Northern: Zenati; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1336: Language: Tuat; Location: C Algeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Northern: Zenati; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1337: Language: Riff; Location: N Morocco; Population: 1 million; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Northern: Zenati Dictionary: Ibañez, Esteban. 1959. Diccionario español-senhayi. Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Africanos.; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system: p t̪ k q b d̪ ɡ ɡ̌ m n ñ l ʎ r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q Affricates: ɡ̌ Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l ʎ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ cɒ t d s z Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 1338: Language: Ghmara; Location: Morocco; Population: extinct; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Northern: Zenati; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1339: Language: Tlemcen; Location: Algeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Northern: Zenati; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1340: Language: Sheliff Basin; Location: Algeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Northern: Zenati; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1341: Language: Gurara; Location: C Algeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Northern: Zenati: Mzab-Wargla; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1342: Language: Mzab; Location: NC Algeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Northern: Zenati: Mzab-Wargla; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1343: Language: Wargla; Location: NE Algeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Northern: Zenati: Mzab-Wargla; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1344: Language: Ghardaia; Location: NC Algeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Northern: Zenati: Mzab-Wargla; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1345: Language: Tugurt; Location: Algeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Northern: Zenati: Mzab-Wargla; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1346: Language: Tmagurt; Location: S Tunisia; Population: extinct; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Northern: Zenati: East Zenati; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1347: Language: Sened; Location: S Tunisia; Population: extinct; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Northern: Zenati: East Zenati; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1348: Language: Jerba; Location: S Tunisia; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Northern: Zenati: East Zenati; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1349: Language: Tamezret; Location: Tunisia; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Northern: Zenati: East Zenati; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1350: Language: Taujjut; Location: Tunisia; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Northern: Zenati: East Zenati; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1351: Language: Zwara; Location: Libya; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Northern: Zenati: East Zenati; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1352: Language: Nefusi; Location: Libya; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Berber: Northern: Zenati: East Zenati; Consonant system:

Обзоры типологий чадских языков (Chadic)

~~Number:~~ 1353: Language: Proto-Chadic; Location: N Africa; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic; Other Sources: Newman, Paul. 1977. Chadic Classification and Reconstructions, Afroasiatic Linguistics 5:1.; Consonant system: p t c k b ɓ d ɗ ɟ ʄ ɡ f s š x z m n ɬ r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ c ɟ ʄ k ɡ Fricatives: f s z š x Nasals: m n Laterals: ɬ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cj k ɡ x cʷ k ɡ x ?Nc mb ... Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ a only; Tones: hi lo (perhaps a pitch accent)

~~Number:~~ 1354: Language: Masa; Location: SW Chad (W TandjilВ); Population: 55,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Masa; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f; Syntax: SVO NG

~~Number:~~ 1355: Language: Zime; Location: Chad; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Masa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1356: Language: Mesme; Location: Chad; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Masa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1357: Language: Marba; Location: SW Chad (W TandjilВ); Population: 5,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Masa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1358: Language: Musey; Location: N Cameroon; Population: 48,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Masa Grammar: Platiel, Suzanne. 1968. Esquisse d'une étude du musey. BSELAF 6.; Consonant system: p t k b mb d ɡ č ɡ̌ f s ç h v z m n ŋ l r Stops: p b mb t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z ç h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V(C); Tones: hi mid lo; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2mf 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1359: Language: Somrai; Location: SW Chad (N TandjilВ); Population: 50,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group A: Somrai; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1360: Language: Tumak; Location: SW Chad (E TandjilВ); Population: 11,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group A: Somrai Dictionary: Caprile, Jean-Pierre. 1975. Lexique tumak-français. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.; Consonant system: p t̪ k b ɓ d̪ ɗ̪ ɡ ŋɡ ɡ̌ s h m n̪ ñ ŋ l̪ r ṛ Stops: p b ɓ t̪ d̪ ɗ̪ k ɡ ŋɡ Affricates: ɡ̌ Fricatives: s h Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r ṛ Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡ̌ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e (ɛ) Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ũ õ; Syllable: (C)V(C); Tones: hi mid lo ris fall; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f; Pronouns: 1 4de 4i 2mf 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SVO GN N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1361: Language: Ndam; Location: SW Chad (SE TandjilВ); Population: 670; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group A: Somrai; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1362: Language: Sarwa; Location: SW Chad (S Chari-Baguirimi); Population: 400; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group A: Somrai; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1363: Language: Gadang; Location: Chad; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group A: Somrai; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1364: Language: Mod; Location: Chad; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group A: Somrai; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1365: Language: Miltu; Location: SC Chad (NW Moyen-Chari); Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group A: Somrai; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1366: Language: Nancere; Location: SW Chad (S TandjilВ); Population: 35,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group A: Nancere; Other Sources: Hoffman, Carl. 1971. "On the Classification of Nancere," JWAL 8, 5-12.; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2mf 5 3mf 6

~~Number:~~ 1367: Language: Lele; Location: Chad; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group A: Nancere; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 1368: Language: Gabri; Location: N Central African Republic; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group A: Nancere; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1369: Language: Kabalai; Location: Chad; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group A: Nancere; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1370: Language: Kera; Location: Chad; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group A: Kera; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 1371: Language: Kwang; Location: Chad; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group A: Kera; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1372: Language: Mokulu; Location: Chad; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1373: Language: Dangla Alternate Name: Dangaleat; Location: SC Chad (N Guera); Population: 18,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B: Dangla Dictionary: Fédry, Jacques. 1971. Dictionnaire dangaléat. Lyon: Afrique et Langage.; Other Sources: Fédry, Jacques. 1969. "Syntagmes de détermination en dangaléat," JWAL 6, 5-19. Fédry, Jacques. 1971a. "Masculin, féminin et collectif en dangaléat (groupe 'sokoro-mubi' - Tchad," JAL 10, 34-46. Fédry, Jacques. 1971b. Phonologie du dangaléat. Lyon: Afrique et Language.; Consonant system: p t̪ c k b ɓ d̪ ɗ̪ ɟ ʄ ɡ s z m n̪ ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b ɓ t̪ d̪ ɗ̪ c ɟ ʄ k ɡ Fricatives: s z Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all Nc Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V(C); Tones: hi lo ris fall Stress: root initial; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1374: Language: Migama; Location: Chad; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B: Dangla; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1375: Language: Mahwa; Location: Chad; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B: Dangla; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1376: Language: Jegu; Location: Chad; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B: Dangla; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1377: Language: Mogum; Location: SC Chad (C Guera); Population: 6,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B: Dangla; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1378: Language: Bidiyo Alternate Name: Bidiya; Location: Chad; Population: 14,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B: Dangla; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 1379: Language: Mubi; Location: SW Chad (NE Guera); Population: 36,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B: Dangla; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1380: Language: Masmaje; Location: Chad; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B: Dangla; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1381: Language: Kajakse; Location: Chad; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B: Dangla; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1382: Language: Kujarge; Location: Chad; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B: Dangla; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1383: Language: Toram; Location: Chad; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B: Dangla; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1384: Language: Sokoro; Location: SW Chad (C Guera); Population: 8,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B: Sokoro; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1385: Language: Barain; Location: Chad; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B: Sokoro; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1386: Language: Saba; Location: Chad; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: East: Group B: Sokoro; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1387: Language: Tera; Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern); Population: 50,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Tera Grammar: Newman, Paul. 1970. A Grammar of Tera. UCPL 57.; Other Sources: Newman, Paul. 1964. "A Word List of Tera," JWAL 1:2, 33-50.; Consonant system: p t k kʷ b mb ɓ d nd ɗ ʄ ɡ ɡʷ ŋɡ ŋɡʷ ɠ č ɡ̌ ñɡ̌ f s š x xʷ v z ž ɣ ɣʷ m n ñ ŋ l ɬ ɮ r Stops: p b mb ɓ t d nd ɗ ʄ k kʷ ɡ ɡʷ ŋɡ ŋɡʷ ɠ Affricates: č ɡ̌ ñɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š ž x xʷ ɣ ɣʷ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l ɬ ɮ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cj p ɓ v Glides: j (w); Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɨ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Tones: hi mid lo; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 + ref Articles: def indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1388: Language: Jara; Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern); Population: 40,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Tera; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1389: Language: Ga'anda; Location: E Nigeria (North-Eastern); Population: 10,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Tera; Other Sources: Newman, Roxana Ma. 1971. "Downstep in Ga'anda," JAL 10, 15-27.; Consonant system: p t k kʷ mb ɓ nd ɗ ŋɡ ŋɡʷ č ñɡ̌ f s š x xʷ m n ŋ l ɬ r Stops: p mb ɓ t nd ɗ k kʷ ŋɡ ŋɡʷ Affricates: č ñɡ̌ Fricatives: f s š x xʷ Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cʷ k ŋɡ x Glides: j ʔj w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)V(C); Tones: hi mid lo (ris) (fall) downstep downdrift; Noun; Number: s p Articles: def; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1390: Language: Hona; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Tera; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1391: Language: Bura Dialect: Pabir; Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern); Population: 100,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Bura-Higi; Other Sources: STAL; Consonant system: p t k ʔ b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ts č dz ɡ̌ f s š x h v z ž ɣ m n ñ ŋ l ɬ ɮ r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ʔ Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š ž x ɣ h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l ɬ ɮ Vibrants: r Glides: j ʔj w ʔw; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɨ a Back Vowels: u o; Tones: hi lo

~~Number:~~ 1392: Language: Chibak; Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern); Population: 20,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Bura-Higi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1393: Language: Putai; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Bura-Higi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1394: Language: Margi Dialect: Lassa; Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern); Population: 151,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Bura-Higi; Other Sources: STAL WALS; Consonant system: p t k ʔ b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ts č dz ɡ̌ f s š x v z ž ɣ m n ñ ŋ l ɬ ɮ r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ʔ Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š ž x ɣ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l ɬ ɮ Vibrants: r Glides: j ʔj w ʔw; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɨ a Back Vowels: u o; Tones: hi lo; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 1395: Language: Margi; Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern); Population: 151,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Bura-Higi Grammar: Hoffman, Carl. 1963. A Grammar of the Margi Language. London: Oxford Univ Press.; Consonant system: p pt t c k ʔ b ɓ bd bɗ d ɗ ɟ ɡ pts ts pč č bdz dz bɡ̌ ɡ̌ f fs s fç š ç x v vz z vj ̂ ž j ̂ ɣ m n mñ ñ ŋ l ɬ bɮ ɮ (v̊) r Stops: p b ɓ pt bd bɗ t d ɗ c ɟ k ɡ ʔ Affricates: pts bdz ts dz pč bɡ̌ č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v fs vz s z š ž ç j ̂ fç vj ̂ x ɣ Nasals: m n mñ ñ ŋ Laterals: bɮ l ɬ ɮ Vibrants: (v̊) r Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d c ɟ k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ ts dz č ɡ̌ š ɬ cʷ p b ɓ mb t nt k ɡ ŋk ŋɡ nts f v s x ɣ m ŋ ɬ Glides: j ʔj w ʔw; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ɔ; Tones: hi lo ris (fall)

~~Number:~~ 1396: Language: Kilba; Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern); Population: 80,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Bura-Higi; Other Sources: STAL; Consonant system: p t k ʔ b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ts č dz ɡ̌ f s š x h v z ž ɣ m n ñ ŋ l ɬ ɮ r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ʔ Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š ž x ɣ h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l ɬ ɮ Vibrants: r Glides: j ʔj w ʔw; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɨ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄; Tones: hi lo

~~Number:~~ 1397: Language: Higi Dialect: Nkafa; Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern); Population: 203,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Bura-Higi; Other Sources: Mohrlang, Roger. 1971. "Vectors, Prosodies, and Higi Vowels," JAL 10, 75-86. Mohrlang, Roger. 1972. Higi Phonology. Studies in Nigerian Languages, No. 2. Zaria: Institute of Linguistics.; Consonant system: p t k ʔ b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ts č dz ɡ̌ f s š x v z ž ɣ m n ŋ l ɬ ɮ v̊ r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ʔ Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š ž x ɣ Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l ɬ ɮ Vibrants: v̊ r Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ ts dz č ɡ̌ cj all but r cʷ all but l Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o; Syllable: (C)V; Tones: hi lo ris Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1398: Language: Higi Dialect: Baza; Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern); Population: 203,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Bura-Higi; Other Sources: STAL; Consonant system: p t k ʔ b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ts č dz ɡ̌ f s š x h v z ž ɣ m n ñ ŋ l ɬ ɮ r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ʔ Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š ž x ɣ h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l ɬ ɮ Vibrants: r Glides: j w ʔw; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɨ a Back Vowels: u o; Tones: hi lo

~~Number:~~ 1399: Language: Bana; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Bura-Higi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1400: Language: Sukur; Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern); Population: 10,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Mandara-Matakam; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1401: Language: Lamang; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Mandara-Matakam: Mandara; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: VSO

~~Number:~~ 1402: Language: Mandara Alternate Name: Malgwa; Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern); Population: 190,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Mandara-Matakam: Mandara; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 1403: Language: Paduko Alternate Name: Podokwo; Location: N Cameroon; Population: 10,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Mandara-Matakam: Mandara; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: VSO

~~Number:~~ 1404: Language: Glavda; Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern); Population: 19,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Mandara-Matakam: Mandara Dictionary: Rapp, Eugen Ludwig, Brigitta Benzing and Christraud Mühle. 1968, 1969. Dictionary of the Glavda Language, 2 vols. Frankfurt on Main: Frankfurt on Main Bible Society.; Consonant system: p t k b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ŋɡ tl č dl ɡ̌ f s š ç x v z ž ɣ n ñ ŋ ŋʷ ŋj l ɬ ɮ r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ŋɡ Affricates: tl dl č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š ž ç x ɣ Nasals: n ñ ŋ ŋʷ ŋj Laterals: l ɬ ɮ Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o; Tones: hi lo ris fall; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO ND N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 1405: Language: Guduf; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Mandara-Matakam: Mandara; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1406: Language: Dghwede; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Mandara-Matakam: Mandara; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1407: Language: Gvoko; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Mandara-Matakam: Mandara; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1408: Language: Mafa; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Mandara-Matakam: Matakam; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1409: Language: Mofu Alternate Name: Mofu-Gudur Dialect: Zulgo; Location: N Cameroon; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Mandara-Matakam: Matakam; Other Sources: Haller, Beat. 1980. Phonology of Zulgo. Yaoundé, Cameroon: Institut des Sciences Humaines.; Consonant system: p t k kʷ ʔ b mb ɓ d nd ɗ ɡ ŋɡ ɡʷ ts dz ndz f s h v z m n ŋ l ɬ ɮ r Stops: p b mb ɓ t d nd ɗ k kʷ ɡ ŋɡ ɡʷ ʔ Affricates: ts dz ndz Fricatives: f v s z h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l ɬ ɮ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y ɛ œ Central Vowels: ɨ a Back Vowels: u ɔ Long Vowels: (v̄) Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V(C); Tones: hi mid lo downstep; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1410: Language: Gisiga; Location: N Cameroon; Population: 44,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Mandara-Matakam: Matakam; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1411: Language: Mada; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Mandara-Matakam: Matakam; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 1412: Language: Hurza; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Mandara-Matakam: Matakam; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1413: Language: Muktele; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bura-Mandara: Mandara-Matakam: Matakam; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1414: Language: Daba Dialect: Musgoy; Location: N Cameroon; Population: 31,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Daba; Other Sources: Wedekind, Klaus. 1976. "Kolá, tpalá, ou ʔkpalá ?: Notes sur les occlusives doubles dans la langue daba-mousgoy (Kola) du Nord-Cameroun," AFL 2, 91-104.; Consonant system: p pt t̪ kt k kʷ (ʔkp) b ɓ bd d̪ ɗ̪ ɡd ɡ ɡʷ t̪s d̪z f s̪ h v z̪ m n̪ l̪ ɬ̪ ɮ̪ r Stops: p b ɓ pt bd t̪ d̪ ɗ̪ kt ɡd k kʷ ɡ ɡʷ (ʔkp) Affricates: t̪s d̪z Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ h Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l̪ ɬ̪ ɮ̪ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ dz Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i (y) e (ø) Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o; Syllable: (C)V(C); Syntax: SVO NG ND N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1415: Language: Gawar; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Daba; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1416: Language: Hina; Location: N Cameroon; Population: 4,300; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Daba; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1417: Language: Gudu; Location: E Nigeria (North-Eastern); Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bata; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1418: Language: Bata; Location: E Nigeria (North-Eastern); Population: 39,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bata; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1419: Language: Bata Dialect: Bachama; Location: E Nigeria (North-Eastern); Population: 39,000 (20,000); Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bata; Other Sources: STAL; Consonant system: p t k kp ʔ b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s h v z m n ŋ l r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j ʔj w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɨ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄; Tones: hi lo

~~Number:~~ 1420: Language: Gude; Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern); Population: 10,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bata; Other Sources: Hoskison, James. 1974. "Prosodies and Verb Stems in Gude," Linguistics 141, 17-26. WALS; Consonant system: p t k ʔ b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ts dz f s x v z ɣ m n ŋ l ɬ r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ʔ Affricates: ts dz Fricatives: f v s z x ɣ Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ s z x ɬ; Vowel system: Front Vowels: I ɛ Central Vowels: ɨ a Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: v̄; Syllable: CV; Tones: hi lo; Syntax: VSO

~~Number:~~ 1421: Language: Nzangi; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bata; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1422: Language: Musgu Dialect: Vulum; Location: SW Chad (N Mayo-Kebbi); Population: 50,000 (8,500); Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group B Grammar: Tourneux, Henry. 1978. Le mulwi ou vulum de mogroum (Tchad). Paris: SELAF.; Consonant system: p t̪ k b ɓ d̪ ɗ ɡ f s h v z m n̪ (ñ) ŋ l ɬ ɮ ɾ Stops: p b ɓ t̪ d̪ ɗ k ɡ Fricatives: f v s z h Nasals: m n̪ (ñ) ŋ Laterals: l ɬ ɮ Vibrants: ɾ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i (y) e (ø) Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: ī (ē) ā ū (ō) Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C) Nˈ; Tones: hi lo ris fall; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f (sing only) Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3mf 6hN N=non-hum; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1423: Language: Gidar; Location: N Cameroon; Population: 50,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group B; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1424: Language: Buduma; Location: W Chad (Lac); Population: 25,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group B; Other Sources: Benton, P. A. 1912. Notes on Some Languages of the Western Sudan. London: Oxford Univ Press. [Reprinted 1968 by Frank Cass & Co, London, as The Languages and Peoples of Bornu, vol 1.] WALS; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f h m n l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f h Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Nc b ɡ ɡ̌ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1425: Language: Kotoko; Location: N Cameroon; Population: 40,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group B; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Syntax: NG

~~Number:~~ 1426: Language: Logone Alternate Name: Lagwan; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group B; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 1427: Language: Hausa; Location: N Nigeria (Kano); Population: 20 million (12 million speak it as a first language); Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Hausa Dictionary: Abraham, R. C. 1962. Dictionary of the Hausa Language. London: Univ of London Press. Skinner, Neil. 1970. English-Hausa Dictionary. Zatia: Northern Nigerian Publishing Company. Grammar: Abraham, R. C. 1959. The Language of the Hausa People. London: Univ of London Press. Taylor, F. W. 1959. A Practical Hausa Grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.; TextBooks: Hodge, Carleton T. and Ibrahim Umaru. 1963. Hausa Basic Course. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Service Institute. Kraft, Charles H. and Marguerite E. Kraft. 1973. Introductory Hausa. Berkeley: Univ of California Press. Kraft, Charles H. and Anthony Kirk-Greene. 1973. Teach Yourself Hausa. London: English Universities Press. Cowan, J. Ronayne and Russell G. Schuh. 1975. Spoken Hausa. Ithaca, N.Y.: Spoken Language Services.; Other Sources: Kraft, Charles H. 1963. A Study of Hausa Syntax, 3 vols. HSL 8-10. Hoffman, Carl. 1969. "Hausa," in TNL, 73-84.; Consonant system: t k kʷ kj kʔ kʔʷ kʔj ʔ b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡʷ ɡj č ɡ̌ ɸ s sʔ š h z m n l ɾ ɾ̣ Stops: b ɓ t d ɗ k kʷ kj kʔ kʔʷ kʔj ɡ ɡʷ ɡj ʔ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: ɸ s sʔ z š h Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ ɾ̣ Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j ʔj w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: I ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō Diphthongs: ai au; Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ; Tones: hi lo fall downdrift; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6 + indef; Syntax: SVO AN/NA NG DN/ND N-NUM N-POSS D+A+N+Num; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1428: Language: Gwandara; Location: C Nigeria (Benue-Plateau); Population: 30,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Hausa; Other Sources: Matsushita, Shuji. 1974. A Comparative Vocabulary of Gwandara Dialects. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ s š h z m n l ɾ Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: s z š h Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: cj p k ɡ cʷ b k ɡ č h Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ṽ all; Tones: hi mid lo (+ 6 contour tones); Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 1429: Language: Karekare; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1430: Language: Bole; Location: NE Nigeria (Bornu); Population: 32,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole; TextBooks: Lukas, J. 1971. "Über das erweiterte Verb im Bolanci (Nordnigerien)," JAL 10, 1-14.; Other Sources: Benton, P. A. 1912. Notes on Some Languages of the Western Sudan. London: Oxford Univ Press. [Reprinted 1968 by Frank Cass & Co, London, as The Languages and Peoples of Bornu, vol 1.]; Consonant system: p t k ʔ b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɠ č ɡ̌ f s š h z m n ŋ l r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ɠ ʔ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s z š h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡ̌ z Glides: j ʔj w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Tones: hi fall; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1431: Language: Bele; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1432: Language: Ngamo; Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern); Population: 18,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1433: Language: Maha; Location: N Nigeria (North-Eastern); Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole; Other Sources: Newman, Paul. 1965. "A Brief Note on the Maha Language," JWAL 2:1, 57-8.; Consonant system: p t k b ɓ d ɗ ɡ č ɡ̌ s š h m n ŋ l ɬ ɮ r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: s š h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l ɬ ɮ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: m̄ Nc Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5 3mf 6

~~Number:~~ 1434: Language: Kirfi; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1435: Language: Deno; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1436: Language: Kubi; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1437: Language: Galambu; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1438: Language: Gera; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1439: Language: Kanakuru; Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern); Population: 20,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Tangale; Other Sources: STAL WALS; Consonant system: p t k ʔ b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡ̌ f s š m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ʔ Affricates: ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s š Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄; Tones: hi lo; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 1440: Language: Tangale; Location: E Nigeria (North-Eastern); Population: 100,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Tangale; Other Sources: Jungraithmayr H. 1971. "The Tangale Vowel Harmony System Roconsidered," JAL 10, 28-33. WALS; Consonant system:; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all ? Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Noun; Number: s p; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SVO NG N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 1441: Language: Pero; Location: E Nigeria (North-Eastern); Population: 20,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Tangale; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 1442: Language: Kupto; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Tangale; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1443: Language: Gerka; Location: EC Nigeria (NE Benue-Plateau); Population: 8,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Angas; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1444: Language: Angas; Location: C Nigeria (Benue-Plateau); Population: 100,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Angas; Other Sources: Burquest, D. A. 1971. A Preliminary Study of Angas Phonology. Studies in Nigerian Languages, No. 1. Zaria: Institute of Linguistics. STAL; Consonant system: p t k ʔ b ɓ d ɗ ɡ č ɡ̌ f s š h v z ž ɣ m n ŋ l r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ʔ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š ž ɣ h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ č ɡ̌ s š ž l w cj p b k ɡ cʷ p b ɓ k ɡ č ɡ̌ f v s š ž m Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: ɨ̄ ā Diphthongs: ǝI; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C); Tones: hi mid lo; Noun; Number: s p; Syntax: SVO NA N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1445: Language: Sura Alternate Name: Mupun; Location: EC Nigeria (N Benue-Plateau); Population: 40,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Angas; Other Sources: STAL WALS; Consonant system: p ph t th k kh ɓ ɗ č čh f s š h v z ž ɣ m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p ph ɓ t th ɗ k kh Affricates: č čh Fricatives: f v s z š ž ɣ h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄; Tones: hi lo fall; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 1446: Language: Kofyar Dialect: Kwolla; Location: EC Nigeria (N Benue-Plateau); Population: 70,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Angas Dictionary: Netting, Robert. 1967. A Word List of Kofyar. Research Notes from the Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages 1.2. Ibadan: Univ of Ibadan.; Consonant system: p t k b ɓ d ɗ ɡ č ɡ̌ f s š v z ž m n ŋ l r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š ž Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all; Tones: hi mid lo; Syntax: NG N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 1447: Language: Chip; Location: C Nigeria (NE Benue-Plateau); Population: 6,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Angas; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1448: Language: Goemai Alternate Name: Ankwe; Location: C Nigeria (Benue-Plateau); Population: 80,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Angas; Other Sources: STAL WALS; Consonant system: p ph t th k kh b ɓ d ɗ ɡ č ɡ̌ f s š h v z ž m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p ph b ɓ t th d ɗ k kh ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š ž h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄; Tones: hi lo; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 1449: Language: Montol; Location: EC Nigeria (N Benue-Plateau); Population: 20,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Angas; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1450: Language: Tal; Location: EC Nigeria (N Benue-Plateau); Population: 10,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Angas; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1451: Language: Pyapun; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Angas; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1452: Language: Koenoem; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Angas; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1453: Language: Fyer; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Ron; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1454: Language: Ron; Location: C Nigeria (Plateau); Population: 20,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Ron; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 1455: Language: Sha; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Ron; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1456: Language: Kulere; Location: Nigeria (Benue-Plateau); Population: 8,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Ron; Consonant system:; Pronouns: 1 4d 4ie 2mf 5 3mf 6

~~Number:~~ 1457: Language: Karfa; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Ron; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1458: Language: Shagawu; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Ron; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1459: Language: Duwai; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Bade; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1460: Language: Bade; Location: NE Nigeria (NW North-Eastern); Population: 100,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Bade; Consonant system:; Syntax: NG

~~Number:~~ 1461: Language: Ngizim; Location: N Nigeria (NW North-Eastern); Population: 25,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Bade Dictionary: Schuh, Russell G. 1981. A Dictionary of Ngizim. UCPL 99.; Other Sources: Schuh, Russell G. 1971. "Verb Forms and Verb Aspects in Ngizim," JAL 10, 47-60.; Consonant system: p t c k b ɓ d ɗ ɟ ɡ f s š h v z ž m n ñ l ɬ ɮ ɾ r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ c ɟ k ɡ Fricatives: f v s z š ž h Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l ɬ ɮ Vibrants: ɾ r Modified Consonants: cʷ k ɡ ŋɡ Nc b d ɡ Glides: j ʔj w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: (ɨ) a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō Diphthongs: ai au; Tones: hi lo (ris) fall downstep downdrift; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2mf 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SVO NA/AN

~~Number:~~ 1462: Language: Warji Alternate Name: Warjawa; Location: NC Nigeria (North-Eastern); Population: 40,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Warji; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1463: Language: Pa'a Alternate Name: Owon Afa; Location: Nigeria (Western); Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Warji; Other Sources: Awobuluyi, Oladele. 1972. "The Morphophonemics of Owon Afa," Research Notes from the Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages 5.2-3, 25-44.; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s š h hʷ m n ŋ ŋm l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s š h hʷ Nasals: m n ŋ ŋm Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cʷ h Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃; Syllable: Nˈ; Tones: hi mid lo; Syntax: SVO AN NG; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1464: Language: Siri Alternate Name: Sirawa; Location: NC Nigeria (North-Eastern); Population: 2,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Warji; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1465: Language: Diri Alternate Name: Diryawa; Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern); Population: 3,300; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Warji; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1466: Language: Jimbin; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Warji; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1467: Language: Miya Alternate Name: Miyawa; Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern); Population: 5,200; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Warji; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1468: Language: Mburku; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Warji; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1469: Language: Kariya; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Warji; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1470: Language: Tsagu; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Warji; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1471: Language: Zaar Alternate Name: Seyawa; Location: EC Nigeria (North-Eastern); Population: 50,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Zaar; Other Sources: Schneeberg, Nan. 1971. "Sayanci Verb Tonology," JAL 10, 87-100.; Consonant system: p t c k b ɓ d ɗ ɟ ɡ ts č dz ɡ̌ f s š v z ž m n ñ ŋ l ɬ ɮ r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ c ɟ k ɡ Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š ž Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l ɬ ɮ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɟ ɡ dz ɡ̌ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: Nˈ; Tones: hi mid lo ris fall; Syntax: SVO NA NG

~~Number:~~ 1472: Language: Barawa; Location: EC Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Zaar; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1473: Language: Zeem; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Zaar; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1474: Language: Polchi; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Zaar; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1475: Language: Geji; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Zaar; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1476: Language: Guruntum; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Zaar; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1477: Language: Ju; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Zaar; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1478: Language: Boghom; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Zaar; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1479: Language: Mangas; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group B: Zaar; Consonant system:

Обзоры типологий омотских языков (Omotic)

~~Number:~~ 1480: Language: Hamar Alternate Name: Hamer; Location: SW Ethiopia (S Gemu Gofa); Population: 22,500; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: South Grammar: Lydall, Jean. 1976. "Hamer," in NSLE, 393-438.; Consonant system: p t k qʔ ʔ b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɠ ts č ɡ̌ s š h z m n ñ ŋ l ɾ Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ɠ qʔ ʔ Affricates: ts č ɡ̌ Fricatives: s z š h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: c̄ s m n l r ... Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Modified Vowels: vowel harmony Ḭ ɛ̰ æ̰ ʋ̰ ɔ̰ (v̰ = constricted pharynx and retracted tonɡue root; v = open pharynx and advanced tonɡue root) Diphthongs: aj aw je jo ej oj we ow; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3; Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-POSS; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1481: Language: Ari; Location: SW Ethiopia (W Gemu Gofa); Population: 32,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: South; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 1482: Language: Dime; Location: SW Ethiopia (NW Gemu Gofa); Population: 2,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: South; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 1483: Language: Dizi Alternate Name: Maji; Location: SW Ethiopia (SW Kefa); Population: 18,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Dizoid Grammar: Allan, Edward J. 1976. "Dizi," in NSLE, 377-92.; Consonant system: t tʔ k kʔ b d ɡ tsʔ č čʔ ɡ̌ f s š h β z ž m n l r Stops: b t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ Affricates: tsʔ č čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: β f s z š ž h Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C) lˈ Nˈ; Tones: hi mid lo; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2mf 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SOV AN/NA GN NUM-N/N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1484: Language: Nao Alternate Name: Nayi; Location: SW Ethiopia (W Kefa); Population: 5,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Dizoid; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 1485: Language: Shako Alternate Name: Sheko; Location: SW Ethiopia (W Kefa); Population: 23,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Dizoid; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 1486: Language: Bambeshi; Location: Ethiopia; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Mao; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 1487: Language: Hozo; Location: Ethiopia; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Mao; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1488: Language: Sezo; Location: Ethiopia; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Mao; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1489: Language: Ganza; Location: Ethiopia; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Mao; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 1490: Language: Kafa Alternate Name: Kefa; Location: SW Ethiopia (C Kefa); Population: 170,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gonga: South Grammar: Cerulli, Enrico. 1951. La lingua caffina. Rome: Istituto per l'Oriente. Fleming, Harold C. 1976. "Kefa (Gonga) Languages," in NSLE, 351-76.; Consonant system: p (pʔ) t tʔ k k ʔ b d ɡ č čʔ ɡ̌ f š h m n l r Stops: p (pʔ) b t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: f š h Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all but ʔ h Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)V(C); Tones: hi lo; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1491: Language: Mocha Alternate Name: Shekkacho; Location: SW Ethiopia (SC Ilubabor); Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gonga: South Dictionary: Leslau, Wolf. 1959. A Dictionary of Moča (Southwestern Ethiopia). UCPL 18.; Other Sources: E; Consonant system: p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ č čʔ ɡ̌ s̪ š h m n̪ l̪ Stops: p pʔ b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ k kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: s̪ š h Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l̪ Modified Consonants: c̄ all but ʔ h Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ Back Vowels: u o ɑ Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ; Tones: hi lo fall; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 1492: Language: Bosha; Location: Ethiopia; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gonga: South; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1493: Language: Anfillo Alternate Name: Southern Mao; Location: W Ethiopia (N Ilubabor); Population: 2,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gonga: Central; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 1494: Language: Naga; Location: Ethiopia; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gonga: North; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1495: Language: Guba; Location: Ethiopia; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gonga: North; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1496: Language: Boro Alternate Name: Shinasha; Location: W Ethiopia (W Gojam); Population: 4,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gonga: North; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 1497: Language: Amuru; Location: Ethiopia; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gonga: North; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1498: Language: Janjero Alternate Name: Yemsa; Location: SW Ethiopia (S Gemu Gofa); Population: 1,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gimojan: Janjero Grammar: Cerulli, Enrico. 1938. Il linguaggio dei Giangerò ed alcune lingue sidama dell'Omo. Rome: Istituto per l' Oriente.; Consonant system: p pʔ t tʔ k qʔ ʔ b d ḍʔ ɡ č čʔ ɡ̌ ɸ f s š χ h z ʁ m mʔ n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p pʔ b t tʔ d ḍʔ k ɡ qʔ ʔ Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: ɸ f s z š χ ʁ h Nasals: m mʔ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all ? Glides: j jʔ w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 politeness: 5 pol; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N N-POSS; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1499: Language: Fuga; Location: Ethiopia; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gimojan: Janjero; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1500: Language: Bencho Alternate Name: Gimira; Location: SW Ethiopia (N Kefa ); Population: 5,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gimojan: Gimira; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 1501: Language: She; Location: SW Ethiopia (SE Ilubabor); Population: 42,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gimojan: Gimira; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1502: Language: Chara; Location: SW Ethiopia (C Kefa); Population: 1,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gimojan: Chara; Other Sources: Cerulli, Enrico. 1938. Il linguaggio dei Giangerò ed alcune lingue Sidama dell'Omo. Rome: Istituto per l'Oriente.; Consonant system: t tʔ k kʔ ʔ b d dʔ ɡ tsʔ č čʔ ɡ̌ f s š h z ž m n nʔ l r Stops: b t tʔ d dʔ k kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: tsʔ č čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s z š ž h Nasals: m n nʔ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all ? Glides: j ʔj w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1503: Language: Basketo; Location: SW Ethiopia (C Gemu Gofa); Population: 9,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gimojan: Ometo: West; Other Sources: Cerulli, Enrico. 1938. Il linguaggio dei Giangerò ed alcune lingue Sidama dell'Omo. Rome: Istituto per l'Oriente. E; Consonant system: p t tʔ k kʔ b bʔ d dʔ ɡ tsʔ č čʔ ɡ̌ f s š h z m mʔ n nʔ l r Stops: p b bʔ t tʔ d dʔ k kʔ ɡ Affricates: tsʔ č čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s z š h Nasals: m mʔ n nʔ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all ? Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SOV Comments: SOV GN POSS-N

~~Number:~~ 1504: Language: Male; Location: Ethiopia; Population: 12,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gimojan: Ometo: South; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 1505: Language: Oyda; Location: Ethiopia; Population: 3,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gimojan: Ometo: Central; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 1506: Language: Ometo Alternate Name: Walamo, Gamo Dialect: Gofa; Location: SW Ethiopia (NE Gemu Gofa); Population: 908,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gimojan: Ometo: Central Grammar: GD: Moreno, Martino Mario 1938. Introduzione alla lingua ometo. Rome: A. Mondadori.; Other Sources: Ohman, Walter A., et al. 1976. "Three Other Ethiopian Languages," in LE. LA; Consonant system: p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ ʔ b d ɗ̣ ɡ tsʔ č čʔ ɡ̌ f s sʔ š h m n l r Stops: p pʔ b t tʔ d ɗ̣ k kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: tsʔ č čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s sʔ š h Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Diphthongs: diphthongs; Noun; Number: s p (pl forms not normally used); Gender: m f Demonstratives: 3 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1507: Language: Ometo Alternate Name: Walamo, Wolaytta Dialect: Kullo; Location: SW Ethiopia (S Kefa); Population: 908.000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gimojan: Ometo: Central Grammar: Allan, Edward J. 1976. "Kullo," in NSLE, 324-50.; Consonant system: t tʔ k kʔ ʔ b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɠ ts tsʔ č ɡ̌ f s š h z m n l r Stops: b ɓ t tʔ d ɗ k kʔ ɡ ɠ ʔ Affricates: ts tsʔ č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s z š h Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: (v̄) Diphthongs: ai oi aw; Syllable: (C)(G)V(C) (no CGVC); Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6 politeness: 2 respectful; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1508: Language: Zayse; Location: SW Ethiopia (SE Gemu Gofa); Population: 21,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gimojan: Ometo: East; Other Sources: Cerulli, Enrico. 1938. Il linguaggio dei Giangerò ed alcune lingue Sidama dell'Omo. Rome: Istituto per l'Oriente.; Consonant system: p t k kʔ ʔ b d dʔ ɡ tsʔ č čʔ ɸ f s š h z ž m n nʔ l r Stops: p b t d dʔ k kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: tsʔ č čʔ Fricatives: ɸ f s z š ž h Nasals: m n nʔ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all ? Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: ē ā ō; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV AN DN POSS-N

~~Number:~~ 1509: Language: Zergulla; Location: Ethiopia; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gimojan: Ometo: East; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1510: Language: Ganjule; Location: Ethiopia; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gimojan: Ometo: East; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1511: Language: Gidiccho; Location: Ethiopia; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gimojan: Ometo: East; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1512: Language: Gatsame Alternate Name: Kachama; Location: Ethiopia; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gimojan: Ometo: East; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 1513: Language: Koyra Alternate Name: Koorete; Location: SW Ethiopia (W Sidamo); Population: 5,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: North: Gimojan: Ometo: East; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

Обзоры типологий кушитских языков (Cushitic)

~~Number:~~ 1514: Language: Beja Alternate Name: Bedauye, Bedawi; Location: NE Sudan (N Kassala); Population: 100,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Beja Dictionary: Reinisch, Leo. 1985. Wörterbuch der Bedauye-Sprache. Vienna. Grammar: GD: Roper, E. M. 1928. Tu Bedawiɛ. Hertford, England: Stephen Austin & Sons. Hudson, Richard A. 1976. "Beja," in NSLE, 97-132.; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system: t̪ ṭʔ k kʷ ʔ b d̪ ḍ ɡ ɡʷ ɡ̌ f s̪ šʔ (x) h (z̪) (ɣ) m n̪ l r Stops: b t̪ d̪ ṭʔ ḍ k kʷ ɡ ɡʷ ʔ Affricates: ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s̪ (z̪) šʔ (x) (ɣ) h Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(t); Tones: hi-lev hi-fall; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5mf 3mf 6mf; Syntax: SOV AN/(NA) GN/(NG) DN/(ND) NUM-N/(N-NUM) POSS-N/N-POSS; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1515: Language: Awngi Alternate Name: Awiya; Location: W Ethiopia (SC Gojam); Population: 50,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Central; Other Sources: Hetzron, Robert. 1978. "The Nominal System of Awngi (Southern Agaw)," BSOAS 41, 121-41. LA; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ ts č dz ɡ̌ f s š χ z ʁ m n l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s z š χ ʁ Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ cʷ k ɡ χ ʁ ŋ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e (æ) Central Vowels: (ɨ) a Back Vowels: u o; Tones: hi mid lo fall Stress: normally penult; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 politeness: 2 & 3; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1516: Language: Xamir Alternate Name: Khamir; Location: N Ethiopia (W Elo); Population: 5,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Central; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1517: Language: Kemant Alternate Name: Falasha, Qimant; Location: W Ethiopia (S Begemdir and Simen); Population: 17,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Central Grammar: GD: Conti Rossini, Carlo. 1912. La langue des kemant en abyssinie. Vienna: Alfred Hölder. Appleyard, D. L. 1975. "A Descriptive Outline of Kemant," BSOAS 38, 316-50.; Consonant system: t (tʔ) k kʷ (kʔ) b d ɡ ɡʷ (č) (čʔ) ɡ̌ f s š x xʷ z ɣ ɣʷ m n ŋ ŋʷ l ɾ Stops: b t (tʔ) d k kʷ (kʔ) ɡ ɡʷ Affricates: (č) (čʔ) ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s z š x xʷ ɣ ɣʷ Nasals: m n ŋ ŋʷ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ a Back Vowels: u o; Syllable: (C)V(C); Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1518: Language: Bilin Alternate Name: Bilen; Location: NW Ethiopia (W Eritrea); Population: 32,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Central; Other Sources: Palmer, F. R. 1957. "The Verb in Bilin," BSOAS 19, 131-59. Palmer, F. R. 1958. "The Noun in Bilin", BSOAS 21, 376-91. LA; Consonant system: t tʔ k kʷ kʔ kʔʷ q qʷ ʔ b d ɡ ɡʷ č čʔ ɡ̌ m n ŋ ŋʷ l r Stops: b t tʔ d k kʷ kʔ kʔʷ ɡ ɡʷ q qʷ ʔ Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌ Nasals: m n ŋ ŋʷ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ a Back Vowels: u o Stress: Some, but not all, words have a prominent syllable [= hi pitch + stress]; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f [sg only] Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SOV AN/NA NG DN NUM-N POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1519: Language: Xamta Alternate Name: Xamtanga; Location: Ethiopia; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Central; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 1520: Language: Burji; Location: SW Ethiopia (SE Gemu Gofa); Population: 15,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern: Highland; Other Sources: Hudson, Grover. 1976. "Highland East Cushitic," in NSLE, 232-77.; Consonant system: p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ʔ b (ɓ) d̪ ɗ̣ ɡ č čʔ ɡ̌ f s̪ š h m n̪ (ñ) l̪ r Stops: p pʔ b (ɓ) t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ ɗ̣ k kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s̪ š h Nasals: m n̪ (ñ) Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)V(C); Noun
Number: s (p) (only a few plurals exist): Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1521: Language: Sidamo; Location: SW Ethiopia (N Sidamo); Population: 850,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern: Highland Grammar: GD: Moreno, Martino Mario. 1940. Manuale di Sidamo. Rome: A Mondadori. Cerulli, Enrico. 1936. La lingua e la storia dei Sidamo. Rome: Istituto per l'Oriente.; Other Sources: Hudson, Grover. 1976. "Highland East Cushitic," in NSLE, 232-77. LA.; Consonant system: pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɗ̣ ɡ č čʔ ɡ̌ f s̪ š h m n̪ l̪ r ɾ̣ Stops: pʔ b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ ɗ̣ k kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s̪ š h Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r ɾ̣ Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)V(C); Noun; Number: s p (pl seldom used); Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1522: Language: Gedeo Alternate Name: Derasa; Location: S Ethiopia (N Sidamo); Population: 250,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern: Highland; Other Sources: Cerulli, Enrico. 1936. La lingua e la storia dei Sidamo. Rome: Istituto per l'Oriente. Hudson, Grover. 1976. "Highland East Cushitic," in NSLE, 232-77.; Consonant system: pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɗ̣ ɡ č čʔ ɡ̌ f s̪ š h m n̪ l̪ r ɾ̣ Stops: pʔ b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ ɗ̣ k kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s̪ š h Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r ɾ̣ Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)V(C); Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1523: Language: Kambata Alternate Name: Kaambata; Location: SW Ethiopia (S Shewa); Population: 290,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern: Highland; Other Sources: Hudson, Grover. 1976. "Highland East Cushitic," in NSLE, 232-77.; Consonant system: pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ č čʔ ɡ̌ f s̪ š h z̪ m n̪ l̪ r̪ Stops: pʔ b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ k kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s̪ z̪ š h Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r̪ Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)V(C); Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6 politeness: 3; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN N-POSS; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1524: Language: Hadiyya; Location: C Ethiopia (Arusi ); Population: 700,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern: Highland; Other Sources: Bender, Marvin L. 1976. "Two Cushitic Languages," in LE. Hudson, Grover. 1976. "Highland East Cushitic," in NSLE, 232-77.; Consonant system: pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ č čʔ ɡ̌ f s̪ š h m n̪ l̪ r Stops: pʔ b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ k kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s̪ š h Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)V(C); Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6 politeness: 3 polite; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1525: Language: Yaaku Alternate Name: Mogogodo; Location: C Kenya; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern: Yaakuan-Dullay; Other Sources: Greenberg, Joseph H. 1963. "The Mogogodo, a Forgotten Cushitic People," JAL 2, 29-43.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ s š h z m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: s z š h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Nc ? Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all

~~Number:~~ 1526: Language: Harso Dialect: Bussa; Location: Ethiopia; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern: Yaakuan-Dullay; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 1527: Language: Gawwada; Location: SW Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa); Population: 26,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern: Yaakuan-Dullay Grammar: Black, Paul. 1976. "Werizoid," in NSLE, 222-31.; Consonant system: p t tʔ k kʔ q ʔ ɓ ɗ č čʔ m n ñ l r Stops: p ɓ t tʔ ɗ k kʔ q ʔ Affricates: č čʔ Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all ? Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: phonemic; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SOV NG N-NUM

~~Number:~~ 1528: Language: Tsamay Alternate Name: Tsamai; Location: SW Ethiopia (S Gemu Gofa); Population: 7,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern: Yaakuan-Dullay; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 1529: Language: Birale Alternate Name: Ongota; Location: Ethiopia; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern: Yaakuan-Dullay; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 1530: Language: Afar Alternate Name: Qafar; Location: Ethiopia; Population: 1.6 million; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern: Lowland: Afar-Saho Grammar: Bliese, Loren. 1976. "Afar," in NSLE, 133-65.; Other Sources: Hayward, R. J. 1974. "The Segmental Phonemes of 'Afar,' " BSOAS 37, 385-406. Morin, Didier. 1977. "Le nom en afar du sud," BSOAS 40, 354-70.; Consonant system: t̪ k b d̪ ɗ̣ ɡ m n̪ l ɾ Stops: b t̪ d̪ ɗ̣ k ɡ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: I ɛ Central Vowels: ɐ Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: phonemic; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 4 (3 + very far) + ref Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1531: Language: Saho; Location: Eritrea; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern: Lowland: Afar-Saho; Consonant system:; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6

~~Number:~~ 1532: Language: Dasenech Alternate Name: Dhaasanac, Galeba; Location: SW Ethiopia (S Gemu Gofa); Population: 18,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern: Lowland: Omo-Tana Grammar: Sasse, Hans-Jürgen. 1976. "Dasenech," in NSLE, 196-221.; Other Sources: Sasse, Hans-Jürgen. 1974. "Notes on the Structure of Galab," BSOAS 37, 407-38. LA; Consonant system: t k ʔ b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɠ č ɡ̌ f s š h ð m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ɠ ʔ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f ð s š h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: I ɛ Central Vowels: ɐ Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: Ī ɛ̄ ā ʋ̄ ɔ̄ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony Diphthongs: iɛ uɔ; Syllable: (C)V(C); Tones: hi lo hi-fall lo-ris; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6 Independent third-person pronouns do not exist in the subject paradigm. In case of ambiguity words like 'man,' 'woman,' 'wife,' 'girl,' 'people,' etc. are used.; Syntax: SOV NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1533: Language: Elmolo; Location: Kenya; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern: Lowland: Omo-Tana; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1534: Language: Arbore; Location: SW Ethiopia (S Gemu Gofa); Population: 2,500; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern: Lowland: Omo-Tana; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 1535: Language: Bayso; Location: SW Ethiopia (N Sidamo); Population: 500; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern: Lowland: Omo-Tana; Other Sources: Hayward, R. J. 1978-79. "Bayso Revisited: Some Preliminary Linguistic Observations - I & II," BSOAS 41: 539-70 & 42: 101-32.; Consonant system: pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ tsʔ č čʔ ɡ̌ f s š h (z) m (ʔm) n ʔn l ʔl ɾ ʔɾ Stops: pʔ b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ k kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: tsʔ č čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s (z) š h Nasals: m (ʔm) n ʔn Laterals: l ʔl Vibrants: ɾ ʔɾ Modified Consonants: v̄ all but h and cʔ Glides: j w (ʔw); Vowel system: Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: (ṽ); Noun
Number: s P p P=paucal (2-6): Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SOV NA/(AN [when no other modifier is present]) GN/NG DN N-NUM N-POSS D+N+Num+A; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1536: Language: Rendille; Location: NC Kenya (N Eastern); Population: 15,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern: Lowland: Omo-Tana; Other Sources: Heine, Bernd. 1978. "The Sam Languages: A History of Rendille, Boni and Somali," AFL 6:2, 1-93. Oomen, Antoinette. 1978. "Focus in the Rendille Clause," SAL 9, 35-65.; Consonant system: t̪ k b d̪ ḍ ɡ č m n̪ l r Stops: b t̪ d̪ ḍ k ɡ Affricates: č Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all ?; Tones: hi mid lo; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SOV NA NG/(GN) ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1537: Language: Somali; Location: Somalia; Population: 2 million; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern: Lowland: Omo-Tana Dictionary: Abraham, R. C. 1964. Somali-English Dictionary. London: Univ of London Press. Abraham, R. C. 1967. English-Somali Dictionary. London: Univ of London Press. Philibert, Christophe. 1976. Petit lexique somali-français. Paris: Klincksieck. Grammar: Kirk, J. W. C. 1905. A Grammar of the Somali Language. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press. [Reprented 1969 by Gregg International, Farnsborough, England] Moreno, Martino Mario. 1955. Il somalo della Somalia. Rome: Istituto Poligrafico dello Stato. Pia, John Joseph. 1965. Somali Sounds and Inflections. Bloomington: Indiana Univ Diss.; TextBooks: Beli C. R. V. 1953. The Somali Language. London: Longmans, Green & Co. Pia, J. Joseph, Paul D. Black and M. I. Samater. 1966. Beginning in Somali. Syracuse: Program of Eastern African Studies, Syracuse Univ.; Other Sources: Armstrong, Lilias E. 1934. The Phonetic Structure of Somali. Berlin. [Reprinted 1964 by Gregg Press, Ridgewood, N.J.]; Consonant system: t̪ k q ʔ b d̪ ɗ̣ ɡ ɡ̌ m n̪ l̪ r Stops: b t̪ d̪ ɗ̣ k ɡ q ʔ Affricates: ɡ̌ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all but q ɡ̌ s χ ʕ h Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony Diphthongs: ǝj ǝw; Tones: hi mid lo fall; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 3 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN/NG ND NUM-N N-POSS; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1538: Language: Aweer Alternate Name: Boni; Location: Kenya; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern: Lowland: Omo-Tana; Other Sources: Sasse, Hans-Jürgen. 1979. "Entlehnung morphonemischer regeln im Boni," SUGIA 1, 93-108.; Consonant system: t (tʔ) k (kʔ) ʔ b (bʔ) d dʔ (ɟ) ɡ ɡʔ č (čʔ) ɡ̌ f s š h m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: b (bʔ) t (tʔ) d dʔ (ɟ) k (kʔ) ɡ ɡʔ ʔ Affricates: č (čʔ) ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s š h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all v̄̃ all (ã ã̄ only in loanwords); Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6 (verb suffixes)

~~Number:~~ 1539: Language: Oromo; Location: WC Ethiopia (E Welega); Population: 7 million; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern: Lowland: Oromoid Dictionary: Foot, Edwin C. 1913. A Galla-English, English-Galla Dictionary. Cambridge. [Reprinted 1968 by Gregg Press, Ridgewood, N.J.] Grammar: Gragg, Gene. 1976. "Oromo of Wellegga," in NSLE, 166-95. Bender, Marvin Lionel and Mulugeta Eteffa. 1976. "Galla," in LE, 130-48.; TextBooks: Launhardt, Johannes. 1973. Guide to Learning the Oromo Language. Addis Ababa.; Other Sources: Andrzejewski, B. W. 1957. "Some Preliminary Observations on the Borana Dialect of Galla," BSOAS 19, 354-74. Bender, Marvin L., et al. 1976. "Two Cushitic Languages," in LE. LA; Consonant system: (p) pʔ t tʔ k k ʔ b d ɗ̣ ɡ č čʔ ɡ̌ f s š (x) h (v) (z) m n ñ l r Stops: (p) pʔ b t tʔ d ɗ̣ k kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: f (v) s (z) š (x) h Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all ? Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: I ɛ Central Vowels: ɐ Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p (plural forms seldom used); Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SOV NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+D; Prep/Post: PREP/POST

~~Number:~~ 1540: Language: Bussa; Location: Ethiopia; Population: 1,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern: Lowland: Oromoid; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1541: Language: Gidole Alternate Name: Dirasha; Location: SW Ethiopia (SE Gemu Gofa); Population: 5,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern: Lowland: Oromoid; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 1542: Language: Konso Alternate Name: Komso; Location: SW Ethiopia (SE Gemu Gofa); Population: 60,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern: Lowland: Oromoid; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 1543: Language: Dahalo Alternate Name: Sanye; Location: SE Kenya (S Northeastern); Population: 3,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Southern: Dahalo; Other Sources: Elderkin, E. Derek. 1976. "Southern Cushitic," in NSLE, 279-97. Heine, Bernd. 1978. "The Sam Languages: A History of Rendille, Boni and Somali," AFL 6:2, 1-93. Tucker, A. N., M. A. Bryan and James Woodburn. 1977. "The East African Click Languages: A Phonetic Comparison," in Zur Sprachgeschicte und Ethnohistorie in Africa, ed. by W. Möhlig, F. Rottland and B. Heine, Berlin, Dietrich Reimer, 300-22.; Consonant system: p pʔ mph t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ŋk ʔ ɓ mb d̪ ɗ nd ɡ ŋɡ ts tl tlh č dz ɡ̌ f s ħ ɦ β v ɣ ʕ m n̪ ñ l r Stops: p pʔ mph ɓ mb t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ ɗ nd k kʔ ŋk ɡ ŋɡ ʔ Affricates: ts dz tl tlh č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f β v s ɣ ħ ʕ ɦ Nasals: m n̪ ñ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Clicks: / n/ /ʔ Modified Consonants: Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄; Syllable: (C)V(N); Tones: hi lo; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SOV NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1544: Language: Ma'a; Location: NE Tanzania (Tanga); Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Southern: Ma'a; Other Sources: Elderkin, E. Derek. 1976. "Southern Cushitic," in NSLE, 279-97.; Consonant system: t k ʔ b d ɟ ɡ f s š x h β m n l r Stops: b t d ɟ k ɡ ʔ Fricatives: β f s š x h Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ n Nc Glides: w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o; Syllable: (C)V(C); Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: nc; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1545: Language: Asa; Location: Tanzania; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Southern: Rift; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1546: Language: Kw'adza; Location: Tanzania; Population: extinct; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Southern: Rift; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1547: Language: Iraqw; Location: NE Tanzania (Arusha); Population: 111,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Southern: Rift; Other Sources: Whiteley, W. H. 1958. A Short Description of Item Categories in Iraqw. Kampala: East African Institute of Social Research. Whiteley, W. H. 1960. "The Verbal Radical in Iraqw," ALS 1, 79-95. Elderkin, E. Derek. 1976. "Southern Cushitic," in NSLE, 279-97.; Consonant system: p t k kʷ q qʷ ʔ b ɓ d (ɗ) ɡ ɡʷ tsʔ tl m n ŋ ŋʷ l ɬ r Stops: p b ɓ t d (ɗ) k kʷ ɡ ɡʷ q qʷ ʔ Affricates: tsʔ tl Nasals: m n ŋ ŋʷ Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ s Nc ? Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: I ɛ Central Vowels: (ǝ) a Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: ī ē ū ō ɑ̄; Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ; Tones: hi lo (ris) (fall) downdrift; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5mf 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1548: Language: Alagwa Alternate Name: Alawa; Location: NC Tanzania (Arusha); Population: 13,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Southern: Rift; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system: Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5 3 6; Syntax: N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 1549: Language: Burunge; Location: NC Tanzania (N Dodoma); Population: 11,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Southern: Rift; Other Sources: LA WALS E; Consonant system: Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV[already introduced object]/SVO[newly introduced object] N-POSS

Обзоры типологий семитских языков (Semitic)

К сожалению, здесь не отражено наличие трансфиксов.

~~Number:~~ 1550: Language: Proto-Semitic; Location: Arabia; Population: c. 4,000 B.C.; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic Grammar: Gray, Louis H. 1934. Introduction of Semitic Comparative Linguistics. New York: Columbia Univ Press. Moscati, Sabatino, et al. 1964. An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.; Consonant system: p t k q ʔ b d ɡ m n l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ q ʔ Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ cɒ t θ ð s Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all Diphthongs: ai au; Syllable: CV(C); Noun; Number: s d p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5d 5mf 3mf 6d 6mf; Syntax: N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1551: Language: Eblaic; Location: N Syria; Population: extinct; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1552: Language: Akkadian; Location: E Iraq; Population: c. 2000 B.C.; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: East Dictionary: Gelb, I. J. 1957. Glossary of Old Akkadian. Chicago: Univ of Chicago Press. Grammar: Reiner, Erica. 1966. A Linguistic Analysis of Akkadian. The Hague: Mouton. Castellino, G. R. 1970. Grammatica accadica introduttiva. Rome: Istituto di Studi del Vicino Oriente. Lipin, L. A. 1973. The Akkadian Language. Moscow: Nauka.; Other Sources: Gelb, Ignace J. 1969. Sequential Reconstruction of Proto-Akkadian. Chicago: Univ of Chicago Press.; Consonant system: p t k q ʔ b d ɡ s š x z m n l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ q ʔ Fricatives: s z š x Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ cɒ t s Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all Diphthongs: ai; Noun; Number: s d p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5mf 3mf 6mf; Syntax: SOV NA NG ND NUM-N/N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1553: Language: Old Aramaic; Location: Syria; Population: c. 900 B.C .; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Aramaic Grammar: Degen, Rainer. 1969. Altaramäische Grammatik. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.; Consonant system: p t̪ k ʔ b d̪ ɡ m n̪ l̪ r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cɒ t k θ ð s Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū Diphthongs: ai aw; Syllable: CV(C)(C); Noun
Number: s d p`: Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5mf 3mf 6mf; Syntax: VSO NA NG ND N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1554: Language: Syriac; Location: Turkey; Population: extinct; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Aramaic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1555: Language: Assyrian Dialect: Mandaic; Location: N Iraq; Population: 500,000 (extinct); Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Aramaic Dictionary: Drower, E. S and R. Macuch. 1963. A Mandaic Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Grammar: Macuch, Rudolf. 1965. Handbook of Classical and Modern Mandaic. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.; Other Sources: Yamauchi, Edwin M. 1967. Mandaic Incantation Texts. New Haven: American Oriental Society.; Consonant system: p t k q b d ɡ (č) (ɡ̌) m n l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ q Affricates: (č) (ɡ̌) Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ cɒ t s Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e æ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all but æ ǝ Diphthongs: ei eu ai ou oi au Stress: non-phonemic (penult/antepenult); Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3mf *6mf; Syntax: SVO NA NG DN NUM-N N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1556: Language: Assyrian Dialect: Syriac; Location: NE Syria; Population: 500,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Aramaic Dictionary: Oraham, A. 1943. Assyrian-English Dictionary. Chicago. Costaz, Louis. n.d. Dictionnaire syriaque-français New York: Altai Press. Grammar: GD: Garbell, Irene. 1965. The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Persian Azerbaijan. The Hague: Mouton. Costaz, Louis. 1955. Grammaire syriaque. Beruit: Imprimérie Catholique. Tsereteli, K. G.1964. Sovremennyj assirijskij jazyk. Moscow: Nauka. Arsanis, G. V. 1968. "Sovremennyj assirijskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 489-507. Jacobi, Heidi. 1973. Grammatik des thumischen Neuaramäisch. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner. Sara, Solomon I. 1974. A Description of Modern Chaldean. The Hague: Mouton.; TextBooks: Robinson, Theodore H. 1962. Paradigms and Exercises in Syriac Grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.; Other Sources: Hetzron, Robert. 1969. "The Morphology of the Verb in Modern Syriac (Christian Colloquial of Urmi), JAOS 89, 112-27. Solomon, Zomaya S. and Robert K. Headley, Sr. 1973. "The Phonology of Modern Spoken Syriac," AL 15, 136-47.; Consonant system: ph th kh (q) ʔ b d ɡ č ɡ̌ (f) θ s š x h (v) ð z (ž) ɣ m n l ɾ Stops: ph b th d kh ɡ (q) ʔ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: (f) (v) θ ð s z š (ž) x ɣ h Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: c̄ cɒ t ð s l ɾ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: (ǝ) a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Diphthongs: ai au; Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C) Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5 *3mf *6; Syntax: VSO/SVO NA NG DN NUM-N N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1557: Language: Aramaic Alternate Name: Neo-Aramaic; Location: Lebanon; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Aramaic; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s d p; Gender: m f; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5mf 3mf 6mf; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 1558: Language: Classical Hebrew; Location: Israel; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: North: Northwest Grammar: Lambert, Mayer. 1972. Traité de grammaire hébraı̈que. Hildesheim: H. A. Gerstenberg. Blau, Joshua. 1976. A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.; TextBooks: Davidson, A. B.1966. An Introductory Hebrew Grammar. Edinburgh: T. T. Clark.; Consonant system: p t̪ k q ʔ b d̪ ɡ m n l r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q ʔ Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cɒ t s Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ Diphthongs: aj aw Stress: mostly final (sometimes penult); Noun; Number: s d p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5mf *3mf *6mf; Syntax: VSO NA NG ND NUM-N/(N-NUM [1]) N-POSS Num+N+A+D; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1559: Language: Hebrew; Location: Israel; Population: 2.5 million; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: North: Northwest Dictionary: Sivan, Reuven and Edward A. Levenston. 1975. The New Bantam-Megiddo Hebrew & English Dictionary. New York: Bantam.; TextBooks: Rosén, Haiim B. 1966. A Textbook of Israeli Hebrew. Chicago: Univ of Chicago Press. Mansoor, Menahem. 1972. Modern Hebrew. Madison. Harrison, R. K. n.d. Teach Yourself Hebrew. London: English Universities Press.; Other Sources: Chayen, M. J. 1973. The Phonetics of Modern Hebrew. The Hague: Mouton.; Consonant system: p t̪ k (q) ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪s ʁ m n̪ l Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ (q) ʔ Affricates: t̪s Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l Vibrants: ʁ Modified Consonants: c̄ all but tɒ sɒ Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: I ɛ Central Vowels: (ǝ) a Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō Stress: mostly final (sometimes penult); Noun
Number: s (d) p (dual only used for body parts and things which come in pairs): Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5mf 3mf 6mf; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND NUM-N/(N-NUM [1]) N-POSS Num+N +A +D; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1560: Language: Phoenician; Location: Syria; Population: extinct; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: North: Northwest; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1561: Language: Ugaritic; Location: N Syria; Population: c. 1400 B.C.; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: North: Northwest Grammar: GD: Gorden, Cyrus H. 1965. Ugaritic Textbook. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute.; Consonant system: p t k q ʔ b d ɡ m n l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ q ʔ Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cɒ t s z Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: ī ā ū Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Noun; Number: s d p; Gender: m f; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2mf 5d 5 3mf 6d 6mf; Syntax: VSO NA NG ND NUM-N/N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1562: Language: Moabite; Location: Jordan; Population: extinct; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: North: Northwest; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1563: Language: Classical Arabic; Location: Saudi Arabia; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite Dictionary: Abcarius, J. John. 1974. English-Arabic Reader's Dictionary. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Grammar: Blachère, Régis. 1958. Éléments de l'arabe classique. Paris: Maisoneuve et Larose. Yushmanov, N. V. 1961. The Structure of the Arabic Language. Washigton, D.C.: CAL. Bateson, Mary Catherine. 1967. Arabic Language Handbook. Wahington, D.C.: CAL. Fischer, Wolfdietrich. 1972. Grammatik des klassischen Arabisch. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.; TextBooks: Ani, Salman H. al- and Jacob Y. Shammas. 1969. A Basic Course of Literary Arabic. Montreal: Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill Univ. Tritton, Arthur S. 1970. Arabic. London: English Universities Press. Bishai, Wilson B. 1971. Concise Grammar of Literary Arabic: A New Approach. Dubuque, IA: Kendall & Hunt.; Consonant system: t̪ k q ʔ b d̪ ɡ̌ m n l r Stops: b t̪ d̪ k q ʔ Affricates: ɡ̌ Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all ? cɒ t d ð s (z) (l) Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all Diphthongs: aj aw; Syllable: CV(C) Stress: non-phonemic (last long syllable/initial); Noun; Number: s d p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5d 5mf 3mf 6d 6mf; Syntax: VSO NA NG DN NUM-N/(N-NUM [1,2]) N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1564: Language: Eastern Arabic Dialect: Saudi Arabian; Location: Saudi Arabia; Population: 50 million; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite Grammar: Schreiber, Giselher. 1970. Der arabische Dialekt von Mekka. Münster: Univ of Münster Diss.; Other Sources: Ingham, Bruce. 1971. "Some Characteristics of Meccan Speech," BSOAS 34, 273-97. Bakalla, M. H. 1973. The Phonology and Morphology of Meccan Arabic. London: Univ of London Diss. E; Consonant system: t̪ k (q) (ʔ) b d̪ ɡ ɡ̌ m n l r Stops: b t̪ d̪ k ɡ (q) (ʔ) Affricates: ɡ̌ Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all cɒ t d s z Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō; Syllable: CV(C)(C) Stress: non-phonemic; Noun; Number: s d p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5 3mf 6; Syntax: VSO NUM-N N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1565: Language: Eastern Arabic Dialect: Palestinian; Location: Israel; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite Dictionary: Elihai, Yohanan. 1973. Dictionnaire de l'arabe parlé palestinien. Paris: Klincksieck. Grammar: Driver, Godfrey Rolles. 1925. A Grammar of the Colloquial Arabic of Syria and Palestine. London: Probsthain and Co.; TextBooks: Kapliwatzky, Jochanan. 1968. Colloquial Arabic. Jerusalem: Rubin Mass.; Consonant system: t̪ k q ʔ b d̪ ɡ̌ m n l r Stops: b t̪ d̪ k q ʔ Affricates: ɡ̌ Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cɒ t d s z Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: I ɛ æ Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō Stress: non-phonemic; Noun; Number: s d p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG DN NUM-N/(N-NUM [1]) N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1566: Language: Eastern Arabic Dialect: Gulf; Location: United Arab Emirates; Population: 50 million; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite Grammar: Qafisheh, Hamdi A. 1977. A Short Reference Grammar of Gulf Arabic. Tucson: Univ of Arizona Press.; TextBooks: Qafisheh, Hamdi A. 1975. A Basic Course in Gulf Arabic. Tucson: Univ of Arizona Press.; Consonant system: (p) t̪ k q ʔ b d̪ ɡ č ɡ̌ m n l̪ ɾ Stops: (p) b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q ʔ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Nasals: m n Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: c̄ cɒ t ð s l Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: I Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: ʋ (ɔ) Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ɔ̄ Diphthongs: iw ij aw āw aj āj uw; Syllable: (C)CV(C)(C) (no CCVCC) Stress: non-phonemic; Noun; Number: s d p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG DN NUM-N/(N-NUM [1,2]) N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1567: Language: Eastern Arabic Dialect: Iraqi; Location: Iraq; Population: 50 million ( 10 million); Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite Dictionary: Clarity, Beverly E., Karl Stowasser and Ronald G. Wolf, eds. 1964. A Dictionary of Iraqi: English-Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press. Grammar: Erwin, Wallace M. 1963. A Short Reference Grammar of Iraqi Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetwon Univ Press.; TextBooks: Erwin, Wallace M. 1969. A Basic Course in Iraqi Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.; Other Sources: Ani, Salman H. al-. 1970. Arabic Phonology. The Haque: Mouton.; Consonant system: (p) t̪ k q ʔ b d̪ (ɡ) č ɡ̌ m n̪ l̪ ɾ Stops: (p) b t̪ d̪ k (ɡ) q ʔ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: c̄ all cɒ (p) (b) t (f) ð s (z) (m) (l) Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: I æ Back Vowels: ʋ (o) Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō Diphthongs: aj āj aw āw iw ēw; Syllable: (C)CV(C)(C) Stress: non-phonemic (last long syllable/penult in 2-syllable words; antepenult in words of 3 or more syllables); Noun; Number: s d p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG DN NUM-N/(N-NUM [1,2]) N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1568: Language: Eastern Arabic Dialect: Lebanese; Location: Lebanon; Population: 50 million; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite; TextBooks: Kassab, Jean. 1970. Manuel du parler arabe moderne au moyen-orient. Paris: Paul Geuthner.; Consonant system: t k (q) ʔ b d m n l r Stops: b t d k (q) ʔ Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all cɒ t d s z Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ; Syllable: CV(C) Stress: non-phonemic; Noun; Number: s d p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5 3mf 6; Syntax: VSO/SVO NA NG DN/ND NUM-N N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1569: Language: Eastern Arabic Dialect: Syrian; Location: Syria; Population: 50 million (7 million); Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite Dictionary: Stowasser, Karl and Moukhtar Ani. 1964. A Dictionary of Syrian Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press. Grammar: Cowell, Mark W. 1964. A Reference Grammar of Syrian Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press. Grotzfeld, Heinz. 1965. Syrisch-arabische Grammatik. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.; TextBooks: Benedict, Warren C. and Ziad N. Kayyal. 1971. Levantine Arabic Basic Course, 4 vols. Beirut: Foreign Service Institute. Ferguson, Charles A., et al. 1961. Damascus Arabic. Washington, D.C.: CAL.; Consonant system: (p) t̪ k q ʔ b d̪ (ɡ) m n̪ l r Stops: (p) b t̪ d̪ k (ɡ) q ʔ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all cɒ b t d s z m n Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: I e æ Central Vowels: (ǝ) Back Vowels: ʋ o Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō Stress: last long syllable; otherwise initial; Noun; Number: s d p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5 3mf 6; Syntax: VSO/SVO NA NG DN/ND NUM-N N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1570: Language: Eastern Arabic Dialect: Egyptian; Location: Egypt; Population: 50 million; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite Dictionary: Elias, Edward A. 1962. Practical Dictionary of the Colloquial Arabic of the Middle East. Cairo: Elias' Modern Press. Grammar: Tomiche, Nada. 1964. Le parler arabe du Caire. The Hague: Mouton. Khalafallah, Abdelghany A. 1969. A Descriptive Grammar of Saɛi:di: Egyptian Colloquial Arabic. The Hague: Mouton. Wise, Hilary. 1975. A Transformational Grammar of Spoken Egyptian Arabic. Oxford: Blackwell.; TextBooks: Mitchell, T. F. 1962. Collloquial Arabic. London: English Universities Press. Harrell, Richard S., Laila Y. Tewfik and George D. Selim. 1963. Lessons in Colloquial Egyptian Arabic. Washigton, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.; Other Sources: Harrel, Richard S. 1957. The Phonelogy of Colloquial Egyptian Arabic. New York: American Council of Learned Societies.; Consonant system: t̪ k q ʔ b d̪ ɡ m n̪ l̪ ɾ Stops: b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q ʔ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: c̄ all cɒ t d s z Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: I (e) (æ) Back Vowels: ʋ (o) ɑ Long Vowels: ī ē ǣ ū ō ɑ̄; Syllable: CV(C)(C) Stress: non-phonemic (mostly penult); Noun; Number: s d p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1571: Language: Eastern Arabic Dialect: Cypriot Maronite; Location: Cyprus; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite Grammar: Tsiapera, Maria. 1964. A Descriptive Analysis of Cypriot Maronite Arabic. The Hague: Mouton.; Consonant system: p t̪ k ʔ b d̪ ɡ č ɡ̌ m n̪ l̪ r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cj p k v z n l cɒ t ð s Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Noun
Number: s (d) p: Gender: m f Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SVO NA N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1572: Language: Eastern Arabic Dialect: Chad; Location: Chad; Population: 50 million; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite Dictionary: Roth-Laly, Arlette. 1969-72. Lexique des parlers arabes tchado-soudanais, 4 vols. Paris: CNRS. Grammar: Hagège, Claude. 1973. Profil d'un parler arabe du Tchad. Paris: Paul Geuthner.; TextBooks: Abu Absi, Samir and Andre Sinaud. 1968. Basic Chad Arabic. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.; Consonant system: t c k ʔ b d ɗ ɟ ɡ ɠ f s š χ h z m n ñ l r Stops: b t d ɗ c ɟ k ɡ ɠ ʔ Fricatives: f s z š χ h Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ ɟ f r only Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i (e) Central Vowels: ɨ a Back Vowels: u o ɑ Long Vowels: ī ē ɨ̄ ā ū; Noun
Number: s (d) p: Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5mf 3mf 6mf; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND NUM-N/(N-NUM [1,2]) N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1573: Language: Western Arabic Dialect: Tunisian; Location: Tunisia; Population: 50 million; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite Dictionary: Nicolas, A. 1938. Dictionnaire arabe-français. Idiome tunisien. Tunis: C. Abella.; TextBooks: Inglefield, Patrick L., Kacem Ben-Hamza and Toufik Abida. 1970. Tunisian Arabic Basic Course, 2 vols. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.; Other Sources: Maamouri, Mohamed. 1967. The Phonology of Tunisian Arabic. Ithaca: Cornell Univ Diss.; Consonant system: t k q b d ɡ m n l r Stops: b t d k ɡ q Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ cɒ b t d ð s m l r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: I Central Vowels: ǝ Back Vowels: ʋ Long Vowels: ī ǣ ū Stress: non-phonemic (final/penult); Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG DN NUM-N N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1574: Language: Western Arabic Dialect: Algerian; Location: Algeria; Population: 50 million; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite Dictionary: Belkhassem, Ben Sédira. 1954. Dictionnaire français-arabe de la langue parlé en Algérie. Algiers. Grammar: Grand'henry, Jacques. 1976. Les parlers arabes de la région du mzab. Leiden: E. J. Brill.; TextBooks: Tapiéro, Norbert. 1971. Manuel d'arabe algérien moderne. Paris: Klincksieck.; Consonant system: t̪ k q (ʔ) b d̪ ɡ ɡ̌ m n̪ l r Stops: b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q (ʔ) Affricates: ɡ̌ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ cɒ t d s z l r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: (ǝ) a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all Diphthongs: ej ou; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C) Stress: non-phonemic (final/penult); Noun
Number: s (d) p: Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5 3mf 6; Syntax: VSO/SVO NA NG DN NUM-N N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1575: Language: Western Arabic Dialect: Moroccan; Location: Morocco; Population: 50 million (17 million ); Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite Dictionary: Harrell, Richard S., ed. 1966. A Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic: Arabic-English. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press. Sobelman, Harvey and Richard S. Harrell, eds. 1963. A Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic: English-Moroccan. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press. Grammar: Harrell, Richard S. 1962. A Short Reference Grammar of Moroccan Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press. Marçais, P. 1977. Esquisse grammaticale de l'arabe maghrébin. Paris: Maisonneuve.; TextBooks: Harrell, Richard S. 1965. A Basic Course in Moroccan Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press. Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. 1973. An Introduction to Moroccan Arabic. Ann Arbor: Center for Near Eastern and North African Studies.; Consonant system: (p) t̪ k q ʔ b d̪ ɡ m n̪ l̪ ɾ Stops: (p) b t̪̪ d̪ k ɡ q ʔ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: c̄ all but z cɒ t d s ɾ (b z m l) cʷ b k ɡ q f χ ʁ m Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: e Central Vowels: ɐ Back Vowels: o Long Vowels: ī ā ū Diphthongs: aj aw ej ew Stress: non-phonemic (final/penult); Noun
Number: s (d) p: Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SVO/(VSO) NA NG DN NUM-N N-POSS D+N+A; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1576: Language: Western Arabic Dialect: Mauritanian; Location: Mauritania; Population: 50 million; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite Grammar: Cohen, David. 1963. Le dialecte arabe hassaniya de Mauritanie. Paris: Klincksieck.; TextBooks: Leriche, A. 1952. Cours de langue maure. Saint Louis: IFAN.; Consonant system: t̪ c k qɒ ʔ b d̪ ɟ ɡ m n̪ ñ l̪ r Stops: b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ qɒ ʔ Nasals: m n̪ ñ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ cɒ t d q ð s z l r (b ɡ f m n) Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: I Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ Back Vowels: ʋ Long Vowels: ī ā ū; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C) Stress: non-phonemic; Noun; Number: s d p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 + ref Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5mf 3mf 6mf; Syntax: SVO NA NG DN NUM-N N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 1577: Language: Maltese; Location: Malta; Population: 50 million (325,000); Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite Dictionary: Busuttil, Edgar D. 1941. Kalepin (dizjunarju) malti-ingliz. Valletta, Malta: St. Joseph Institute. Grammar: Aquilina, Joseph. 1959. The Structure of Maltese. Malta: Royal Univ of Malta.; TextBooks: Aquilina, Joseph. 1965. Teach Yourself Maltese. London: English Universities Press.; Other Sources: Borg, Alexander. 1973. "The Segmental Phonemes of Maltese," Linguistics 109, 5-11. Fenech, Edward. 1978. Contemporary Journalistic Maltese. Leiden: E. J. Brill.; Consonant system: p t̪ k ʔ b d̪ ɡ ts č dz ɡ̌ m n̪ l r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all but v Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Diphthongs: ie ew iw ej aj aw Stress: non-phonemic; Noun
Number: s (d) p: Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def (indef); Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG DN NUM-N N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1578: Language: Epigraphic South Arabian; Location: Yemen; Population: extinct; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1579: Language: South Arabian Dialect: Shahari; Location: S Oman; Population: 426,000 (5,000); Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South; Other Sources: Johnstone, T. M. 1975. " The Modern South Arabian Languages," AFL 1, 93-121.; Consonant system: t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ ɡ̌ f θ s̪ s̪ʔ š sʔ ð ðʔ z̪ m n l ʔl ɬ ɮ r ʔr Stops: b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: ɡ̌ Fricatives: f θ ð ʔð s̪ s̪ʔ z̪ š sʔ Nasals: m n Laterals: l ʔl ɬ ɮ Vibrants: r ʔr Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ṽ all ?; Noun
Number: s (d) p: Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2mf 5d 5mf 3mf 6d 6mf; Syntax: NUM-N N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1580: Language: South Arabian Dialect: Harsusi; Location: South Yemen; Population: 426,000 (400,000); Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South Dictionary: Johnstone, T. M. 1977. Harsusi Lexicon. London: Oxford Univ Press.; Other Sources: Johnstone, T. M. 1975. "The Modern South Arabian Languages," AFL 1, 93-121.; Consonant system: t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ ɡ̌ f θ s̪ s̪ʔ š šʔ ð ʔð z̪ m n l ʔl ɬ ɮ r ʔr Stops: b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: ɡ̌ Fricatives: f θ ð ʔð s̪ s̪ʔ z̪ š šʔ Nasals: m n Laterals: l ʔl ɬ ɮ Vibrants: r ʔr Glides: j w Central Vowels: ǝ a Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō Diphthongs: aj aw ej ew ēw īw ōj ūj; Noun
Number: s (d) p: Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2mf 5d 5mf 3mf 6d 6mf; Syntax: NUM-N N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1581: Language: Geez; Location: N Ethiopia; Population: extinct; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: North; Other Sources: Bender, Marvin L. 1976. "Two Ethio-Semitic Languages," in LE. LA; Consonant system: p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ ʔ b d̪ d̪ʔ ɡ ɡʷ f s̪ s̪ʔ m n̪ l̪ r Stops: p pʔ b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ d̪ʔ k kʔ ɡ kʷ kʔʷ ɡʷ ʔ Fricatives: f s̪ s̪ʔ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all but cʔ ʔ h Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ ? Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5mf 3mf 6mf; Syntax: VSO AN/NA NG N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP Comments: Geez is still used as a liturgical language by the Orthodox church.

~~Number:~~ 1582: Language: Tigre Dialect: Mensa; Location: NW Eritrea; Population: 117,000; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: North Dictionary: Da Milano, Prospero Maria. 1936. Vocabulario pratico: italiano-tigray-amarico. Milan: Genio. Littman, Enno and Maria Höfner. 1962 Wörterbuch der Tigrè-Sprache: Tigrè-Deutsch-Englisch. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner. Grammar: Leslau, Wolf. 1945. "Grammatical Sketches in Tigré (North Ethiopic), Dialect of Mensa," JAOS 65, 164-203.; TextBooks: Camperio, Manfredo. 1936. Manuale pratico della lingua tigrè con due dizionarietti. Milan: V. Hoepli.; Other Sources: Palmer, Frank R. 1962. The Morphology of the Tigre Noun. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, Univ of London.; Consonant system: pʔ t tʔ k qʔ ʔ b d ɡ č čʔ ɡ̌ f s sʔ m n ñ l r Stops: pʔ b t tʔ d k ɡ qʔ ʔ Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s sʔ Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e æ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Modified Vowels: vowel harmony Stress: VH; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5mf 3mf 6mf; Syntax: SOV AN/NA NG DN/ND NUM-N N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1583: Language: Tigrinya; Location: N Ethiopia (W Tigre); Population: 5.1 million; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: North Dictionary: Bassano, Francesco de. 1918. Vocabolario tigray-italiano e repertorio italiano-tigray. Rome: C. de Luigi. Grammar: Leslau, Wolf. 1941. Documents tigrigna. Paris: Klincksieck.; TextBooks: Conti Rossini, Carlo. 1940. Lingua tigrina. Milan: Mondadori.; Other Sources: Bender, Marvin L., et al. 1976. "Two Ethio-Semitic Languages," in LE, 99-199.; Consonant system: (pʔ) t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ ʔ b d̪ ɡ ɡʷ (č) (čʔ) (ɡ̌) f s̪ s̪ʔ m n̪ (ñ) l̪ r Stops: (pʔ) b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ k kʔ ɡ kʷ kʔʷ ɡʷ ʔ Affricates: (č) (čʔ) (ɡ̌) Fricatives: f s̪ s̪ʔ Nasals: m n̪ (ñ) Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all but ʔ ħ ʕ h cʷ k kʔ ɡ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony Diphthongs: æj ɑj aj æw ɑw oj; Noun
Number: s d: Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5mf 3mf 6mf; Syntax: SOV AN GN/NG DN/(ND) NUM-N N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP/(POST)

~~Number:~~ 1584: Language: Amharic; Location: NC Ethiopia; Population: 8 million; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Transversal Dictionary: Leslau, Wolf. 1976. Concise Amharic Dictionary. Berkeley: Univ of California Press. Grammar: Leslau, Wolf. 1969. An Amharic Reference Grammar. Los Angeles: Dept. of Near Eastern and African Languages, UCLA. Cohen, Marcel. 1970. Traité de langue amharique. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie.; TextBooks: Leslau, Wolf. 1968. Amharic Textbook. Berkeley: Univ of California Press.; Consonant system: (p) (pʔ) t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ č čʔ ɡ̌ f s̪ (s̪ʔ) š h z̪ ž m n̪ ñ l ɾ Stops: (p) (pʔ) b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ k kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s̪ (s̪ʔ) z̪ š ž h Nasals: m n̪ ñ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: c̄ all but ʔ h cʷ all (k kʔ ɡ most common) Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Stress: non-phonemic; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f (sg only) Demonstratives: 2 + ref Articles: def ( indef); Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5mf 3mf 6mf politeness: 2 pol & 3 pol; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP/POST

~~Number:~~ 1585: Language: Argobba; Location: Ethiopia; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Transversal; Consonant system:; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5 3mf 6

~~Number:~~ 1586: Language: Harari; Location: Ethiopia; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Transversal; Other Sources: E WPF; Consonant system:; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 1587: Language: East Gurage Alternate Name: Silt'e Dialect: Harari; Location: EC Ethiopia (NW Harerge); Population: 35,000 (13,000); Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Transversal Grammar: Cohen, Marcel. 1931. Études d'éthiopien méridional. Paris: Paul Geuthner. Cerulli, Enrico. 1936. La lingua e la storia di Harar. Rome: Istituto per l'Oriente.; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system: t tʔ k qʔ ʔ b d ɡ č čʔ ɡ̌ f s š χ h z m n ñ l r Stops: b t tʔ d k ɡ qʔ ʔ Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s z š χ h Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ Diphthongs: ie uo Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def (indef); Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5 3mf 6 politeness: 2; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP/POST

~~Number:~~ 1588: Language: Gafat; Location: NW Ethiopia; Population: extinct (c. 1950); Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Outer: N-Group Grammar: GD: Leslau, Wolf. 1945. Gafat Documents. New Haven: American Oriental Society.; Consonant system: (pʔ) t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ b bʷ d̪ ɡ ɡʷ č čʔ ɡ̌ f s̪ s̪ʔ š x h hʷ z̪ ž m n ñ l r Stops: (pʔ) b bʷ t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ k kʔ ɡ kʷ kʔʷ ɡʷ Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s̪ s̪ʔ z̪ š ž x h hʷ Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Modified Vowels: vowel harmony Diphthongs: æj aj ǝj oj æw aw; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP/POST

~~Number:~~ 1589: Language: Soddo Alternate Name: Kistane; Location: C Ethiopia; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Outer: N-Group; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 1590: Language: Goggot; Location: C Ethiopia; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Outer: N-Group; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1591: Language: Muher; Location: C Ethiopia; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Outer: TT-Group Grammar: Cohen, Marcel. 1931. Études d'éthiopien méridional. Paris: Paul Geuthner.; Consonant system: p t̪ t̪ʔ k qʔ b d̪ ɡ č čʔ ɡ̌ f s̪ š ç z̪ ž m n̪ ñ l r Stops: p b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ k ɡ qʔ Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s̪ z̪ š ž ç Nasals: m n̪ ñ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all ? Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ Stress: non-phonemic; Noun; Number: s p (pl rarely used); Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5mf 3mf 6mf; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP/POST

~~Number:~~ 1592: Language: Masqan; Location: Ethiopia; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Outer: TT-Group; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1593: Language: Central West Gurage Alternate Name: Sebat Bet Gurage Dialect: Chaha; Location: C Ethiopia; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Outer: TT-Group Grammar: Leslau, Wolf. 1950. Ethiopic Documents: Gurage. New York: Viking Fund.; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ k kh kʔ b d̪ ɡ č čʔ ɡ̌ f s̪ š ç x z̪ ž m n̪ (l̪) r Stops: ph pʔ b t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ k kh kʔ ɡ Affricates: č čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s̪ z̪ š ž ç x Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: (l̪) Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ cʷ p b k kʔ ɡ f x m cj k kʔ ɡ (t) Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ ɐ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ ?; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C) Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def (indef); Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5mf 3mf 6mf; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP/POST

~~Number:~~ 1594: Language: Peripheral West Gurage; Location: C Ethiopia; Classification: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Outer: TT-Group; Consonant system:

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