Типологии праязыков алтайской семьи

Фонетико-грамматические обзоры по праязыкам алтайских языковых ветвей

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Здесь представлены краткие справки по фонетике и грамматике языков Алтайской семьи, взятые с проекта глобальной этимологической базы данных "Вавилонская башня", основанную безвременно ушедшим Сергеем Анатольевичем Старостиным. Эти сведения будут затем размещаться в каждом праязыковом этимологическом словнике.

Всего здесь представлено 4 языковых ветви, происходящих от праалтайского языка:

Обзор типологий языков тюркской группы (Turkic)
Обзор типологий языков монгольской группы (Mongolian)
Обзор типологий языков тунгусо-маньчжурской группы (Tungus)
Обзор типологий языков пуёсской [приморско-алтайской] ветви (Korean-Japanese)

Кроме того, смотрите сведения по алтайскому праязыку, а также реконструкции праалтайских корней и грамматики Вл. М. Иллич-Свитычём.

Обзор типа языка-основы Алтайской семьи (Proto-Altaic)

Краткая справка по типологии праалтайского языка.

Смотрите и сам Праалтайский этимологический словарь. База составлена С. А. Старостиным, А. В. Дыбо и О. А. Мудраком. Она представляет собой электронный вариант словаря, опубликованного этими же авторами (Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages; Brill Academic Publishers, 2003. ISBN 90-04-13153-1) и подразделена на главную базу (собственно алтайская этимология) и подчиненные (тюркская, монгольская, тунугусо-маньчжурская, корейская, японская этимологии). В настоящее время база почти ничем не отличается от бумажного варианта словаря, но в дальнейшем ожидаются различные дополнения и исправления.

~~Number:~~ 1929: Language: Proto-Altaic; Location: Asia; Classification: Altaic; Other Sources: Tsintsius, V.I. 1975. "On the Pre-Altaic System of Consonants," in Researches in Altaic Languages, ed. by Louis Ligeti, 299-306.; Consonant system: p ph t th k kh b d ɡ č čh ɡ̌ s m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ Affricates: č čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: s Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y ɛ œ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɯ o Long Vowels: v̄ The existance of v̄ in Altaic is a matter of dispute.; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 Ergative:; Prep/Post:

Обзор типологий языков тюркской группы (Turkic)

~~Number:~~ 1930: Language: Proto-Turkic; Location: C Asia; Classification: Altaic: Turkic Grammar: Menges, Karl H. 1968. The Turkic Languages and Peoples. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.; Consonant system: p t̪ k q b d̪ ɡ č ɡ̌ s̪ š z̪ ɣ m n̪ ñ ŋ l̪ lɯ r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: s̪ z̪ š ɣ Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̪ lɯ Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y ɛ œ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɯ o; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: AN GN Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1931: Language: Old Turkic; Location: Mongolia; Population: (+)c.700 A.D.; Classification: Altaic: Turkic Grammar: Tekin, Talaﬂt. 1968. A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.; Consonant system: p t̪ k b d̪ ɡ č s̪ š z̪ m n̪ ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ Affricates: č Fricatives: s̪ z̪ š Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y (e) ø æ Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ Long Vowels: i y e ø u ɯ o ɑ; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: final; Noun
~~Number:~~ [pl is usually not indicated, though pl suffixes exist and are sometimes used for humans] Demonstratives: 2: Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Num+A+N Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST Comments: Old Turkic (=Orkhon Turkic) was the official language of the second East Turkic Empire (c. 680-740 AD).

~~Number:~~ 1932: Language: Chuvash; Location: W Russia (Chuvash SSR); Population: 1.7 million; Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Bolgar Dictionary: Ashmarin, N.I. 1928-50. Slovar' chuvashskogo jazyka. Kazan'. Egorov, V.G. 1972. Russko-chuvashkij slovar'. Cheboksary. Grammar: Krueger, John R. 1961. Chuvash Manual. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Andreev, I.A. 1966. "Chuvashskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 43-65.; Other Sources: Krueger, John R. 1962. "Morphophonemic Change in Chuvash Verb Stems," in ASAL, 129-40.; Consonant system: p t k (b) (d) (ɡ) (ts) č (f) s š χ v (z) (ž) m n l r Stops: p (b) t (d) k (ɡ) Affricates: (ts) č Fricatives: (f) v s (z) š (ž) χ Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cj ? c̄ all Glides: j; Vowel system: i y ɯ u e ǝ ɤ (o) ɑ Front Vowels: i y e Central Vowels: ǝ Back Vowels: u ɯ (o) ɤ ɑ; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: final (non-reduced) vowel; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 4+ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1933: Language: Khalaj; Location: C Iran; Population: 20,000; Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern; Other Sources: Doerfer, Gerhard. 1971. Khalaj Materials. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. WALS; Consonant system: p t̪ k b d̪ ɡ č (ɡ̌) (f) s š h v z (ž) m n̪ l ɾ Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ Affricates: č (ɡ̌) Fricatives: (f) v s z š (ž) h Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y œ æ Back Vowels: u ɔ ɑ Long Vowels: v̄ œ u ɔ only Diphthongs: diphthonɡs; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1934: Language: Gagauz; Location: E Rumania; Population: 157,000; Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern Dictionary: Gajdarzhi, G.A. et al. 1973. Gagauzsko-russko-moldavskij slovar'. Moscow: Sovetskaja Entsiklopedija. Grammar: Pokrovskaja, L.A. 1964. Grammatika gagauzskogo jazyka. Moscow: Nauka. Pokrovskaja, L.A. 1966. "Gagauzskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 112-38.; Consonant system: p t̪ k b d̪ ɡ (t̪s) č ɡ̌ f s̪ š (x) h v z̪ (ž) m n̪ l̪ r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ Affricates: (t̪s) č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š (ž) (x) h Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø æ Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ ɑ Long Vowels: v̄ all Diphthongs: diphthonɡs; Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C) Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2* 5* *3* *6* *Politeness: a polite/plain distinction for 2 3 5 6; Syntax: SVO AN GN/NG DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS D+Num+N Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1935: Language: Turkish; Location: Turkey; Population: 40 million; Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern Dictionary: Alderson, A.D. and Fahir Iz, eds. 1959. The Concise Oxford Turkish Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Grammar: Swift, Lloyd B. 1963. A Reference Grammar of Modern Turkish. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Lewis, G.L. 1967. Turkish Grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.; TextBooks: Underhill, Robert. 1976. Turkish Grammar. Cambridge: MIT Press.; Consonant system: ph t̪h (ch) kh (ʔ) b d̪ (ɟ) ɡ čh ɡ̌ f s š h v z ž m n̪ l lɯ ɾ Stops: ph b t̪h d̪ (ch) (ɟ) kh ɡ (ʔ) Affricates: čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š (ž) h Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l lɯ Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: I Y ɛ œ Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: usually final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3 Articles: indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2* 5 *3 *6 Politeness: 2 pol&2 intim(5 = 2 pol); Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1936: Language: Crimean Turkish; Location: Uzbekistan; Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern Grammar: Sevortjan, E.V. 1966. "Krymsko-tatarskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 234-59.; Consonant system: p t k q b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f s š x v z ž ʁ m n N l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ q Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š ž x ʁ Nasals: m n N Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3+ref Articles: indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV AN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS D+Num+A+N Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1937: Language: Turkmen; Location: Turkmenistan; Population: 2 million; Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern Dictionary: Baskakov, N.A. and M.J. Xamzaev. 1956. Russko-turkmenskij slovar'. Moscow. Grammar: Azimov, P., D. Amansaryev and K. Saryev. 1966. "Turkmenskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 91-111. Baskakov, N.A., M.J. Xamzaev and B. Charyjarov, eds. 1970. Grammatika turkmenskogo jazyka. Ashxaban: Ylym.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ (ts) č ɡ̌ ɸ s š h β z ž m n ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: (ts) č ɡ̌ Fricatives: ɸ β s z š ž h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø Central Vowels: ɨ Back Vowels: u o ɑ Long Vowels: i y ø æ ɨ u o ɑ; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1938: Language: Turkmen Dialect: Chagatay; Location: Turkmenistan; Population: extinct; Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern Grammar: GD: Eckmann, János. 1966. Chagatay Manual. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.; Consonant system: p t̪ k q ʔ b d̪ ɡ č ɡ̌ f s̪ š χ h v z̪ ž ʁ m n̪ N l̪ lɯ r̪ r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q ʔ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž χ ʁ h Nasals: m n̪ N Laterals: l̪ lɯ Vibrants: r̪ r; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø æ Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ Long Vowels: v̄ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C); Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Num+A+N Ergative:; Prep/Post: (PREP)/POST

~~Number:~~ 1939: Language: Azerbaijani Alternate Name: Azari; Location: Azerbaijan; Population: 7 million; Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern Dictionary: Dzhafarov, S. 1959. Leksika sovremenogo azerbajdzhanskogo jazyka, Baku. Grammar: Gadzhieva, N.Z. 1966. "Azerbajdzhanskij jazyk," JNS 2, 66-90. Shiraliev, M.S. and E.V. Sevortjan, eds. 1971. Grammatika azerbajdzhanskogo jazyka. Baku: Elm.; TextBooks: Householder, Fred W. 1965. Basic Course in Azerbaijani. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.; Other Sources: Alekperov, A.K. 1971. Fonematicheskaja sistema sovremennogo azerbajdzhanskogo jazyka. Baku: Elm.; Consonant system: p t c k b d ɟ ɡ č ɡ̌ (f) s š χ h v z ž ʁ m n l r Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: (f) v s z š ž χ ʁ h Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø æ Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ Long Vowels: (v̄); Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: indef?; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1940: Language: Qashqay; Location: SW Iran (Fars); Population: 1.5 million; Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern; Consonant system: Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1941: Language: Uighur Alternate Name: Uyghur; Location: W China (Sinkiang); Population: 4 million; Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Eastern Dictionary: Jarring, G. 1964. An Eastern Turki-English Dictionary. Lund. Nadzhip, E.N. 1968. Ujgursko-russkij slovar. Moscow: Sovetskaja Entsiklopedija. Grammar: Kaidarov, A.T. 1966. "Ujgurskij (novoujgskij) jazyk," in JNS 2, 363-86.; Other Sources: Sadvakasov, G. 1970, 1976. Jazyk ujgurov ferganskoj doliny, 2 vols. Alma-Ata: Nauka. WALS; Consonant system: p t k q b d ɡ ts č ɡ̌ f s ̪ š χ h v z̪ ž ʁ m n N l̪ r Stops: p b t d k ɡ q Affricates: ts č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž χ ʁ h Nasals: m n N Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø æ Back Vowels: u o ɑ; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2* 5 *3 *6 *Politeness: + 2 pol; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST Comments: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 1942: Language: Uzbek; Location: Uzbekistan; Population: 10 million; Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Eastern Dictionary: Waterson, Natalie. 1980. Uzbek-English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford Univ Press. Russko-uzbekskij slovar'. 1954. Moscow. Uzbeksko-russkij slovar'. 1959. Moscow. Grammar: Sjöberg, A. F. 1963. Uzbek Structural Grammar. The Hague. Kononov, A.N. 1960. Grammatika sovremennogo uzbekskogo literaturnovo jazyka. Leningrad: Academy of Sciences. Reshetov, V.V. 1966. "Uzbekskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 340-62.; TextBooks: Raun, Alo. 1969. Basic Course in Uzbek. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.; Other Sources: Wurm, Stefan. 1947. "The Uzbek Dialect of Qı̈zı̈l Qujaš ," BSOAS 12, 86-105. Sjoberg, Andree F. 1962. "The Phonology of Standard Uzbek," in ASAL, 237-61.; Consonant system: p t̪ k q b d̪ ɡ (ts) č ɡ̌ ɸ s š χ h z (ž) ʁ m n̪ ŋ l̪ ɾ Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q Affricates: (ts) č ɡ̌ Fricatives: ɸ s z š (ž) χ ʁ h Nasals: m n̪ ŋ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: ɾ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɒ; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3 Articles: indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Num+A+N Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1943: Language: Salar Alternate Name: Yellow Uighur; Location: WC China (Qinghai); Population: 39,000(35,000); Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Eastern Dictionary: GD: Tenishev, E.R. 1976. Stroj salarskogo jazyka. Moscow: Nauka.; Consonant system: p ph t th k kh q qh (č̣) (č̣h) č čh f s sh (ṣ̌) š x χ h v m n ŋ l lɯ r Stops: p ph t th k kh q qh Affricates: (č̣) (č̣h) č čh Fricatives: f v s sh (ṣ̌) š x χ h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l lɯ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ Long Vowels: (v̄); Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: VH; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS D+Num+N Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1944: Language: Bashkir; Location: EC Russia (Bashkir ASSR); Population: 1.3 million; Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Western Dictionary: Bashkirsko-russkij slovar'. 1958. Moscow. Karimova. G.R. 1954. Russko-bashkirskij slovar'. Moscow. Grammar: Poppe, Nicholas. 1964. Bashkir Manual. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Juldashev, A.A. 1966. " Bashkirskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 173-93.; Consonant system: ph th kh qh (ʔ) b d ɡ (ts) (č) (f) θ s š x h (v) ð z (ž) ʁ m n ŋ l r Stops: ph b th d kh ɡ qh (ʔ) Affricates: (ts) (č) Fricatives: (f) (v) θ ð s z š (ž) x ʁ h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø ɛ Back Vowels: ʋ o ɤ ɑ; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2+ref Articles: indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS D+Num+A+N Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1945: Language: Karachay; Location: SW Russia (Kirghiz SSR); Population: 173,000; Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Western Grammar: Xabichev, M.A. 1966. "Karachaevo-balkarskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 213-33.; Other Sources: Hebert, Raymond J. 1962. "Karačay phonology,'' in ASAL, 97-113. Aliev, U.B. 1972. Sintaksis karachaevo-balkarskogo jazyka. Moscow: Nauka.; Consonant system: p t k q b d ɡ (ts) č ɡ̌ (f) s š x χ h (v) z ž ʁ m n ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ q Affricates: (ts) č ɡ̌ Fricatives: (f) (v) s z š ž x χ ʁ h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1946: Language: Karaim Dialect: Trakaj; Location: Lithuania; Population: 600 (400); Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Western Grammar: Musaev, K.M. 1964. Grammatika karaimskogo jazyka. Moscow: Nauka. Musaev, K.M. 1966. "Karaimskij jazyka," in JNS 2, 260-79.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ ̆̆(f) s s̄ χ h (v) z (ž) ʁ m n N l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: (f) (v) s z s̄ (ž) χ ʁ h Nasals: m n N Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2+ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SVO/SOV AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST Comments: The Karaim....are by religion (though not ethnically) Jews, a unique survival of the adoption of Judaism as the official religion of the Khazar Empire. LSU, 47.

~~Number:~~ 1947: Language: Karaim Dialect: Galits; Location: S Ukraine; Population: 600 (200); Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Western Dictionary: Baskakov, N.A., A. Zajonchkovskij and C.M. Shapshal, eds. 1974. Karaimsko-russko-pol'skij slovar'. Moscow: Russkij Jazyk.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ ts dz (f) s (š) χ h (v) z ʁ m n l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: ts dz Fricatives: (f) (v) s z (š) χ ʁ h Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2+ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6 Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1948: Language: Kumyk; Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR); Population: 186,000; Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Western Grammar: Magomedov, A.G. 1966. "Kumykskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 194-212.; Consonant system: p t̪ k q b d̪ ɡ (t̪s) č (ɡ̌) f s̪ š x h v z̪ ž ɣ m n ŋ l r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q Affricates: (t̪s) č (ɡ̌) Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž x ɣ h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø Central Vowels: (ǝ) Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV AN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1949: Language: Tatar Dialect: Central; Location: WC Russia (Tatar ASSR); Population: 6 million(1.5 million); Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Western Dictionary: Russko-tatarskij slovar'. 1955-58. Kazan'. Tatarsko-russkij slovar'. 1966. Moscow: Sovetsskaja Entsilopedija. Grammar: DG: Poppe, Nicholas. 1963. Tatar Manual. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Zakiev, M.Z. 1966. "Tatarskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 139-54.; Consonant system: p t k (q) ʔ b d ɡ (G) (ts) č ɡ̌ f s š x h (v) z ž m n N l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ (q) (G) ʔ Affricates: (ts) č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f (v) s z š ž x h Nasals: m n N Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø æ Back Vowels: u o ɤ ɑ; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3 Articles: def indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS D+Num+A+N Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1950: Language: Baraba; Location: SC Russia (SW Siberia); Population: 5 million (8,000); Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Western Grammar: Dmitrieva, L.V. 1966. "Jazyk barabinskix tatar," in JNS 2, 155-72.; Consonant system: p t k q b d ɡ G ts (f) s š χ (h) (v) (z) (ž) m n N l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ q G Affricates: ts Fricatives: (f) (v) s (z) š (ž) χ (h) Nasals: m n N Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y ɛ ø Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV AN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1951: Language: Crimean Tatar Alternate Name: Crimean Turkish; Location: Uzbekistan; Population: 460,000; Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Western; Consonant system: Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1952: Language: Nogai Alternate Name: Noghay; Location: SW Russia (N Caucasus); Population: 52,000; Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Central Dictionary: Baskakov, N.A. ed. 1956. Russko-nogajskij slovar'. Moscow. Baskakov, N.A. ed. 1962. Nogajsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow. Grammar: Baskakov, N.A. 1966. "Nogajskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 280-300. Baskakov, N.A. ed. 1973. Grammatika nogajskogo jazyka. Cherkessk.; Consonant system: p t̪ k q b d̪ (t̪s) (č) (f) s̪ š x (v) z̪ ž ɣ ʁ m n̪ N l̪ r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k q Affricates: (t̪s) (č) Fricatives: (f) (v) s̪ z̪ š ž x ɣ ʁ Nasals: m n̪ N Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø (æ) Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Num+A+N Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1953: Language: Karakalpak; Location: Uzbekistan; Population: 230,000; Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Central Dictionary: Baskakov, N.A. ed. 1947. Russko-karakalpakskij slovar'. Moscow. Baskakov, N.A. ed. 1958. Karakalpaksko-russkij slovar'. Moscow. Grammar: GD: Baskakov, N.A. 1951, 1952. Karakalpakskij jazyk, 2 vols. Moscow: Academy of Sciences. Baskakov, N.A. 1966. "Karakalpakskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 301-19.; Other Sources: Wurm, S. 1951. "The Karakalpak Language," Anthropos 46.; Consonant system: p t k q b d ɡ (ts) (č) (f) s š χ h (v) z ž ʁ m n N l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ q Affricates: (ts) (č) Fricatives: (f) (v) s z š ž χ ʁ h Nasals: m n N Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø æ Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2+ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2* 5 *3 *6 *Politeness: +2 pol; Syntax: SOV AN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1954: Language: Kazakh; Location: Kazakhstan; Population: 5 million; Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Central Dictionary: Musabaev, G.G. and X.X. Maxmudov. 1954. Kazaxsko-russkij slovar'. Alma-Ata. Grammar: Sovremennyj kazaxskij jazyk. 1962. Alma-Ata. Kenesbaev, S.K. and N.B. Karasheva. 1966. "Kazaxskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 320-39.; Consonant system: p t̪ k q b d̪ ɡ (ts) (č) (f) s̪ š χ h (v) z̪ ž ʁ m n N l r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q Affricates: (ts) (č) Fricatives: (f) (v) s̪ z̪ š ž χ ʁ h Nasals: m n N Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø æ Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2* 5* *3 *6 *Politeness: +2 pol, 5 pol; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1955: Language: Kirghiz; Location: Kyrgyzstan; Population: 1.5 million; Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Central Dictionary: Jadaxin, K.K 1965. Kirgizsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow. DG: Hebert, Raymond J. and Nicholas Poppe. 1963. Kirghiz Manual. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Grammar: Junusaliev, B.M. 1966. "Kirgizskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 482-505. Wurm, Stefan. 1949. "The (Rara-) Kirghiz Language," BSOAS 13, 97-120.; Consonant system: p t k q b d ɡ ts č ɡ̌ (f) s š (x) β z (ž) ʁ m n N l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ q Affricates: ts č ɡ̌ Fricatives: β (f) s z š (ž) (x) ʁ Nasals: m n N Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø Central Vowels: ɨ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 4 [this visible/that visible/ this invisible/ that invisible]+ref Articles: indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2* 5* *3 *6 *Politeness: 2&5 each shows a polite/familiar distinction; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Num+A+N Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1956: Language: Yakut; Location: NE Russia (Yakut ASSR); Population: 285,000; Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Northern: Yakut Dictionary: Afanatsev, P.S. and L.N. Xaritonov, eds. 1968. Russko-jakutskij slovar'. Moscow: Sovetskaja Entsiklopedija. Sleptsov, P.A., ed. 1972. Jakutsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow: Sovetskaja Entsiklopedija. Grammar: Krueger, John R. 1962. Yakut Manual. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Ubrjatova, E.I. 1966. "Jakutskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 403-27.; Other Sources: WPF; Consonant system: (ph) th kh b d ɡ čh ɡ̌ s (š) χ (h) ʁ m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: (ph) b th d kh ɡ Affricates: čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: s (š) χ ʁ (h) Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all but b d ɡ ʁ r j j̃ Glides: j ȷ̃; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y ɛ œ Back Vowels: u ɯ ɔ ɑ Long Vowels: v̄ all Diphthongs: ɯɑ ie uo yø; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1957: Language: Dolgan; Location: NE Russia (Yakut ASSR); Population: 5,000; Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Northern: Yakut; Consonant system: Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1958: Language: Khakas; Location: SC Russia (Khakas A.O.); Population: 56,000; Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Northern: Tuva-Altai Dictionary: Chankova, D.I., ed. 1961. Russko-xakasskij slovar'. Moscow. Grammar: Karpov, V.G. 1966. "Xakasskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 428-45.; Consonant system: p t̪ k b d̪ ɡ (t̪s) č ɡ̌ (f) s̪ (š) χ (v) z̪ (ž) ʁ m n̪ N l̪ r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ Affricates: (t̪s) č ɡ̌ Fricatives: (f) (v) s̪ z̪ (š) (ž) χ ʁ Nasals: m n̪ N Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y I e ø Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ Long Vowels: v̄ all but I; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1959: Language: Altai; Location: SC Russia (Altai Krai); Population: 50,000; Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Northern: Tuva-Altai Dictionary: Baskakov, N.A., ed. 1964. Russko-altajskij slovar'. Moscow: Sovetskaja Entsiklopedija. Baskakov, N.A. and T.M. Toshchakova. 1947. Ojrotsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow. Grammar: Baskakov, N.A. 1958. Altajskij jazyk. Moscow: Academy of Sciences. Baskakov, N.A. 1966. "Altajskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 506-22.; Other Sources: Simpson, C.G. 1955. Some Features of the Morphology of the Oirot (Gorno-Altai) Language. London: Central Asian Research Centre.; Consonant system: p t k q b d ɡ (t̪s) č ɡ̌ (f) s š (x) (v) z ž ʁ m n ŋ l ʎ r Stops: p b t d k ɡ q Affricates: (t̪s) č ɡ̌ Fricatives: (f) (v) s z š ž (x) ʁ Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l ʎ Vibrants: r Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1960: Language: Northern Altai Dialect: Kumandy; Location: SC Russia; Population: 16,000 (7,000); Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Northern: Tuva-Altai Grammar: Baskakov, N.A. 1972. Dialekt kumandintsev (Kumandy-Kizhi) Moscow: Nauka.; Consonant system: p t k ɡ č s š m n ŋ l r Stops: p t k ɡ Affricates: č Fricatives: s š Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1961: Language: Chulym; Location: SC Russia (Chulym River); Population: 48,000; Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Northern: Tuva-Altai Dictionary: Dul'zon, A.P. 1966. "Chulymsko-tjurkskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 446-66.; Consonant system: p b t d k ɡ q ʔ ts dz β s z š ž ç x ɣ m m̥ n ŋ l l̥ lɯ l̥ɯ r r̥ Stops: p b t d k ɡ q ʔ Affricates: ts dz Fricatives: β s z š ž ç x ɣ Nasals: m m̥ n ŋ Laterals: l l̥ lɯ l̥ɯ Vibrants: r r̥ Modified Consonants: cj Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i Y e ø ɛ Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ ɵ a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɑ Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ ɵ ʋ Diphthongs: ɑj aj oj uj ɨj ʋj ɛj ou ua uɑ uʋ ye ie Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1962: Language: Shor; Location: SC Russia (Khakas A.O.); Population: 15,000; Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Northern: Tuva-Altai Grammar: Babushkin, G.F. and G.I. Donidze. 1966. "Shorskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 467-81.; Consonant system: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q G (t̪s) č ɡ̌ (f) (v) s̪ z̪ š ž (x) m n̪ ŋ l̪̪ r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q G Affricates: (t̪s) č ɡ̌ Fricatives: (f) (v) s̪ z̪ š ž (x) Nasals: m n̪ ŋ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 4 [this/that there/that present/that absent]; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1963: Language: Tuva Alternate Name: Tuvan; Location: SC Russia (Tuva ASSR); Population: 137,000; Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Northern: Tuva-Altai Dictionary: Pal'mbax, A.A., ed. 1953. Russko-tuvinskij slovar'. Moscow. Pal'mbax, A.A., ed. 1955. Tuvinsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow. Grammar: GD: Krueger, John R. 1977. Tuvan Manual. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Sat, S.C. 1966. "Tuvinskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 387-402. Isxakov, F.G. and A.A. Pal'mbax. 1961. Grammatika tuvinskogo jazyka.; Consonant system: p b t̪ d̪ k (Russian sources also give ph and th) (ts) č (f) (v) s̪ z̪ š ž ɣ χ ʁ (h) m n̪ ŋ l r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k (Russian sources also give ph and th) Affricates: (ts) č Fricatives: (f) (v) s̪ z̪ š ž ɣ χ ʁ (h) Nasals: m n̪ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y ɛ œ Back Vowels: u ɯ ɔ ɑ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: (ṽ) Modified Vowels: v̰(pharynɡealized) all; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1964: Language: Karagas Alternate Name: Tofa; Location: Russia; Population: 560; Classification: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Northern: Tuva-Altai Dictionary: Rassadin, V.I. 1971. Fonetika i leksika tofalarskogo jazyka. Ulan-Ude: Burjatskoe Knizhnoe Izdatel'stvo.; Consonant system: p b t d k ɡ q G ʔ č ɡ̌ v s z š ž ɣ ʁ h m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ q G ʔ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: v s z š ž ɣ ʁ h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y ɛ œ Back Vowels: u ɯ ɔ ɑ Long Vowels: v̄ all Modified Vowels: v̰ (pharynɡealized) all Demonstratives: 3 Articles: indef; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: AN GN Ergative:; Prep/Post:

Обзор типологий языков монгольской группы (Mongolian)

~~Number:~~ 1965: Language: Classical Mongolian; Location: Mongolia; Population: (+) c.1600 AD; Classification: Altaic: Mongolian Grammar: Poppe, Nicholas. 1964. Grammar of Written Mongolian. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. Grønbech, Kaare and John R. Krueger. 1976. An Introduction to Classical (Literary) Mongolian. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.; Consonant system: (p) b t d k ɡ q č ɡ̌ (v) s š ɣ (h) m n l r Stops: (p) b t d k ɡ q Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: (v) s š ɣ (h) Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ʉ ɵ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: initial; Noun; Number: s p [pl not as comon as in other languages] Demonstratives: 2 Articles: indef; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1966: Language: Moghol Alternate Name: Moghol Dialect: Herat; Location: Afghanistan (Herat); Population: 50,000; Classification: Altaic: Mongolian: Western Grammar: Weiers, Michael. 1972. Die Sprache der Moghol der Provinz Herat in Afghanistan. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.; Consonant system: p b t d k ɡ q (ʔ) č ɡ̌ f s (z) š x ʁ (h) m n ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ q (ʔ) Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s (z) š x ʁ (h) Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j (w); Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV GN/NG DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1967: Language: Dagur Alternate Name: Daur; Location: NE China; Population: 50,000; Classification: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Dagur; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1968: Language: Monguor Alternate Name: Mangghuer, Tu; Location: China (W Kansu); Population: 60,000; Classification: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Monguor Grammar: Smedt, A. de and A. Mostaert. 1945. Le dialecte monguor. Peking: The Catholic Univ. [Reprinted 1964 by Indiana Univ., Bloomington]; Consonant system: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh q ts tsh ṭs ṭsh č čh f s̪ ṣ ẓ š χ m n ŋ l r Stops: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh q Affricates: ts tsh ṭs ṭsh č čh Fricatives: f s̪ ṣ ẓ š χ Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ɛ æ Central Vowels: ʉ ɵ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ Nasal Vowels: ṽ: æ a o Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1969: Language: Yellow Uighur Alternate Name: West Yugur; Location: China (NW Gansu); Population: 4,600; Classification: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Monguor; Consonant system: Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1970: Language: Pao-an Alternate Name: Baonan Dialect: Tung-hsiang; Location: China (Kansu); Population: 250,000 (160,000); Classification: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Monguor Grammar: Todaeva, B.X. 1961. Dunsjanskij jazyk. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Vostochnoj literatury.; Consonant system: ph b th d ch ɟ ɡ qh čh ɡ̌ f (v) s (z) š x h m n ŋ l r Stops: ph b th d ch ɟ ɡ qh Affricates: čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: f (v) s (z) š x h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: initial; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1971: Language: Santa; Location: China (SW Gansu); Population: 374,000; Classification: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Monguor; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1972: Language: Oirat; Location: China; Population: 518,000; Classification: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Oirat-Khalkha: Oirat-Kalmyk; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1973: Language: Kalmyk; Location: SW Russia (Kalmyk ASSR); Population: 253,000; Classification: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Oirat-Khalkha: Oirat-Kalmyk Dictionary: Ramstedt, G.J. 1935. Kalmückisches Wörterbuch. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. Ilishkin, I., ed. 1964. Russko-kalmyyskij slovar'. Moscow Grammar: Todaeva, B.X. 1968. "Kalmytskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 34-52.; Other Sources: Street, John C. 1962. "Kalmyk Shwa," in ASAL, 263-91. Badmaev, B.B. 1966. Grammatika Kalmytskogo jazyka: morfologija. Elista: Kalmytskoe Knizhnoe Izdatel'stvo.; Consonant system: (p) b t d k ɡ ts č ɡ̌ β (f) s z š (ž) x ɣ m n ŋ l r Stops: (p) b t d k ɡ Affricates: ts č ɡ̌ Fricatives: β (f) s z š (ž) x ɣ Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø æ Central Vowels: ǝ Back Vowels: u o ɑ Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: initial; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1974: Language: Buriat; Location: SE Russia (Buryat ASSR); Population: 350,000; Classification: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Oirat-Khalkha: Khalkha-Buriat Dictionary: Cheremisov, K.M. 1973. Burjatsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow: Sovetskaja Entsiklopedija. Sanzheev, G.D. Grammatika burjatskogo jazyka'. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo vostochnoj literatury. Grammar: Bosson, James E. 1962. Buriat Reader. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Bertagaev, T.A. 1968. "Burjatskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 13-33.; Other Sources: Buraev, I.D., T.P. Bazheeva and E.S. Pavlova. 1975. Atlas zvukov burjatskogo jazyka. Ulan-Ude: Burjatskoe Knizhnoe Izdatel'stvo.; Consonant system: (p) b t d (k) ɡ (ts) (č) (f) (v) s z š ž x h m n ŋ l r Stops: (p) b t d (k) ɡ Affricates: (ts) (č) Fricatives: (f) (v) s z š ž x h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cj ? Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: I y ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: i y ø ɛ u ɔ ɑ Diphthongs: æɛ ɔɛ ʋI yi; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: initial, or on first long vowel; Noun
Number: s [p] Demonstratives: 2: Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1975: Language: Khalkha; Location: Mongolia; Population: 1 million; Classification: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Oirat-Khalkha: Khalkha-Buriat Dictionary: Lessing, F.D. et al. 1960. Mongolian-English Dictionary. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press. Hangin, John G. 1970. A Concise English-Mongolian Dictionary. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Grammar: Street, John C. 1963. Khalkha Structure. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Bosson, James E. 1964. Modern Mongolian: A Primer and Reader. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Poppe, Nicholas. 1970. Mongolian Language Handbook. Washington, D.C.: CAL.; TextBooks: Hangin, John G. 1968. Basic Course in Mongolian. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.; Consonant system: (ph) t̪h (kh) b d̪ ɡ tsh čh dz ɡ̌ (ɸ) s š x β m n̪ ŋ l̪ (ɬ) r Stops: (ph) b t̪h d̪ (kh) ɡ Affricates: tsh dz čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: (ɸ) β s š x Nasals: m n̪ ŋ Laterals: l̪ (ɬ) Vibrants: r Glides: j; Vowel system: i ʉ u e ǝ ɵ o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ʉ ǝ ɵ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄: all but ǝ Diphthongs: ae oe ʉi ia io iu ui; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: initial; Noun; Number: s p [pl used less than in Western languages] Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4[ie] 2 5 *3 *6 *Politeness: pol/fam (2) [2 pol=5]; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS D+Num+A+N Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1976: Language: Khorchin; Location: China; Population: 900,000; Classification: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Oirat-Khalkha: Khalkha-Buriat; Other Sources: Bosson, James and B. Unensečen. 1962. "Some Notes on the Dialect of the Khorchin Mongols," in ASAL, 23-44. E; Consonant system: ph b t̪h d̪ ɟ ɡ s̪ š h m n̪ ŋ l r Stops: ph b t̪h d̪ ɟ ɡ Fricatives: s̪ š h Nasals: m n̪ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ø Central Vowels: ǝ ɵ Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɑ Long Vowels: i y e ø ǝ ɵ u o ɔ ɑ; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1977: Language: Ordos; Location: China (Sui Yang); Population: 375,000; Classification: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Oirat-Khalkha: Khalkha-Buriat Dictionary: Mostaert, Antoine 1941. Dictionnaire ordos. Peking: The Catholic Univ. [Reprinted 1968 by Johnson Reprinted, New York] Grammar: Soulié, G. 1903. Éléments de grammaire mongole (dialecte ordoss). Paris: Ernest Leroux.; Consonant system: p ph b t th k kh ɡ q G ts č čh kx f s z š ž x ɣ χ ʁ m n ŋ l l̥ r r̥ Stops: p ph b t th k kh ɡ q G Affricates: ts č čh kx Fricatives: f s z š ž x ɣ χ ʁ Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l l̥ Vibrants: r r̥ Glides: j w w̥; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø œ æ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ Long Vowels: v̄ Stress: initial; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative:; Prep/Post:

Обзор типологий языков тунгусо-маньчжурской группы (Tungus)

~~Number:~~ 1978: Language: Even; Location: NE Russia (NE Yakut ASSR); Population: 9,000; Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Northern Dictionary: Tsintsius, V.I. and L.D. Rishes. 1952. Russko-evenskij slovar'. Moscow. GD: Benzing, J. 1955. Lamutische Grammatik mit Bibliographie, Sprachproben und Glossar. Wiesbaden. Grammar: Novikova, K.A. 1960. Ocherki dialektov evenskogo jazyka. Moscow: Academy of Sciences. Novikova K.A. 1968. "Evenskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 88-108. Menges, Karl H. 1968. "Das Lamutische," in Altaistik, vol 3, 92-129.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ s h v m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: v s h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ t d k č n ŋ r Glides: j; Vowel system: i u e ǝ o Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ i e u o Modified Vowels: ḭ æ̰ ḭ̄ ā̰ ǣ̰ a̤ ṳ o̤ ṳ̄ ō̤ (v̰ = 'hard' vowel: all vowels belong to either the hard or soft series. Compared to soft vowels, hard vowels: (1) are drawn back, (2) more tense, (3) have a lower timbre and in some dialects (4) are pharyngealized) Diphthongs: ie iæ; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: on last v̄, if no v̄, on last v; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1979: Language: Negidal; Location: SE Russia (Xabarovskij Krai); Population: 350; Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Northern Grammar: Kolesnikova, V.D. and O.A. Konstantinova. 1968. "Negidal'skij jazyk," in JNS 5, 109-28.; Consonant system: p b t d k ɡ č ɡ̌ (f) s x m n ñ ŋ l Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: (f) s x Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e æ Central Vowels: ǝ ɵ Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: i I e æ ɵ a u o ɔ; Syllable: (C)V(C); Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1980: Language: Evenki Alternate Name: Khamnigan; Location: E Russia (Yakut ASSR); Population: 32,000; Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Northern Dictionary: Vasilevich, G.M. 1958. Evenkijsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow. Kolesnikova, V.D. and O.A. Konstantinova. 1960. Russko-evenkijskij slovar'. Leningrad. Grammar: Konstantinova. O.A. 1968. "Evenkijskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 68-87. Konstantinova, O.A. 1964. Evenkijskij jazyk. Moscow. Menges, Karl H. 1968. "Das Ewenki," in Altaistik, vol 3, 42-92.; Other Sources: Kolesnikova, V.D. 1966. Sintaksis evenkijskogo jazyka. Moscow: Nauka.; Consonant system: p b t d k ɡ (ts) č ɡ̌ β (f) s (z) (š) (ž) x m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: (ts) č ɡ̌ Fricatives: β (f) s (z) (š) (ž) x Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i æ Central Vowels: ǝ Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: i e æ ǝ u o; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: phonemic; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1981: Language: Solon; Location: E Russia (E Siberia); Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Northern; Consonant system: Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1982: Language: Manegir; Location: E Russia (E Siberia); Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Northern; Consonant system: Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1983: Language: Orochon; Location: E Russia (E Siberia); Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Northern; Consonant system: Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1984: Language: Ju-chen; Location: E Russia (E Siberia); Population: extinct; Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southwestern; Consonant system: Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1985: Language: Manchu; Location: NW China (Sinkiang); Population: 27,000 (50); Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southwestern Grammar: Pashkov, B.K. 1963. Manchzhurskij jazyk. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo vostochnoj literatury. Sinor, Denis. 1968. "La langue mandjoue," in Altaistik, vol 3, 257-80.; Other Sources: Austin, William M. 1962. "The Phonemics and Morphophonemics of Manchu," in ASAL, 15-22.; Consonant system: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh č čh f v s̪ (z̪) š (ž) x m n̪ ŋ l̪ r Stops: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh Affricates: č čh Fricatives: f v s̪ (z̪) š (ž) x Nasals: m n̪ ŋ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɵ a Back Vowels: u o Diphthongs: aj oj ej uj; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: non-phonemic; Noun; Number: s p [pl suffix only used for humans, living things, kin terms, etc] Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1986: Language: Manchu Alternate Name: Xibe Dialect: Sibe; Location: China (Xinjiang); Population: 27,000 (27,000); Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southwestern; Other Sources: Norman, Jerry. n.d. "Swadesh List in Manchu and Sibe," Unicorn 3, 89-98. Princeton: Chinese Linguistics Project. Norman, Jerry. 1974. "A Sketch of Sibe Morphology," Central Asiatic Journal 18, 159-74.; Consonant system: p ph t th k kh q č čh qχ f v s (š) x χ m n ŋ N l ɾ Stops: p ph t th k kh q Affricates: č čh qχ Fricatives: f v s (š) x χ Nasals: m n ŋ N Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ Diphthongs: ai au ia ua ǝi ǝu iɛ yɛ oi io ui Stress: penult; Noun
Number: s [p] [pl generally limited to humans] Demonstratives: 2: Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1987: Language: Akani; Location: E Russia (E Siberia); Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Nanaj; Consonant system: Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1988: Language: Birar; Location: E Russia (E Siberia); Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Nanaj; Consonant system: Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1989: Language: Gold; Location: SE Russia (Xabarovskij Krai); Population: 7,000; Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Nanaj Dictionary: Onenko, S.N. 1959. Russko-nanajskij slovar'. Leningrad. Petrova, T.I. 1960. Nanajsko-russkij slovar'. Leningrad. Grammar: Avrorin, V.A. 1959, 1961. Grammatika nanajskogo jazyka, 2 vols. Moscow: Academy of Sciences. Avrorin, V.A. 1968. "Nanajskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 129-48. Menges, Karl H. 1968. "Die Sprache der Nānaj (Goldi)," in Altaistik, vol 3, 171-246.; Consonant system: p b t d k ɡ č ɡ̌ s x m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: s x Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i ḛ Central Vowels: ǝ a̰ Back Vowels: u o̰ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all Diphthongs: iǝ iu ia io ǝu ǝi ai ao ui uǝ oi oa iǝ̃ iũ iã iõ ǝũ ǝĩ aĩ aõ uĩ uǝ̃ oĩ oã; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1990: Language: Kile; Location: E Russia (E Siberia); Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Nanaj; Consonant system: Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1991: Language: Olcha; Location: SE Russia (Xabarovskij Krai); Population: 2,000; Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Nanaj Grammar: Sunik, O.P. 1968. "Ul'chskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 149-71.; Consonant system: p b t d k ɡ č ɡ̌ (f) v s x m n ñ ŋ l (r) Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: (f) v s x Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: (r) Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: final; Noun
Number: s [p] [pl suffix exists, but is not usually used] Demonstratives: 2: Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1992: Language: Orok; Location: SE Russia (Saxalin Is.); Population: 400; Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Nanaj Grammar: Petrova, T.I. 1967. Jazyk orokov (ul'ta). Leningrad: Nauka. Petrova, T.I. 1968. "Orokskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 172-90.; Other Sources: Ikegami, J. 1956. "The Substantive Inflection of Orok," Gengo Kenkyu 30.; Consonant system: p b t d k ɡ č ɡ̌ s x m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: s x Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ t k m n l r w Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: i e ɛ ǝ a u o ɔ; Noun
Number: s [p] [pl suffix exists, but is seldom used] Demonstratives: 2: Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1993: Language: Samagir; Location: E Russia (E Siberia); Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Nanaj; Consonant system: Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1994: Language: Oroch; Location: SE Russia (Xabarovskij Krai); Population: 2,000; Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Udihe Dictionary: Leontovich, S. 1896. Russko-orochenskij slovar'. Vladivostok. Grammar: Avrorin, V.A. and E.P. Lebedeva. 1968. "Orochskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 172-90.; Other Sources: Lopatin, I. 1957. Material on the Orochee Language. Fribourg.; Consonant system: p b t d k ɡ č ɡ̌ v s x ɣ m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: v s x ɣ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ p b k ɡ č m n ŋ Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ʋ o Long Vowels: i æ ǝ a u ʋ o Diphthongs: iǝ ia iu æi æa æʋ ǝi ǝu ai aʋ ui uǝ ʋi ʋa oi; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: final; Noun
Number: s [p] [pl forms used extremely rarely] Demonstratives: 4?: Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV AN/(NA) GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1995: Language: Udihe; Location: SE Russia (Xabarovskij Krai); Population: 1,400; Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Udihe Dictionary: Shnejder, E.R. 1936. Kratkij udegejsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow. Grammar: Sunik, O.P. 1968. "Udegejskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 210-32. Menges, Karl H. 1968. "Die Sprache der Udihe," in Altaistik, vol 3, 129-71.; Consonant system: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ č ɡ̌ f s x ɣ h m n̪ ñ ŋ l (ɾ) Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s x ɣ h Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: (ɾ) Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i (y) e ø ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: final; Noun
Number: s [p] [pl suffix exists, but is not normally used] Demonstratives: 2: Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

Обзор типологий языков пуёсской [приморско-алтайской] ветви (Korean-Japanese)

~~Number:~~ 1996: Language: Korean; Location: Korea; Population: 55 million; Classification: Altaic: Korean-Japanese Grammar: Rogers, M.C. 1956. Outline of Korean Grammar. n.p.:n.p.; Other Sources: Olmsted, D.L. 1963. Korean Folkore Reader. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Han, Mieko S. 1963. Acoustic Phonetics of Korean. Los Angles: Univ. of California. Cho, Seung-Bog. 1967. A Phonological Study of Korean. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells. Hwang, Shin Ja Joo. 1975. Korean Clause Structure. SIL 50. AL 7:1 Martin, Samuel E. 1951. "Korean Phonemics," Lg 27, 519-33.; Consonant system: p ph pʔ t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ k kh kʔ ʔ č čh čʔ s sʔ h m n̪ ŋ l Stops: p ph pʔ t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ k kh kʔ ʔ Affricates: č čh čʔ Fricatives: s sʔ h Nasals: m n̪ ŋ Laterals: l Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i (y) e ø æ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ Long Vowels: (v̄); Syllable: (C)V(C) Demonstratives: 3 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6 politeness: yes; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N/(N-NUM) POSS-N Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST Comments: The glottalized series of consonants is variously described as (1) long, (2) tense, (3) accompanied by glottal tension, though the glottal catch is apparently nowhere near as pronounced as in typical Amerindian or Caucasian ejectives.

~~Number:~~ 1997: Language: Japanese; Location: Japan; Population: 115 million; Classification: Altaic: Korean-Japanese Dictionary: Okakura, Y., ed. 1945. New English-Japenese Dictionary. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press. Grammar: Martin, Samuel E. 1975. A Reference Grammar of Japanese. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.; TextBooks: Jorden, Eleanor Harz. 1963. Beginning Japanese, 2 vols. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.; Other Sources: Harada, Tetsuo. 1966. Outlines of Modern Japanese Linguistics. Tokyo: Nihon Univ. Kuno, Susumu. 1973. The Structure of the Japanese Language. Cambridge: MIT Press.; Consonant system: p t̪ k (ʔ) b d̪ ɡ č ɡ̌ s š h z m n̪ (ŋ) ɾ Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ (ʔ) Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: s z š h Nasals: m n̪ (ŋ) Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: c̄ p t k č s š Glides: j w; Vowel system: i ɯ e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: ɯ o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)(G)V, ŋ̟; Tones: pitch accent: hi lo Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3mfn *6hH politeness: many honorific forms; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1998: Language: Ryukyuan Dialect: Central; Location: Japan (Okinawa); Classification: Altaic: Korean-Japanese; Other Sources: AL 7:1; Consonant system: p b t d k ɡ ʔ ts s z h m n r Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ Affricates: ts Fricatives: s z h Nasals: m n Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o; Syllable: Nˈ; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1999: Language: Ryukyuan Alternate Name: Shodon Dialect: Northern; Location: Japan (Ryukyu Islands); Population: 900,000; Classification: Altaic: Korean-Japanese; Other Sources: Martin, Samuel E. 1970. "Shodon: A Dialect of the Northern Ryukyus," JAOS 90, 97-139.; Consonant system: p t̪ t̪h k kh kʷ khʷ ʔ ʔʷ b d̪ ɡ ɡʷ ɸ s̪ h (z̪) m n̪ ɾ Stops: p b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ kʷ khʷ ɡʷ ʔ ʔʷ Fricatives: ɸ s̪ (z̪) h Nasals: m n̪ Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Tones: hi mid low Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2* 5* 3 6 politeness: honorific forms for 2 & 5; Syntax: SOV AN Ergative:; Prep/Post:

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