Типологии дене-кавказских праязыков

Краткие фонетико-грамматические сведения по сино-кавказским языкам

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Здесь представлены краткие справки по фонетике и грамматике языков Дене-кавказской (Сино-кавказской) суперсемьи, взятые с проекта глобальной этимологической базы данных "Вавилонская башня" Сергея Старостина. Эти сведения будут затем размещаться в каждом праязыковом этимологическом словнике.

Всего здесь представлено 392 [!] тибето-кавказо-атабаскских языковых систем, распределённых по 6 семьям:

Краткий типологический обзор языка басков (Basque)
Краткие типологические обзоры языков (Северо-)кавказской макросемьи (Caucasian)
Краткие типологические обзоры диалектов бурушаски (Burushaski)
Краткие типологические обзоры енисейских языков (Yeniseian)
Краткие типологические обзоры сино-тибетских языков (Sino-Tibetan)
Краткие типологические обзоры языков на-дене (Na-Dene)

Что интересно, северо-кавказская языковая общность названа макросемьей, а сино-тибетская - семьей.

Жаль, здесь нет типологических абзоров исчезнувших еще в древности хаттского и хуррито-урартских языков. Хаттский язык до конца еще не дешифрован, известно только полтора десятка слов, а вот у хурритов была богатая литература, повлиявшая на окружающие народы Древнего мира.

Краткий типологический обзор языка басков

На родительском "Сайте Игоря Гаршина" (garshin.ru) можете ознакомиться с описанием баскского языка (эускары), а здесь, на "Лексиконах" (lexicons.ru) - с его лексикой и словарями.

~~Number:~~ 1600: Language: Basque; Location: N Spain; Population: 1 million; Classification: Dene-Caucasian Dictionary: Arbelaitz, O.M. 1968. Diccionario castellano-vasco y vasco-castellano. Bilbao: La Gran Enciclopedia Vasca. Eiguren, Joe V. ed, 1974. English-Basque, Basque-English Dictionary. Nampa, Idaho: Basque Publications. Grammar: N'Diaye, Geneviиve. 1970. Structure de dialecte basque de Maya. The Hague: Mouton. Lafitte, Pierre. 1962. Grammaire basque. Bayonne, Ikas.; TextBooks: Lopez Mendizбbal, Isaac 1949. La lengua vasca. Buenos Aires: Editorial Vasca Ekin. Eiguren, Joe V. 1974. How to Learn to Speak Basque. Nampa, Idaho: Basque Publications.; Other Sources: Lochak, Dorita. 1960. "Basque Phonemics," AL 2:3, 12-31. Bouda. Karl. 1949. Baskisch-kaukasische Etymologien. Heidelbeng. AL 6:8 & 8:3.; Consonant system: p t̪ (c) k b d̪ (ɟ) ɡ ts (ṭs) č (f) s (ṣ) š x m n̪ ñ l ʎ ɾ r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ (c) (ɟ) k ɡ Affricates: ts (ṭs) č Fricatives: (f) s (ṣ) š x Nasals: m n̪ ñ Laterals: l ʎ Vibrants: ɾ r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C); Noun; Number: s p Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV NA GN ND NUM-N POSS-N Ergative: Erg

Краткие типологические обзоры языков (Северо-)кавказской макросемьи

Смотрите также описание северокавказской макросемьи, её ветвей и языков.

Типологические сводки по языкам Западнокавказской семьи

~~Number:~~ 1601: Language: Ubyx; Location: SW Russia (Abxaz ASSR); Population: extinct (1992); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northwest Dictionary: Vogt, Hans. 1963. Dictionnaire de la langue oubykh. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. Grammar: Dumézil, Georges. 1931. La langue des oubykhs. Paris: Champion. Kumaxov, M. A. 1967. "Ubyxskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 689-704.; Other Sources: Dumézil, G. and A. Namitok. 1954. "Le système des sons de l'oubykh," Bulletin de la Société Linguistique de Paris 50. Paris, Catherine. 1974. Système phonologique et phénomènes phonétiques dans le parler besney de Zennun Köyü (Tcherkesse oriental). Paris: Klincksieck. Dumézil, Georges. 1975. Le verbe oubykh. Paris: Klincksieck. AL 6:8; Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ qh qʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ tsh tsʔ tlʔ ṭsḥ ṭsʔ čh čʔ dz ḍz ɡ̌ f s ṣ ṣʔ z m n̪ l ɬ r Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ qh qʔ ʔ Affricates: tsh tsʔ dz tlʔ ṭsh ṭsʔ ḍz čh čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s z ṣ ṣʔ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cj čh cʔ ɡ̌ š ž kh kʔ ɡ x qh qʔ χ ʁ cʷ = th tʔ d tsh tsʔ dz s z ṣ ẓ ṣʔ kh kʔ ɡ x qh qʔ cɒ (pharyngealized) ph pʔ b v m qh qʔ χ ʁ Glides: j w; Vowel system: ǝ a Central Vowels: ǝ a Long Vowels: ā Diphthongs: ǝj ǝw Stress: phonemic; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV NA /(AN) GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST Comments: The Ubyx lived, until 1864, on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, north of the Abxaz. In 1864 most of them moved to Turkey, where the last speaker died in 1992.

~~Number:~~ 1602: Language: Abxaz. Alternate Name: Abkhaz; Location: SW Russia (Abxaz ASSR); Population: 55,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northwest: Abxaz-Abaza Dictionary: Brazhba, X. S., ed. 1964. Russko-abxazskij slovar'. Suxumi. Grammar: Lomtatidze, K. V. 1967. "Abxazskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 101-22. Grammatika abxazskogo jazyka. 1968. Suxumi: Alashara.; Other Sources: Paris, Catherine. 1974. Système phonologique et phénomènes phonétiques dans le parler besney de Zennun Köyü (Tcherkesse oriental). Paris: Klincksieck. Dumézil, Georges. 1975. Le verbe oubykh. Paris: Klincksieck.; Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ qʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪sh t̪sʔ čh čʔ d̪z ɡ̌ f s̪ š x h v z̪ ž ɣ m n̪ l̪ r Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ qʔ ʔ Affricates: t̪sh t̪sʔ d̪z čh čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž x ɣ h Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cj kh kʔ ɡ qʔ čh čʔ ɡ̌ š ž x ɣ cʷ th tʔ d kh kʔ ɡ qʔ tsh tsʔ dz š ž̌ x ɣ h ɦ Glides: j w; Vowel system: ǝ a Central Vowels: ǝ a Diphthongs: aj aw ǝj ǝw Stress: phonemic; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: hum non-hum Demonstratives: 3 [that yonder may be used as ref] Articles: def indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5 3mfn 6; Syntax: SOV AN/NA GN DN NUM-N POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1603: Language: Abaza; Location: SW Russia (Abxaz ASSR); Population: 30,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northwest: Abxaz-Abaza Dictionary: Tugova, V. B. 1967. Abazinsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow: Sovetskaja Entsiklopedija. Zhirov, X. D. and N. B. Ekba, eds. 1956. Russko-abazinskij slovar'. Moscow. Grammar: Lomtatidze, K. V. 1967. "Abazinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 123-44.; Other Sources: Allen, W. S. 1956. "Structure and System in the Abaza Verbal Complex," Transactions of the Philological Society (Hertford). Dumézil, Georges. 1975. Le verbe oubykh. Paris: Klincksieck.; Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ qh qʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪sh t̪sʔ čh čʔ d̪z ɡ̌ (f) s̪ š χ h z̪ ž ʁ ɦ m n̪̪ l r Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ qh qʔ ʔ Affricates: t̪sh t̪sʔ d̪z čh čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: (f) s̪ z̪ š ž χ ʁ h ɦ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cj kh kʔ ɡ qʔ čh čʔ ɡ̌ š ž x ɣ l cʷ = kh kʔ ɡ qh qʔ čh čʔ ɡ̌ š ž̌ x ɣ h ɦ Glides: j w Central Vowels: ǝ a Diphthongs: aj aw ǝj ǝw Stress: phonemic; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: a i Demonstratives: 3 Articles: def indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2mf 5 3mfn 6; Syntax: SOV AN/NA GN DN NUM-N POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1604: Language: Abaza. Dialect: Tapanta; Location: SW Russia (Abxaz ASSR); Population: 85,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northwest: Abxaz-Abaza Grammar: Genko, A. N. 1955. Abazinskij jazyk. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.; Other Sources: AL 6:8; Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ qʔ qh ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪sh t̪sʔ čh čʔ d̪z ɡ̌ f fʔ s̪ ṣ̌ χ h v z̪ ʁ ɦ m n̪̪ l ɬ ɬʔ ɮ r Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ qʔ qh ʔ Affricates: t̪sh t̪sʔ d̪z čh čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: f fʔ v s̪ z̪ ṣ̌ χ ʁ h ɦ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l ɬ ɬʔ ɮ Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: ǝ a Central Vowels: ǝ a; Syllable: (C)(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C) Stress: phonemic; Noun; Number: s p Articles: def indef; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2mf 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1605: Language: Adygh Alternate Name: Adyghe; Location: SW Russia (Adygej AO); Population: 80,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northwest: Circassian Dictionary: Vodozhdokova, X. D., ed. 1960. Russko-adygejskij slovar'. Moscow. Grammar: Kumaxov, M. A. 1967. "Adygejskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 145-64. Jakovlev, N. and D. Ashxamaf. 1941. Grammatika adygejskogo literaturnogo jazyka. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.; Other Sources: Kumaxova, Z. J. 1972. Razvitie adygskix literaturnyx jazykov. Moscow: Nauka. Paris, Catherine. 1974. Système phonologique et phénomènes phonétiques dans le parler besney de Zennun Köyü (Tcherkesse oriental). Paris: Klincksieck. Dumézil, Georges. 1975. Le verbe oubykh. Paris: Klincksieck.; Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ qʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪sh t̪sʔ čh čʔ d̪z f s̪ š šʔ x χ h z̪ ž ɣ ʁ m n̪ l ɬ ɬʔ r Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ qʔ ʔ Affricates: t̪sh t̪sʔ d̪z čh čʔ Fricatives: f s̪ z̪ š šʔ ž x ɣ χ ʁ h Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l ɬ ɬʔ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cj čh čʔ ɡ̌ š ž cʷ pʔ tʔ kh kʔ ɡ qʔ ʔ tsh dz š šʔ ž x χ ʁ Glides: j w; Vowel system: ɨ ǝ Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ Long Vowels: ā Diphthongs: ej ew we ǝj ǝw; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3 Articles: def indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN/NA GN DN NUM-N [1]/N-NUM [>1] POSS-N/N-POSS Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1606: Language: Kabardian; Location: SW Russia (Abxaz ASSR); Population: 270,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northwest: Circassian Dictionary: Kardanov, B. M. 1957. Kabardinsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow. Kardanov, B. M. and A. T. Bichoev. 1955. Russko-kabardinsko-cherkesskij slovar'. Moscow. Grammar: Grammatika kabardino-cherkesskogo literaturnogo jazyka. 1957. Moscow: Academy of Sciences. Shagirov, A. K. 1967. "Kabardinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 165-83.; Other Sources: Kuipers, Aert H. 1960. Phoneme and Morpheme in Kabardian. The Hague: Mouton. Henderson, Eugénie J. A. 1970. Acoustic Features of Certain Consonants and Consonant Clusters in Kabardian," BSOAS 33, 92-106. Kumaxova, Z. J. 1972. Razvitie adygskix literaturnyx jazykov. Moscow: Nauka. Paris, Catherine. 1974. Système phonologique et phénomènes phonétiques dans le parler besney de Zennun Köyü (tcherkesse oriental). Paris: Klincksieck. Dumézil, Georges. 1975. Le verbe oubykh. Paris: Klincksieck. AL 6:8; Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ khʷ kʔʷ qh qʔ qhʷ qʔʷ ʔ ʔʷ b d̪ ɡ ɡʷ t̪sh t̪sʔ čh čʔ d̪z ɡ̌ f fʔ s š šʔ v z m n̪ l ɬ ɬʔ r Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ khʷ kʔʷ ɡʷ qh qʔ qhʷ qʔʷ ʔ ʔʷ Affricates: t̪sh t̪sʔ d̪z čh čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: f fʔ v s z š šʔ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l ɬ ɬʔ Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: ǝ a Central Vowels: ǝ a Long Vowels: (ı̄) (ē) ā (ū) (ō); Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C) Stress: penult/antepenut; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3 [yonder = ref] Articles: def indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV NA/(AN) GN DN N-NUM POSS-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

Типологические сводки по языкам Восточнокавказской семьи

~~Number:~~ 1607: Language: Bats Alternate Name: Tsova-Tush; Location: Georgia; Population: 3,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Nax Grammar: Desheriev, J. D. 1953. Batsbijskij jazyk. Moscow: Academy of Sciences. Desheriev, J. D. 1967. "Batsbijskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 228-46.; Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪sh t̪sʔ čh čʔ qχ qχʔ m n l ɬ r Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: t̪sh t̪sʔ čh čʔ qχ qχʔ Nasals: m n Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ t tʔ d n l Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u ǝ o a Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: ī ō ɑ̄ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ũ õ ɑ̃ Diphthongs: ai ǝi ie oi ui ãi ẽi ĩe õi ũi Stress: root initial; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 7: m, f, non-rational beings, nature, things, objects, ideas Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 *3 *6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST Comments: all bilingual in Georgian

~~Number:~~ 1608: Language: Chechen; Location: SW Russia (Chechen-Ingush ASSR); Population: 420,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Nax: Chechen-Ingush Dictionary: Matsiev, A. G. 1961. Chechensko-russkij slovar'. Moscow. Grammar: Desheriev, J. D. 1967. "Chechenskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 190-209.; Other Sources: Jakovlev, N. F. 1940. Sintaksis chechenskogo literaturnogo jazyka. Moscow: Academy of Sciences. Chokaev, K. Z. 1968, 1970. Morfologija chechenskogo jazyka, 2 vols. Groznyj. Magomedov, A. G. 1974. Sistema glasnyx checheno-ingushskogo jazyka. n.p.: Checheno-ingushskoe Knizhnoe Izdatel'stvo.; Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪sh t̪sʔ čh čʔ qχ qχʔ d̪z ɡ̌ m n l r Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: t̪sh t̪sʔ d̪z čh čʔ ɡ̌ qχ qχʔ Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ th d kh ɡ s z χ m n l r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i y u e ø o æ a Front Vowels: i y e ø æ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ã ũ ı̄̃ ē̃ ā̃ ū̃ Diphthongs: ie uo oa uø ĩe ũo ũø iē uō u↔ō ĩē ũō ũ↔ō; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C) Stress: root initial; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 6 Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1609: Language: Ingush; Location: SW Russia (Chechen-Ingush ASSR); Population: 158,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Nax: Chechen-Ingush Dictionary: Ozdoev, I. A. 1961. Orfograficheskij slovar' ingushskogo jazyka. Groznij. Ozdoev, I. A. 1980. Russko-ingushskij slovar'. Moscow: Russkij Jazyk. Grammar: Dolakova, P. I. 1967. "Ingushskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 210-27.; Other Sources: Magomedov, A. G. 1974. Sistema glasnyx checheno-ingushskogo jazyka. n.p.: Checheno-ingushskoe Knizhnoe Izdatel'stvo.; Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ kh kʔ qh qʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ tsh tsʔ čh čʔ dz ɡ̌ m n̪ l r r̥ Stops: ph pʔ b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ qh qʔ ʔ Affricates: tsh tsʔ dz čh čʔ ɡ̌ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l Vibrants: r r̥ Modified Consonants: c̄ ph th d kh tsh dz ɡ̌ s z m n l r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: ī ǣ ā Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ã ũ Diphthongs: ie uo oa ĩe; Syllable: (C)V(C); Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 6: m f... Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN DN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1610: Language: Avar; Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR); Population: 270,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Avar Dictionary: Saidov, M. S. and S. I. Mikailov. 1951. Russko-avarskij slovar'. Maxachkala. Grammar: Madieva, G. I. 1967. "Avarskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 255-71.; Other Sources: Bokarev, A. A. 1949. Sintaksis avarskogo jazyka. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.; Consonant system: ph t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ khʷ qʔʷ ʔ b d̪ ɡ ɡʷ t̪sh t̪sʔ t̄lʔ čh čʔ q̄χ q̄χʔ m n̪ l ɬ r Stops: ph b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ khʷ ɡʷ qʔʷ ʔ Affricates: t̪sh t̪sʔ t̄lʔ čh čʔ q̄χ q̄χʔ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ kh kʔ q qʔ ʔ tsh (tl) tsʔ tlʔ čh čʔ s š x χ χʷ ɬ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C) Stress: phonemic, but usually 1st or 2nd; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 3: masc, fem, non-hum Demonstratives: 5 (3 + that above, that below); Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 *3mfH *6mfH H=non-human; Syntax: SOV AN POSS-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1611: Language: Andi; Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR); Population: 9,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi Grammar: Tsertsvadze, I. I. 1967. "Andijskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 276-92.; Consonant system: ph t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ khʷ kʔʷ qʔʷ ʔ b d̪ ɡ ɡʷ t̪sh t̪sʔ tlh tlʔ čh čʔ qχ qχʔ ɡ̌ m n̪ l ɬ r Stops: ph b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ khʷ kʔʷ ɡʷ qʔʷ ʔ Affricates: t̪sh t̪sʔ tlh tlʔ čh čʔ ɡ̌ qχ qχʔ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ b d kh kʔ ɡ qh qʔ qhʷ qʔʷ tsh tsʔ tlʔ čh čʔ ɡ̌ s š x l ɬ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ ? Nasal Vowels: ṽ ? Diphthongs: diphthongs Stress: phonemic; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 5: m f animate N (non-human) inanimate (2 classes) Demonstratives: 5 (3 + that above, that below); Pronouns: 1mf 4ie 2mf 5 *3 *6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO/SOV AN GN Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1612: Language: Botlix; Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR); Population: 3,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi Grammar: GD: Gudava, T. E. 1962. Botlixskij jazyk. Tbilisi Gudava, T. E. 1967. "Botlixskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 293-306.; Consonant system: ph t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪sh t̪sʔ t̄lh t̄lʔ čh čʔ k̄x k̄xʔ q̄χ q̄χʔ ɡ̌ m n̪ l ɬ r Stops: ph b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: t̪sh t̪sʔ t̄lh t̄lʔ čh čʔ ɡ̌ k̄x k̄xʔ q̄χ q̄χʔ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ kʔ tsh tsʔ čh čʔ kx s š ç x ɬ tlh tlʔ kxʔ qχ qχʔ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ã ũ (õ) Stress: phonemic; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 3: m, f, N (=things, phenomena, animals) Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 *3mfH *6 H=non-human; Syntax: AN GN Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1613: Language: Godoberi; Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR); Population: 2,500; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi Grammar: Gudava, T. E. 1967. "Godoberinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 307-21.; Other Sources: Job, Michael, ed. 2004. The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus, Vol. 3: The Northeast Caucasian Languages, Part 1. Ann Arbor: Caravan Books.; Consonant system: ph t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ (t̪sh) t̪sʔ t̄l tlʔ čh čʔ k̄x q̄χ qχʔ m n̪ l ɬ r Stops: ph b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: (t̪sh) t̪sʔ t̄l tlʔ čh čʔ k̄x q̄χ qχʔ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ th q tsh tl čh kx s š ç x ɬ cj kh kʔ ɡ k̄ t̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ã ũ Stress: phonemic; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 3: m, f, N (in pl only hum/non-hum) Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1614: Language: Chamalal; Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR); Population: 4,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi Grammar: Magomedbekova, Z. M. 1967. "Chamalinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 384-399. Bokarev, A. A. 1949. Ocherk grammatiki chamalinskogo jazyka. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.; Consonant system: ph t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪sh t̪sʔ tl tlʔ čh (čʔ) (qχ) qχʔ ɡ̌ s̪ s̪̄ʔ š š̄ʔ z̪ m n̪ l ɬ r Stops: ph b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: t̪sh t̪sʔ tl tlʔ čh (čʔ) ɡ̌ (qχ) qχʔ Fricatives: s̪ s̪̄ʔ z̪ š š̄ʔ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ s sʔ (š) šʔ ç x (xʔ) ɬ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e (o) a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u (o) Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ã ũ ı̃̄ ã̄ ũ̄ Stress: phonemic; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 5: m f n1 n2 n3 (pl: hum/non-hum) Demonstratives: 6 (2 + this above, this below, that above, that below); Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class.; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1615: Language: Bagulal; Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR); Population: 4,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi Grammar: Gudava, T. E. 1967. "Bagvalinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 351-67.; Consonant system: ph t̪h t̪ʔ ch cʔ kh kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɟ ɡ t̪sʔ tlʔ čh čʔ qχ qχʔ s̪ s̪̄ʔ š š̄ʔ z̪ m n̪ l ɬ̄ r Stops: ph b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ ch cʔ ɟ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: t̪sʔ tlʔ čh čʔ qχ qχʔ Fricatives: s̪ s̪̄ʔ z̪ š s̄̌ʔ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l ɬ̄ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ s š ɬ ç x sʔ šʔ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e (o) a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u (o) Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū (ō) Nasal Vowels: ı̃ (ẽ) ã ũ (õ) ı̃̄ (ẽ̄) ã̄ ũ̄ (ȭ) Stress: phonemic?; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 3: masc, fem, non-hum (In pl, hum/non-hum only) Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 *3mfH *6hH H=non-human Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1616: Language: Tindi; Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR); Population: 5,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi Grammar: Gudava, T. E. 1967. "Tindinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 368-83.; Consonant system: p t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ (t̪sh) t̪sʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ k̄x qχ qχʔ m n̪ l ɬ r Stops: p b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: (t̪sh) t̪sʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ k̄x qχ qχʔ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ ts tl č kx s š ç x ɬ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: ̄v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all v̄̃ all (ẽ̄ ȭ rare); Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: phonemic; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 3: m f N (pl: human/N only) Demonstratives: 6 (2 + this above, this below, that above, that below); Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class.; Syntax: SVO AN NUM-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1617: Language: Karata; Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR); Population: 5,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi Grammar: Magomedbekova, Z. M. 1967. "Karatinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 322-35.; Consonant system: ph t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ (t̪sh) t̪sʔ t̄lh tlʔ čʔ k̄x k̄xʔ q̄χ q̄χʔ m n̪ l ɬ r Stops: ph b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: (t̪sh) t̪sʔ t̄lh tlʔ čʔ k̄x k̄xʔ q̄χ q̄χʔ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ kʔ qχ qχʔ tsh tsʔ tlʔ čh čʔ kx s š ç x ɬ tlh Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ı̃ (ẽ) ã (õ) ũ; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 3: m f N (pl: hum/N) Demonstratives: 4 (2 + that above, that below); Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3mfH 6hH; Syntax: GN Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1618: Language: Axvax; Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR); Population: 5,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi Grammar: Magomedbekova, Z. M. 1967a. "Axvaxskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 336-50. Magomedbekova, Z. M. 1967b. Axvaxskij jazyk. Tbilsi: Metsniereba.; Consonant system: ph (pʔ) t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ (t̪sh) t̪sʔ tlh tlʔ čh čʔ qχ qχʔ ɡ̌ s̪ š ç̄ x χ h z̪ ž ɣ ʁ m n̪ l ɬ r Stops: ph (pʔ) b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: (t̪sh) t̪sʔ tlh tlʔ čh čʔ ɡ̌ qχ qχʔ Fricatives: s̪ z̪ š ž ç̄ x ɣ χ ʁ h Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ kʔ q qʔ tsh tsʔ tl tlʔ (čh) (čʔ) (kx) s (š) ç x ɬ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all v̄̃ all; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 3: masc hum, fem hum, non-hum [In pl only hum/non-hum] Demonstratives: 8 (3 + this not far, this above, this below, that above, that below); Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 *3mfH *6hH H=non-human; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN POSS-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1619: Language: Xvarshi Dialect: Inxokari; Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR); Population: 1,800; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Dido Grammar: Bokarev, E. A. 1967. "Xvarshinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 421-35.; Other Sources: TJD; Consonant system: p pʔ t̪ t̪ʷ t̪ʔ k kʷ kʔ qʷ q̌ʔʷ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪s t̪sʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ qχ qχʔ m n̪ l ɬ r Stops: p pʔ b t̪ t̪ʷ t̪ʔ d̪ k kʷ kʔ ɡ qʷ q̌ʔʷ ʔ Affricates: t̪s t̪sʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ qχ qχʔ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i ɨ u e o ɑ Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɨ Back Vowels: u o ɑ Nasal Vowels: ṽ all Modified Vowels: v̰ (pharynɡealized) all but ɨ; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: phonemic; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 6: m f a i,diminutives, the words 'child' & 'family' Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3mM *6mM [m=masc; M=non-masc]; Syntax: SVO/SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1620: Language: Dido Alternate Name: Tsez; Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR); Population: 7,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Dido-Hinux Grammar: Bokarev, E. A. 1967. "Tsezskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 404-20.; Other Sources: TJD Job, Michael, ed. 2004. The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus, Vol. 3: The Northeast Caucasian Languages, Part 1. Ann Arbor: Caravan Books.; Consonant system: p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪s t̪sʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ qχ qχʔ m n̪ l ɬ r Stops: p pʔ b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ k kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: t̪s t̪sʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ qχ qχʔ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: ē ā Modified Vowels: v̰ (pharynɡealized) all; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: phonemic; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 4: m f a i Demonstratives: 3: near/far/far invisible; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3(mM) *6(mM) m=masc; M=non-masc; in oblique cases only; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1621: Language: Hinux; Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR); Population: 200; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Dido-Hinux Grammar: Bokarev, E. A. 1967. "Ginuxskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 436-54.; Other Sources: TJD; Consonant system: p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ ʔ b d̪ ɡ ɡʷ t̪s t̪sʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ qχ qχʔ qχʷ qχʔʷ m n̪ l ɬ r Stops: p pʔ b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ k kʔ ɡ kʷ kʔʷ ɡʷ ʔ Affricates: t̪s t̪sʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ qχ qχʔ qχʷ qχʔʷ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ d s n l Glides: j w; Vowel system: i y u e o ɑ Front Vowels: i y e Back Vowels: u o ɑ Long Vowels: v̄ all Modified Vowels: (v̰ (pharynɡealized) marɡinal); Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: phonemic; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 4: m f a i [f, a & i all contain inanimate nouns, i.e. gender is not semantically pure.] Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3ai *6 a=m+f+a; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Num+A+N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1622: Language: Bezhta; Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR); Population: 2,500; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Bezhta-Hunzib Grammar: Bokarev, E. A. and G. I. Madieva. 1967. "Bezhitinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 455-71.; Other Sources: TJD; Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪sh t̪sʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ qχ qχʔ s̪ š χ h z̪ ž ʁ m n̪ l ɬ r Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: t̪sh t̪sʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ qχ qχʔ Fricatives: s̪ z̪ š ž χ ʁ h Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i y u e ø o æ ɑ Front Vowels: i y e ø æ Back Vowels: u o ɑ Long Vowels: ī ē ū ō ɑ̄ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ũ õ ɑ̃; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: non-phonemic; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 4: m f animate/inanimate inanimate/abstract Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1623: Language: Bezhta Dialect: Tljadal; Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR); Population: 2,500; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Bezhta-Hunzib; Other Sources: TJD; Consonant system: p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ ʔ b d ɡ t̪s t̪sʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ qχ qχʔ m n̪ l ɬ r Stops: p pʔ b t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: t̪s t̪sʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ qχ qχʔ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j; Vowel system: i y u e ø o æ ɑ Front Vowels: i y e ø æ Back Vowels: u o ɑ Long Vowels: ī ū ō ɑ̄ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ũ õ ɑ̃; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 6: m f + 4 misc; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3mf *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1624: Language: Hunzib; Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR); Population: 600; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Bezhta-Hunzib Grammar: Bokarev, E. A. 1967. "Gunzibskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 472-87.; Other Sources: TJD; Consonant system: p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪sh t̪sʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ qχ qχʔ m n̪ l ɬ r Stops: p pʔ b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ k kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: t̪sh t̪sʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ qχ qχʔ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i ɨ u e ǝ ɤ o ɑ Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ Back Vowels: u o ɤ ɑ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: non-phonemic; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 6: m f anim mixed1 mixed2 the word `child' Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3mf *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1625: Language: Lak; Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR); Population: 64,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lak-Dargwa Dictionary: Murkelinskij, G. B. 1953. Russko-lakskij slovar'. Maxachkala. Xajdakov, S. M. 1962. Laksko-russkij slovar'. Moscow. Grammar: Zhirkov, L. I. 1955. Lakskij jazyk. Moscow: Academy of Sciences. Murkelinskij, G. B. 1967. "Lakskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 488-507.; Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ khʷ kʔʷ qh qʔ qhʷ ʔ b d̪ ɡ tsh tsʔ tsʔʷ čh čʔ m n̪ l r Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ khʷ kʔʷ qh qʔ qhʷ ʔ Affricates: tsh tsʔ tsʔʷ čh čʔ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ ph th kh qh ts č s š x χ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u a Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all Modified Vowels: ḛ ø̰ æ̰ only (pharynɡealized); Syllable: (C)V(C)(C); Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 5: m f anim & inan, things & ideas, the word 'house' Demonstratives: 5 (3 + that above, that below); Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1626: Language: Dargwa; Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR); Population: 160,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lak-Dargwa Grammar: Abdullaev, Z. G. 1967. "Darginskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 508-23.; Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ qh qʔ ʔ d̪ ɡ G t̪sh t̪sʔ čh čʔ d̪z ɡ̌ m n̪ l r Stops: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ qh qʔ G ʔ Affricates: t̪sh t̪sʔ d̪z čh čʔ ɡ̌ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Modified Vowels: ǝ̰ (pharynɡealized); Syllable: (C)V(C); Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 3: m f a+i Demonstratives: 4: near, far, above, below; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1627: Language: Dargwa Dialect: Kubachi; Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR); Population: 160,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lak-Dargwa Grammar: Magometov, A. A. 1963. Kubachinskij jazyk. Tbilisi: Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR.; Consonant system: ph pʔ th tʔ kh kʔ qh qʔ ʔ b d ɡ ts tsʔ č čʔ m n̪ l r Stops: ph pʔ b th tʔ d kh kʔ ɡ qh qʔ ʔ Affricates: ts tsʔ č čʔ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ ph th kh qh s š x χ ts č Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: v̄ all Diphthongs: wa ja wi ji ju iw ij aj Stress: phonemic; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 3: masc hum/fem hum/non-hum (pl: hum/non-hum only) Demonstratives: 5 (3 + that above, that below); Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1628: Language: Archi; Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR); Population: 1,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian Grammar: Xajdakov, C. M. 1967. "Archinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 608-26. Mikailov, K. S. 1967. Archinskij jazyk. Maxachkala.; Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪sh t̪sʔ tl čh čʔ qχ qχʔ s š χ h z ž ʁ ʕ m n̪ l ɬ r Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: t̪sh t̪sʔ tl čh čʔ qχ qχʔ Fricatives: s z š ž χ ʁ ʕ h Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ cʷ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Modified Vowels: v̰ (pharynɡealized): all Diphthongs: diphthongs; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: initial; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 4: m f an inan+diminutives (pl: 1 class) Demonstratives: 5 (3 + that above, that below); Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1629: Language: Xinalug; Location: Azerbaijan; Population: 1,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian Grammar: Desheriev, J. D. 1959. Grammatika xinalugskogo jazyka. Moscow: Academy of Sciences. Desheriev, J. D. 1967. "Xinalugskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 659-75.; Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ qʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪s t̪sʔ čh čʔ qχh d̪z ɡ̌ m n l ɬ r Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ qʔ ʔ Affricates: t̪s t̪sʔ d̪z čh čʔ ɡ̌ qχh Nasals: m n Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ th tʔ kh qχh tsh čh cj kh kʔ cʷ p tsʔ s čʔ tʔ tsh š kh kʔ ɣ qʔ qχh Glides: j w; Vowel system: i y ɨ u e ø ǝ o æ ɑ Front Vowels: i y e ø æ Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ Back Vowels: u o ɑ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ǝ̃ ũ õ ɑ̃ Diphthongs: ui oi ai ãi (ũi) (õi) Stress: root initial; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 4: masc hum, fem hum, anim, inan; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 *3mM *6hN m=masc M=non-masc h=m+f N=a+i; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Num+A+N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1630: Language: Lezgi Alternate Name: Lezgian; Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR); Population: 220,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian: Lezgian Proper Dictionary: Talibov, B. and M. Gadzhiev. 1966. Lezginsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow: Sovetskaja Entsiklopedija. Gadzhiev, M. M. 1951. Russko-lezginskij slovar'. Maxachkala. Grammar: Mejlanova, U. A. 1967. "Lezginskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 528-44.; Consonant system: p ph pʔ t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ k kh kʔ q qʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪s t̪sh t̪sʔ č čh čʔ qχh f s̪ š x χ h v z̪ ž ʁ m n̪ l r Stops: p ph pʔ b t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ k kh kʔ ɡ q qʔ ʔ Affricates: t̪s t̪sh t̪sʔ č čh čʔ qχh Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž x χ ʁ h Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cʷ t tʔ k kʔ ɡ q qχh qʔ ts tsʔ s z x χ ʁ Glides: j; Vowel system: i y u e a Front Vowels: i y e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Nasal Vowels: ṽ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony Stress: 2nd from beginning; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 5 (3 + that above, that below) + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1631: Language: Lezgi Alternate Name: Lezgian Dialect: Kjuri; Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR); Population: 220,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian: Lezgian Proper Grammar: Mejanova, U. A. 1970. Gjunejskij dialekt - osnova lezginskogo literaturnogo jazyka. Maxachkala.; Other Sources: Mejlanova, U. A. 1964. Ocherki lezginskoj dialektologii. Moscow: Nauka.; Consonant system: p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ qʔ ʔ b d ɡ ts tsh tsʔ č čh čʔ qχ qχh dz ɡ̌ m n l r Stops: p ph pʔ b t th tʔ d k kh kʔ ɡ qʔ ʔ Affricates: ts tsh tsʔ dz č čh čʔ ɡ̌ qχ qχh Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cʷ t th tʔ k kh kʔ ɡ qʔ ts tsh tsʔ qχ qχh s z x ɣ χ ʁ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i y u e æ a Front Vowels: i y e æ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: ī ǣ ā ū Nasal Vowels: ṽ all Stress: 2nd syllable from beginning; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: remnants of noun classes only Demonstratives: 8 (3 + that very far, that above, that way above, that below, that way below); Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1632: Language: Tabasaran; Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR); Population: 35,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian: Lezgian Proper Grammar: Zhirkov, L. I. 1948. Tabasaranskij jazyk. Moscow: Academy of Sciences. Magometov, A. A. 1965. Tabasaranskij jazyk. Tbilisi: Metsniereba. Xanmagomedov, B. G. K. 1967. "Tabasaranskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 545-61.; Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ qh qʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪sh t̪sʔ čh čʔ d̪z ɡ̌ m n̪ l r Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ qh qʔ ʔ Affricates: t̪sh t̪sʔ d̪z čh čʔ ɡ̌ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ ph th kh qh tsh čh čhʷ f s š šʷ x χ cʷ kh k̄h ɡ kʔ qh q̄h qʔ š s̄̌ ž χ ʁ Glides: j; Vowel system: i y u e æ a Front Vowels: i y e æ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Modified Vowels: vowel harmony Stress: phonemic; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: hum non-hum [no noun classes in the pl] Demonstratives: 5 (3 + that above, that below); Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 *3hH *6 h=hum, H=non-hum; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1633: Language: Agul; Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR); Population: 7,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian: Lezgian Proper Grammar: Magometov, A. A. 1967. "Agul'skij jazyk," in JNS 4, 562-79. Magometov, A. A. 1970. Agul'skij jazyk. Tbilisi: Metsniereba.; Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ qh qʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ tsh tsʔ čh čʔ ɡ̌ m n̪ l r Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ qh qʔ ʔ Affricates: tsh tsʔ čh čʔ ɡ̌ Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ ph th kh qh tsh čh čhʷ f s sʷ š x χ cʷ many Glides: j w; Vowel system: i y u e a Front Vowels: i y e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Modified Vowels: v̰ (pharynɡealized) ?; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: [fossilized traces of hum/non-hum] Demonstratives: 4(2+that above, that below); Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1634: Language: Rutul; Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR); Population: 10,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian: Lezgian Proper Grammar: Dzhejranishvili, E. F. 1967. "Rutul'skij jazyk," in JNS 4, 580-90.; Consonant system: ph (pʔ) t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ qh qʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ G t̪sh t̪sʔ čh čʔ (d̪z) ɡ̌ f s̪ š x h v z̪ ɣ m n̪ l r Stops: ph (pʔ) b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ qh qʔ G ʔ Affricates: t̪sh t̪sʔ (d̪z) čh čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž x ɣ h Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ p b t k q ts č ɣ h Glides: j; Vowel system: i y u e ø ǝ o æ a Front Vowels: i y e ø æ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Modified Vowels: ḭ ḛ ǝ̰ a̰ ṵ o̰ (pharynɡealized) Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 4: m f a i [no noun classes for pl] Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV NUM-N POSS-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1635: Language: Tsaxur; Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR); Population: 20,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian: Lezgian Proper Grammar: Talibov, B. B. 1967. "Tsaxurskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 591-607.; Other Sources: Ibragimov, G. X. 1968. Fonetika tsaxurskogo jazyka. Maxachkala.; Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ qh qʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪sh t̪sʔ čh čʔ ɡ̌ f s̪ š x χ h v z̪ ɣ ʁ m n̪ l r Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ qh qʔ ʔ Affricates: t̪sh t̪sʔ čh čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š x ɣ χ ʁ h Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ p t k q ts č s š x χ cʷ many Glides: j; Vowel system: i ɨ u e o ɑ Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɨ Back Vowels: u o ɑ Long Vowels: v̄ all but ɨ u Modified Vowels: v̰ (pharynɡealized) all v̰̄ o a only; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C) [no CCVCC] Stress: second; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 4: masc hum/fem hum/anim/inan [pl: hum/non-hum] Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1636: Language: Kryts; Location: Azerbaijan; Population: 6,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian: Lezgian Proper Grammar: Saadiev, S. M. 1967. "Kryzskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 627-42.; Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ khʷ kʔʷ qh qʔ qhʷ qʔʷ ʔ b d̪ ɡ ɡʷ G t̪sh t̪sʔ čh čʔ d̪z ɡ̌ f s̪ š x ħ h v z̪ ž ɣ ʕ m n̪ l r Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ khʷ kʔʷ ɡʷ qh qʔ G qhʷ qʔʷ ʔ Affricates: t̪sh t̪sʔ d̪z čh čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž x ɣ ħ ʕ h Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j; Vowel system: i y ɨ u e ø o æ ɑ Front Vowels: i y e ø æ Central Vowels: ɨ Back Vowels: u o ɑ; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Stress: non-phonemic?; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 4: m f a i Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1637: Language: Budux; Location: Azerbaijan; Population: 2,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian: Lezgian Proper Grammar: Desheriev, J. D. 1967. "Buduxskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 643-58.; Consonant system: p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪s t̪sʔ č čʔ qχ qχʔ d̪z ɡ̌ f s̪ š x χ ħ h z̪ ž ɣ ʁ ʕ m n l r Stops: p pʔ b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ k kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: t̪s t̪sʔ d̪z č čʔ ɡ̌ qχ qχʔ Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i y ɨ u e ø ǝ o æ ɑ Front Vowels: i y e ø æ Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ Back Vowels: u o ɑ; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C); Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 4: masc hum/fem hum/neut1/neut2 (n1 & n2 contain animals, objects, ideas, and natural phenomena) Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1638: Language: Udi; Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR); Population: 3,700; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian: Lezgian Proper Dictionary: Gukasjan, Voroshil. 1974. Udinsko-azerbajdzhansko-russkij slovar'. Baku: Elm. Grammar: Panchvidze, V. N. and E. F. Dzhejranishvili. 1967. "Udinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 676-88.; Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ qʔ qh b d̪ ɡ t̪sh t̪sʔ čh čʔ d̪z ɡ̌ f s̪ š x h v z̪ ž ɣ m n̪ l̪ r Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ qʔ qh Affricates: t̪sh t̪sʔ d̪z čh čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž x ɣ h Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ čh čʔ ɡ̌ š ž Glides: j; Vowel system: i y u e ø o æ ɑ Front Vowels: i y e ø æ Back Vowels: u o ɑ Modified Vowels: ḭ ḛ ṵ o̰ ɑ̰ (pharynɡealized); Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN DN NUM-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 1639: Language: Burushaski Dialect: Werchikwar; Location: N Pakistan (Jasin); Population: 40,000 (10,000); Classification: Dene-Caucasian Dictionary: Lorimerm D.L.R. 1962. Werchikwar English Vocabulary. Oslo: Norwegian Universities Press. Grammar: GD: Berger, Hermann. 1974. Das Yasin-Burushaski (Werchikwar). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.; Consonant system: p ph t th ṭ th k kh q b d ḍ ɡ ts ṭs č ḍz ɡ̌ s ṣ š χ h z ʁ m n ŋ l r Stops: p ph b t th d ṭ th ḍ k kh ɡ q Affricates: ts ṭs ḍz č ɡ̌ Fricatives: s z ṣ š χ ʁ h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ Stress: phonemic; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 4: m f x y [x y represent 2 classes] Articles: indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3mfai *6hai; Syntax: SOV POSS-N

Краткие типологические обзоры диалектов бурушаски

Смотрите также описание буришского языка.

~~Number:~~ 1640: Language: Burushaski Dialect: Hunza; Location: N Pakistan (Hunza); Population: 40,000 (30,000); Classification: Dene-Caucasian Dictionary: GD: Lorimer, D.L.R. 1935-38. The Burushaski Language 3 vols. Oslo: H. Aschehony. Grammar: Klimov. G.A. and D.I. Edel'man. 1970. Jazyk burushaski. Moscow: Nauka.; Other Sources: Morgenstierne, Georg. 1945. "Notes on Burushaski Phonology," Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap 13, 61-95. Vogt, Hans. 1945. "The Plural of Nouns and Adjectives in Burushaski," Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap 13, 96-129. Borgstrøm Carl H. 1945. "The Categories of Person, Number and Class in the Verbal System of Burushaski," Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap 13, 130-47. Varma, Siddheshwar. 1931. "Burushaski Texts," IL 1, 256-82.; Consonant system: p ph t th ṭ ṭh k kh q qh b d ḍ ɡ ts tsh č̣ č̣h č čh ɡ̣̌ ɡ̌ (f) s ṣ̌ š (x) h z ʁ m n ŋ l r Stops: p ph b t th d ṭ ṭh ḍ k kh ɡ q qh Affricates: ts tsh č̣ č̣h ɡ̣̌ č čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: (f) s z ṣ̌ š (x) ʁ h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Diphthongs: ai au; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C); Tones: ? Stress: non-phonemic; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f a i Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3mfai *6mfai; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative: Erg; Prep/Post: POST

Краткие типологические обзоры енисейских языков

Смотрите также описание енисейских языков.

~~Number:~~ 1641: Language: Ket Dialect: Imbat; Location: C Russia; Population: 1,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Yeniseian Grammar: Krejnovich, E.A. 1968. "Ketskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 453-73; Consonant system: p t k q ʔ b d s x ɣ ʁ m n ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k q ʔ Fricatives: s x ɣ ʁ Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cj t d s n l r Glides: j; Vowel system: i ɨ u e ǝ o ɛ ɐ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ ɐ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C) [no ccvcc] Stress: phonemic; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f n Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6 Gender is distinguished only in oblique cases.; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1642: Language: Ket Dialect: Pakulixa; Location: C Russia; Population: 1,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Yeniseian; Other Sources: Segal, D.M. 1968. "Fonologija ketskogo jazyka," in Ketskij sbornik, vol. 1, Moscow, Nauka, 26-74; Consonant system: t k q ʔ b d š h m n ŋ ʎ Stops: b t d k q ʔ Fricatives: š h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: ʎ Glides: j; Vowel system: i ɨ u e ǝ o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: phonemic; Noun; Number: s p Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1643: Language: Ket Dialect: Sym; Location: C Russia; Population: 1,000 (8); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Yeniseian; Other Sources: Verner, G.K. 1968. "Sistema soglasnyx fonem symskogo dialekta ketskogo jazyka," in Ketskij sbornik, vol.1, Moscow, Nauka, 15-25.; Consonant system: t k ʔ b d č f s x m n ŋ l r Stops: b t d k ʔ Affricates: č Fricatives: f s x Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cj d n l Glides: j; Vowel system: i ɨ u e ǝ o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 1644: Language: Ket Dialect: Sulomaj; Location: C Russia; Population: 1,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Yeniseian; Other Sources: Krejnovich, E.A. 1969. "Medvezhij prazdnik u ketov," in Ketskij sbornik, vol. 2, Moscow, Nauka, 6-112.; Consonant system: p t k q ʔ b d ɡ s x χ ɣ m n ŋ l Stops: p b t d k ɡ q ʔ Fricatives: s x ɣ χ Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: cj t d s n l Glides: j; Vowel system: i ɯ u e ɤ o ɛ ʌ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɯ ɤ ʌ Long Vowels: v̄ all but e o; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 1645: Language: Ket; Location: C Russia (Yenisei River); Population: 1,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Yeniseian Grammar: Dul'zon, A.P. 1968. Ketskij jazyk. Tomsk: Tomsk Univ. Press.; Consonant system: t k q ʔ b d dj č f s x h m n ŋ l r Stops: b t d dj k q ʔ Affricates: č Fricatives: f s x h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j; Vowel system: i ɨ u e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: (v̄) Diphthongs: aj ej ɨj ǝj oj ui ie oa ɨe ǝæ ǝa; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: mostly initial; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: a i Demonstratives: 3 [that=ref] Articles: indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

Краткие типологические обзоры языков Сино-тибетской семьи

Смотрите также описание китайско-тибетской языковой семьи и её групп.

~~Number:~~ 2052: Language: Proto-Sino-Tibetan; Location: SE Asia; Classification: Sino-Tibetan; Other Sources: Benedict, Paul K. 1976. "Sino-Tibetan: Another Look," JAOS 96, 167-97.; Consonant system: p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ (ʔ) t̪s d̪z s̪ z̪ š ž h m n̪ ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ (ʔ) Affricates: t̪s d̪z Fricatives: s̪ z̪ š ž h Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w

~~Number:~~ 2053: Language: Eryuan; Location: SE China (NW Yunnan); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Bai; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2054: Language: Hoking; Location: SE China (NW Yunnan); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Bai; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2055: Language: Bai2; Location: SE China (NW Yunnan); Population: 900,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Bai; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 2056: Language: Tali; Location: SE China (NW Yunnan); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Bai; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2057: Language: Archaic Chinese; Location: China; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese; Other Sources: Benedict, Paul K. 1972. Sino-Tibetan: A Conspectus. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.; Consonant system: p ph (b) b̤ t̪ t̪h d̪ d̪̤ c ch ɟ ɟ k kh ɡ ɡ̤ ʔ t̪s t̪sh d̪z d̪̤z ṭs ṭsh ḍz s̪ z̪ ṣ š x m n̪ ñ ŋ l̪ (ɹ̣) Stops: p ph (b) b̤ t̪ t̪h d̪ d̪̤ c ch ɟ ɟ k kh ɡ ɡ̤ ʔ Affricates: t̪s t̪sh d̪z d̪̤z ṭs ṭsh ḍz Fricatives: s̪ z̪ ṣ š x Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: (ɹ̣) Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɑ; Tones: lev ris fall Comments: Archaic Chinese is estimated to have been spoken c. 1,000 B.C.

~~Number:~~ 2058: Language: Northern Min; Location: SE China (N Fukien); Population: 11 million; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Min; TextBooks: Chen, Leo and Jerry Norman. 1965. An Introduction to the Foochow Dialect. Washington, D.C.: Office of Education.; Other Sources: Norman, Jerry. 1972. "A Preliminary Report on the Dialects of Mintung," Unicorn 10, 20-35. AL 7:4; Consonant system: p ph t th k kh ʔ ts tsh s z x m n ŋ l Stops: p ph t th k kh ʔ Affricates: ts tsh Fricatives: s z x Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y ɛ œ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɔ Diphthongs: ei ai ɛu au ou øy uɔ yɔ ia ua ie io iu oi øi ui uei uai iei iau; Syllable: CV(C); Tones: hi-lev hi-lev-glot hi-fall mid-ris-glot mid-ris-fall lo-lev lo-rising Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N; Prep/Post: PREP/POST

~~Number:~~ 2059: Language: Southern Min Dialect: Amoy; Location: SE China (S Fukien); Population: 36 million; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Min; Other Sources: Sung, Margaret M. Y. 1973. "A Study of Literary and Colloquial Amoy Chinese," Journal of Chinese Linguistics 1, 414-36. AL 7:4; Consonant system: p ph b t th k kh ɡ ʔ ts tsh s h m n ŋ l Stops: p ph b t th k kh ɡ ʔ Affricates: ts tsh Fricatives: s h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but o Diphthongs: ai au iu ia io iu ua ue ui ãi ãu ĩa ĩu ũa ũi uai iau uãi iãu; Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ; Tones: hi-lev hi-glot hi-fall mid-lev mid-fall-glot lo-mid-ris lo-mid-fall; Syntax: SVO AN NUM-N

~~Number:~~ 2060: Language: Southern Min Dialect: Ch'ao-chou; Location: SE China (E Kwangtung); Population: 36 million; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Min; Other Sources: AL 7:4; Consonant system: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ ʔ ts tsh dz s h m n ŋ l Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ ʔ Affricates: ts tsh dz Fricatives: s h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l; Vowel system: Front Vowels: apical vowel i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɯ o Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ã Diphthongs: ai au ou iu ui ia io ua ue ãi ãu õu ı̃o ũa ũe õi ɯ̃a iou uai uãi; Syllable: mˈ ŋˈ; Tones: hi-lev hi-lev-glot hi-fall mid-lev mid-ris lo-lev lo-lev-glot lo-ris

~~Number:~~ 2061: Language: Southern Min Dialect: Shangfeng; Location: Taiwan; Population: 36 million; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Min; Other Sources: Chang, Yü-hung. 1972. "Tone Systems in Shangfeng: A Southern Min Dialect," Unicorn 9, 41-54.; Consonant system: p ph t th k kh ʔ ts tsh s z h m n ŋ Stops: p ph t th k kh ʔ Affricates: ts tsh Fricatives: s z h Nasals: m n ŋ; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ṽ all; Syllable: Nˈ; Tones: hi-lev hi-fall mid-lev lo-fall lo-ris; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6

~~Number:~~ 2062: Language: Southern Min Dialect: Taiwanese; Location: Taiwan; Population: 36 million; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Min; Other Sources: Cheng, Robert L. 1968. "Tone Sandhi in Taiwanese," Linguistics 41, 19-42.; Consonant system: p ph b t th k kh ɡ (ʔ) ts tsh dz s h m n ŋ l Stops: p ph b t th k kh ɡ (ʔ) Affricates: ts tsh dz Fricatives: s h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ṽ all Diphthongs: ia au iu ua ui ai io uǝ iau uai; Syllable: (C)V(C) mˈ ŋˈ; Tones: hi-lev hi-fall mid-lev lo-ris lo-fall neutral; Syntax: SVO AN

~~Number:~~ 2063: Language: Southern Min Dialect: Hokkien; Location: Malaysia; Population: 36 million; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Min; Other Sources: Tay, Mary W. J. 1969. "Hokkien Phonological Structure," Journal of Linguistics 6, 81-8.; Consonant system: p ph b t̪ t̪h k kh ɡ ʔ ts tsh dz s h m n̪ ñ ŋ l̪ Stops: p ph b t̪ t̪h k kh ɡ ʔ Affricates: ts tsh dz Fricatives: s h Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̪ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ã Modified Vowels: nasal harmony; Syllable: (C)V(C); Tones: 7 tones

~~Number:~~ 2064: Language: Mandarin Dialect: Beijing; Location: N China (Hopei); Population: 680 million; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue Grammar: Chao, Yuen Ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: Univ of California Press. Henne, Henry, Ole Bjørn Rongen and Lars Jul Hansen. 1977. A Handbook on Chinese Language Structure. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.; TextBooks: Chao, Yuen Ren. 1961. Mandarin Primer. Cambridge: Harvard Univ Press. De Francis, John. 1963. Beginning Chinese. New Haven:Yale Univ Press. Fenn, Henry C. and M. Gardner Tewksbury. 1967. Speak Mandarin. New Haven: Yale Univ Press. Forrest, R. A. D. 1965. The Chinese Language. London: Faber & Faber.; Other Sources: Newnham, Richard. 1971. About Chinese. Baltimore: Penguin. Howie, John Marshall. 1976. Acoustical Studies of Mandarin Vowels and Tones. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press. Chen, Matthew Y. 1976. "From Middle Chinese to Modern Peking," Journal of Chinese Linguistics 4, 113-277. AL 7:4; Consonant system: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh t̪s t̪sh ṭs ṭsh (č) (čh) f s̪ ṣ (š) x m n̪ ŋ l̪ ɹ̣ Stops: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh Affricates: t̪s t̪sh ṭs ṭsh (č) (čh) Fricatives: f s̪ ṣ (š) x Nasals: m n̪ ŋ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: ɹ̣ Glides: j ɥ w; Vowel system: i y u ǝ a + apical vowel Front Vowels: apical vowel i y Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u Diphthongs: ai au ei ou uo ua ye ie ia iau iou uai uei; Syllable: (C)V(C); Tones: hi-lev hi-fall mid-ris lo-mid-fall-ris Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 2 & 5 also have polite forms; Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N; Prep/Post: PREP/POST

~~Number:~~ 2065: Language: Mandarin Dialect: P'ingtu; Location: E China (NE Shantung); Population: 680 million; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue; Other Sources: Hsueh, F. S. 1972. "The P'ing-tu Dialect as a Variant of Mandarin," Unicorn 10, 78-96.; Consonant system: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh tθ tθh ts tsh ṭs ṭsh f θ s ṣ x m n̪ ŋ l Stops: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh Affricates: tθ tθh ts tsh ṭs ṭsh Fricatives: f θ s ṣ x Nasals: m n̪ ŋ Laterals: l Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: apical vowel i y Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ʌ Diphthongs: ei ou uʌ ie ye æi ia ua ɑu uei iou iɛi uæi iɑu; Tones: hi-lev hi-fall mid-lev mid-fall

~~Number:~~ 2066: Language: Mandarin Dialect: Lin-Ch'i; Location: E China (NW Honan); Population: 680 million; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue; Other Sources: Wang, John C. and F. S. Hsueh. 1973. "The Lin-Ch'i Dialect and Its Relation to Mandarin," JAOS 93, 136-45.; Consonant system: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh ʔ ts tsh č̣ č̣h f s ṣ̌ ẓ̌ x m n̪ ŋ l Stops: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh ʔ Affricates: ts tsh č̣ č̣h Fricatives: f s ṣ̌ ẓ̌ x Nasals: m n̪ ŋ Laterals: l Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: ɛ Central Vowels: ɨ a Back Vowels: ɔ Diphthongs: diphthongs; Tones: hi-lev hi-mid-fall lo-mid-lev

~~Number:~~ 2067: Language: Mandarin Dialect: Yangzhou; Location: E China (Kiangsu); Population: 680 million; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue; Other Sources: Børdahl, Vibeke. 1977. "The Phonemes and the Phonological Structure of the Yangzhou Dialect," Acta Orientalia 38, 251-320.; Consonant system: p ph t th k kh (ʔ) ts tsh f s h m n Stops: p ph t th k kh (ʔ) Affricates: ts tsh Fricatives: f s h Nasals: m n Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e æ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɑ Long Vowels: v̄ Nasal Vowels: ṽ ? v̄̃ ? Diphthongs: diphthongs; Syllable: (C)V; Tones: hi-lev mid-fall lo-mid-ris lo-mid-fall

~~Number:~~ 2068: Language: Mandarin Dialect: Hank'ou; Location: E China (Kiangsu); Population: 680 million; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue; Other Sources: AL 7:4; Consonant system: p ph t th k kh ts tsh č čh f s š x m n ŋ ɬ Stops: p ph t th k kh Affricates: ts tsh č čh Fricatives: f s š x Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: ɬ; Vowel system: Front Vowels: apical vowel i y Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɤ Diphthongs: ai ei au ou ia io ie ua uɤ ye iau iou uai uei; Tones: hi-lev hi-mid-fall mid-ris lo-mid-fall-ris

~~Number:~~ 2069: Language: Mandarin Dialect: Szechuanese; Location: SW China (Szechuan); Population: 680 million; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue; Other Sources: Scott, N. C. 1947. "The Monosyllable in Szechuanese," BSOAS 12, 197-213.; Consonant system: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh ts tsh č čh f s z x m n̪ ŋ l Stops: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh Affricates: ts tsh č čh Fricatives: f s z x Nasals: m n̪ ŋ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: cj cʷ Glides: j ɥ w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ṽ ? Diphthongs: ai au ei eu; Tones: hi-lev hi-fall mid-lev lo-ris lo-fall

~~Number:~~ 2070: Language: Mandarin Dialect: Ch'engtu; Location: SW China (Szechuan); Population: 680 million; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue; Other Sources: AL 7:4; Consonant system: p ph t th k kh ts tsh č čh f v s z š x m n ñ ŋ Stops: p ph t th k kh Affricates: ts tsh č čh Fricatives: f v s z š x Nasals: m n ñ ŋ; Vowel system: Front Vowels: apical vowel1 apical vowel2 i y e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Diphthongs: ai ei au ou ia ie ua ue yo ye iai iau iou uai uei; Tones: hi-fall hi-mid-lev mid-fall lo-ris

~~Number:~~ 2071: Language: Mandarin Dialect: T'aiyüan; Location: N China (Shansi); Population: 680 million; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue; Other Sources: AL 7:4; Consonant system: p ph t th k kh ʔ ts tsh č čh f v s z š x m n ŋ l Stops: p ph t th k kh ʔ Affricates: ts tsh č čh Fricatives: f v s z š x Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l; Vowel system: Front Vowels: apical vowel1 apical vowel2 i y Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u Nasal Vowels: ṽ æ ɒ only Diphthongs: ai ei au ou ia iɛ ua uǝ yɛ iɒ̃ uæ̃ uɒ̃ iau iou uai uei; Tones: hi-lev hi-fall-to-hi-mid hi-fall-to-mid lo-mid-lev lo-lev

~~Number:~~ 2072: Language: Mandarin Dialect: Dungan; Location: SC Russia (Kirgiz SSR); Population: 680 million; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue Dictionary: Shinlo, L. and J. Janshansin. 1958. Russko-dunganskij slover'. Frunze. Grammar: Kalimov, A. 1968. "Dunganskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 475-88.; Consonant system: p ph t th k kh ts tsh č čh f v s z š ž x m n ŋ l (r) Stops: p ph t th k kh Affricates: ts tsh č čh Fricatives: f v s z š ž x Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: (r) Modified Consonants: cj p ph t th č čh š m n l Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o; Syllable: (C)V(C); Tones: hi-lev hi-fall lo-ris Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2* 5 3 6 politeness: 2fam & 2pol [2pol=5]; Syntax: SVO/SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Num+A+N; Prep/Post: PREP/POST

~~Number:~~ 2073: Language: Xiang Alternate Name: Hsiang Dialect: Ch'ang Sha; Location: SE China (Hunan); Population: 29 million; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue; Other Sources: AL 7:4; Consonant system: p ph t th k kh ts tsh ṭs ṭsh č čh f s ṣ ẓ š x m n ñ ŋ Stops: p ph t th k kh Affricates: ts tsh ṭs ṭsh č čh Fricatives: f s ṣ ẓ š x Nasals: m n ñ ŋ; Vowel system: Front Vowels: (apical vowel) i y Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɤ Nasal Vowels: ṽ o only Diphthongs: ai ei au ɤu ia io ieua ya ye ĩe yẽ iai iɤu uai uei yai yei; Tones: hi-lev hi-mid-fall mid-lev lo-mid-ris lo-mid-fall lo-ris

~~Number:~~ 2074: Language: Xiang Alternate Name: Hsiang Dialect: Shuang Feng; Location: SE China (Hunan); Population: 29 million; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue; Other Sources: AL 7:4; Consonant system: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ ts tsh dz ṭs ṭsh ḍz č čh ɡ̌ f s ṣ ẓ š x ɣ m n ñ ŋ Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ Affricates: ts tsh dz ṭs ṭsh ḍz č čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s ṣ ẓ š x ɣ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ; Vowel system: Front Vowels: apical vowel1 apical vowel2 i y Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ʋ o Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã õ Diphthongs: ǝu iɛ ie iǝ io iʋ ua uɛ ue ui uɛ yɛ iɛ̃ iõ uã uı̃; Syllable: mˈ nˈ; Tones: hi-lev mid-lev mid-ris lo-mid-ris lo-mid-fall

~~Number:~~ 2075: Language: Wu Dialect: Changchow; Location: SE China (SE Kiangsu); Population: 69 million; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue; Other Sources: Chao, Yuen Ren. 1970. "The Changchow Dialect," JAOS 90, 45-56.; Consonant system: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ ʔ t̪s t̪sh d̪z f v s̪ z̪ h ɦ m n̪ ŋ l̪ Stops: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ ʔ Affricates: t̪s t̪sh d̪z Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ h ɦ Nasals: m n̪ ŋ Laterals: l̪ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: apical vowel i y e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ı̃ æ̃ õ Diphthongs: ia io ie ua uo ue ye ai ei au eu ũæ ĩo ũo uai iau ieu; Tones: hi-lev hi-glot hi-fall-ris hi-mid-lev lo-mid-ris lo-mid-ris-glot lo-ris; Syntax: SVO AN

~~Number:~~ 2076: Language: Wu Dialect: Shanghai; Location: SE China (SE Kiangsu); Population: 69 million; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue; Other Sources: Walton, Ronald. 1976. Phonological Redundancy in Shanghai. Ithaca: China-Japan Program, Cornell Univ.; Consonant system: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ ʔ ts tsh f v s̪ z̪ x ɦ m n ŋ l Stops: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ ʔ Affricates: ts tsh Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ x ɦ Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: apical vowel i y e ø ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɒ Nasal Vowels: ã ɒ̃ Diphthongs: iy ia ua uɛ ue iǝ iɔ ũɒ ĩa; Syllable: CV(C) Nˈ; Tones: hi-lev hi-fall mid-ris lo-lev lo-ris

~~Number:~~ 2077: Language: Gan; Location: SE China (Kiangsi); Population: 21 million; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue; Other Sources: AL 7:4; Consonant system: p ph t th k kh ts tsh č čh f s š h m ñ ŋ l Stops: p ph t th k kh Affricates: ts tsh č čh Fricatives: f s š h Nasals: m ñ ŋ Laterals: l; Vowel system: Front Vowels: apical vowel i y ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Diphthongs: ia iɛ ua uo yo ai ǝi au ɛu ǝu iu ui iɛu uai uɛu; Tones: hi-lev hi-lev-short hi-mid-fall mid-fall lo-mid-ris lo-mid-fall-ris

~~Number:~~ 2078: Language: Kejia Alternate Name: Hakka; Location: SE China (NE Kwangtung); Population: 28 million; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue Dictionary: English-Hakka Dictionary. 1958. n.p: n.p. Grammar: Hashimoto, Mantaro J. 1973. The Hakka Dialect. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.; TextBooks: Beginning Hakka. 1948. Hong Kong: Maryknoll House.; Other Sources: Henne, Henry. 1964. "An Annotated Syllabary of Sathewkok Hakka," Acta Orientalia 28, 61-127. AL 7:4; Consonant system: p ph t th k kh (ʔ) t̪s t̪sh f s̪ h m n ŋ l Stops: p ph t th k kh (ʔ) Affricates: t̪s t̪sh Fricatives: f s̪ h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Diphthongs: ie ia io iu eu ai au oi ui; Syllable: (C)(G)V(C) Nˈ; Tones: hi-lev mid-lev lo-lev hi-ris-staccato mid-fall-legato mid-fall-staccato Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N; Prep/Post: PREP/POST

~~Number:~~ 2079: Language: Yue Alternate Name: Cantonese; Location: SE China (Kwangtung); Population: 53 million; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue Dictionary: Huang, Parker Po-fei. 1970. Cantonese Dictionary. New Haven: Yale Univ Press.; TextBooks: Chao, Yuen Ren. 1947. Cantonese Primer. Cambridge: Harvard Univ Press. [Reprinted 1969 by Greenword Press, New York] Lau, Sidney. 1972. Elemantary Cantonese. Hong Kong: Government Printer.; Other Sources: Kwok, Helen. 1971. A Linguistic Study of the Cantonese Verb. Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, Univ of Hong Kong. Hashimoto, Oi-kan Yue. 1972. Phonology of Cantonese. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press. Fok Chan, Yuen-Yuen. 1974. A Perceptual Study of Tones in Cantonese. Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, Univ of Hong Kong. AL 7:4; Consonant system: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh kʷ khʷ ts tsh f s h m n̪ ŋ l̪ Stops: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh kʷ khʷ Affricates: ts tsh Fricatives: f s h Nasals: m n̪ ŋ Laterals: l̪ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: I ø Central Vowels: ɐ Back Vowels: ʋ Long Vowels: ī ȳ ɛ̄ ↔ē ā ū ɔ̄ Diphthongs: ɐi ɐu ei īu øy ɔ̄i ou ūi; Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ; Tones: hi-lev mid-lev mid-ris lo-lev lo-ris lo-fall Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N; Prep/Post: PREP/POST

~~Number:~~ 2080: Language: Yue Alternate Name: Cantonese Dialect: Taishan; Location: SE China (Kwangtung); Population: 53 million; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue; Other Sources: Cheng, Teresa M. 1973. "The Phonology of Taishan," Journal of Chinese Linguistics 1, 256-322.; Consonant system: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh kʷ khʷ ʔ ʔʷ č čh f š h m n̪ ŋ l̪ ɬ̪ Stops: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh kʷ khʷ ʔ ʔʷ Affricates: č čh Fricatives: f š h Nasals: m n̪ ŋ Laterals: l̪ ɬ̪ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i æ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɔ Diphthongs: iw ew aj aw uj oj; Tones: hi-lev mid-lev lo-lev hi-fall lo-fall; Syntax: SVO AN NUM-N

~~Number:~~ 2081: Language: Pa-o Alternate Name: Taungthu; Location: Myanmar; Population: 211,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Karen: Pho Grammar: Jones, Robert B., Jr. 1961. Karen Linguistic Studies. UCPL 25.; Consonant system: p ph b t th d k kh ʔ č čh s h m n ŋ l r Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ʔ Affricates: č čh Fricatives: s h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɔ Diphthongs: ai au; Tones: hi hi-fall mid lo

~~Number:~~ 2082: Language: Pho Alternate Name: Pwo Dialect: Bassein; Location: SW Myanmar; Population: 368,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Karen: Pho Grammar: Jones, Robert B., Jr. 1961. Karen Linguistic Studies. UCPL 25.; Consonant system: p ph b t th d k kh ʔ č θ s sh š x ɣ m n l r Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ʔ Affricates: č Fricatives: θ s sh š x ɣ Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e (ɛ) Central Vowels: ɨ (ǝ) a Back Vowels: u o (ɔ) Nasal Vowels: ẽ ɛ̃ ǝ̃ õ ɔ̃ ɑ̃ Diphthongs: ai au; Tones: hi lo; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 2083: Language: Pho Alternate Name: Pwo Dialect: Moulmein; Location: SE Myanmar; Population: 368,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Karen: Pho Grammar: Jones, Robert B., Jr. 1961. Karen Linguistic Studies. UCPL 25.; Other Sources: Stern, Theodore. 1968. "Three Pwo Karen Scripts: A Study of Alphabet Formation," AL 10:1, 1-39. Benedict, Paul K. 1972. Sino-Tibetan: A Conspectus. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.; Consonant system: p ph b t th d k kh ʔ č θ s sh š x ɣ (h) m n (ñ) l r Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ʔ Affricates: č Fricatives: θ s sh š x ɣ (h) Nasals: m n (ñ) Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: I e ɛ Central Vowels: ɨ (ǝ) a Back Vowels: ʋ o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ẽ ɛ̃ ɨ̃ (ǝ̃) õ ɔ̃ ɑ̃ Diphthongs: ai au; Tones: hi mid lo; Syntax: SVO NA N-NUM

~~Number:~~ 2084: Language: Pho Alternate Name: Pwo Dialect: Sangkhlaburi; Location: W Thailand; Population: 368,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Karen: Pho; Other Sources: Stern, Theodore. 1968. "Three Pwo Karen Scripts: A Study of Alphabet Formation," AL 10:1, 1-39.; Consonant system: p ph ʔb t th ʔd k kh ʔ θ sh š x ɣ h (ɦ) m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p ph ʔb t th ʔd k kh ʔ Fricatives: θ sh š x ɣ h (ɦ) Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ĩ ẽ ɨ̃ ǝ̃ ũ õ ɔ̃ Diphthongs: ai ãi; Tones: hi-level hi-fall mid-lev lo-fall; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 2085: Language: Pho Alternate Name: Pwo Dialect: Phlong; Location: NW Thailand (Chiang Mai); Population: 368,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Karen: Pho; Other Sources: Cooke, Joseph R., J. Edwin Hudspith and James A. Morris. 1976. "Phlong (Pwo Karen of Hot District, Chiang Mai)," in PL C43, 187-220.; Consonant system: p ph ɓ t th ɗ k kh ʔ č čh fʷ vʷ s š x ɣ (h) m n ñ ŋ l (r) Stops: p ph ɓ t th ɗ k kh ʔ Affricates: č čh Fricatives: fʷ vʷ s š x ɣ (h) Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: (r) Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e æ Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but æ Modified Vowels: v̰ (ɡlottalized) all but i ɨ u Diphthongs: ai aɨ au a̰i a̰ɨ a̰u; Syllable: (C)(C)V(ʔ); Tones: hi mid lo falling; Syntax: SVO AN GN POSS-N; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 2086: Language: Leke; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Karen: Pho; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2087: Language: Phlon; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Karen: Pho; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2088: Language: Brec; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Karen: Sgaw-Bwe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2089: Language: Kayah; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Karen: Sgaw-Bwe: Kayah; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 2090: Language: Yinbaw; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Karen: Sgaw-Bwe: Kayah; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2091: Language: Bwe; Location: Myanmar; Population: 47,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Karen: Sgaw-Bwe: Bwe; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 2092: Language: Geba; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Karen: Sgaw-Bwe: Bwe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2093: Language: Gekho; Location: C Myanmar; Population: 4,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Karen: Sgaw-Bwe: Bwe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2094: Language: Padaung; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Karen: Sgaw-Bwe: Bwe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2095: Language: Sgaw Dialect: Moulmein; Location: SE Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Karen: Sgaw-Bwe: Sgaw Grammar: Jones, Robert B., Jr. 1961. Karen Linguistic Studies. UCPL 25.; Other Sources: AL 7:6; Consonant system: p ph ɓ t̪ t̪h ɗ̪ k kh ʔ (č)(čh) θ s̪ sh (z) (š) x ɣ (ɦ) m n̪ (ñ) (ŋ) l r Stops: p ph ɓ t̪ t̪h ɗ̪ k kh ʔ Affricates: (č)(čh) Fricatives: θ s̪ sh (z) (š) x ɣ (ɦ) Nasals: m n̪ (ñ) (ŋ) Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ; Syllable: (C)CV(ʔ); Tones: hi mid lo Stress: phonemic Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND NUM-N/N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 2096: Language: Sgaw Dialect: Bassein; Location: SW Myanmar; Population: 850,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Karen: Sgaw-Bwe: Sgaw Grammar: Jones, Robert B., Jr. 1961. Karen Linguistic Studies. UCPL 25.; Consonant system: p ph b t th d k kh ʔ θ s sh š x ɣ h m n ñ l r Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ʔ Fricatives: θ s sh š x ɣ h Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ; Tones: hi mid lo; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 2097: Language: Pakü; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Karen: Sgaw-Bwe: Sgaw; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 2098: Language: Mopwa; Location: Myanmar; Population: 5,300; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Karen: Sgaw-Bwe: Sgaw Grammar: Jones, Robert B., Jr. 1961. Karen Linguistic Studies. UCPL 25.; Consonant system: p ph b t th d k kh ʔ ʔh č čh ɡ̌ f v θ s sh z š x h m n l r Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ʔ ʔh Affricates: č čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v θ s sh z š x h Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ɵ ɐ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ; Syllable: Nˈ; Tones: hi lo; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 2099: Language: Proto-Tibeto-Burman; Location: SE Asia; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman; Other Sources: Benedict, Paul K. 1972. Sino-Tibetan: A Conspectus. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.; Consonant system: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ t̪s d̪z č ɡ̌ s̪ z̪ š ž h m n̪ ŋ l̪ r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ Affricates: t̪s d̪z č ɡ̌ Fricatives: s̪ z̪ š ž h Nasals: m n̪ ŋ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄; Tones: hi lo; Syntax: SOV POSS-N

~~Number:~~ 2100: Language: Kaman Alternate Name: Miju; Location: India (Assam); Population: 3,700; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2101: Language: Hruso; Location: India (Arunachal Pradesh); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2102: Language: Newari Alternate Name: Newar; Location: C Nepal; Population: 400,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Newari-Pahri; TextBooks: Sresthacharya, Iswaranand, Jagan Nath Maskey and Austin Hale. 1971. Conversational Newari. Kathmandu: SIL.; Other Sources: CSDP IV, 28-30.; Consonant system: p ph b b̤ t th d d̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤ č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌ s h m m̥ n n̥ l l̥ r r̥ Stops: p ph b b̤ t th d d̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤ Affricates: č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌ Fricatives: s h Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ Laterals: l l̥ Vibrants: r r̥ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all v̄̃ all; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 4 this close, this, that, that distant; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6 politeness: a three way distinction (familiar, respectful, high honorific) for some pronouns; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2103: Language: Pahri; Location: Nepal; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Newari-Pahri; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2104: Language: Digaro; Location: India (Arunachal Pradesh); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Digaro-Midu; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2105: Language: Midu Alternate Name: Idu, Mishmi; Location: India (Assam); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Digaro-Midu; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2106: Language: Dhimal; Location: Sikkim; Population: 600; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Dhimal-Toto; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2107: Language: Toto; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Dhimal-Toto; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2108: Language: Lepcha; Location: E Nepal; Population: 35,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Adi-Nishi Grammar: Mainwaring, G. B. 1876. A Grammar of the Lepcha Language. Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press. [Reprinted 1971 by Manjusri Publishing House, New Delhi]; Other Sources: AL 7:6; Consonant system: p ph b t th d ṭ ḍ k kh ɡ ts tsh dz čh čh ɡ̌ f s š h m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p ph b t th d ṭ ḍ k kh ɡ Affricates: ts tsh dz čh čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s š h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ø Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: o ɔ Long Vowels: ī ā ū; Syllable: (C)(C)(G)V(C); Noun
Number: s d p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def (indef): Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2109: Language: Adi Alternate Name: Bokar, Abor Dialect: Gallong; Location: N India (Assam); Population: 65,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Adi-Nishi; Other Sources: WALS WPF; Consonant system:; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2110: Language: Tagen; Location: India (Assam); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Adi-Nishi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2111: Language: Nishi Alternate Name: Dafla; Location: N India (Lakhimpur); Population: 40,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Adi-Nishi; Other Sources: Ray, Punya Sloka. 1967. "Dafla Phonology and Morphology," AL 9:8, 9-14.; Consonant system: p b t d k ɡ s x h m n ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Fricatives: s x h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ Long Vowels: v̄ all; Tones: ris fall; Syntax: N-NUM

~~Number:~~ 2112: Language: Apatani; Location: India (Assam); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Adi-Nishi; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2113: Language: Yano; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Adi-Nishi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2114: Language: Lho-pa; Location: India (Assam); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Adi-Nishi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2115: Language: Monpa Alternate Name: Tshangla; Location: India (Arunachal Pradesh); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Bodic; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2116: Language: Gyarung Alternate Name: Jiarong; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Bodic; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2117: Language: Kaike; Location: Nepal; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Bodic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2118: Language: Ghale; Location: Nepal; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Bodic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2119: Language: Tamang; Location: Nepal; Population: 39,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Bodic: Tamang; Other Sources: Everitt, Fay. 1973. "Sentence Patterns in Tamang," in PCSD I, 197-234. Taylor, Doreen. 1973. "Clause Patterns in Tamang," in CSDP II, 81-174.; Consonant system: p ph t th ṭ ṭh k kh ts tsh s m n ŋ l r Stops: p ph t th ṭ ṭh k kh Affricates: ts tsh Fricatives: s Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w w̥; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ẽ ã Modified Vowels: v̤ (lax) all; Tones: hi-lev hi-fall mid-fall lo-lev; Noun; Number: s p; Syntax: SOV AN/NA GN/NG DN NUM-N/N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2120: Language: Manang; Location: Nepal; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Bodic: Tamang; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2121: Language: Gurung; Location: WC Nepal; Population: 170,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Bodic: Tamang Dictionary: Glover, Warren W., Jessie R. Glover and Deu Bahadur Gurung. 1977. Gurung-Nepali-English Dictionary. PL C51. Grammar: Glover, Warren William. 1974. Sememic and Grammatical Structures in Gurung (Nepal). SIL 49.; Other Sources: CSDP IV, 13-5.; Consonant system: p ph b b̤ t̪ t̪h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍ̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤ ts tsh dz d̤z s̪ (h) m n̪ ŋ l̪ ɾ Stops: p ph b b̤ t̪ t̪h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍ̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤ Affricates: ts tsh dz d̤z Fricatives: s̪ (h) Nasals: m n̪ ŋ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ Nasal Vowels: ṽ all v̄̃ Modified Vowels: v̄̃ Stress: pitch accent; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN N-NUM/(NUM-N [if either the number or noun is a loanword from Nepali]) POSS-N D+A+N+Num Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2122: Language: Thakali; Location: Nepal; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Bodic: Tamang; Other Sources: Hari, Maria. 1971. A Guide to Thakali Tone. Kathmandu: SIL. [=PL A29, 23-51] CSDP IV, 17-8; Consonant system: p ph t̪ t̪h ṭ ṭh k kh č čh s h m n ŋ l l̥ r r̥ Stops: p ph t̪ t̪h ṭ ṭh k kh Affricates: č čh Fricatives: s h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l l̥ Vibrants: r r̥ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Modified Vowels: v̤ (lax) there is a tense/lax distinction for all vowels; Tones: hi-ris lo-fall; Noun; Number: s p; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2123: Language: Classical Tibetan; Location: Tibet; Population: extinct; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Bodic: Tibetan Grammar: Bernard,Theos. 1946. A Simplified Grammar of the Literary Tibetan Language. Santa Barbara: Tibetan Text Society.; Other Sources: Miller, Roy Andrew. 1970. "A Grammatical Sketch of Classical Tibetan," JAOS 90, 74-96.; Consonant system: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ ʔ ts tsh dz č čh ɡ̌ s z š ž x ɣ m n̪ ñ ŋ l̪ r Stops: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ ʔ Affricates: ts tsh dz č čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: s z š ž x ɣ Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 politeness: many honorific pronouns; Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2124: Language: Zhang-zhung; Location: Tibet; Population: extinct; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Bodic: Tibetan Grammar: GD: Haarh, Erik. 1968. The Zhang-Zhung Language. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.; Consonant system: p ph b b̤ t̪ t̪h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ḍ k kh ɡ ɡ̤ ʔ t̪s t̪sh d̪z č čh ɡ̌ s̪ z̪ š ž h m n̪ ñ ŋ l r Stops: p ph b b̤ t̪ t̪h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ḍ k kh ɡ ɡ̤ ʔ Affricates: t̪s t̪sh d̪z č čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: s̪ z̪ š ž h Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cj p ph b b̤ k kh ɡ m Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Demonstratives: 2; Syntax: SOV NA GN N-NUM Comments: a sister language of classical Tibetan

~~Number:~~ 2125: Language: Central Tibetan; Location: Central Tibetan; Population: 4 million; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Bodic: Tibetan Dictionary: Bell, C. A. 1905. English-Tibetan Colloquial Dictionary. Calcutta. [Reprinted 1977 by Rakesh Press, New Delhi] Grammar: Bell, C. A. 1919. Grammar of Colloquial Tibetan. Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press.; Other Sources: Miller, Roy Andrew. 1955. "Studies in Spoken Tibetan (I)," JAOS 75, 46-51. Narkyid, Ngawang Thondup. 1978. "Aspects of Tibetan Syntax," The Informant 11:1. Kalamazoo: Western Michigan Univ. AL 7:5; Consonant system: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ ṭ ṭh ḍ c ch ɟ k kh ɡ ʔ ts tsh dz č čh ɡ̌ s š ɦ m n̪ ñ ŋ l ɬ ɾ ɾ̥ Stops: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ ṭ ṭh ḍ c ch ɟ k kh ɡ ʔ Affricates: ts tsh dz č čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: s š ɦ Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: ɾ ɾ̥ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø Back Vowels: u o ɑ; Syllable: CV(C); Tones: hi lo Demonstratives: 5 (3 + that above, that below) + ref Articles: indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2126: Language: Central Tibetan Dialect: Lhasa; Location: SE Tibet; Population: 4 million; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Bodic: Tibetan; TextBooks: Chang, Kun and Betty Shefts. 1964. A Manual of Spoken Tibetan (Lhasa Dialect). Seattle: Univ of Washington Press. Goldstein, Melvyn C. and Nawang Nornang. 1970. Modern Spoken TIbetan. Lhasa Dialect. Seattle: Univ of Washington Press.; Other Sources: Chang, Kun and Betty Shefts. 1965. "A Morphophonemic Problem in the Spoken Tibetan of Lhasa," JAOS 85, 34-9. Shefts, Betty and Kun Chang. 1967. "Spoken Tibetan Morphophonemics: p," Lg 43, 512-25. AL 7:5; Consonant system: p ph t th ṭ ṭh k kh q qh ts tsh č čh s š h m m̥ n ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥ l l̥ r r̥ Stops: p ph t th ṭ ṭh k kh q qh Affricates: ts tsh č čh Fricatives: s š h Nasals: m m̥ n ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥ Laterals: l l̥ Vibrants: r r̥ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i y u I ʋ e ø ǝ o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i y I e ø ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all v̄̃ all; Tones: hi mid lo fall Demonstratives: 5 (3 + that above, that below); Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3mf 6d 6 politeness: + honorific forms for 2 3 5d 6d 5 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2127: Language: Central Tibetan Dialect: Sherpa; Location: NW Nepal; Population: 4 million (5,000); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Bodic: Tibetan; Other Sources: Pike, Kenneth L. and Burkhard Schoettelndreyer. 1972. "Paired-Sentence Reversals in the Discovery of Underlying and Surface Structures in Sherpa Discourse," IL 33, 72-83. Pike, Kenneth L. and Burkhard Schottelndreyer. 1973. "Paired-Sentence Reversals," in CSDP I, 361-75. WPF; Consonant system: p ph b t th d ṭ ṭh ḍ k kh ɡ ts tsh dz č čh ɡ̌ s š m n ñ ŋ l l̥ r r̥ Stops: p ph b t th d ṭ ṭh ḍ k kh ɡ Affricates: ts tsh dz č čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: s š Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l l̥ Vibrants: r r̥ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɑ Nasal Vowels: ṽ all; Tones: hi-ris hi-fall lo-lev lo-ris Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2128: Language: Central Tibetan Dialect: Jirel; Location: Nepal; Population: 4 million (3,000); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Bodic: Tibetan; Other Sources: Maibaum, Anita and Esther Strahm. 1973. "Jirel Texts," in CSDP III, 177-299.; Consonant system: p ph b t th d ṭ ṭh ḍ k kh ɡ ts tsh dz č čh ɡ̌ s š h m n ŋ l l̥ r r̥ Stops: p ph b t th d ṭ ṭh ḍ k kh ɡ Affricates: ts tsh dz č čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: s š h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l l̥ Vibrants: r r̥ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ũ ã; Tones: hi lo; Noun; Number: s p; Syntax: SOV NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N D+N+A; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2129: Language: Central Tibetan Dialect: Lhomi; Location: Nepal; Population: 4 million (4,000); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Bodic: Tibetan; Other Sources: Vesalainen, Olavi and Marja Vesalainen. 1980. Clause Patterns in Lhomi. PL B53.; Consonant system: p ph t th ṭ ṭh k kh t̪s t̪sh č čh s̪ š h m n̪ ŋ l l̥ r Stops: p ph t th ṭ ṭh k kh Affricates: t̪s t̪sh č čh Fricatives: s̪ š h Nasals: m n̪ ŋ Laterals: l l̥ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ a only; Tones: tense lax tense-ris lax-ris; Syntax: SOV GN ND POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2130: Language: Western Tibetan Alternate Name: Ladakhi Dialect: Kham; Location: E Tibet; Population: 200,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Bodic: Tibetan Dictionary: Watters, David E. and Nancy Watters. 1973. An English-Kham, Kham-English Glossary. Kirtipur: SIL.; Other Sources: Ray, Punya Sloka. 1965. "Kham Phonology," JAOS 85, 336-42. Watters, David E. 1973. "Clause Patterns in Kham," in CSDP I, 39-202. AL 7:5; Consonant system: p ph b t th d ṭ ṭh ḍ k kh ɡ ʔ ts tsh dz č čh ɡ̌ s z š ž x ɣ h m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥ l l̥ ṛ̥ ṛ Stops: p ph b t th d ṭ ṭh ḍ k kh ɡ ʔ Affricates: ts tsh dz č čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: s z š ž x ɣ h Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥ Laterals: l l̥ Vibrants: ṛ̥ ṛ Modified Consonants: Nc = b d ḍ ɡ dz ɡ̌ ? Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all Modified Vowels: v̤ (breathy, lax) all; Tones: hi-ris mid-fall Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV AN DN POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2131: Language: Western Tibetan Dialect: Balti; Location: Tibet; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Bodic: Tibetan Grammar: Read, A. F. C. 1934. Balti Grammar. London: Royal Asiatic Society.; Consonant system: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ ṭ (ḍ) k kh ɡ q ts tsh dz č čh ɡ̌ (f) s z ṣ̌ š ž x ʁ h m n̪ ŋ l l̥ r r̥ ṛ Stops: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ ṭ (ḍ) k kh ɡ q Affricates: ts tsh dz č čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: (f) s z ṣ̌ š ž x ʁ h Nasals: m n̪ ŋ Laterals: l l̥ Vibrants: r r̥ ṛ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: I ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: v̄; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6 politeness: + 2 honorific & 5 honorific; Syntax: SOV AN/NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2132: Language: Magar; Location: Nepal; Population: 500,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Central Himalayan; Other Sources: Shepherd, Gary and Barbara Shepherd. 1973. "Magar Texts," in CSDP III, 301-434. CSDP IV, 18-9. AL 7:5; Consonant system: p ph b b̤ t̪ t̪h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍ̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤ č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌ s sh h m m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̥ l l̥ r r̥ Stops: p ph b b̤ t̪ t̪h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍ̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤ Affricates: č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌ Fricatives: s sh h Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̥ Laterals: l l̥ Vibrants: r r̥ Glides: j j̥ w w̥; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ṽ all; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Num+A+N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2133: Language: Raji; Location: Nepal; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Central Himalayan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2134: Language: Raute; Location: Nepal; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Central Himalayan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2135: Language: Kham Alternate Name: Parbate; Location: Nepal; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Central Himalayan; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2136: Language: Vayu Alternate Name: Hayu; Location: Nepal; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Central Himalayan; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2137: Language: Chepang; Location: Nepal (Makwanpur); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Central Himalayan; Other Sources: CSDP IV, 30-1. WALS; Consonant system: p ph b b̤ t th d d̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤ ʔ č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌ s h m m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̥ l l̥ r r̥ Stops: p ph b b̤ t th d d̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤ ʔ Affricates: č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌ Fricatives: s h Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̥ Laterals: l l̥ Vibrants: r r̥ Glides: j j̥ w w̥; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o; Tones: "Chepang might just be an incipient tone language." p.30; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2138: Language: Bunan Alternate Name: Gahri; Location: N India (Himachal Pradesh); Population: 3,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: West Himalayan: North; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2139: Language: Thebor; Location: N India (Himachal Pradesh); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: West Himalayan: North; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2140: Language: Sumchu; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: West Himalayan: North; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2141: Language: Sungam; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: West Himalayan: North; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2142: Language: Kanauri Alternate Name: Kinnauri; Location: N India (Himachal Pradesh); Population: 18,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: West Himalayan: Northwest: Kanauri; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2143: Language: Chitkhuli; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: West Himalayan: Northwest: Kanauri; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2144: Language: Tukpa Alternate Name: Nyamkad; Location: N India (Himachal Pradesh); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: West Himalayan: Northwest: Kanauri; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2145: Language: Kanashi; Location: N India (Himachal Pradesh); Population: 1,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: West Himalayan: Northwest: Kanauri; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2146: Language: Manchati; Location: N India (Himachal Pradesh); Population: 4,400; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: West Himalayan: Northwest: Manchati; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2147: Language: Chamba Alternate Name: Pattani; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: West Himalayan: Northwest: Manchati; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2148: Language: Rangloi Alternate Name: Tinani; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: West Himalayan: Northwest: Manchati; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2149: Language: Rangkas; Location: India; Population: 600; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: West Himalayan: Almora; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2150: Language: Darmiya; Location: India (Uttar Pradesh); Population: 1,750; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: West Himalayan: Almora; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2151: Language: Chaudangsi; Location: India (Uttar Pradesh); Population: 1,500; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: West Himalayan: Almora; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2152: Language: Byangsi; Location: India; Population: 1,600; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: West Himalayan: Almora; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2153: Language: Thami Alternate Name: Thangmi; Location: Sikkim; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: West Himalayan: Eastern; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2154: Language: Bhramu; Location: Nepal; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: West Himalayan: Eastern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2155: Language: Thulung; Location: E Nepal; Population: 8,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: East Himalayan: Western Grammar: GD: Allen, N. J. 1975. Sketch of Thulung Grammar. Ithaca: China-Japan Program, Cornell Univ.; Consonant system: p ph b b̤ t̪ t̪h d̪ d̪̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤ ʔ č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌ s h m n ŋ l r Stops: p ph b b̤ t̪ t̪h d̪ d̪̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤ ʔ Affricates: č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌ Fricatives: s h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ẽ ǝ̃ ã ẽ̄ ã̄ Diphthongs: ea oa eā oā; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C); Tones: tense lax Stress: non-phonemic; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 *3 *6d *6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative: erg; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2156: Language: Chaurasya; Location: Nepal; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: East Himalayan: Western; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2157: Language: Bahing; Location: Nepal; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: East Himalayan: Western: Bahing; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2158: Language: Umbule; Location: Nepal; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: East Himalayan: Western: Bahing; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2159: Language: Sunwar; Location: E Nepal; Population: 13,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: East Himalayan: Western: Bahing; Other Sources: Schulze, Marlene and Dora Bieri. 1973. "Chaining and Spotlighting: Two Types of Paragraph Boundaries in Sunwar," in CSDP I, 389-99. Bieri, Dora, Marlene Schulze and Austin Hale. 1973. "An Approach to Sunwar Discourse," in CSDP I, 401-62. CSDP IV, 26-7.; Consonant system: p ph b t th d ṭ ṭh ḍ k kh ɡ ʔ ts dz s š h m n ŋ l r Stops: p ph b t th d ṭ ṭh ḍ k kh ɡ ʔ Affricates: ts dz Fricatives: s š h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all v̄̃ all Modified Vowels: v̰ all; Tones: hi lo; Noun; Number: s p; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2160: Language: Dumi; Location: Nepal; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: East Himalayan: Western: Dumi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2161: Language: Khaling; Location: Nepal; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: East Himalayan: Western: Dumi; Other Sources: CSDP IV, 27-8. WALS; Consonant system: p ph b b̤ t th d d̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤ č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌ s h m n ŋ l r Stops: p ph b b̤ t th d d̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤ Affricates: č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌ Fricatives: s h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø æ Back Vowels: u o ɒ Long Vowels: ā; Tones: hi lo; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2162: Language: Rai; Location: Nepal; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: East Himalayan: Western: Dumi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2163: Language: Khambu; Location: E Nepal; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: East Himalayan: Eastern: Khambu; Other Sources: Wolfenden, Stuart N. 1933. "A Specimen of the Sangpang Dialect," Acta Orientalia 12, 71-9. Wolfenden, Stuart N. 1934. "A Specimen of the Kûlung Dialect," Acta Orientalia 12, 35-43.; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV AN/NA GN DN NUM-N POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2164: Language: Nachereng; Location: Nepal; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: East Himalayan: Eastern: Khambu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2165: Language: Kulung; Location: Nepal; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: East Himalayan: Eastern: Khambu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2166: Language: Rodong; Location: Nepal; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: East Himalayan: Eastern: Bontawa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2167: Language: Lambichong; Location: Nepal; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: East Himalayan: Eastern: Bontawa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2168: Language: Athpare; Location: Nepal; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: East Himalayan: Eastern: Bontawa; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2169: Language: Lohorong; Location: Nepal; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: East Himalayan: Eastern: Bontawa: Lohorong; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2170: Language: Yakha; Location: Nepal; Population: 1,500; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: East Himalayan: Eastern: Bontawa: Lohorong; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2171: Language: Limbu; Location: Bhutan; Population: 21,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: East Himalayan: Eastern: Bontawa: Lohorong Grammar: Das Gupta, K. 1968. An Introduction to Central Monpa. Shillong: North-East Frontier Agency.; Consonant system: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ ts tsh č čh ɡ̌ s z š ž h m n ñ ŋ l l̥ r Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ Affricates: ts tsh č čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: s z š ž h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l l̥ Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Modified Vowels: vowel harmony Diphthongs: ei oi ai ui ǝi au ou ae; Tones: lev ris; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV AN/NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2172: Language: Waling; Location: Nepal; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: East Himalayan: Eastern: Bontawa: Waling; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2173: Language: Rungchenbung; Location: Nepal; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: East Himalayan: Eastern: Bontawa: Waling; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2174: Language: Kiranti Dialect: Camling; Location: Nepal; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: East Himalayan: Eastern: Bontawa: Waling; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2175: Language: Dungmali; Location: Nepali; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: East Himalayan: Eastern: Bontawa: Waling; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2176: Language: Ch'iang; Location: China; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Dzorgaic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2177: Language: Dzorgai; Location: China; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Dzorgaic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2178: Language: Kortse; Location: SC China (NC Sichuan); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Dzorgaic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2179: Language: Pingfang; Location: SC China (NC Sichuan); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Dzorgaic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2180: Language: Thochu; Location: SC China (NC Sichuan); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic: Dzorgaic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2181: Language: Chutiya; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Baric: Bodo-Garo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2182: Language: Proto-Bodo; Location: NE India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Baric: Bodo-Garo: Bodo; Other Sources: Burling, Robbins. 1959. "Proto-Bodo," Lg 35, 433-53.; Consonant system: p b t d k ɡ ʔ ts dz s h m n ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ Affricates: ts dz Fricatives: s h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Diphthongs: iǝ ai uǝ au; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C)

~~Number:~~ 2183: Language: Bodo Dialect: Kachari; Location: NE India (Assam); Population: 215,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Baric: Bodo-Garo: Bodo Dictionary: Bhat, D. N. Shankara. 1968. Boro Vocabulary. Poona: Deccan College.; Other Sources: Burton-Page, J. 1955. "An Analysis of the Syllable in Boro," IL 16, 334-44. Bhattacharya, Pramod Chandra. 1957. "Glimpses from Boro Folk Tales," IL 17, 240-4. Burling, Robbins. 1959. "Proto-Bodo," Lg 35, 433-53. AL 7:6; Consonant system: ph b th d kh ɡ (ʔ) s z x m n ŋ l ɾ Stops: ph b th d kh ɡ (ʔ) Fricatives: s z x Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ɔ Diphthongs: ai au ǝi ǝu; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C); Tones: hi-fall mid-fall Stress: VH; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f Demonstratives: 3 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3 *6; Syntax: SOV NA GN DN NUM-N POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2184: Language: Dimasa; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Baric: Bodo-Garo: Bodo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2185: Language: Tripuri Alternate Name: Kokborok; Location: NE India (Assam); Population: 300,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Baric: Bodo-Garo: Bodo; Other Sources: Karapurkar, Pushpa. 1972. Tripuri Phonetic Reader. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages. WALS; Consonant system: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ t̪s d̪z s̪ š h m n̪ ŋ l r Stops: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ Affricates: t̪s d̪z Fricatives: s̪ š h Nasals: m n̪ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: I e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: ɯ ʋ ɔ; Tones: mid lo; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2186: Language: Lalung; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Baric: Bodo-Garo: Bodo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2187: Language: Moran; Location: NE India (Assam); Population: extinct; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Baric: Bodo-Garo: Bodo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2188: Language: Garo; Population: 412,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Baric: Bodo-Garo: Garo Grammar: Burling, Robbins. 1961. A Garo Grammar. Poona: Deccan College.; Other Sources: Burling, Robbins. 1959. "Proto-Bodo," Lg 35, 433-53. AL 7:6 WPF; Consonant system: ph b t̪h d̪ kh ɡ ʔ ts dz s h m n̪ ŋ ɾ Stops: ph b t̪h d̪ kh ɡ ʔ Affricates: ts dz Fricatives: s h Nasals: m n̪ ŋ Vibrants: ɾ Glides: w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C); Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6

~~Number:~~ 2189: Language: Koch Alternate Name: Atong; Location: NE India (Assam); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Baric: Bodo-Garo: Garo; Other Sources: Burling, Robbins 1959. "Proto-Bodo," Lg 35, 433-53. AL 7:6; Consonant system: ph b th d kh ɡ ʔ ts s h m n ŋ ɾ Stops: ph b th d kh ɡ ʔ Affricates: ts Fricatives: s h Nasals: m n ŋ Vibrants: ɾ Glides: w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Diphthongs: ai au ǝi ǝu

~~Number:~~ 2190: Language: Koch Dialect: Wanang; Location: NE India (Assam); Population: 300; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Baric: Bodo-Garo: Garo; Other Sources: Burling, Robbins. 1959. "Proto-Bodo," Lg 35, 433-53. AL 7:6; Consonant system: p t th k ts ɸ s h m n ŋ l ɾ Stops: p t th k Affricates: ts Fricatives: ɸ s h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Glides: w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Diphthongs: ai au ǝi ǝu

~~Number:~~ 2191: Language: Tangsa; Location: NE India (Assam); Population: 400,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Baric: Chang-Tangsa; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2192: Language: Moshang; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Baric: Chang-Tangsa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2193: Language: Shangge; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Baric: Chang-Tangsa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2194: Language: Nocte; Location: India; Population: 19,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Baric: Chang-Tangsa Grammar: DG: Das Gupta, K. 1971. An Introduction to the Nocte Language. Shillong: North-East Frontier Agency.; Consonant system: p ph b t th d k kh č čh ɡ̌ v s š h m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p ph b t th d k kh Affricates: č čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: v s š h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɔ; Tones: lev ris fall ris-fall; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA/(AN) GN DN N-NUM/NUM+N POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2195: Language: Konyak Alternate Name: Khiamniungan; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Baric: Chang-Tangsa; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2196: Language: Wancho; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Baric: Chang-Tangsa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2197: Language: Phom; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Baric: Chang-Tangsa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2198: Language: Chang; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Baric: Chang-Tangsa; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2199: Language: Mon; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Baric: Chang-Tangsa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2200: Language: Meithei; Location: NE India (Manipur); Population: 280,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga; Other Sources: Sinha, Kali Prasad. 1974. "Bishnupriya Manipuri: A Descriptive Sketch," IL 35, 185-99. Singh, Inder. 1975. Manipuri Phonetic Reader. Mysore: Central Institutue of Indian Languages.; Consonant system: p ph (b) (b̤) t th (d) (d̤) k kh (ɡ) (ɡ̤) ʔ č (čh) (ɡ̌) (ɡ̤̌) s š h m n ŋ l ɾ Stops: p ph (b) (b̤) t th (d) (d̤) k kh (ɡ) (ɡ̤) ʔ Affricates: č (čh) (ɡ̌) (ɡ̤̌) Fricatives: s š h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō Diphthongs: ai au; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C); Tones: hi-mid-fall mid-lev lo-mid-ris; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6; Syntax: GN; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2201: Language: Mikir; Location: NE India (Assam); Population: 154,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga Grammar: Grüssner, Karl-Heinz. 1978. Arleng Alam: Die Sprache der Mikir. Wiesbaden. Franz Steiner.; Consonant system: p ph b (b̤) t th d (d̤) k kh č ɡ̌ s h m n ŋ l r Stops: p ph b (b̤) t th d (d̤) k kh Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: s h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C); Tones: hi mid low Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA/(AN) GN DN N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2202: Language: Mru; Location: Bangladesh; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2203: Language: Yimchungru; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Northern Naga; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2204: Language: Lotha Dialect: Hlota; Location: NE India (Nagaland); Population: 20,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Northern Naga; Other Sources: AL 7:6 WALS; Consonant system: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ č čh ɡ̌ f v s z š h m n ŋ l r Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ Affricates: č čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɨ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all but ɨ; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2205: Language: Lophomi; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Northern Naga: Sangtam; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2206: Language: Thukumi; Location: NE India (SE Nagaland); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Northern Naga: Sangtam; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2207: Language: Pochuri; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Northern Naga: Sangtam; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2208: Language: Ao; Location: NE India; Population: 64,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Northern Naga: Ao; Other Sources: AL 7:6 WALS WPF; Consonant system: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ č čh ɡ̌ f v s z š h m n ŋ l r Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ Affricates: č čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɨ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all but ɨ; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2209: Language: Ao Dialect: Chungli; Location: NE India (Nagaland); Population: 64,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Northern Naga: Ao Dictionary: Clark, E. W. 1911. Ao Naga Dictionary. Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press.; Other Sources: Gurubasave Gowda, K. S. 1972. Ao-Naga Phonetic Reader. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages. WALS; Consonant system: p t k ʔ č s z m n ŋ l ḷ Stops: p t k ʔ Affricates: č Fricatives: s z Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l ḷ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ; Tones: lev ris fall; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2210: Language: Mongsen; Location: NE India (Assam); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Northern Naga: Ao; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2211: Language: Tengsa; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Northern Naga: Ao; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2212: Language: Rengma; Location: NE India (Assam); Population: 5,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Eastern Naga: Rengma; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2213: Language: Ntenyi; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Eastern Naga: Rengma; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2214: Language: Meluri; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Eastern Naga: Rengma; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2215: Language: Kezhama; Location: NE India (E Nagaland); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Eastern Naga: Simi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2216: Language: Mao Alternate Name: Naga (Mao); Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Eastern Naga: Simi; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2217: Language: Zumomi; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Eastern Naga: Simi; Other Sources: WPF; Consonant system:; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6

~~Number:~~ 2218: Language: Angami; Location: NE India (Nagaland); Population: 43,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Eastern Naga: Angami; Other Sources: Burling, Robbins. 1960. "Angami Naga Phonemics and Word List," IL 21, 51-60. Ravindran, N. 1974. Angami Phonetic Reader. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages. WALS WPF; Consonant system: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ pf bv ts dz č čh ɡ̌ f v s z š ž x m m̥ ɱ n̪ n̪̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ l l̥ r r̥ Stops: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ Affricates: pf bv ts dz č čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š ž x Nasals: m m̥ ɱ n̪ n̪̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ Laterals: l l̥ Vibrants: r r̥ Glides: j j̥ w w̥; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Diphthongs: ie ǝi uo ou; Syllable: Nˈ; Tones: hi mid-lev mid-ris lo-lev lo-fall; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2219: Language: Chakrima; Location: NE India (Nagaland); Population: 8,500; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Eastern Naga: Angami; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2220: Language: Maring; Location: NE India (Manipur); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Southern Naga; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2221: Language: Tangkhul Dialect: Ukrul; Location: NE India (Nagaland); Population: 45,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Southern Naga Dictionary: Bhat, D. N. Shankara. 1969. Tankhur Naga Vocabulary. Poona: Deccan College.; Consonant system: p ph t th k kh ts č s š h m n ŋ r Stops: p ph t th k kh Affricates: ts č Fricatives: s š h Nasals: m n ŋ Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ɯ o; Tones: hi-fall lo-fall; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV GN POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2222: Language: Kupome; Location: NE India (Nagaland); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Southern Naga; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2223: Language: Maram; Location: Myanmar; Population: 5,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Western Kuki; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2224: Language: Liangmai; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Western Kuki; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2225: Language: Nruanghmei; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Western Kuki; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2226: Language: Khoirao; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Western Kuki; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2227: Language: Zeme; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Western Kuki; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2228: Language: Kamhau; Location: W Myanmar (Chin); Population: 65; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Northern Kuki; Other Sources: Henderson, Eugénie J. A. 1965. Tiddim Chin: A Descriptive Analysis of Two Texts. London: Oxford Univ Press.; Consonant system: p ph b t th d k ɡ ʔ ts v s z x h m n ŋ l lʔ Stops: p ph b t th d k ɡ ʔ Affricates: ts Fricatives: v s z x h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l lʔ Glides: ʔw; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: ī ɛ̄ ā ū ɔ̄ Diphthongs: ai au ei eu ia iu ou oi ua ui iai iau uai uau; Syllable: (C)V(C); Tones: hi-fall lev lo-ris; Noun; Number: s p; Syntax: SOV AN/NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2229: Language: Ralte; Location: Myanmar; Population: 17,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Northern Kuki; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2230: Language: Siyin; Location: Myanmar; Population: 3,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Northern Kuki; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2231: Language: Thado; Location: NE India (Manipur); Population: 34,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Northern Kuki; Other Sources: Thirumalai, M. S. 1972. Thaadou Phonetic Reader. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.; Consonant system: p ph b t th d k ɡ ʔ č v s z x h m n ŋ l l̥ Stops: p ph b t th d k ɡ ʔ Affricates: č Fricatives: v s z x h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l l̥; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ; Tones: lev ris fall

~~Number:~~ 2232: Language: Vuite; Location: Myanmar; Population: 15,500; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Northern Kuki; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2233: Language: Zo Alternate Name: Zome; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Northern Kuki; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2234: Language: Kyao; Location: NE India (Nagaland); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Old Kuki; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2235: Language: Lamgang Alternate Name: Lamkang; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Old Kuki: Lamgang; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2236: Language: Anal Dialect: Bawm; Location: NE India (SE Manipur); Population: 2,650; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Old Kuki: Lamgang; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2237: Language: Kolhreng; Location: NE India (C Manipur); Population: 1,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Old Kuki: Kolhreng; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2238: Language: Kom; Location: NE India (C Manipur); Population: 2,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Old Kuki: Kolhreng; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2239: Language: Tarao; Location: NE India (SE Manipur); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Old Kuki: Kolhreng; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2240: Language: Chiru; Location: NE India (Assam); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Old Kuki: Central; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2241: Language: Aimol; Location: NE India (Assam); Population: 750; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Old Kuki: Central; Other Sources: WPF; Consonant system:; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6

~~Number:~~ 2242: Language: Purum; Location: Myanmar; Population: 300; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Old Kuki: Central; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2243: Language: Langrong; Location: NE India (Assam); Population: 6,250; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Old Kuki: Central; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2244: Language: Southern Luhupa; Location: NE India (Manipur); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Old Kuki: Western; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2245: Language: Hrangkhol; Location: Myanmar; Population: 8,500; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Old Kuki: Western; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2246: Language: Biate; Location: NE India (Assam); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Old Kuki: Western; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2247: Language: Hallam; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Old Kuki: Western; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2248: Language: Langet; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Central Kuki; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2249: Language: Mizo Alternate Name: Lushai; Location: NE India (Mizoram); Population: 70,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Central Kuki: Mizo; Other Sources: Henderson, Eugénie J. A. 1948. "Notes on the Syllable Structure of Lushai," BSOAS 12, 713-25. Bright, William. 1957. "Singing in Lushai," IL 17, 24-8. Burling, Robbins. 1957. "Lushai Phonemics," IL 18, 238-40. Weidert, Alfons. 1975. Componential Analysis of Lushai Phonology. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. AL 7:6.; Consonant system: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ ṭ ṭh k kh ʔ tl tlh č čh f v š ž h m m̥ n̪ n̪̥ ŋ ŋ̥ l̪ l̪̥ ɾ ɾ̥ Stops: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ ṭ ṭh k kh ʔ Affricates: tl tlh č čh Fricatives: f v š ž h Nasals: m m̥ n̪ n̪̥ ŋ ŋ̥ Laterals: l̪ l̪̥ Vibrants: ɾ ɾ̥ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: I ɛ Central Vowels: ɐ Back Vowels: ɯ ɔ Long Vowels: ī ǣ ā ɯ̄ ɔ̄ Diphthongs: au ai eu ei ia oi ou ua ui āu āi ēi iā ōi iau uai; Syllable: C(G)V(C); Tones: hi-lev hi-fall lo-lev lo-ris Demonstratives: 6 (2 + yonder visible, yonder invisible, that above, that below); Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN DN/ND N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2250: Language: Zahao; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Central Kuki: Mizo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2251: Language: Hmar; Location: Myanmar; Population: 4,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Central Kuki: Mizo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2252: Language: Pankhu; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Central Kuki: Mizo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2253: Language: Paang; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Central Kuki: Mizo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2254: Language: Haka Alternate Name: Chin, Lai; Location: Myanmar; Population: 85,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Central Kuki: Haka; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2255: Language: Shonshe; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Central Kuki: Haka; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2256: Language: Mara; Location: N India (Assam); Population: 1,100; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Central Kuki: Lakher; Other Sources: Parry, N. E. 1932. The Lakhers. London: Macmillan.; Consonant system: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh č čh (ɡ̌) f v s z h m m̥ n n̥ ŋ l l̥ r r̥ Stops: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh Affricates: č čh (ɡ̌) Fricatives: f v s z h Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ŋ Laterals: l l̥ Vibrants: r r̥ Front Vowels: I ø ɛ Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 5 (this/that/yonder/up/down) + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN DND N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2257: Language: Tlongsai; Location: India; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Central Kuki: Lakher; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2258: Language: Hawthai; Location: N India (Assam); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Central Kuki: Lakher; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2259: Language: Sabeu; Location: N India (Assam); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Central Kuki: Lakher; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2260: Language: Sho Alternate Name: Asho; Location: W Myanmar; Population: 95,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Southern Kuki: Sho; Other Sources: Stern, Theodore. 1962. "Language Contact between Related Languages: Burmese Influences upon Plains Chin," AL 4:4, 1-28. AL 7:6; Consonant system: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ ʔ č čh ɡ̌ s sh z z̤ š h ɦ m m̥ n n̥ ñ ŋ ŋ̥ l l̥ Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ ʔ Affricates: č čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: s sh z z̤ š h ɦ Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ñ ŋ ŋ̥ Laterals: l l̥ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Diphthongs: ai ei ou au uɯ oɯ; Tones: hi fall; Syntax: SOV DN; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2261: Language: Khyeng; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Southern Kuki: Sho; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2262: Language: Khyang; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Southern Kuki: Sho; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2263: Language: Thayetmo; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Southern Kuki: Sho; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2264: Language: Minbu; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Southern Kuki: Sho; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2265: Language: Chinbon; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Southern Kuki: Sho; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2266: Language: Lemyo; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Southern Kuki: Sho; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2267: Language: Chinbok; Location: W Myanmar; Population: 21,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Southern Kuki: Chinbok; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2268: Language: Ng'men; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Southern Kuki: Chinbok; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2269: Language: Khami; Location: Myanmar; Population: 20,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Southern Kuki: Khami Grammar: GD: Shafer, Robert. 1944. "Khimi Grammar and Vocabulary," BSOAS 11, 386-434.; Consonant system: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ q ʔ č čh v s z h m n ŋ l r Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ q ʔ Affricates: č čh Fricatives: v s z h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: w Front Vowels: i y e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Diphthongs: ai au; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2270: Language: Khumi; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Southern Kuki: Khami; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2271: Language: Ngala; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kuki-Naga: Southern Kuki: Khami; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2272: Language: Taman; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kachin-Luic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2273: Language: Chairel; Location: N India (SE Assam); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kachin-Luic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2274: Language: Jinghpaw Alternate Name: Jingpho; Location: N Myanmar; Population: 170,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kachin-Luic: Kachin; Other Sources: AL 7:6; Consonant system: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ kj ts č čh ɡ̌ v s z š h m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ kj Affricates: ts č čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: v s z š h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r; Syntax: SOV AN

~~Number:~~ 2275: Language: Hkauri; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kachin-Luic: Kachin; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2276: Language: Hka-hku; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kachin-Luic: Kachin; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2277: Language: Jili; Location: Myanmar; Population: extinct; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kachin-Luic: Kachin; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2278: Language: Andro; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kachin-Luic: Luic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2279: Language: Sengmai; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kachin-Luic: Luic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2280: Language: Kadu; Location: N Myanmar; Population: 228,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kachin-Luic: Luic; Other Sources: Brown, R. Grant. 1917-1920. "The Kadus of Burma," BSOAS 1:2, 1-28.; Consonant system: p ph b th tj d dj k kh ɡ ʔ s sh z š h m n ŋ l Stops: p ph b th tj d dj k kh ɡ ʔ Fricatives: s sh z š h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ ɑ Diphthongs: ei ai aʋ oʋ; Tones: level fall

~~Number:~~ 2281: Language: Sak; Location: Myanmar; Population: 35,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kachin-Luic: Luic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2282: Language: Chakpa; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kachin-Luic: Luic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2283: Language: Phayeng; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kachin-Luic: Luic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2284: Language: Krangku; Location: N Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kachin-Luic: Rawang; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2285: Language: Lungmi; Location: N Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kachin-Luic: Rawang; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2286: Language: Nung; Location: N Myanmar; Population: 10,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kachin-Luic: Rawang; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2287: Language: Rawang Dialect: Mutwang; Location: N Myanmar (Kachin); Population: 60,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kachin-Luic: Rawang; Other Sources: Morse, Robert H. 1963. "Phonology of Rawang," AL 5:5, 17-41. Morse, Robert H. 1965. "Syntactic Frames for the Rvwàng (Rawang) Verb," Lingua 15, 338-69. AL 7:6; Consonant system: ph b th d kh ɡ ʔ čh ɡ̌ s z š h m n ŋ l ɾ Stops: ph b th d kh ɡ ʔ Affricates: čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: s z š h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: C(w)V(N)(C); Tones: hi mid lo neutral; Syntax: SOV NA GN DN POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2288: Language: Zithung; Location: N Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kachin-Luic: Rawang; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2289: Language: Trung; Location: China; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kachin-Luic: Rawang; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2290: Language: Metu; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kachin-Luic: Rawang; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2291: Language: Melam; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kachin-Luic: Rawang; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2292: Language: Tamalu; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kachin-Luic: Rawang; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2293: Language: Tukiumu; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Kachin-Luic: Rawang; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2294: Language: Moso; Location: S China (Yьn-nan); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Moso; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2295: Language: Naxi; Location: China; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Moso; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2296: Language: Phun; Location: Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Burmic: Northern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2297: Language: Achang; Location: N Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Burmic: Northern; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2298: Language: Maru; Location: N Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Burmic: Northern; Other Sources: Burling, Robbins. 1966. "The Addition of Final Stops in the History of Maru (Tibeto-Burman)," Lg 42, 581-6. Burling, Robbins. 1967. Proto Lolo-Burmese. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. WALS; Consonant system: ph pʔ b th tʔ d kh kʔ ɡ ʔ tsh tsʔ dz čh čʔ ɡ̌ s š ɣ h m mʔ n nʔ ŋ ŋʔ l lʔ (ɹ̣) Stops: ph pʔ b th tʔ d kh kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: tsh tsʔ dz čh čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: s š ɣ h Nasals: m mʔ n nʔ ŋ ŋʔ Laterals: l lʔ Vibrants: (ɹ̣) Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e (ø) Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Diphthongs: ai au oi; Syllable: (C)(G)V(C); Tones: hi-lev mid-lev low-fall; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2299: Language: Lashi; Location: N Myanmar; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Burmic: Northern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2300: Language: Tsaiwa Alternate Name: Zaiwa; Location: N Myanmar; Population: 50,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Burmic: Northern; Other Sources: Burling, Robbins. 1966. "The Addition of Final Stops in the History of Maru (Tibeto-Burman)," Lg 42, 581-6. Burling, Robbins. 1967. Proto Lolo-Burmese. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. E; Consonant system: ph pʔ b th tʔ d kh kʔ ɡ ʔ tsh tsʔ dz čh čʔ ɡ̌ v s š h m mʔ n nʔ ŋ ŋʔ l lʔ (ɹ̣) Stops: ph pʔ b th tʔ d kh kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: tsh tsʔ dz čh čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: v s š h Nasals: m mʔ n nʔ ŋ ŋʔ Laterals: l lʔ Vibrants: (ɹ̣) Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Diphthongs: ai au ui; Syllable: (C)(G)V(C); Tones: hi-lev hi-fall mid-fall lo-fall; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2301: Language: Burmese; Location: Myanmar; Population: 25 million [+3 million as a second language]; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Burmic: Southern Grammar: Stewart, J. A. 1955. Manual of Colloquial Burmese. London: Luzac & Company. Njun, Maun Maun, et al. 1963. Birmanskij jazyk. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo vostochnoj literatury.; TextBooks: Cornyn, William S. and D. Haigh Roop. 1968. Beginning Burmese. New Haven: Yale Univ Press.; Other Sources: Jones, Robert B., Jr. and U Khin. 1953. The Burmese Writing System. Washington, D.C.: American Council of Learned Societies. Becker, Alton Lewis. 1964. "Burmese Tonemics: A Discussion of Various Points of View," in Papers of the CIC Far Eastern Language Institute, ed. by Joseph K. Yamagiwa, Ann Arbor, 113-6. Zlatoverxova, V. G. 1966. Fonetika birmanskogo literaturnogo jazyka. Moscow: Nauka. Cooke, Joseph R. 1968. Pronominal Reference in Thai, Burmese and Vietnamese. UCPL 52.; Consonant system: p ph t th k kh ʔ b d ɡ č čh ɡ̌ θ s sh š h ð z m m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̥ l l̥ (r) Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ ʔ Affricates: č čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: θ ð s sh z š h Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̥ Laterals: l l̥ Vibrants: (r) Glides: j j̥ w w̥; Vowel system: i u ɛ ǝ ɔ a Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: (ǝ) a Back Vowels: u ɔ Nasal Vowels: Ĩ ã ʋ̃ Diphthongs: ai au ei ou ãi ãu ẽi õu; Syllable: (C)(G)V(ʔ); Tones: hi-fall hi-fall-glott hi-checked lo-level; Noun
Number: s (p) (pl uncommon) Demonstratives: 2 + ref: Pronouns: 1mf 4mf 2mf 5mf 3 6 politeness: there are many special pronouns used in addressing priests, intimates, inferiors, etc.; Syntax: SOV AN/NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N D+N+A+Num; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2302: Language: Daignet; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2303: Language: Duampu; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2304: Language: Nameji; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2305: Language: Sihia; Population: extinct; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo Grammar: Sofronov, M. V. 1968. Grammatika tangutskogo jazyka, 2 vols. Moscow: Nauka.; Consonant system: p ph mb t th nd k kh ʔ ts tsh dz č čh ñɡ̌ v s z š h m n ŋ l l̥ r Stops: p ph mb t th nd k kh ʔ Affricates: ts tsh dz č čh ñɡ̌ Fricatives: v s z š h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l l̥ Vibrants: r Glides: j ɨ̯ w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ẽ ɨ̃ ã õ; Noun; Number: s p; Syntax: SOV NA/(AN) NUM-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2306: Language: Pai-lang; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2307: Language: Tosu; Population: extinct; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2308: Language: Thongho; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Northern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2309: Language: Pakishan; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Northern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2310: Language: Kangsiangying; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Northern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2311: Language: Kiaokio; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Northern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2312: Language: Nee; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Northern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2313: Language: Laichau; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Northern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2314: Language: Tudza; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Northern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2315: Language: Nuoku; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Northern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2316: Language: Liang-shan; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Northern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2317: Language: P'ou-la; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Northern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2318: Language: Sani Alternate Name: Yi; Location: SE China (SE Yunnan); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Northern; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2319: Language: Ulu; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Northern: Nasö; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2320: Language: Ko-p'u; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Northern: Nasö; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2321: Language: Weining; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Northern: Nasö; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2322: Language: Khoany; Location: NC Laos; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: East; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2323: Language: Mung; Location: NC Laos; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: East; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2324: Language: Lisu Dialect: Burmese; Location: N Myanmar; Population: 500,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Central; Other Sources: Burling, Robbins. 1967. Proto Lolo-Burmese. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. AL 7:6; Consonant system: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ ts tsh dz č čh ɡ̌ f s š x ɣ h m n ŋ l (ɹ) Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ Affricates: ts tsh dz č čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s š x ɣ h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: (ɹ) Modified Consonants: cj cʷ ? Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø æ Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o; Syllable: (C)(G)V(ʔ); Tones: hi mid lo mid-ris ris-fall-glot checked

~~Number:~~ 2325: Language: Lisu Dialect: Thai; Location: N Thailand (Chiang Rai); Population: 500,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Central; Other Sources: Hope, E. R. 1971. "Problems of Phone Assignment in the Description of Thailand Lisu Phonology," in PL A29, 53-78. Hope, E. R. 1973. "Selected Phonological Rules for Thailand Lisu," in PL A30, 19-34. Hope, Edward Reginald. 1974. The Deep Syntax of Lisu Sentences. PL B34. Hope, E. R. 1976. "Lisu," in PL C43, 125-48.; Consonant system: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ ʔ ts tsh dz f v s z x ɣ h m n ŋ l Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ ʔ Affricates: ts tsh dz Fricatives: f v s z x ɣ h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: cj cʷ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e æ Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u ɔ; Tones: hi mid lo mid-ris hi-fall Demonstratives: 4 (2 + that above, that below); Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+D; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2326: Language: Nyi; Location: SE China (SW Yunnan); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Central; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2327: Language: Chökö; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Central; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2328: Language: Ahi Alternate Name: Axi; Location: SE China (SE Yunnan); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Central; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2329: Language: Lolopho Alternate Name: Central Yi; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Central; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2330: Language: Phupha; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Central; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2331: Language: Phunoi; Location: NE Laos (Phongsaly); Population: 20,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Southern: Phunoi; Other Sources: Bradley, David. 1977. "Phunoi or Côông," in PL A49, 67-98. Ferlus, Michel. 1977. "Les pronoms personnels en phou noy," BSLP 72, 305-11.; Consonant system: p ph ɓ t̪ t̪h ɗ̪ c ch ɟ k kh ɡ kʷ khʷ ʔ (f) s̪ s̪h (š) (x) (ɣ) h ɦ m m̥ n̪ n̪̥ (ñ) ñ̥ l l̥ Stops: p ph ɓ t̪ t̪h ɗ̪ c ch ɟ k kh ɡ kʷ khʷ ʔ Fricatives: (f) s̪ s̪h (š) (x) (ɣ) h ɦ Nasals: m m̥ n̪ n̪̥ (ñ) ñ̥ Laterals: l l̥ Modified Consonants: cj p ph b m̥ (m) Glides: j j̥ w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ã õ; Tones: hi mid lo-fall; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV POSS-N

~~Number:~~ 2332: Language: Pyen; Location: EC Myanmar; Population: 1,300; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Southern: Phunoi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2333: Language: Bisu; Location: N Thailand (Chiengrai); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Southern: Phunoi; Other Sources: Nishida, Tatsuo. 1973. "A Preliminary Study of the Bisu Language," in PL A30, 55-82.; Consonant system: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ ʔ t̪s t̪sh č čh (f) s̪ š h m m̥ n̪ n̪̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥ l̪ l̪̥ Stops: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ ʔ Affricates: t̪s t̪sh č čh Fricatives: (f) s̪ š h Nasals: m m̥ n̪ n̪̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥ Laterals: l̪ l̪̥ Glides: j j̥ w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ ɔ; Syllable: (C)CV(C); Tones: hi mid lo Demonstratives: 5: this, that, that further, that even further, that furthest; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN DN NUM-N [E says the language is SVO.]

~~Number:~~ 2334: Language: Mpi; Location: Thailand; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Southern: Phunoi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2335: Language: Khaskhong; Location: NC Laos; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Southern: Phunoi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2336: Language: Hwethom; Location: NC Laos; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Southern: Phunoi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2337: Language: Akha; Location: N Thailand (Chiangrai); Population: 400,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Southern: Akha Dictionary: Brun, Viggo. 1973. "An English-Akha Vocabulary," Acta Orientalia 35, 139-59.; Other Sources: Dellinger, David W. 1967. "Notes on Akha Segmental Phonemes and Tones," in PL A9, 35-43. Wyss, Peter. 1976. "Akha," in PL C43, 149-86.; Consonant system: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ ʔ t̪s t̪sh d̪z s̪ s̪h z̪ x xh ɣ h m n̪ ŋ l̪ Stops: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ ʔ Affricates: t̪s t̪sh d̪z Fricatives: s̪ s̪h z̪ x xh ɣ h Nasals: m n̪ ŋ Laterals: l̪ Modified Consonants: cj ? Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø æ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ ɔ Nasal Vowels: ṽ Modified Vowels: Vowels belong to one of 2 registers: (1) high = hollow, soft, breathy, (2) low = tense, restrained, choked. Diphthongs: ai au; Syllable: C(G)V(N); Tones: hi mid lo Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2338: Language: Akha Dialect: Senchai; Location: N Thailand; Population: 400,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Southern: Akha; Other Sources: Katsura, Makio. 1973. "Phonemes of the Alu Dialect of Akha," in PL A30, 35-53.; Consonant system: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ t̪s t̪sh d̪z č čh ɡ̌ s̪ z̪ š x ɣ h m n̪ ñ ŋ l̪ Stops: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ Affricates: t̪s t̪sh d̪z č čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: s̪ z̪ š x ɣ h Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̪; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ø ɛ Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ ɔ ɑ; Syllable: (C)CV(C) mˈ; Tones: hi-ris mid-lev lo-fall; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2339: Language: Akha Dialect: Alu; Location: N Thailand (Chiengrai); Population: 400,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Southern: Akha; Other Sources: Katsura, Makio. 1973. "Phonemes of the Alu Dialect of Akha," in PL A30, 35-53.; Consonant system: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ ʔ č čh ɡ̌ s̪ x ɣ h m n̪ ñ ŋ l̪ Stops: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ ʔ Affricates: č čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: s̪ x ɣ h Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̪ Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ø ɛ Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ ɔ ɑ; Syllable: (C)CV(C) mˈ; Tones: hi-ris mid-lev lo-fall; Syntax: SOV NA

~~Number:~~ 2340: Language: Akha Dialect: Northern; Location: E Myanmar (C Kengtung); Population: 400,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Southern: Akha Dictionary: Lewis, Paul. 1968. Akha-English Dictionary. CUDP 70.; Other Sources: Burling, Robbins. 1967. Proto Lolo-Burmese. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Lewis, Paul. 1968. "Akha Phonology," AL 10:2, 8-18. Wyss, Peter. 1976. "Akha," in PL C43, 149-86.; Consonant system: p b t d k ɡ ʔ ts dz č ɡ̌ (v) s z š x ɣ h m n ŋ l Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌ Fricatives: (v) s z š x ɣ h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: cj p b m n Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ ɔ Nasal Vowels: ɑ̃ Modified Vowels: v̰ (laryngealized): ḭ œ̰ ɛ̰ a̰ ṵ ɯ̰ o̰ ɤ̰ ɔ̰ Diphthongs: ai ao; Syllable: (C)V mˈ; Tones: hi mid lo Demonstratives: 3; Syntax: AN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+Num+N

~~Number:~~ 2341: Language: Ako; Location: E Myanmar (E Kengtung); Population: 800; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Southern: Akha; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2342: Language: Asong; Location: E Myanmar (E Kengtung); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Southern: Akha; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2343: Language: Phana; Location: N Laos; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Southern: Akha; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2344: Language: Menghwa; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Southern: Akha; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2345: Language: Hani; Location: SE China (S Yunnan); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Southern: Akha; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 2346: Language: Lahu Dialect: Black; Location: N Thailand (Chiang Mai); Population: 275,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Southern: Akha Grammar: Matisoff, James A. 1973. The Grammar of Lahu. UCPL 75.; Consonant system: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ q qh (ʔ) č čh ɡ̌ f v š ɣ h m n ŋ l Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ q qh (ʔ) Affricates: č čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v š ɣ h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Glides: j (w); Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Diphthongs: aj (aw ew wi we wɛ wa); Syllable: (C)V(ʔ); Tones: hi-fall hi-fall-checked hi-mid-ris mid-lev lo-mid-fall lo-mid-fall-checked lo-lev Demonstratives: 5 (3 + that above, that below); Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6 + indef; Syntax: SOV AN/NA GN DN/ND NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 2347: Language: Ugong; Location: Thailand; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Residual; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2348: Language: Manyak; Location: C China (WC Sichuan); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Residual: Hsifan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2349: Language: Horpa; Location: C China (W Sichuan); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Residual: Hsifan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2350: Language: Menia Alternate Name: Muya; Location: C China (WC Sichuan); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Residual: Hsifan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 2351: Language: Muli; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic: Burmese-Moso: Burmese-Lolo: Lolo: Residual: Hsifan; Consonant system:

Краткие типологические обзоры языков на-дене

Смотрите также описание атабаскских языков и реконструированный словарь прана-дене.

~~Number:~~ 4639: Language: Haida; Location: SW Canada (Queen Charlotte Island); Population: 200; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene Dictionary: Lawrence, Erma. 1977. Haida Dictionary. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.; Other Sources: Sapir, E. 1923. "The Phonetics of Haida," IJAL 2, 143-58. Krauss, Michael E. 1964. "Proto-Athapaskan-Eyak and the Problem of Na-Dene: The Phonology," IJAL 30, 118-31.; Consonant system: p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ (q) qh qʔ ʔ tsʔ tl tlh tlʔ č čh m n ŋ l ʔl ɬ Stops: p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ (q) qh qʔ ʔ Affricates: tsʔ tl tlh tlʔ č čh Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l ʔl ɬ Glides: j ʔj w ʔw; Vowel system: I ʋ ǝ Front Vowels: I Central Vowels: ǝ Back Vowels: ʋ Long Vowels: ī (ē) ā ū; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C); Tones: hi lo Stress: initial (generally); Noun; Number: s p (pl for kinship terms only) Demonstratives: 3 + ref Articles: indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3; Syntax: SOV NA GN DN N-NUM N-POSS/POSS-N (more emphasis) D+N+A+Num Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 4640: Language: Tlingit; Location: SE Alaska (Prince of Wales Island); Population: 1,500; Classification: Na-Dene; Other Sources: Velten, H. V. 1939. "Two Southern Tlingit Tales," IJAL 10, 65-74. Velten, H. V. 1944. "Three Tlingit Stories," IJAL 10, 168-80. Krauss, Michael E. 1964. "Proto-Athapaskan-Eyak and the Problem of Na-Dene: The Phonology," IJAL 30,118-31. WPF; Consonant system: t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ d ɡ ɡʷ G Gʷ ts tsʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ dz dl ɡ̌ s sʔ š x xʔ xʷ xʔʷ χ χʔ χʷ χʔʷ h hʷ n ɬ ɬʔ Stops: t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ kʷ kʔʷ ɡʷ q qʔ G qʷ qʔʷ Gʷ ʔ Affricates: ts tsʔ dz tl tlʔ dl č čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: s sʔ š x xʔ xʷ xʔʷ χ χʔ χʷ χʔʷ h hʷ Nasals: n Laterals: ɬ ɬʔ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e ɛ a ɑ Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ ɑ Stress: pitch accent (hi lo); one hi per word Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N Ergative:; Noun Incorporation: NOUN INCORP; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 4641: Language: Eyak; Location: SE Alaska; Population: 1; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan-Eyak; Other Sources: Krauss, Michael E. 1965. "Eyak: A Preliminary Report," Canadian Journal of Linguistics 10, 167-87. Krauss, Michael E. 1964. "Proto-Athapaskan-Eyak and the Problem of Na-Dene: The Phonology," IJAL 30, 118-31.; Consonant system: th tʔ kh kʔ qh qʔ ʔ (b)d ɡ ɡʷ G tsh tsʔ tlh tlʔ čh čʔ dz dl ɡ̌ s š x xʷ χ h m n (ŋ) l ɬ Stops: (b) th tʔ d kh kʔ ɡ ɡʷ qh qʔ G ʔ Affricates: tsh tsʔ dz tlh tlʔ dl čh čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: s š x xʷ χ h Nasals: m n (ŋ) Laterals: l ɬ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u ǝ Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: ǝ Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: ī ɛ̄ ā ū Nasal Vowels: ĩ ã ũ Modified Vowels: vʔ vh (v̰ v̤); Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4642: Language: Proto-Athabaskan; Location: Alaska; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan; Other Sources: Krauss, Michael E. 1964. "Proto-Athapaskan-Eyak and the Problem of Na-Dene: The Phonology," IJAL 30, 118-31.; Consonant system: t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ kʷ kʔʷ ɡʷ q qʔ G qʷ qʔʷ Gʷ ʔ ts tsʔ dz tl tlʔ dl č čʔ ɡ̌ s š x xʷ χ χʷ h n l ɬ Stops: t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ kʷ kʔʷ ɡʷ q qʔ G qʷ qʔʷ Gʷ ʔ Affricates: ts tsʔ dz tl tlʔ dl č čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: s š x xʷ χ χʷ h Nasals: n Laterals: l ɬ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ʋ ɑ Nasal Vowels: ṽ ṽ̰ all Modified Vowels: vʔ vh; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4643: Language: Tanaina; Location: SC Alaska; Population: 300; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Tanaina-Ahtna; Other Sources: Kari, James. 1975. "The Disjunct Boundary in the Navajo and Tanaina Verb Prefix Complexes," IJAL 41, 330-45.; Consonant system: p t th tʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ ts tsh tsʔ tl tlh tlʔ č čh čʔ s š x χ h z ž ɣ ʁ m n l ɬ Stops: p t th tʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ Affricates: ts tsh tsʔ tl tlh tlʔ č čh čʔ Fricatives: s z š ž x ɣ χ ʁ h Nasals: m n Laterals: l ɬ Glides: j; Vowel system: i u e a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4644: Language: Ahtna; Location: Alaska; Population: 250; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Tanaina-Ahtna; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4645: Language: Ingalik; Location: Alaska; Population: 150; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Ingalik-Koyukon; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4646: Language: Holikachuk; Location: W Alaska; Population: 12; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Ingalik-Koyukon; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4647: Language: Koyukon Dialect: Central; Location: Alaska; Population: 600; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Ingalik-Koyukon Dictionary: Jones, Eliza. 1978. Junior Dictionary for Central Koyukon Athabaskan. Anchorage: Univ. of Alaska.; Consonant system: t tʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ b d ɡ G ts tsʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ dz dl ɡ̌ s š x h ɣ m n ñ l ɬ Stops: b t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ q qʔ G ʔ Affricates: ts tsʔ dz tl tlʔ dl č čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: s š x ɣ h Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l ɬ Glides: j; Vowel system: i u o a Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: ē ā ō; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4648: Language: Upper Tanana; Location: Alaska; Population: 300; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Tanana-Upper Kuskokwim; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4649: Language: Tanacross; Location: EC Alaska; Population: 65; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Tanana-Upper Kuskokwim; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4650: Language: Tanana; Location: Alaska; Population: 300; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Tanana-Upper Kuskokwim; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4651: Language: Upper Kuskokwim; Location: Alaska; Population: 150; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Tanana-Upper Kuskokwim; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4652: Language: Northern Tutchone; Location: NW Canada; Population: 200; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Tutchone; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4653: Language: Southern Tutchone; Location: NW Canada; Population: 200; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Tutchone; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4654: Language: Tahltan; Location: SW Canada (British Columbia); Population: 900; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Tahltan-Kaska; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4655: Language: Kaska; Location: W Canada; Population: 400; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Tahltan-Kaska; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4656: Language: Tsetsaut; Location: S Alaska; Population: extinct; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Tsetsaut; TextBooks: Boas, Franz and Pliny Earle Goddard. 1924. "Ts'ets'aut, an Athapaskan Language from Portland Canal, British Colombia," IJAL 3, 1-35.; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV NA GN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 4657: Language: Umpqua; Location: Oregon; Population: extinct; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Pacific Coast: Oregon; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4658: Language: Tolowa Dialect: Chasta Costa; Location: N California; Population: 5; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Pacific Coast: Oregon; Other Sources: Bright, Jane O. 1964. "The Phonology of Smith River Athapaskan (Tolowa)," IJAL 30, 101-7.; Consonant system: p t th tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ ʔ tsʔ č̣ʔ č čh čʔ s ṣ̌ š x ɣ xʷ h m ʔm n ʔn l ɬ Stops: p t th tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ ʔ Affricates: tsʔ č̣ʔ č čh čʔ Fricatives: s ṣ̌ š x ɣ xʷ h Nasals: m ʔm n ʔn Laterals: l ɬ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u Long Vowels: ī ē ā Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ã ũ ı̃̄ ã̄ ũ̄; Syllable: (C)CV(C)(C), but no CCVCC Nˈ Stress: pitch accent (hi lo); Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post: Comments: Most speakers of the Tolowa dialect (15 in all-1964) are over 70.

~~Number:~~ 4659: Language: Tolowa Dialect: Tututni; Location: SW Oregon; Population: 5; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Pacific Coast: Oregon; Other Sources: Golla, Victor. 1976. "Tututni (Oregon Athapaskan)," IJAL 42, 217-27. Jacobs, Elizabeth D. 1977. "A Chetco Athapaskan Text and Translation," IJAL 43, 269-73.; Consonant system: p t th tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ ʔ t̪sʔ tlʔ ṭsʔ č čh čʔ s̪ ṣ š x ɣ xʷ ɣʷ h m n l ɬ Stops: p t th tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ ʔ Affricates: t̪sʔ tlʔ ṭsʔ č čh čʔ Fricatives: s̪ ṣ š x ɣ xʷ ɣʷ h Nasals: m n Laterals: l ɬ Glides: j Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: o; Syntax: SOV GN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 4660: Language: Galice; Location: SW Oregon; Population: extinct (c. 1960); Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Pacific Coast: Oregon Grammar: Hoijer, Harry. 1966. "Galice Athapaskan: A Grammatical Sketch," IJAL 32, 320-7.; Other Sources: Hoijer, Harry. 1973. "Galice Noun and Verb Stems," Linguistics 104, 49-73.; Consonant system: p t th tʔ k kh kʔ kʷ khʷ kʔʷ ʔ ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ s z š h m n l ɬ Stops: p t th tʔ k kh kʔ kʷ khʷ kʔʷ ʔ Affricates: ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ Fricatives: s z š h Nasals: m n Laterals: l ɬ Glides: j w w̥ Front Vowels: I ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: ʋ Long Vowels: ī ɛ̄ ā ō Nasal Vowels: Ĩ ã ʋ̃ ı̃̄ ã̄ ȭ Diphthongs: ea ai ao oi ei; Noun
~~Number:~~ a few kin terms have a plural: Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 4=5; Syntax: POSS-N Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 4661: Language: Hupa; Location: NW California; Population: 130; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Pacific Coast: California; Other Sources: Woodward, Mary F. 1964. "Hupa Phonemics," in SCL, 199-216. Golla, Victor K. 1964. "An Etymological Study of Hupa Noun Stems," IJAL 30, 108-17. WPF; Consonant system: (p) t th tʔ k kh kʔ q (qh) qʔ ʔ ts tsh tsʔ tlʔ č čhʷ čʔ s (š) χ (χʷ) h hʷ m n ŋ l ɬ Stops: (p) t th tʔ k kh kʔ q (qh) qʔ ʔ Affricates: ts tsh tsʔ tlʔ č čhʷ čʔ Fricatives: s (š) χ (χʷ) h hʷ Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l ɬ Glides: j w w̥ Front Vowels: I ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: CV(C)(C) Lˈ; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4662: Language: Mattole; Location: California; Population: 10; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Pacific Coast: California; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4663: Language: Wailaki; Location: N California; Population: extinct; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Pacific Coast: California; Other Sources: Goddard, Pliny E. 1923. "Wailaki Texts," IJAL 2, 77-135.; Consonant system: p t th tʔ k kh kʔ ɡ ts tsʔ č čʔ s š ɣ n ñ l ɬ Stops: p t th tʔ k kh kʔ ɡ Affricates: ts tsʔ č čʔ Fricatives: s š ɣ Nasals: n ñ Laterals: l ɬ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ; Syntax: SOV N-NUM Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 4664: Language: Kato; Location: NW California; Population: 10; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Pacific Coast: California; Other Sources: WPF; Consonant system:; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 *6; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4665: Language: Han; Location: EC Alaska; Population: 30; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Canadian: Han-Kutchin; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4666: Language: Kutchin; Location: Alaska; Population: 2,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Canadian: Han-Kutchin; Other Sources: WPF; Consonant system:; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4667: Language: Hare; Location: NW Canada (Great Bear Lake); Population: 1,400; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Canadian: Hare-Chipewyan; Other Sources: Hoijer, Harry. 1966. "Hare Phonology: An Historical Study," Lg 42, 499-507.; Consonant system: p t th tʔ k kh kʔ ʔ ts tsʔ dz tl tlʔ dl č čʔ ɡ̌ ɸ ɸʷ s z š ž x ɣ h m n l ɬ r Stops: p t th tʔ k kh kʔ ʔ Affricates: ts tsʔ dz tl tlʔ dl č čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: ɸ ɸʷ s z š ž x ɣ h Nasals: m n Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Glides: j w wʔ Front Vowels: I ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɔ Nasal Vowels: Ĩ ɛ̃ (ã) ũ Diphthongs: ie; Tones: hi low; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4668: Language: Dogrib; Location: W Canada; Population: 2,100; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Canadian: Hare-Chipewyan; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4669: Language: Slave; Location: W Canada (N Alberta); Population: 5,500; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Canadian: Hare-Chipewyan; Other Sources: Howard, Philip G. 1963. "A Preliminary Presentation of Slave Phonemes," in Studies in the Athapaskan Languages, UCPL 29, 42-7.; Consonant system: p mb t th tʔ nd k kh kʔ ʔ tθ tθh tθʔ ts tsh tsʔ tl tlh tlʔ č čh čʔ θ ð s z š ž x ɣ m n ñ l ɬ (ɹ̣) Stops: p mb t th tʔ nd k kh kʔ ʔ Affricates: tθ tθh tθʔ ts tsh tsʔ tl tlh tlʔ č čh čʔ Fricatives: θ ð s z š ž x ɣ Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: (ɹ̣) Glides: j w Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all v̄̃ all; Syllable: (C)V(C); Tones: hi low Stress: non-phonemic; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4670: Language: Chipewyan; Location: W Canada (N Alberta); Population: 5,500; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Canadian: Hare-Chipewyan Dictionary: Li, Fang-Kuei. 1932. "A List of Chipewyan Stems," IJAL 7, 122-51. Grammar: Li, Fang-Kuei. 1946. "Chipewyan," in LSNA, 398-423.; Consonant system: p t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ k kh kʔ kʷ khʷ kʔʷ ʔ tθ tθh tθʔ t̪s t̪sh t̪sʔ tl tlh tlʔ č čh čʔ θ ð s̪ z̪ š x ɣ xʷ ɣʷ h (m) n̪ l ɬ r Stops: p t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ k kh kʔ kʷ khʷ kʔʷ ʔ Affricates: tθ tθh tθʔ t̪s t̪sh t̪sʔ tl tlh tlʔ č čh čʔ Fricatives: θ ð s̪ z̪ š x ɣ xʷ ɣʷ h Nasals: (m) n̪ Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Glides: j Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ i ɛ a u only Nasal Vowels: ṽ i ɛ a u only v̄̃ i ɛ a u only; Tones: hi low; Syntax: SOV NA POSS-N Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 4671: Language: Beaver; Location: Canada (NE British Columbia); Population: 300; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Canadian: Beaver-Sekani; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4672: Language: Sekani; Location: SW Canada (British Columbia); Population: 600; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Canadian: Beaver-Sekani; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4673: Language: Chilcotin; Location: W Canada (British Columbia); Population: 750; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Canadian: Carrier-Chilcotin; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4674: Language: Nicola; Location: SW Canada; Population: extinct; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Canadian: Carrier-Chilcotin; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4675: Language: Babine; Location: SW Canada (WC British Columbia); Population: 1,600; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Canadian: Carrier-Chilcotin; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4676: Language: Carrier; Location: W Canada (British Columbia); Population: 1,500; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Canadian: Carrier-Chilcotin Grammar: Morice, A. G. 1932. The Carrier Language. Vienna: Anthropos.; Consonant system: p t th tʔ k kh kʔ kʷ khʷ kʔʷ q qʔ ʔ ts tsʔ dz tl tlʔ dl č čʔ ɡ̌ θ ð s z š (ž) χ ʁ ʁʷ h m n ŋ l ɬ ɬʔ Stops: p t th tʔ k kh kʔ kʷ khʷ kʔʷ q qʔ ʔ Affricates: ts tsʔ dz tl tlʔ dl č čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: θ ð s z š (ž) χ ʁ ʁʷ h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l ɬ ɬʔ Glides: j w Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o (ɔ) Long Vowels: ī ɛ̄ ā ū ō Nasal Vowels: ã õ Diphthongs: ai au ao ei iu (eo); Noun
Number: s (p) Demonstratives: 2: Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST Comments: Vowels unclear

~~Number:~~ 4677: Language: Kwalhioqua; Location: W Washington; Population: extinct; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Canadian: Kwalhioqua; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4678: Language: Sarcee; Location: W Canada (Alberta); Population: 50; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Canadian: Sarcee; Other Sources: Li, Fang-Kuei. 1931. " A Study of Sarcee Verb-Stems," IJAL 6, 3-27. Hoijer, Harry and Janet Joël. 1963. "Sarsi Nouns, " in Studies in the Athapaskan Languages, UCPL 29, 62-75.; Consonant system: (p) t th tʔ k kh kʔ ʔ ts tsh tsʔ tl tlh tlʔ č čh čʔ s z š ž x ɣ h m n l ɬ Stops: (p) t th tʔ k kh kʔ ʔ Affricates: ts tsh tsʔ tl tlh tlʔ č čh čʔ Fricatives: s z š ž x ɣ h Nasals: m n Laterals: l ɬ Glides: j (w) Front Vowels: I Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: ʋ ɑ Long Vowels: v̄ all Diphthongs: āI ɑ̄I ʋ̄I ɑ̄ʋ; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C); Tones: hi mid low; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4679: Language: Kiowa Apache; Location: Oklahoma; Population: 10; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Apachean Grammar: Bittle, William E. 1963. "Kiowa-Apache", in Studies in Athapaskan Languages, UCPL 29, 76-101.; Consonant system: p t tʔ nd k kh kʔ ʔ ts tsh tsʔ tl tlh tlʔ č čh čʔ s z š ž x ɣ h m n l ɬ Stops: p t tʔ nd k kh kʔ ʔ Affricates: ts tsh tsʔ tl tlh tlʔ č čh čʔ Fricatives: s z š ž x ɣ h Nasals: m n Laterals: l ɬ Glides: j Front Vowels: I ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: o Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã õ ı̃̄ ɛ̄̃ ā̃ ũ̄; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C); Tones: hi low; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4680: Language: Eastern Apache; Location: New Mexico; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Apachean; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4681: Language: Western Apache; Location: SW Arizona; Population: 12,700; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Apachean Dictionary: Perry, Edgar. 1972. Western Apache Dictionary. Fort Apache, Arizona: White Mountain Apache Tribe.; Consonant system: b t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ kʷ ʔ ts tsʔ dz tl tlʔ dl č čʔ ɡ̌ s z š ž ɣ h hʷ m n l ɬ Stops: b t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ kʷ ʔ Affricates: ts tsʔ dz tl tlʔ dl č čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: s z š ž ɣ h hʷ Nasals: m n Laterals: l ɬ Glides: j w Front Vowels: I ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: o Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all v̄̃ all; Syllable: CV(C) Nˈ; Tones: hi lo (falling); Noun
~~Number:~~ number distinguished for boys, girls, children: Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3ai *6 polite forms for 3 and 6; Syntax: SOV POSS-N Ergative:; Prep/Post: /POST

~~Number:~~ 4682: Language: Western Apache Dialect: White Mountain; Location: Arizona; Population: 12,700; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Apachean; Other Sources: Greenfield, Philip J. 1973. "Cultural Conservatism as an Inhibitor of Linguistic Change: A Possible Apache Case," IJAL 39, 98-104.; Consonant system: p b mb t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ ʔ ts tsʔ dz tl tlh dl č čʔ ɡ̌ s z š ž ɣ h m n l ɬ Stops: p b mb t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: ts tsʔ dz tl tlh dl č čʔ ɡ̌ Fricatives: s z š ž ɣ h Nasals: m n Laterals: l ɬ Glides: j Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: o Long Vowels: v̄; Syntax: SOV NA DN POSS-N Ergative:; Prep/Post:

~~Number:~~ 4683: Language: Navajo; Location: Arizona; Population: 149,000; Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Apachean Dictionary: Haile, Berard. 1950-51. A Stem Vocabulary of the Navaho Language, 2 vols. St. Michaels, Arizona: St. Michaels Press. [Reprinted 1975 by AMS Press, NewYork.] Grammar: Reichard, Gladys A. 1951. Navaho Grammar. New York: J. J. Augustin. Haile, Berard. 1926. A Manual of Navaho Grammar. St. Michaels, Arizona: Franciscan Fathers.; TextBooks: Haile, Berard. 1941-48. Learning Navaho, 4 vols. St. Michaels, Arizona: St. Michaels Press.; Other Sources: Sapir, Edward and Harry Hoijer. 1967. The Phonology and Morphology of the Navaho Language. UCPL 50. Kari, James M. 1976. Navajo Verb Prefix Phonology. New York: Garland. Kari, James M. 1973. "Navajo Language Bibliography," Navajo Reading Study Progress Report, No. 22, The University of New Mexico.; Consonant system: p t th tʔ k kh kʔ khʷ ʔ ts tsh tsʔ tl tlh tlʔ č čh čʔ s z š ž x ɣ xʷ h hʷ m ʔm n ʔn l ɬ Stops: p t th tʔ k kh kʔ khʷ ʔ Affricates: ts tsh tsʔ tl tlh tlʔ č čh čʔ Fricatives: s z š ž x ɣ xʷ h hʷ Nasals: m ʔm n ʔn Laterals: l ɬ Glides: j ʔj (w) Front Vowels: I ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all v̄̃ all Diphthongs: ai ao ei eo io oi; Syllable: CV(C) Nˈ; Tones: hi lo (ris & fall on long vowels); Noun
Number: s d p for some kinship terms Demonstratives: 3: Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Ergative:; Noun Incorporation: pronoun incorp; Prep/Post: /POST

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