Здесь представлены краткие справки по фонетике и грамматике языков
Америндской макросемьи,
взятые с проекта глобальной этимологической базы данных "Вавилонская башня" Сергея Старостина.
Эти сведения будут затем размещаться в каждом праязыковом этимологическом словнике.
Всего здесь представлено X языковых систем америндской филы (происходящей из
праамериндского языка, распределённых по 10 семьям:
Обзоры языков Алмосанской семьи (Almosan)
Обзоры языков семьи Кересиу (Keresiouan)
Обзоры языков Пенутийской семьи (Penutian)
Обзоры языков семьи Хока (Hokan)
Обзоры Центрально-америндских языков (Tanoan, Uto-Aztecan, Oto-Manguean)
Обзоры языков семьи Чибча (Chibchan)
Обзоры языков семьи Паэс (Paezan)
Обзоры языков Андской семьи (Andean)
Обзоры языков семьи Макро-пано (Macro-Panoan)
Обзоры языков семьи Макро-же (Macro-Ge)
Краткие типологические обзоры языков Алмосанской семьи
Number: 4684
Language: Kutenai
Location: W Canada (Alberta)
Population: 400
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Kutenai
Grammar:
Canestrelli, Philippo. 1927. "Grammar of the Kutenai Language," IJAL 4,1-84.
Garvin, Paul L.1948. "Kutenai I-II," IJAL 14, 37-42 & 87-90.
Other Sources:
Boas, Franz. 1927. "Additional Notes on the Kutenai Language," IJAL 4, 85-104.
Garvin, Paul. 1953. "Short Kutenai Texts," IJAL 19, 305-11.
Haugen, Einar. 1956. "Syllabification in Kutenai," IJAL 22, 196-201.
Haas, Mary R. 1965. "Is Kutenai Related to Algonquian," Canadian Journal of Linguistics 10, 77-92.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
ts tsʔ
s x h
m n
(l) ɬ
Stops: p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ
Fricatives: s x h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: (l) ɬ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: ē ā ō
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)CV(C)(C)(C)
Stress: penult
Noun
Number: s d p
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
3=6
Syntax: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N(1,4)/N-POSS(2,3,5,6) D+A+N
Noun Incorporation: noun incorp
Number: 4685
Language: Wiyot
Location: NW California
Population: extinct (1962)
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Algic: Ritwan
Grammar: Teeter, Karl V. 1964a. The Wiyot Language. UCPL 37.
Other Sources: Teeter, Karl V. 1964b. "Wiyot and Yurok: A Preliminary Study," in SCL, 192-8.
Consonant system:
p ph t̪ t̪h k kh kʷ khʷ (ʔ)
t̪s t̪sh č čh
s̪ š h
β ɣ
m n̪
l̪ ɬ̪
ɾ ɹ̣
Stops: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh kʷ khʷ (ʔ)
Affricates: t̪s t̪sh č čh
Fricatives: β s̪ š ɣ h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪ ɬ̪
Vibrants: ɾ ɹ̣
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
I ʋ
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Algic: Ritwan
Grammar: GD: Robins, R. H. 1958. The Yurok Language. UCPL 15.
Other Sources:
Teeter, Karl V. 1964b. "Wiyot and Yurok: A Preliminary Study," in SCL, 192-8.
Suarez, Jorge A. 1975. Estudios Huaves. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ ʔ
č čʔ
s (š) (x) h
ɣ
m n̪
l ɬ
ɹ̣
Stops: p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: č čʔ
Fricatives: s (š) (x) ɣ h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: ɹ̣
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
I ʋ
ɛ ǝ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ǝ̄ ā ū ɔ̄
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Diphthongs:
ej ǝj oj uj iǝ eǝ aǝ oǝ uǝ ǝw ew ow
āj āw ōj
Syllable: (C)CV(C)(C)(C)
Noun
Number: s (p) [a small number of nouns have a separate pl form]
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
TextBooks: Suarez, Jorge A. 1975. Estudios Huaves. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia.
Other Sources:
Goddard, Ives. 1974. "An Outline of the Historical Phonology of Arapaho and Atsina," IJAL 40,102-16.
Kaye, Jonathan. 1978. "Rule Mitosis: The Historical Development of Algonquian Palatalization," in LSNC, 143-56.
CTIL 3,144.
Consonant system:
p t k (kʷ)
č
θ s š h
m n
l
Stops: p t k (kʷ)
Affricates: č
Fricatives: θ s š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Other Sources: Hewson, John. 1968. "Beothuk and Algonquian: Evidence Old and New," IJAL 34, 85-93.
Consonant system:
p t k
č
θ s š h
m n
Stops: p t k
Affricates: č
Fricatives: θ s š h
Nasals: m n
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Number: 4689
Language: Blackfoot
Location: Montana
Population: 5,000
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Algic: Algonquian: Blackfoot
Grammar:
Uhlenbeck, C. C. 1938. A Concise Blackfoot Grammar. Amsterdam: North-Holland. [Reprinted 1978 by AMS Press, New York]
Frantz, Donald G. 1971. Toward a Generative Grammar of Blackfoot. SIL 34.
Other Sources:
Frantz. Donald G. 1966. "Person Indexing in Blackfoot," IJAL 32, 50-8.
Frantz, Donald G. 1978. "Copying from Complements in Blackfoot," in LSNC, 89-109.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
s x
m n
Stops: p t k ʔ
Fricatives: s x
Nasals: m n
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i
o
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Stress: pitch accent
Other Sources:
Frantz, Donald G. 1972. " Cheyenne Distinctive Features and Phonological Rules" IJAL 38, 6-13.
Davis, Irvine. 1962. "Phonological Function in Cheyenne," IJAL 28, 36-42.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
s š x h
β
m n
Stops: p t k ʔ
Fricatives: β s š x h
Nasals: m n
Vowel system:
e o
a
Front Vowels: e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Other Sources:
Salzmann, Zdeněk. 1969. "Salvage Phonology of Gros Ventre (Atsina)," IJAL 35, 307-14.
Goddard, Ives. 1974. "An Outline of The Historical Phonology of Arapaho and Atsina," IJAL 40, 102-16.
Consonant system:
b t k ʔ
̌ ts č
θ s h
n
Stops: b t k ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: θ s h
Nasals: n
Modified Consonants: cj b t
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
Front Vowels: i e
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: ī ɛ̄ ū ɔ̄
Number: 4693
Language: Cree
Dialect: Swampy
Location: E Canada (Ontario)
Population: 62,000
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Algic: Algonquian: Algonquian Proper
Dictionary: Faries, Richard, ed. 1938. A Dictionary of the Cree Language. Toronto: Anglican Church of Canada.
TextBooks:
Ellis, C. Douglas. 1962. Spoken Cree. Toronto: The Anglican Church of Canada.
Wolfart, H. Christoph and Janet F. Carroll. 1973. Meet Cree: A Practical Guide to the Cree Language. Edmonton: Univ of Alberta Press.
Consonant system:
p hp t ht k hk
ts hts
s (ṣ̌) h
m n
(l)
Stops: p hp t ht k hk
Affricates: ts hts
Fricatives: s (ṣ̌) h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: (l)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
I ʋ
ɐ
Front Vowels: I
Central Vowels: ɐ
Back Vowels: ʋ
Long Vowels: v̄ ī ē ā ō
Stress: non-phonemic
Other Sources:
Bloomfield, Leonard. 1925-27. Notes on the Fox Language," IJAL 3, 219-32; 4,181-219.
Walker, Willard. 1974. "The Winnebago Syllabary and The Generative Model," AL 16, 393-414.
Consonant system:
p t k
č
s š h
m n
Stops: p t k
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e
ɑ
Front Vowels: i e
Back Vowels: u ɑ
Long Vowels: ī ǣ ō ɑ̄
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: anim inan
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3ai 6ai
Syntax: SVO AN GN ND NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Num+A+N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 4700
Language: Fox
Dialect: Kickapoo
Location: S Wisconsin
Population: 1000
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Algic: Algonquian: Algonquian Proper
Grammar: Voorhis, Paul H. 1974. Introduction to the Kickapoo Language. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Other Sources: Jones, Linda K. and Ned R. Coleman. 1979. "Towards a Discourse Perspective of Modes and Tenses in Kickapoo Narratives," DSML, 69-95.
Consonant system:
p t k
č
(f) θ s h
m n
(l)
(ɾ) (ɹ̣)
Stops: p t k
Affricates: č
Fricatives: (f) θ s h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: (l)
Vibrants: (ɾ) (ɹ̣)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i
ɛ o
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Other Sources:
Voegelin, C. F. 1935. "Shawnee Phonemes," Lg 11, 23-37.
Miller, Wick R. 1959. "An Outline of Shawnee Historical Phonology," IJAL 25, 16-21.
Hickerson, Nancy P. 1959. "An Acoustic Analysis of Shawnee: IV," IJAL 25, 97-104.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k ʔ
č
θ š
m n
l
Stops: p t̪ k ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: θ š
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: c̄ p t k č
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Number: 4703
Language: Micmac
Location: E Canada (Nova Scotia)
Population: 4,000
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Algic: Algonquian: Algonquian Proper: Eastern
Dictionary: Rand, Silas Tertius. 1888. Dictionary of the Language of the Micmac Indians. Halifax: Nova Scotia Printing Co. [Reprinted 1972 by Johnson Reprint Corp., NY]
Grammar: Maillard, Antoine S. 1864. Grammaire de la langue mikmaque. New York: Cramoisy Press. [Reprinted 1970 by AMS Press, NY]
Other Sources:
Hewson, John. 1973. "Proto-Algonkian Reflexes in Micmac," AL15, 151-64.
Fidelholtz, James L. 1978. "Micmac Intransitive Verb Morphology," in LSNC, 67-87.
Consonant system:
p t k
č
s (χ)
m n
l
Stops: p t k
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s (χ)
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: anim inan
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
*3ai *6ai
Syntax: NA NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Number: 4704
Language: Passamaquoddy
Location: N Maine
Population: 10,000
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Algic: Algonquian: Algonquian Proper: Eastern
Grammar: Teeter, Karl V. 1971. "The Main Features of Malecite-Passamaquoddy Grammar," in SAIL, 191-249.
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ
č
s h
m n
l
Stops: p t k kʷ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants:
c̄ s only ?
hc p t k č
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i
e ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: o
Stress: penult
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: anim inan
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO AN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Number: 4705
Language: Eastern Abenaki
Dialect: Penobscot
Location: Maine
Population: 70
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Algic: Algonquian: Algonquian Proper: Eastern
Dictionary: Day, Gordon M. 1964. "A St. Francis Abenaki Vocabulary," IJAL 30, 371-92.
Other Sources: Speck, Frank G. 1918. "Penobscot Transformer Tales," IJAL 1, 187-244.
Consonant system:
p̄ t̄ k̄
b d ɡ
s̄ h
z
m n
l
Stops: p̄ b t̄ d k̄ ɡ
Fricatives: s̄ z h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Glides: w
Vowel system:
i
ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: o
Nasal Vowels: ɔ̃
Syllable: Nˈ
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: anim inan
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 *5
3 6
*two forms: (1) for definite (known) number of people; (2) for indef (unknown) number of people
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Algic: Algonquian: Algonquian Proper: Eastern
Grammar: Voegelin, C. F. 1946. "Delaware, an Eastern Algonquian Language," in Linguistic Structures of Native America, Cornelius Osgood, ed., Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology, No 6, 130-157.
Consonant system:
p t k
č
s š x h
m n
l
Stops: p t k
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s š x h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: c̄ all but s š x j
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Nasal Vowels: (ǝ̃̄)
Other Sources: Swadesh, Morris. 1953. "Mosan I: A Problem of Remote Common Origin," IJAL 19, 26-44.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
b d ɡ ɡʷ G Gʷ
ts tsʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ
dz dl ɡ̌
s š x xʷ χ χʷ h
v ʔv z ʔz ʁ ʁʷ ʔʁ ʔʁʷ
m ʔm n ʔn
l ʔl ɬ
Stops: p pʔ b t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ kʷ kʔʷ ɡʷ q qʔ G qʷ qʔʷ Gʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ dz tl tlʔ dl č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: v ʔv s z ʔz š x xʷ χ ʁ χʷ ʁʷ ʔʁ ʔʁʷ h
Nasals: m ʔm n ʔn
Laterals: l ʔl ɬ
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:
i u
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Other Sources:
Swadesh, Morris. 1953. "Mosan I: A Problem of Remote Common Origin," IJAL 19, 26-44.
Jacobsen, William H., Jr. 1979. "Chimakuan Comparative Studies," in LNA, 792-802.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
ts tsʔ č čʔ
s š x xʷ χ χʷ h
m mʔ n nʔ
l ʔl ɬ
Stops: p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š x xʷ χ χʷ h
Nasals: m mʔ n nʔ
Laterals: l ʔl ɬ
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:
i
o
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Long Vowels: v̄ ?
Stress: phonemic
Other Sources: Swadesh, Morris. 1955. "Chemakum Lexicon Compared with Quileute," IJAL 21, 60-72.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ
s š x xʷ χ χʷ h
m n
l ɬ
Stops: p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š x xʷ χ χʷ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ɬ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Other Sources:
Swadesh, Morris.1955. "Chemakum Lexicon Compared with Quileute," IJAL 21, 60-72.
WALS
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
b d
ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ
s š x xʷ χ χʷ h
l ɬ
(There are no nasal stops: m>b, n>d)
Stops: p pʔ b t tʔ d k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š x xʷ χ χʷ h
Nasals: (There are no nasal stops: m>b, n>d)
Laterals: l ɬ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syntax: VSO
Number: 4724
Language: Proto-Wakashan
Location: SW Canada
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Wakashan
Other Sources: Swadesh, Morris. 1953. "Mosan I : A Problem of Remote Common Origin," IJAL 19, 26-44.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
b d ɡ ɡʷ G Gʷ
ts tsʔ tl tlʔ
dz dl
s x xʷ χ χʷ h
ɣ ʔɣ
m ʔm n ʔn
l ʔl ɬ
Stops: p pʔ b t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ kʷ kʔʷ ɡʷ q qʔ G qʷ qʔʷ Gʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ dz tl tlʔ dl
Fricatives: s x ɣ ʔɣ xʷ χ χʷ h
Nasals: m ʔm n ʔn
Laterals: l ʔl ɬ
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:
i u
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Other Sources: Bach, Emmon and Reed Bates. 1971. " Some Notes on Xa'isla," Sacramento Anthropological Society, Paper 11, 1-11.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ kʷ khʷ kʔʷ q qh qʔ qʷ qhʷ qʔʷ ʔ
ts tsh tsʔ tl tlh tlʔ
s x χ h
m ʔm n ʔn
l ʔl ɬ
Stops: p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ kʷ khʷ kʔʷ q qh qʔ qʷ qhʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsh tsʔ tl tlh tlʔ
Fricatives: s x χ h
Nasals: m ʔm n ʔn
Laterals: l ʔl ɬ
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Number: 4727
Language: Kwakwala
Alternate Name: Kwakiutl
Location: W Canada (SW British Columbia)
Population: 300
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Wakashan: Northern
Dictionary: Grubb, David McC. 1977. A Practical Writing System and Short Dictionary of Kwakw'ala (Kwakiutl). Ottawa: National Museums of Canada.
Grammar: Boas, Franz. 1947. Kwakiutl Grammar with a Glossary of the Suffixes. TAPS 37, 200-377.
Consonant system:
ph pʔ th tʔ kh kʔ qh qʔ ʔ
b d ɡ G
ts tsʔ tl tlʔ
dz dl
m ʔm n ʔn
l ʔl ɬ
Stops: ph pʔ b th tʔ d kh kʔ ɡ qh qʔ G ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ dz tl tlʔ dl
Nasals: m ʔm n ʔn
Laterals: l ʔl ɬ
Modified Consonants: cʷ kh kʔ ɡ qh qʔ G x χ
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:
i u
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: CV(C)(C)
Stress: phonemic
Demonstratives: 3 (+ a visible/invisible distinction for all three)
Other Sources:
Sapir, Edward. 1924. "The Rival Whalers, A Nitinat Story," IJAL 3, 76-102.
Swadesh, Mary Haas and Morris Swadesh. 1932. "A Visit to the Other World, A Nitinat Text," IJAL 7, 195-208.
Consonant system:
p t ťʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
b d
ts tsʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ
s š x xʷ χ χʷ h
l ɬ
(There are no nasal stops: m>b, n>d)
Stops: p b t tʔ d k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š x xʷ χ χʷ h
Nasals: (There are no nasal stops: m>b n>d)
Laterals: l ɬ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
æ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i æ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Articles: def
Other Sources:
Swadesh Morris. 1938. "Nootka Internal Syntax," IJAL 9, 77-102.
Sapir, Edward and Morris Swadesh. 1939. Nootka Texts. Philadelphia: LSA. [Reprinted 1978 by AMS Press, NY]
Sapir, Edward and Morris Swadesh. 1955. Native Accounts of Nootka Ethnography. IJAL 21:4, Part II.
Jacobsen, William H., Jr. 1969. "Origin of the Nootka Pharyngeals," IJAL 35, 125-53.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
ts tsʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ
m ʔm n ʔn
ɬ
Stops: p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ
Nasals: m ʔm n ʔn
Laterals: ɬ
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:
I ʋ
ɛ ǝ ɔ
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ ī ǣ ā ū ɔ̄
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Demonstratives: 2
Syntax: VSO AN GN/NG NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 4731
Language: Proto-Salish
Location: Washington
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish
Other Sources:
Thompson, Laurence C. "Salishan and the Northewest," in LNA, 692-765.
Swadesh, Morris. 1953. "Mosan I: A Problem of Remote Common Origin," IJAL 19, 26-44.
SPG
Consonant system:
(p) (pʔ) t tʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
ts tsʔ tlʔ
s x χ h
ʁ ʁʔ ʕ ʕʔ
(m) (mʔ) n ʔn ŋ
l ʔl ɬ
(r) (rʔ)
Stops: (p) (pʔ) t tʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ tlʔ
Fricatives: s x χ ʁ ʁʔ ʕ ʕʔ h
Nasals: (m) (mʔ) n ʔn ŋ
Laterals: l ʔl ɬ
Vibrants: (r) (rʔ)
Modified Consonants: cʷ k kʔ q qʔ x χ ʁ ʁʔʷ ŋ ŋʔ
Glides: j jʔ w wʔ
Vowel system:
i u
ǝ
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u
Other Sources:
Newman, Stanley. 1947. "Bella Coola I: Phonology," IJAL 13, 129-34.
Newman, Stanley. 1969a. "Bella Coola Paradigms," IJAL 35, 299-307.
Newman, Stanley. 1969b. "Bella Coola Grammatical Processes and Form Classes, " IJAL 35, 175-9.
Newman, Stanley. 1971. "Bella Coola Reduplication," IJAL 37, 34-8.
Saunders, Ross and Philip W. Davis. 1975. "The Internal Syntax of Lexical Suffixes in Bella Coola," IJAL 41, 106-13.
Davis, Philip W. and Ross Saunders. 1978. "Bella Coola Syntax," in LSNC, 37-65.
SPG
Consonant system:
p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ kʷ kʷʔ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
ts tsʔ tlʔ
s x xʷ χ χʷ (h)
m ʔm n̪ ʔn̪
l ʔl ɬ
Stops: p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ kʷ kʷʔ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ tlʔ
Fricatives: s x xʷ χ χʷ (h)
Nasals: m ʔm n̪ ʔn̪
Laterals: l ʔl ɬ
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:
i u a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ ē ā ō
Diphthongs: diphthonɡs
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 3: near/far visible/far invisible
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3mf 6
Syntax: VSO AN/NA NG ND N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Comments: Speakers over 55 speak Bella Coola well; speakers between 35-55 speak speak Bella Coola broken; speakers under 35 hardly speak Bella Coola at all (1980).
Number: 4733
Language: Comox
Location: SW Canada (British Columbia)
Population: 500
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central
Other Sources: Davis, John H. 1971. "Notes on Mainland Comox Phonology," Sacramento Anthropological Society, Paper 11, 12-31.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
ɡ
tl tlʔ č čʔ
ɡ̌
θ s š xʷ χ χʷ h
m n
l ɬ
Stops: p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ t tʔ k kʔ ɡ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: tl tlʔ č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: θ s š xʷ χ χʷ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ɬ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
ǝ
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: ī ā ū
Number: 4734
Language: Pentlatch
Location: SW Canada (British Columbia)
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central
Consonant system:
Number: 4735
Language: Seshelt
Location: SW Canada (British Columbia)
Population: 10
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central
Consonant system:
Number: 4736
Language: Squamish
Location: SW Canada (British Columbia)
Population: 50
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central
Grammar: GD: Kuipers, Aert H. 1967, 1969. The Squamish Language, 2 vols. The Hague: Mouton.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ (k) (kʔ) kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
t̪s t̪sʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ
s̪ š xʷ χ χʷ h
m n̪
l
Stops: p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ (k) (kʔ) kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: t̪s t̪sʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s̪ š xʷ χ χʷ h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
ǝ
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u
Syllable: Nˈ Lˈ
Stress: phonemic
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: VSO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N(1,2)/N-POSS(3-6) D+Num+N
Prep/Post: PREP
Comments: Spoken only by older people.
Number: 4737
Language: Nooksack
Location: Washington
Population: 5
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central
Consonant system:
Number: 4738
Language: Halkomelem
Dialect: Chilliwack
Location: W Canada (British Columbia)
Population: 500
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central
Grammar: Galloway, Brent Douglas. 1977. A Grammar of Chilliwack Halkomelem. Berkeley: Univ of California Diss.
Other Sources: Elmendorf, William W. and Wayne Suttles. 1960. "Pattern and Change in Halkomelem Salish Dialects," AL 2:7, 1-32.
Consonant system:
ph pʔ th tʔ (k) (kʔ) khʷ kʔʷ qh qʔ qhʷ qʔʷ ʔ
tθʔ ts tsʔ tlʔ
θ s š xʷ χ χʷ h
m (n)
l ɬ
Stops: ph pʔ th tʔ (k) (kʔ) khʷ kʔʷ qh qʔ qhʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: tθʔ ts tsʔ tlʔ
Fricatives: θ s š xʷ χ χʷ h
Nasals: m (n)
Laterals: l ɬ
Modified Consonants: v̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
ǝ o
æ a
Front Vowels: i æ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ
Syllable: (s)(C)CV(C)(C)(C)(s)
Tones: hi mid low
Stress: phonemic
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f unspecified
Demonstratives: 3: present visible/near & not visible/remote
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3mfu 6mfuk
(masc fem u=unspecified k=unspecified by known)
Syntax: VSO AN NG DN NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Comments:
All speakers are bilingual in English.
In the Chilliwack dialect [n] only occurs in a few Enɡlish words.
Number: 4739
Language: Clallam
Location: NW Washington
Population: 7
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central
Grammar: Thompson,Laurance C. and M. Terry Thompson. 1971. "Clallam: A Preview," in SAIL, 251-94.
Other Sources: Thompson, Laurance C. and M. Terry Thompson. 1969. "Metathesis as a Grammatical Device," IJAL 35, 213-9.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ (k) kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ
s š xʷ χ χʷ h
m n ŋ
(l) ɬ
Stops: p pʔ t tʔ (k) kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š xʷ χ χʷ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: (l) ɬ
Modified Consonants: v̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
ɛ ǝ
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2
3
Syntax: VSO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N(1,2)/N-POSS(3,4)
Prep/Post: PREP
Comments: All speakers are old.
Number: 4740
Language: Northern Straits
Dialect: Saanich
Location: NW Washington
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central
Other Sources: Thompson, Laurence C., M. Terry Thompson and Barbara S. Efrat. 1974. "Some Phonological Developments in Straits Salish," IJAL 40, 182-96.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ (k) kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
(tθ) tθʔ tlʔ č č̌ʔ
θ s š xʷ χ χʷ h
m n ŋ
l ɬ
Stops: p pʔ t tʔ (k) kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: (tθ) tθʔ tlʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: θ s š xʷ χ χʷ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l ɬ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i
e ǝ
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Number: 4741
Language: Northern Straits
Dialect: Lummi
Location: NW Washington
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central
Other Sources: Thompson, Laurence C., M. Terry Thompson and Barbara S. Efrat. 1974. "Some Phonological Developments in Straits Salish," IJAL 40, 182-96.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ (k) kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
(ts) tsʔ tlʔ č č̌ʔ
s š xʷ χ χʷ h
m n ŋ
l ɬ
Stops: p pʔ t tʔ (k) kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: (ts) tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š xʷ χ χʷ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l ɬ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i
e ǝ o
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ
Back Vowels: o
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central
Dictionary: Hess, Thom. 1976. Dictionary of Puget Salish. Seattle: Univ of Washington.
Other Sources:
Hess, Thomas M. 1966. "Snohomish Chameleon Morphology," IJAL 32, 350-6.
Hess, Thom. 1973. "Agent in a Coast Salish Language," IJAL 39, 89-94.
Hukari, Thomas E. 1976. "Person in a Coast Salish Language," IJAL 42, 305-18.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
b d ɡ ɡʷ
ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ
dz ɡ̌
̌ s š x χʷ h
(m) (n)
l ɬ
m and n are limited to prayer, talkinɡ to children and quotinɡ speech of animals and supernatural beinɡs.
Stops: p pʔ b t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ kʷ kʔʷ ɡʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ dz tlʔ č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: ̌s š x χʷ h
Nasals: (m) (n) (m and n are limited to prayer, talkinɡ to children and quotinɡ speech of animals and supernatural beinɡs.)
Laterals: l ɬ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
ǝ
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central
Other Sources:
Ransom, Jay Ellis. 1945. "Notes on Duwamish Phonology and Morphology," IJAL 11, 204-10.
Reichard, Gladys A. 1958-60. "A Comparison of Five Salish Languages: I-VI," IJAL 24, 293-300; 25, 8-15, 90-6, 154-67, 239-53; 26, 50-61.
Snyder, Warren A. 1968. Southern Puget Sound Salish. Sacramento Anthropological Society. Paper 8.
SPG
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
b d (ɡ) ɡʷ
ts tsʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ
dz ɡ̌
̌ s š x xʷ χ χʷ h
(m) (n)
l ɬ
Stops: p pʔ b t tʔ d k kʔ (ɡ) kʷ kʔʷ ɡʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ dz tl tlʔ č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: ̌s š x xʷ χ χʷ h
Nasals: (m) (n)
Laterals: l ɬ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
ǝ
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u
Stress: phonemic
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: fem non-fem
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N(1,2)/N-POSS(3-6)
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 4744
Language: Twana
Location: NW Washington
Population: 10
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central
Other Sources: Drachman, Gaberell. 1969. Twana Phonology. Working Papers in Linguistics, Nol 5. Columbus: Ohio State Univ.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
b d (ɡ) (ɡʷ)
ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ
(dz) (ɡ̌)
s š (x) xʷ χ χʷ h
(m) (n)
l ʔl ɬ
Stops: p pʔ b t tʔ d k kʔ (ɡ) kʷ kʔʷ (ɡʷ) q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ (dz) tlʔ č čʔ (ɡ̌)
Fricatives: s š (x) xʷ χ χʷ h
Nasals: (m) (n)
Laterals: l ʔl ɬ
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:
e o
ɛ ǝ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: o ɔ
Stress: phonemic
Number: 4745
Language: Tillamook
Location: NW Oregon
Population: 10
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Tillamook
Dictionary:
Frachtenberg, Leo J. 1917. "A Siletz Vocabulary," IJAL 1, 45-6.
Grammar:
Edel, May M. 1939a. The Tillamook Language. New York: J. J. Augustin.
Edel, May M. 1939b. "The Tillamook Language," IJAL 10, 1-57.
Other Sources:
Reichard, Gladys A. 1958-60. "A Comparison of Five Salish Languages: I-VI," IJAL 24, 293-300; 25, 8-15, 90-6, 154-67, 239-53; 26, 50-61.
Thompson, Laurence C.and M. Terry Thompson. 1966. "A Fresh Look at Tillamook Phonology," IJAL 32, 313-9.
SPG
Consonant system:
(p) t th ťʔ k kh ǩʔ kʷ khʷ ǩʔʷ q qh q̌ʔ qʷ qhʷ q̌ʔʷ ʔ
ts tsh tsʔ tl tlʔ čh čʔ
s š x xʷ χ χʷ h
(m) n
l ɬ
Stops: (p) t th ťʔ k kh ǩʔ kʷ khʷ ǩʔʷ q qh q̌ʔ qʷ qhʷ q̌ʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsh tsʔ tl tlʔ čh čʔ
Fricatives: s š x xʷ χ χʷ h
Nasals: (m) n
Laterals: l ɬ
Modified Consonants:
c̄
ch analyzed as clusters by some scholars.
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i
ǝ
æ ɑ
Front Vowels: i æ
Central Vowels: ǝ
Back Vowels: ɑ
Noun
Number:
s p
Gender:
fem non-fem
Demonstratives: 4: present/absent visible/distant/absent invisible
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO AN/NA GN DN NUM-N POSS-N(1,2)/N-POSS(3-6)
Noun Incorporation: noun incorp
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 4746
Language: Upper Chehalis
Location: Washington
Population: 10
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Tsamosan
Grammar:
Kinkade, M. Dale. 1963-64. "Phonology and Morphology of Upper Chehalis: I-IV," IJAL 29,181-95, 345-56; 30, 32-61, 251-60.
Other Sources:
Boas, Franz. 1935. "A Chehalis Text," IJAL 8,103-10.
Kinkade, M. Dale. 1966. "Vowel Alternation in Upper Chehalis," IJAL 32, 343-9.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ
s š xʷ χ χʷ h
m n
l ɬ
Stops: p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š xʷ χ χʷ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ɬ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
e ǝ o
æ a
Front Vowels: e æ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: o
Long Vowels: ǣ ā ɔ̄
Stress: phonemic
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: fem non-fem
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N(1,2)/N-POSS(3-6)
Other Sources: Kinkade, M. Dale. 1973. "The Alveopalatal Shift in Cowlitz Salish," IJAL 39, 224-31.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ
s š x xʷ χ χʷ h
m mʔ n nʔ
l lʔ
Stops: p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š x xʷ χ χʷ h
Nasals: m mʔ n nʔ
Laterals: l lʔ
Glides: j jʔ w wʔ
Vowel system:
i u
ǝ
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: ǣ ā ɔ̄
Stress: phonemic
Other Sources:
Kinkade, M. Dale and Clarence Sloat. 1972. "Proto-Eastern Interior Salish Vowels," IJAL 38, 26-48.
WALS
Consonant system:
p pʔ t k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
ts tsʔ tlʔ
s x xʷ χ χʷ h
z zʔ ʕ ʕʔ ʕʷ ʕʔʷ
m ʔm n ʔn
l ʔl ɬ
Stops: p pʔ t k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ tlʔ
Fricatives: s z zʔ x xʷ χ χʷ ʕ ʕʔ ʕʷ ʕʔʷ h
Nasals: m ʔm n ʔn
Laterals: l ʔl ɬ
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Other Sources: Kinkade, M. Dale and Clarence Sloat. 1972. "Proto-Eastern Interior Salish Vowels," IJAL 38, 26-48.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
ts tsʔ tlʔ
s x xʷ χ χʷ h
z zʔ ʕ ʕʔ ʕʷ ʕʔʷ
m ʔm n ʔn
l ʔl ɬ
Stops: p pʔ t k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ tlʔ
Fricatives: s z zʔ x xʷ χ χʷ ʕ ʕʔ ʕʷ ʕʔʷ h
Nasals: m ʔm n ʔn
Laterals: l ʔl ɬ
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Number: 4752
Language: Shuswap
Location: SW Canada (S British Columbia)
Population: 1,500
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Interior: Northern
Grammar: GD: Kuipers, Aert H. 1974. The Shuswap Language. The Hague: Mouton.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t̪ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
t̪lʔ č čʔ
š x xʷ χ χʷ h
ɣ ʔɣ ʕ (ʕʔ) ʕʷ ʕʔʷ
m ʔm n̪ ʔn̪
l̪ ʔl̪ ɬ̪
Stops: p pʔ t̪ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: t̪lʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: š x ɣ ʔɣ xʷ χ χʷ ʕ (ʕʔ) ʕʷ ʕʔʷ h
Nasals: m ʔm n̪ ʔn̪
Laterals: l̪ ʔl̪ ɬ̪
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Stress: phonemic
Demonstratives: 3 + that invisible
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3
Syntax: VSO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N(1,2)N-POSS(3-5)
Prep/Post: PREP
Comments: Young people no longer speak Shuswap, only English.
Other Sources:
Kinkade, M. Dale. 1967.. "Uvular-Pharyngeal Resonants in Interior Salish," IJAL 33, 228-34.
Kinkade, M. Dale and Clarence Sloat. 1972. "Proto-Eastern Interior Salish Vowels," IJAL 38, 26-48.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
ts ts ʔ tlʔ
s x xʷ χ χʷ ħ (ħʷ) h
ʕ ʕʔ ʕʷ ʕʔʷ
m ʔm n ʔn
l ʔl ɬ
r ʔr
Stops: p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ tlʔ
Fricatives: s x xʷ χ χʷ ħ (ħʷ) ʕ ʕʔ ʕʷ ʕʔʷ h
Nasals: m ʔm n ʔn
Laterals: l ʔl ɬ
Vibrants: r ʔr
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:
i u
ǝ
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u
Other Sources: Kinkade, M. Dale and Clarence Sloat. 1972. "Proto-Eastern Interior Salish Vowels," IJAL 38, 26-48.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
tlʔ č čʔ
š x xʷ χ χʷ h
ʕ ʕʔ ʕʷ ʕʔʷ
m ʔm n ʔn
l ʔl ɬ
r ʔr
Stops: p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: tlʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: š x xʷ χ χʷ ʕ ʕʔ ʕʷ ʕʔʷ h
Nasals: m ʔm n ʔn
Laterals: l ʔl ɬ
Vibrants: r ʔr
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:
e o
a
Front Vowels: e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Noun
Number: s p
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Number: 4755
Language: Kalispel
Dialect: Spokane
Location: E Washington
Population: 900
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Interior: Southern
Grammar: Carlson, Barry F. 1972. " A Grammar of Spokane," Univ of Hawaii Working Papers in Linguistics 4.
Other Sources: Carlson, Barry F. 1976. "The N Shift in Spokane Salish," IJAL 42, 133-9.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ
s š xʷ χ χʷ h
ʕ ʕʔ ʕʷ ʕʔʷ
m ʔm n ʔn
l ʔl ɬ
r ʔr
Stops: p pʔ t tʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š xʷ χ χʷ ʕ ʕʔ ʕʷ ʕʔʷ h
Nasals: m ʔm n ʔn
Laterals: l ʔl ɬ
Vibrants: r ʔr
Glides: j w ʔw
Vowel system:
i u
e (ǝ) o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: (ǝ) a
Back Vowels: u o
Syntax: VSO
Number: 4756
Language: Kalispel
Location: W Montana
Population: 900
Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Interior: Southern
Dictionary: Giorda, Joseph. 1879. A Dictionary of the Kalispel or Flathead Indian Language, 2 vols. Montana: St. Ignatius Mission.
Grammar: Vogt, Hans. 1940. The Kalispel Language. Oslo: Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi.
Other Sources: Kinkade, M. Dale and Clarence Sloat. 1972. "Proto-Eastern Interior Salish Vowels," IJAL 38, 26-48.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ
s š xʷ χ χʷ h
m ʔm n ʔn
l ʔl ɬ
Stops: p pʔ t tʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š xʷ χ χʷ h
Nasals: m ʔm n ʔn
Laterals: l ʔl ɬ
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N(1,2)/N-POSS(3-6) D+NUM+N
Other Sources:
Reichard, Gladys A. 1958-60. " A Comparison of Five Salish Languages: I-VI, " IJAL 24, 293-300; 25, 8-15, 90-6,154-67, 239-53; 26, 50-61.
Kinkade, M. Dale and Clarence Sloat. 1972. "Proto-Eastern Interior Salish Vowels," IJAL 38, 26-48.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
(b) d ɡʷ
ts tsʔ č čʔ
ɡ̌
s š xʷ χ χʷ h
ʕ ʕʔ ʕʷ ʕʔʷ
m ʔm n ʔn
l ʔl ɬ
r ʔr
Stops: p pʔ (b) t tʔ d kʷ kʔʷ ɡʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: s š xʷ χ χʷ ʕ ʕʔ ʕʷ ʕʔʷ h
Nasals: m ʔm n ʔn
Laterals: l ʔl ɬ
Vibrants: r ʔr
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:
i u
ɛ ǝ (ɔ)
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: (ǝ) a
Back Vowels: u (ɔ)
Demonstratives: 4 (+ remote general)
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: POSS-N(1,2)/N-POSS(3-6)
Noun Incorporation: noun incorp
Prep/Post: PREP
Краткие типологические обзоры языков Кересиуанской семьи
Number: 4758
Language: Eastern Keres
Dialect: Santa Ana
Location: NC New Mexico
Population: 4,600 (230)
Classification: Amerind: Keresiouan: Keresan
Grammar: GD: Davis, Irvine. 1964. "The Language of Santa Ana Pueblo," BAEB 191, 53-190.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
ts tsh tsʔ ṭs ṭsh ṭsʔ č čh čʔ
s sʔ ṣ ṣʔ š šʔ h
m ʔm n ʔn
ɾ ʔɾ
Stops: p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsh tsʔ ṭs ṭsh ṭsʔ č čh čʔ
Fricatives: s sʔ ṣ ṣʔ š šʔ h
Nasals: m ʔm n ʔn
Vibrants: ɾ ʔɾ
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̥ all
Syllable: (s)(C)V(ʔ)
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SOV/SVO AN GN DN N-NUM POSS-N
Noun Incorporation: pronoun incorp
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 4759
Language: Western Keres
Dialect: Acoma
Location: New Mexico
Population: 3,400 (1,700)
Classification: Amerind: Keresiouan: Keresan
Grammar: Miller, Wick R. 1965. Acoma Grammar and Texts. UCPL 40.
Other Sources:
Boas, Franz. 1923. "A Keresan Text," IJAL 2, 171-80.
Spencer, Robert F. 1946. "The Phonemes of Keresan," IJAL 12, 229-36.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ c ch cʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
t̪s t̪sh t̪sʔ ṭs ṭsh ṭsʔ č čh čʔ
s̪ s̪ʔ ṣ ṣʔ š šʔ h
m ʔm n̪ ʔn̪
ɾ ʔɾ
Stops: p ph pʔ t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ c ch cʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
Affricates: t̪s t̪sh t̪sʔ ṭs ṭsh ṭsʔ č čh čʔ
Fricatives: s̪ s̪ʔ ṣ ṣʔ š šʔ h
Nasals: m ʔm n̪ ʔn̪
Vibrants: ɾ ʔɾ
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)CV
Tones:
hi fall glott
Noun
Number: s p (pl optional)
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: that-far is often used as a definite article
Other Sources:
Wolff, Hans. 1948. "Yuchi Phonemes and Morphemes with Special Reference to Person Markers," IJAL 14, 240-3.
Crawford, James M. 1973. "Yuchi Phonology, " IJAL 39, 173-9.
WALS
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t̪ t̪h tʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
b d ɡ
t̪s t̪sh t̪sʔ č čʔ čh
d̪z ɡ̌
ɸ ɸʔ s̪ s̪ʔ š šʔ
n̪ ʔn̪
l̪ ʔl̪ ɬ̪ ɬ̪ʔ
Stops: p ph pʔ b t̪ t̪h tʔ d k kh kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: t̪s t̪sh t̪sʔ d̪z č čʔ čh ɡ̌
Fricatives: ɸ ɸʔ s̪ s̪ʔ š šʔ
Nasals: n̪ ʔn̪
Laterals: l̪ ʔl̪ ɬ̪ ɬ̪ʔ
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:
i u
e o
æ a (ɒ)
Front Vowels: i e æ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o (ɒ)
Long Vowels: ī ē ǣ ā ū ō ɒ̄
Nasal Vowels: (Ĩ) ɛ̃ (æ̃) (ʋ̃) ɔ̃ (ɒ̃)
Syllable: (C)CV
Demonstratives: 2
Syntax: SOV
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Comments: All speakers are old.
Other Sources:
Wolff, Hans. 1950. "Comparative Siouan I-III," IJAL 16, 61-6,113-21,168-78.
Matthews, G. H. 1970. "Some Notes on the Proto-Siouan Continuants," IJAL 36, 98-109.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
č
s x h
m n
ɾ r
Stops: p t k ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s x h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: ɾ r
Glides: w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ĩ ã ũ
Stress: phonemic
Other Sources:
Matthews, G. Hubert and Red Thunder Cloud. 1967. "Catawba Texts," IJAL 33, 7-24.
CS
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d g
č
s h
m n
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ o
ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ
Nasal Vowels:
ṽ all but ǝ
v̄̃ all but ǝ
Stress: phonemic
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def
Consonant system:
p t̪ k ʔ
s̪ š x h
m n
r
Stops: p t̪ k ʔ
Fricatives: s̪ š x h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: r
Glides: w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: ĩ ã ũ
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C)
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: indef def
Pronouns:
1 4
2
Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N/(N-POSS[6])
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 4765
Language: Crow
Location: S Montana
Population: 3,000
Classification: Amerind: Keresiouan: Siouan-Yuchi: Siouan: Northern Plains
Dictionary: Lowie, Robert H. 1960a. Crow Word Lists. Berkeley: Univ of California Press.
Other Sources:
Kaschube, Dorothea. 1954. "Examples of Tone in Crow," IJAL 20, 34-6.
Lowie, Robert H.1960b. Crow Texts. Berkeley: Univ of California Press.
Gordon, Raymond G. Jr. 1972. "Pitch Accent in Crow," IJAL 38, 191-200.
CS
Consonant system:
p t k (ʔ)
č
s š x h
m n
r
Stops: p t k (ʔ)
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s š x h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: all but h w
Glides: w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Other Sources:
Robinett, Florence M. 1955. "Hidatsa I: Morphophonemics," IJAL 21, 1-7.
CS
WALS
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
ts
š x h
(m) (n)
r
Stops: p t k ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: š x h
Nasals: (m) (n)
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ p t k ts š x h
Glides: w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ia ua ui
Stress: phonemic
Syntax: SOV
Number: 4767
Language: Dakota
Dialect: Assiniboine
Location: NE Montana
Population: 12,000
Classification: Amerind: Keresiouan: Siouan-Yuchi: Siouan: Mississippi Valley
Grammar: Levin, Norman Balfour. 1964. The Assiniboine Language. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Other Sources:
Lowie, Robert H. 1960. "A Few Assiniboine Texts," AL 2:8,1-31.
Hollow, Robert C. Jr. 1970. "A Note on Assiniboine Phonology," IJAL 36, 296-8.
Consonant system:
ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ
b d̪ ɡ
čh čʔ
ɡ̌
s sʔ š šʔ x xʔ h
z ž ɣ
m n̪
Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ
Affricates: čh čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: s sʔ z š šʔ ž x xʔ ɣ h
Nasals: m n̪
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ĩ ã ũ
Stress: on second syllable
Classification: Amerind: Keresiouan: Siouan-Yuchi: Siouan: Mississippi Valley
Dictionary:
Buechel, Eugene. 1970. A Dictionary of the Teton Dakota Sioux Language. Pine Ridge, South Dakota: Red Cloud Indian School.
Grammar: Buechel, Eugene. 1939. A Grammar of Lakota. St. Francis, South Dakota.
Other Sources:
Boas, Franz and Ella Deloria. 1932. "Notes on the Dakota, Teton Dialect, "IJAL 7, 97-121.
Stark, Donald S. 1962. "Boundary Markers in Dakota," IJAL 28, 19-35.
Chambers, J. K. 1978. "Dakota Accent," in LSNC, 3-18.
Consonant system:
ph pʔ th tʔ kh kʔ
b d ɡ
čh čʔ
ɡ̌
s sʔ š šʔ x χ χʔ h
z ž ɣ
m n
l
Stops: ph pʔ b th tʔ d kh kʔ ɡ
Affricates: čh čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: s sʔ z š šʔ ž x ɣ χ χʔ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
I ʋ
ɛ o
a
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ o
Nasal Vowels: Ĩ ã ʋ̃
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)
Stress: on second syllable
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4di 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV NA GN/NG DN N-NUM N-POSS/POSS-N
Noun Incorporation: noun incorp
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 4769
Language: Dakota
Dialect: Santee
Location: C Canada (S Manitoba)
Population: 12,000
Classification: Amerind: Keresiouan: Siouan-Yuchi: Siouan: Mississippi Valley
Other Sources: CS
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d
č
s š x h
z ž ɣ
m n
Stops: p b t d k ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s z š ž x ɣ h
Nasals: m n
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ĩ ã ũ
Stress: phonemic
Number: 4770
Language: Omaha
Alternate Name: Dhegiha
Location: Nebraska
Population: 2,000
Classification: Amerind: Keresiouan: Siouan-Yuchi: Siouan: Mississippi Valley
Other Sources:
CS
WALS
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
č
θ s š x h
z ž
m n
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: θ s z š ž x h
Nasals: m n
Glides: w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ã
Stress: phonemic
Syntax: SOV
Number: 4771
Language: Osage
Alternate Name: Dhegiha
Location: Missouri
Population: 2,000
Classification: Amerind: Keresiouan: Siouan-Yuchi: Siouan: Mississippi Valley
Other Sources:
Wolff,Hans. 1952. "Osage I :phonemes and Historical Phonology," IJAL 18, 63-8.
Wolff, Hans. 1958. "An Osage Graphemic Experiment," IJAL 24, 30-5.
CS
WALS
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
ts
s š x h
ð z ž
m n
l
br
Stops: p t k ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: ð s z š ž x h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: br
Modified Consonants:
? cʔ p k č
CS includes b d ɡ θ.
Glides: w
Vowel system:
i u
ɛ o
ɑ
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Nasal Vowels: ĩ ã õ
Syllable: (C)(C)V
Stress: phonemic
Syntax: SOV
Number: 4772
Language: Quapaw
Location: E Arkansas
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Keresiouan: Siouan-Yuchi: Siouan: Mississippi Valley
Consonant system:
Number: 4773
Language: Kansa
Location: Oklahoma
Classification: Amerind: Keresiouan: Siouan-Yuchi: Siouan: Mississippi Valley
Consonant system:
Number: 4774
Language: Chiwere
Location: Missouri
Population: 300
Classification: Amerind: Keresiouan: Siouan-Yuchi: Siouan: Mississippi Valley
Grammar: Whiteman, William. 1947. "Descriptive Grammar of Ioway-Oto," IJAL 13, 233-48.
Other Sources: CS
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
č
ɡ̌
θ s x h
ð
m n ŋ
ľ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: θ ð s x h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: ľ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ĩ ǝ̃ ũ
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)
Stress: phonemic
Number: 4775
Language: Winnebago
Location: Wisconsin
Population: 1,500
Classification: Amerind: Keresiouan: Siouan-Yuchi: Siouan: Mississippi Valley
Grammar:
Lipkind, William. 1945. Winnebago Grammar. Morningside Heights, NY: King's Crown Press.
Other Sources:
Sebeok, Thomas A. 1947. "Two Winnebago Texts," IJAL 13, 167-70.
Walker, Willard. 1974. "The Winnebago Syllabary and the Generative Model," AL 16, 393-414.
CS
WPF
Consonant system:
ph pʔ th kh kʔ ʔ
b d ɡ
čh čʔ
ɡ̌
s sʔ š šʔ x xʔ h
z ž ɣ
m n
ɾ
Stops: ph pʔ b th d kh kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: čh čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: s sʔ z š šʔ ž x xʔ ɣ h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: (v̄)
Nasal Vowels: ĩ ã ũ
Other Sources:
Chafe, Wallace L. 1976. The Caddoan, Iroquoian, and Siouan Languages. The Hague: Mouton.
Taylor, Allan R. 1963. "Comparative Caddoan," IJAL 29, 113-31.
Consonant system:
p t tʔ k kʔ ʔ
b d
ts tsʔ č čʔ
s š h
m n ŋ
Stops: p b t tʔ d k kʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
I ʋ
a
Front Vowels: I
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: aj aw
Tones: hi lo falling
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Ergative: erg ["The language is at least in part of the ergative type." Chafe, p. 65.
Noun Incorporation: noun incorp
Number: 4783
Language: Wichita
Location: S Kansas
Population: 200
Classification: Amerind: Keresiouan: Caddoan: Northern
Grammar: Rood, David S. 1976. Wichita Grammar. New York: Garland.
Other Sources:
Garvin. Paul L. 1950. "Wichita I: Phonemics," IJAL 16, 179-84.
Rood, David S. 1975. "The Implications of Wichita Phonology," Lg 51, 315-37.
Consonant system:
t k kʷ ʔ
ts
s h
(n)
ɾ
(n is an allophone of /ɾ/.)
Stops: t k kʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: (n) (n is an allophone of ǀɾǀ.)
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants:
(n) is an allophone of /ɾ/
c̄ s ts n
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
ɛ
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄
Nasal Vowels: v̄̃
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)
Tones: hi lo
Stress: phonemic
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
There are no free pronouns; the pronominal system reflected here is found in verb inflection.
Syntax: SOV/OVS NA GN DN NUM-N POSS-N (Rood claims OVS is most common, but this may be the order for sentences with pronominal S and O; SOV is "less common" though perhaps basic for nominal S ad O. Cf. sentences 55, 65, p. 267.
Noun Incorporation: noun incorp
Prep/Post: "The language has neither prepositions nor postpositions." Rood, p. ?.
Other Sources: Bucca, Salvador and Alexander Lesser. 1969. "Kitsai Phonology and Morphophonemics," IJAL 35, 7-19.
Consonant system:
t k ʔ
s h
n
ɾ
Stops: t k ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: n
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
ɛ
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Stress: phonemic
Number: 4785
Language: Pawnee
Location: Nebraska
Population: 500
Classification: Amerind: Keresiouan: Caddoan: Northern
Grammar: Parks, Douglas R. 1976. A Grammar of Pawnee. New York: Garland.
Other Sources:
Weltfish, Gene. 1936. "The Vision Story of Fox-Boy, a South Band Pawnee Text," IJAL 9, 44-75.
Taylor, Allan R. 1963. "Comparative Caddoan," IJAL 29, 113-31.
Consonant system:
p t k (ʔ)
ts
s h
ɾ
("Pawnee . . . has no nasal consonants . . . neither phonetically nor phonemically." Parks, p. 19.
Stops: p t k (ʔ)
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: (Pawnee . . . has no nasal consonants . . . neither phonetically nor phonemically.ı Parks, p. 19.
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: w
Vowel system:
I ʋ
ɛ ɐ
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: ɐ
Back Vowels: ʋ
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)
Stress: initial in nouns
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3: this/that (not now)/that yonder + this now
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3* 6d 6
These pronouns are prefixes on the verb and 3 is usually realized as zero.
Syntax: SOV NA NG DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative: erg
Noun Incorporation: noun incorp
Prep/Post: POST
Comments: "Pawnee is not a spoken language today. It is occasionally used by a few older people, but in most situations English is always used." Parks, p. 2.
Classification: Amerind: Keresiouan: Iroquoian: Northern: Five Nations
Consonant system:
Number: 4790
Language: Mohawk
Location: N New York
Population: 1,500
Classification: Amerind: Keresiouan: Iroquoian: Northern: Five Nations
Dictionary:
Bonvillain, Nancy and Beatrice Francis. 1972. Mohawk and English Dictionary. Albany: New York States Education Dept.
Michelson, Gunther. 1973. A Thousand Words of Mohawk. Ottawa: National Museum of Man.
Grammar: Bonvillain Nancy. 1973. A Grammar of Akwesasne Mohawk. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada.
Consonant system:
t k ʔ
ɡ̌
f s š h
n
ɾ
Stops: t k ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s š h
Nasals: n
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i
ɛ o
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Long Vowels: ī ɛ̄ ā
Nasal Vowels:
ǝ̃ ũ
ǝ̃̄ ũ̄
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)
Tones: falling
Stress: penult
Noun
Number: s d p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3mf 6dmf 6mf
3f has two forms: (1) fem & neuter, (2) fem & indef
These are verbal prefixes.
Syntax: NA NUM-N POSS-N
Noun Incorporation: noun incorp
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 4791
Language: Oneida
Location: Wisconsin
Population: 1,500
Classification: Amerind: Keresiouan: Iroquoian: Northern: Five Nations
Other Sources: Lounsbury, Floyd G. 1953. Oneida Verb Morphology. New Haven: Yale Univ Press.
Consonant system:
t k ʔ
ɡ̌
s h
n
l
Stops: t k ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: n
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels:
ǝ̃ ũ
ǝ̃̄ ũ̄
Number: 4792
Language: Onondaga
Location: New York
Classification: Amerind: Keresiouan: Iroquoian: Northern: Five Nations
Other Sources: Woodbury, Hanni. 1975. "Onondaga Noun Incorporation: Some Notes on the Interdependence of Syntax and Semantics," IJAL 41,10-20.
Consonant system:
t k ʔ
s h
n
Stops: t k ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: n
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels:
ɛ̃ ũ
ɛ̃̄ ũ̄
Classification: Amerind: Keresiouan: Iroquoian: Northern: Five Nations
Dictionary:
Chafe, Wallace L. 1967. Seneca Morphology and Dictionary. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Press.
Grammar:
Chafe, Wallace L. 1963. Handbook of the Seneca Language. Albany: New York Education Dept.
Preston, W. D. and C. F. Voegelin. 1949. "Seneca I," IJAL 15, 23-44.
Holmer, Nils M. 1952-53. "Seneca II-III," IJAL 18, 217-22; 19, 281-9.
Other Sources:
Chafe,Wallace L. 1959. "Internal Reconstruction in Seneca," Lg 35, 477-95.
Chafe, Wallace L. 1960-61. "Seneca Morphology I-VIII," IJAL 26, 11-22, 123-9, 224-33, 283-9; 27, 42-5, 114-8, 223-5, 320-8.
Consonant system:
(b) t k ʔ
dz
s h
(m) n
Stops: (b) t k ʔ
Affricates: dz
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: (m) n
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i
e o
æ a
Front Vowels: i e æ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels:
ɛ̃ ɔ̃
ɛ̃̄ ɔ̃̄
Noun
Number: s d p
Gender: m f n
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3mfn 6dmM 6mM
Syntax: SOV NA NUM-N POSS-N
Noun Incorporation: noun incorp
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 4794
Language: Cayuga
Location: W New York
Classification: Amerind: Keresiouan: Iroquoian: Northern: Five Nations
Consonant system:
Number: 4795
Language: Tuscarora
Location: E North Carolina
Population: 50
Classification: Amerind: Keresiouan: Iroquoian: Northern: Tuscarora
Grammar: Williams, Marianne Mithun. 1976. A Grammar of Tuscarora. New York: Garland.
Consonant system:
ʔt̪ k kʷ ʔ
tsʔ
θ s h
n̪ ʔn̪
r
Stops: ʔt̪ k kʷ ʔ
Affricates: tsʔ
Fricatives: θ s h
Nasals: n̪ ʔn̪
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
I ʋ
ɛ
ɑ
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Back Vowels: ʋ ɑ
Long Vowels: ī ǣ ū ɑ̄
Nasal Vowels:
ǝ̃
ǝ̃̄
Tones: ? hi lo fall
Stress: penult
Noun
Number: s d p
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3mfH 6dmfH 6mfH
fem includes those of unspecified sex
These are verbal prefixes.
Syntax: SVO NA GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Noun Incorporation: noun incorp
Prep/Post: POST
Comments: All speakers are over age 50. (1976)
Classification: Amerind: Keresiouan: Iroquoian: Southern
Dictionary: Alexander, J. T. 1971. A Dictionary of the Cherokee Indian Language.
Other Sources:
Bender, Ernest and Zellig S. Harris. 1946. "The Phonemes of North Carolina Cherokee," IJAL 12, 14-21.
Bender, Ernest. 1949. "Cherokee II," IJAL 15, 223-8.
Krueger,John R. 1963. "Two Early Grammars of Cherokee," AL 5:3, 1-57.
Consonant system:
t k kʷ
d ɡ
ts tl
dl
s h
(m) n
l
Stops: t d k ɡ kʷ
Affricates: ts tl dl
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: (m) n
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ǝ̃
Diphthongs: ai au iu
Syllable: (C)V
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: anim inan
Syntax: SOV AN GN/NG DN NUM-N POSS-N
Noun Incorporation: pronoun incorp
Краткие типологические обзоры языков Пенутийской семьи
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Canadian
Grammar: Schulenburg, A. C. Graf von der. 1894. Die Sprache der Zimshı̄an-Indianer. Braunschweig: Richard Sattler. [Reprinted 1972 by Martin Sändig, Wiesbaden]
Other Sources:
Rigsby, Bruce. 1975. "Nass-Gitksan: An Analytic Ergative Syntax," IJAL 41, 346-54.
Hoard, James E. 1978. "Obstruent Voicing in Gitksan: Some Implications for Distinctive Feature Theory," LSNC, 111-9.
WPF
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ ʔ
b d ɡ ɡʷ G
ts tsʔ tlʔ
s x xʷ χ h
m ʔm n ʔn
l ʔl ɬ
Stops: p pʔ b t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ kʷ kʔʷ ɡʷ q qʔ G ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ tlʔ
Fricatives: s x xʷ χ h
Nasals: m ʔm n ʔn
Laterals: l ʔl ɬ
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:
i u
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO NA NG DN N-POSS
Ergative: erg
Number: 4799
Language: Lower Chinook
Location: SW Washington
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Washington
Other Sources:
WALS
E
WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3mfn 6d 6
Syntax: VOS [According to E this language is SVO/VSO.]
Ergative: Erg
Number: 4800
Language: Upper Chinook
Location: SW Washington
Population: 20
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Washington
Other Sources: Jacobs, Melville. 1958-59. Clackamas Chinook Texts, 2 vols. IJAL 24:2, Part II; 25:2, Part II.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
ts tsʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ
s š x xʷ χ χʷ
m n
l ɬ
Stops: p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š x xʷ χ χʷ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ɬ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
ǝ
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u
Diphthongs: aj aw iw
Ergative: erg
Other Sources:
Sapir, Edward. 1909. Takelma Texts. Philadelphia: University Museum.
Shipley, William. 1969. "Proto-Takelman" IJAL 35, 226-30.
WPF
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ kʷ khʷ kʔʷ ʔ
ts tsʔ
s x h
m n
l
Stops: p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ kʷ khʷ kʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ
Fricatives: s x h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Tones: hi-ris lo-fall
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SOV NA GN DN NUM-N/N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative: erg
Other Sources: Jacobs, Melville. 1945. Kalapuya Texts. Seattle: Univ of Washington.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
b d ɡ G
f s š x χ h
m n
l ɬ
Stops: p pʔ b t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ q qʔ G ʔ
Fricatives: f s š x χ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ɬ
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Other Sources:
Pierce, Joe E. 1971. "Hanis (Coos) Phonemics," Linguistics 75, 31-42.
WPF
Consonant system:
p t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʷʔ q qʔ
b d ɡ ɡʷ G
ts tsʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ
dz dl ɡ̌
s š x xʷ χ h hʷ
ɣ
m n
l ɬ
Stops: p b t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ kʷ kʷʔ ɡʷ q qʔ G
Affricates: ts tsʔ dz tl tlʔ dl č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: s š x ɣ xʷ χ h hʷ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ɬ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
ɛ ǝ
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
6d 6
Syntax: VOS/OVS AN GN
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 4806
Language: Alsea
Location: NW Oregon
Population: extinct (c.1940)
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Oregon: Coast
Other Sources: Frachtenberg, Leo J. 1917. "Myths of the Alsea Indians of Northwestern Oregon," IJAL 1, 64-75.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ c cʔ k kh kʔ q qʔ ʔ
d ɟ
ts tsʔ tl tlʔ
s ç x h hʷ
m n
l ɬ
Stops: p ph pʔ t th tʔ d c cʔ ɟ k kh kʔ q qʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ tl tlʔ
Fricatives: s ç x h hʷ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ɬ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
I u
ɛ ǝ ɔ
æ
Front Vowels: I ɛ æ
Central Vowels: ǝ
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Nasal Vowels:
ṽ all but ǝ
v̄̃ all but ǝ
Diphthongs: diphthonɡs
Number: 4807
Language: Siuslaw
Location: Oregon
Population: 2
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Oregon: Coast
Other Sources:
Hymes, Dell. 1966. "Some Points of Siuslaw Phonology," IJAL 32, 328-42.
WPF
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ ʔ
ts tsʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ
s š x h
m n
l ɬ
Stops: p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š x h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ɬ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
ǝ
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: ī ā ū
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: VOS/OVS
Ergative: erg
Number: 4808
Language: Klamath
Location: SW Oregon
Population: 100
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Plateau
Dictionary: Barker, M. A. R. 1963. Klamath Dictionary. UCPL 31.
Grammar: Barker, M. A. R. 1964. Klamath Grammar. UCPL 32.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ
č čh čʔ
s h
m m̥ ʔm n n̥ ʔn
l ʔl ɬ
Stops: p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ
Affricates: č čh čʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m m̥ ʔm n n̥ ʔn
Laterals: l ʔl ɬ
Glides: j j̥ ʔj w w̥ ʔw
Vowel system:
I
o
ɛ ɐ
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: ɐ
Back Vowels: o
Long Vowels: ī ǣ ō ɑ̄
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)
Noun
Number: s p [pl suffixes only for kinship nouns]
Demonstratives: 3 + ref
Articles: SVO/SOV AN/(NA) GN DN/(ND) NUM-N POSS-N/(N-POSS) [NA ND N-POSS]less common
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 4809
Language: Sahaptin
Location: NE Oregon
Population: 2,750
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Plateau
Other Sources:
Aoki, Haruo. 1962. "Nez Perce and Northern Sahaptin: A Binary Comparison," IJAL 28, 172-82.
Aoki, Haruo. 1963. "On Sahaptin-Klamath Linguistic Affiliations," IJAL 29, 107-12
WALS
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷq qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
tθʔ ts tsʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ
s š x xʷ χ χʷ h
m n
l ɬ
Stops: p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: tθʔ ts tsʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š x xʷ χ χʷ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ɬ
Vowel system:
i u
ǝ
æ a
Front Vowels: i æ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: ī ɛ̄ ǣ ǝ̄ ā ū ɔ̄
Syntax: VSO
Ergative: erg
Number: 4810
Language: Sahaptin
Dialect: Colombia River
Location: N Oregon
Population: 2,750
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Plateau
Other Sources:
Rigsby, Bruce J. 1965. "Continuity and Change in Sahaptin Vowel Systems," IJAL 31, 306-11.
WALS
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷq qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
ts tsʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ
s š x xʷ χ χʷ h
m n
l ɬ
Stops: p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š x xʷ χ χʷ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ɬ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Stress: phonemic
Other Sources: Aoki, Haruo. 1979. Nez Perce Texts. UCPL 90.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
ts tsʔ
s x χ h
m ʔm n̪ ʔn̪
l̪ ɬ̪ ʔl̪
Stops: p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ
Fricatives: s x χ h
Nasals: m ʔm n̪ ʔn̪
Laterals: l̪ ɬ̪ ʔl̪
Modified Consonants: c̄ p t ts q s m n j w l only
Glides: j ʔj w̥ ʔw
Vowel system:
I ʋ
ɔ
æ a
Front Vowels: I æ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ǣ ā ū ɔ̄
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Syllable: CV(C)(C)(C)(C)
Stress: phonemic
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
[5=6]
Syntax: VSO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Comments:
"The favored order in a sentence, on the surface, is VSO." P.1 Aoki 1979.
Examples seem to show SOV also. MR
Number: 4812
Language: Molale
Location: W Oregon
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Plateau
Other Sources: Rigsby, Bruce J. 1966. "On Cayuse-Molale Relatability," IJAL 32, 369-78.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
ts tsʔ tl
f s h
m n ŋ
l ɬ
Stops: p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ tl
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l ɬ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Stress: phonemic
Other Sources: Callaghan, Catherine A. 1964. "Phonemic Borrowing in Lake Miwok," in SCL, 46-53.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
b d
tlʔ č čʔ
s h
m n
l ɬ
r
Stops: p ph pʔ b t th tʔ d k kh kʔ ʔ
Affricates: tlʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Other Sources: Broadbent, Sylvia M. and Harvey Pitkin. 1964. "A Comparison of Miwok and Wintun," in SCL, 19-45.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
b d
tlʔ č čʔ
s x χ h
m n
l ɬ
r
Stops: p ph pʔ b t th tʔ d k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
Affricates: tlʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s x χ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: California: Maiduan
Dictionary: Shipley, William F. 1963. Maidu Texts and Dictionary. UCPL 33.
Grammar: Shipley, William F. 1964. Maidu Grammar. UCPL 41.
Other Sources: Shipley, William. 1956. "The Phonemes of Northeastern Maidu," IJAL 22, 233-7.
Consonant system:
ph pʔ th tʔ ch cʔ kh kʔ ʔ
ɓ ɗ
s h
m n
l
Stops: ph pʔ ɓ th tʔ ɗ ch cʔ kh kʔ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Syllable: CV(C)
Stress: phonemic
Noun
Number: (a rare dual, no plural)
Demonstratives: 3
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: California: Maiduan
Dictionary: Uldall, Hans Jørgen and William Shipley. 1966. Nisenan Texts and Dictionary. UCPL 46.
Other Sources: Paul, Joan S. 1967. "Phonemic Analysis of Auburn Nisenan: a Dialect of Maidu," AL 9:9, 12-24. WPF
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ ʔ
ɓ ɗ
ts tsʔ
s h
m n
l
Stops: p pʔ ɓ t tʔ ɗ k kʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SOV DN NUM-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 4821
Language: Foothill North Yokuts
Dialect: Wikchamni
Other Sources: Beeler, Madison S. 1971. "Noptˈintˈe Yokuts," in SAIL, 11-76.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ (ṭ) ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
č čh čʔ
s š x h
m ʔm n̪ ʔn̪ ŋ (ʔŋ)
l ʔl
Stops: p ph pʔ t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ (ṭ) ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
Affricates: č čh čʔ
Fricatives: s š x h
Nasals: m ʔm n̪ ʔn̪ ŋ (ʔŋ)
Laterals: l ʔl
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:
I ʉ ʋ
ɛ ɵ ɔ
ɐ
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: ʉ ɵ ɐ
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ʉ̄ ɵ̄ ā ū ō
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Syllable: CV(C)
Stress: penult
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
*3 *6d *6
Syntax: SOV/VSO AN(NA) GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/(N-POSS) D+A+N
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: California: Yokuts
Dictionary: Sitjar, Buenaventura. 1861. Vocabulario de la lengua de los naturales de la Mission de San Antonio, Alta California. New York: Cramoisy. [Reprinted 1970 by AMS Press, NY]
Grammar: Newman, Stanley. 1944. Yokuts Language of California. New York: Viking Fund.
Other Sources:
Newman, Stanley S. 1932. "The Yawelmani Dialect of Yokuts," IJAL 7, 85-9.
Hockett, Charles F. 1967. "The Yawelmani Basic Verb," Lg 43, 208-22.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
t̪s t̪sh t̪sʔ č čh čʔ
s̪ ṣ x h
m ʔm n̪ ʔn̪
l ʔl
Stops: p ph pʔ t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
Affricates: t̪s t̪sh t̪sʔ č čh čʔ
Fricatives: s̪ ṣ x h
Nasals: m ʔm n̪ ʔn̪
Laterals: l ʔl
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:
i u
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Other Sources:
Broadbent, Sylvia M. 1957. "Rumsen I: Methods of Reconstitution," IJAL 23, 275-80.
Okrand, Marc. 1980. "Rumsen II. An Evaluation of Reconstitution," in American Indian and Indoeuropean studies, ed. by Kathryn Klar, Margaret Langdon and Shirley Silver, The Hague, Mouton, 169-82.
WPF
Consonant system:
p t ṭ k ʔ
ts č
s ṣ š x
m n
l
r
Stops: p t ṭ k ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: s ṣ š x
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
6
Number: 4829
Language: Mutsun
Location: C California
Population: extinct (c.1930)
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: California: Miwok-Costanoan: Costanoan: Southern
Dictionary: Arroyo de la Cuesta, Felipe. 1862. A Vocabulary or Phrase Book of the Mutsun Language. New York: Cramolsy.
Grammar: Okrand, Marc. 1977. Mutsun Grammar. Berkeley: Univ of California Diss.
Consonant system:
p t ṭ c k ʔ
ts č
s š h
m n ñ
l ʎ
ɾ
Stops: p t ṭ c k ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l ʎ
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: California: Miwok-Costanoan: Miwok: Western
Dictionary: Callaghan, Catherine A. 1970. Bodega Miwok Dictionary. UCPL 60.
Consonant system:
p t̪ ṭ k ʔ
(b) (d̪) (ɡ)
č
(f) (s̪) ṣ h
m n
l
(ɾ)
Stops: p (b) t̪ (d̪) ṭ k (ɡ) ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: (f) (s̪) ṣ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (ɾ)
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Stress: non-phonemic
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 4833
Language: Lake Miwok
Location: C California
Population: 8
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: California: Miwok-Costanoan: Miwok: Western
Dictionary: Callaghan, Catherine A. 1965. Lake Miwok Dictionary. UCPL 39.
Grammar: Freeland, L. S. 1947. "Western Miwok Texts with Linguistic Sketch," IJAL 13, 31-46.
Other Sources:
Callaghan, Catherine A. 1964. "Phonemic Borrowing in Lake Miwok," in SCL, 46-53.
Broadbent, Sylvia M. and Catherine A. Callaghan. 1960. "Comparative Miwok: A Preliminary Survey," IJAL 26, 301-16.
WPF
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
b d
ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ
(f) s ṣ h
m n
l ɬ
(r)
Stops: p ph pʔ b t th tʔ d ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: (f) s ṣ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: (r)
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Noun
Number: s d p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3hn 6d 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 4834
Language: Central Sierra Miwok
Location: California
Population: 5
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: California: Miwok-Costanoan: Miwok: Eastern
Dictionary: Freeland, L. S. and Sylvia M. Broadbent. 1960. Central Sierra Miwok Dictionary. UCPL 23.
Other Sources: WPF
Consonant system:
p t ṭ k ʔ
č ɡ̌
s š h
m n ŋ
l
Stops: p t ṭ k ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5
3 6h
Syntax: SOV NG NUM-N N-POSS
Number: 4835
Language: Southern Sierra Miwok
Location: C California
Population: 20
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: California: Miwok-Costanoan: Miwok: Eastern
Grammar: GD: Broadbent, Sylvia M. 1964. The Southern Sierra Miwok Language. UCPL 38.
Consonant system:
p t̪ t k ʔ
(b) (d) (g)
č (ɡ̌)
(f) s š h
m n ŋ
l
(ɹ̣)
Stops: p (b) t̪ t (d) k (ɡ) ʔ
Affricates: č (ɡ̌)
Fricatives: (f) s š h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (ɹ̣)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
I ɨ ʋ
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: i e ɨ u o a
Nasal Vowels: ī ē ɨ̄ ū ō ɑ̄
Syllable: CV(C)
Stress: on first long syllable
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5
*3 *6
4de=4e
Syntax: SVO/SOV NA GN DN NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: POST
Comments: No speakers below middle age. (1964)
Other Sources:
Callaghan, Catherine A. 1971. "Saclan: A Reexamination," AL 13, 448-56.
WPF
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
ts č
s h
m n ŋ
l
Stops: p t k ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Stress: on first long syllable
Other Sources: Broadbent, Sylvia M. and Catherine A. Callaghan. 1960. "Comparative Miwok: A Preliminary Survey," IJAL 26, 301-16.
Consonant system:
p t ṭ k ʔ
ts
s h
m n
l
Stops: p t ṭ k ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Stress: phonemic
Number: 4838
Language: Zuni
Location: New Mexico
Population: 3,500
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: New Mexico
Dictionary: Newman, Stanley. 1958. Zuni Dictionmary. IJAL 24:1, Part II.
Grammar: Newman, Stanley. 1965. Zuni Grammar. Albuquerque: Univ of New Mexico Press.
Other Sources:
Walker, Willard. 1966. "Inflectional Class and Taxonomic Structure in Zuni," IJAL 32, 217-27.
Walker, Willard. 1972. "Toward the Sound Pattern of Zuni," IJAL 38, 240-59.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k kʷ ʔ
ts č
s š h
m n̪
l ɬ
Stops: p t̪ k kʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l ɬ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Other Sources:
Swadesh, Morris. 1933. "Chitimacha Verbs of Derogatory or Abusive Connotation with Parallels from European Languages," Lg, 192-201.
Swadesh, Morris. 1946. "Phonologic Formulas for Atakapa-Chitimacha," IJAL 12, 113-32.
Suarez, Jorge A. 1975. Estudios Huaves. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia.
WALS
WPF
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ ʔ
ts tsʔ č čʔ
s š h
m n
l
Stops: p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: ī ǣ ā ū ō
Stress: final
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
+ indef
Syntax: SOV NA
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 4840
Language: Tunica
Location: Louisiana
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Gulf: Tunica-Chitimacha
Dictionary:
Haas, Mary R. 1953. Tunica Dictionary. UCPL 6, 175-332.
Grammar:
Haas, Mary R. 1940. Tunica. New York: J. J. Augustin.
Swanton, John R. 1921. "The Tunica Language," IJAL 2, 1-39.
Other Sources: Haas, Mary R. 1950. Tunica Texts. UCPL 6, 1-173.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
(b) (d) (ɡ)
č
(f) s š h
m n
l
r
Stops: p (b) t (d) k (ɡ) ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: (f) s š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Noun
Number: s d p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6dm 6mf
Syntax: SOV NA GN DN/ND N-NUM POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Number: 4841
Language: Atakapa
Location: E Texas
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Gulf: Tunica-Chitimacha
Grammar: Swanton, John R. 1929. "A Sketch of the Atakapa Language," IJAL 5, 121-49.
Other Sources:
Suarez, Jorge A. 1975. Estudios Huaves. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia.
Swadesh, Morris. 1946. "Phonologic Formulas for Atakapa-Chitimacha," IJAL 12, 113-32.
Consonant system:
p t k
ts
š h
m n
l ɬ
Stops: p t k
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ɬ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ ?
Other Sources:
Elmendorf, William W. 1968. "Lexical and Cultural Change in Yukian," AL 10:7, 1-41.
Li, Charles N., Sandra A. Thompson and Jesse O. Sawyer. 1977. "Subject and Word Order in Wappo," IJAL 43, 85-100.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ ṭ ṭʔ k kʔ ʔ
ts tsʔ č čʔ
s š h
m ʔm n ʔn
l ʔl
Stops: p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ ṭ ṭʔ k kʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m ʔm n ʔn
Laterals: l ʔl
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Stress: phonemic
Other Sources:
Suarez, Jorge A. 1975. Estudios Huaves. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia.
Haas, Mary R. 1956. "Natchez and the Muskogean Languages," Lg 32, 61-72.
WALS
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
ts
š h
m m̥ n n̥
l ɬ
Stops: p t k kʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: š h
Nasals: m m̥ n n̥
Laterals: l ɬ
Glides: j j̥ w w̥
Vowel system:
i u
e (ø) o
a
Front Vowels: i e (ø)
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Other Sources: Suarez, Jorge A. 1975. Estudios Huaves. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia.
Consonant system:
p t k
b
ts
f s š h
m n
l ɬ
Stops: p b t k
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: f s š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ɬ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Number: 4846
Language: Choctaw
Location: Mississippi
Population: 12,000
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Gulf: Natchez-Muskogean: Muskogean: Western
Other Sources:
IJAL 23, 85-93.
WALS
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b ɡ
č
f θ s š x h
m n
l
Stops: p b t k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: f θ s š x h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels:
ṽ all
v̄̃ all
Syntax: SOV
Number: 4847
Language: Muskogee
Dialect: Creek, Seminole
Location: Alabama
Population: 10,000
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Gulf: Natchez-Muskogean: Muskogean: Eastern
Grammar: Nathan, Michele. 1977. Grammatical Description of the Florida Seminole Dialect of Creek. New Orleans: Tulane Univ Diss.
Other Sources:
Haas, Mary R. 1940. "Ablaut and Its Funciton in Muskogee," Lg 16, 141-50.
Haas, Mary R. 1951. "Interlingual Word Taboos," American Anthropologist 53, 338-44.
Haas, Mary R. 1956. "Natchez and the Muskogean Languages," Lg 32, 61-72.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
č
ɸ š h
m n̪
l̪ ɬ̪
Stops: p t̪ k
Affricates: č
Fricatives: ɸ š h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪ ɬ̪
Modified Consonants: c̄ all but l w
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
I ʋ
(e)
ɐ
Front Vowels: I (e)
Central Vowels: ɐ
Back Vowels: ʋ
Long Vowels: ī ā ō
Nasal Vowels: ı̃̄ ã̄ ȭ
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)
Tones: hi-level fall ris
Noun
Number: s p (p usually restricted to human nouns)
Demonstratives: 3
Other Sources: Rand, Earl. 1968. "The Structural Phonology of Alabaman, a Muskogean Language," IJAL 34, 94-103.
Consonant system:
ph t̪h kh
b
č
ɸ s h
m n̪
l ɬ
Stops: ph b t̪h kh
Affricates: č
Fricatives: ɸ s h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l ɬ
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
I ʋ
a
Front Vowels: I
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ
Long Vowels: ē ā ō
Other Sources:
Haas, Mary R. 1944. "Men's and Women's Speech in Koasati," Lg 20, 142-9.
CTIL 3, 125.
WALS
WPF
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
b
ts
f s h
m n̪
l̪ ɬ̪
Stops: p b t̪ k
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪ ɬ̪
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
I ʋ
ɐ
Front Vowels: I
Central Vowels: ɐ
Back Vowels: ʋ
Long Vowels: ē ā ō
Nasal Vowels:
ṽ all
v̄̃ all
Tones: hi fall
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
6
Syntax: SOV
Number: 4852
Language: Huave
Location: S Mexico (Oaxaca)
Population: 7,000
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Mexican: Huave
Grammar: Smith, Buckingham. 1861. Grammatical Sketch of the Heve Language. New York: Cramoisy. [Reprinted 1970 by AMS Press, New York]
Other Sources:
Radin, Paul. 1929. "Huave Texts," IJAL 5, 1-56.
Stairs, Emily F. and Barbara Erickson Hollenbach. 1969. "Huave Verb Morphology," IJAL 35, 38-53.
Suarez, Jorge A. 1975. Estudios Huaves. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia.
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
ts č
s š h
m n
l
ɾ r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Demonstratives: 2
Other Sources:
Aschmann, Herman P. 1946. "Totonac Phonemes," IJAL 12, 34-43.
Bishop, Ruth G. 1979. "Tense-Aspect in Totonac Narrative Discourse," in DSML, 31-68.
WPF
Consonant system:
p t k q ʔ
ts č
s š h
m n
l ɬ
Stops: p t k q ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ɬ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Modified Vowels:
v̤ all (larynɡealized)
v̤̄ all
Other Sources:
Bower, Bethel and Barbara Erikson. 1967. "Tepehua Sentences," AL 9:9, 25-37.
E
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
ts tsʔ č čʔ
s š h
m n
l ɬ
Stops: p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ɬ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
(e) (o)
a
Front Vowels: i (e)
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u (o)
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Other Sources:
Wonderly, William L. 1949. "Some Zoquean Phonemic and Morphophonemic Correpondences," IJAL 15, 1-11.
Kaufman, Terrence. 1980. "Pre-Colombian Borrowing involving Huastec," in American Indian and Indoeuropean Studies, ed. by Kathryn Klar, Margaret Langdon & Shirley Silver, The Hague, Mouton, 101-12.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
ts
s h
m n
Stops: p t k ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Number: 4857
Language: Mixe
Location: S Mexico (Oaxaca)
Population: 35,000
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Mexican: Mixe-Zoque
Grammar: Van Haitsma, Julia Dieterman and Willard Van Haitsma. 1976. A Hierarchical Sketch of Mixe. SIL 44.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
(b) (d) (ɡ)
ts
(dz)
(f) (s) š h
(z) (ž)
m n ŋ
(l)
(ɾ) (r)
Stops: p (b) t (d) k (ɡ) ʔ
Affricates: ts (dz)
Fricatives: (f) (s) (z) š (ž) h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: (l)
Vibrants: (ɾ) (r)
Modified Consonants: cj all
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
I ɨ u
ɛ o
a
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ short mid lonɡ v̰ checked interrupted aspriated "There are six contrastive syllable nuclei which distinguish three degrees of length (short mid long) and three kinds of glottalization (checked, interrupted, aspriated)." p.9
Other Sources:
Lyon, Shirley. 1967. "Tlahuitoltepec Mixe Clause Structure," IJAL 33, 25-33.
Lyon, Don D. 1967. "Tlahuitoltepec Mixe Verb Syntagmemes," IJAL 33, 34-45.
E
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
ts
s š h
m n
l
Stops: p t k ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ o
ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Stress: phonemic
Syntax: SOV/VOS POSS-N
Number: 4859
Language: Mixe
Dialect: Totontepec
Location: S Mexico (Oaxaca)
Population: 35,000
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Mexican: Mixe-Zoque
Grammar: Crawford, John Chapman. 1963. Totontepec Mixe Phonotagmemics. SIL 8.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k ʔ
d̪ ɡ
ts
v s ṣ̌ h
ẓ̌
m n
(l)
(r)
Stops: p t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: v s ṣ̌ ẓ̌ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: (l)
Vibrants: (r)
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e ǝ ʋ
ɔ
æ a
Front Vowels: i e æ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Other Sources:
Clark, Lawrence E. 1959. "Phonemes Classes in Sayula Popoluca," Studies in Linguistics 14, 25-33.
Clark, Lawrence. 1961. Sayula Popoluca Texts. SIL 6.
Clark, Lawrence. 1962. "Sayula Popoluca Morpho-Syntax," IJAL 28, 183-99.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
ts č
s š h
m n
l
ɾ r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Stress: phonemic
Other Sources:
Wonderly, William L. 1946. "Phonemic Acculturation in Zoque," IJAL 12, 92-5.
Wonderly, William L. 1951-52. "Zoque I-VI," IJAL 17, 1-9, 105-23,137-62, 235-51; 18, 35-48,189-202.
WALS
Consonant system:
p t c k ʔ
(b) (d) (ɟ) (ɡ)
ts č
(ɡ̌)
(f) s š h
m n ñ ŋ
l
(ɾ) (r)
Stops: p (b) t (d) c (ɟ) k (ɡ) ʔ
Affricates: ts č (ɡ̌)
Fricatives: (f) s š h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (ɾ) (r)
Modified Consonants: c̄ t only
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɯ u
ɛ o
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)
Stress: penult
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 4867
Language: Proto-Mayan
Location: S Mexico
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Mexican: Mayan
Other Sources:
Olson, Ronald D. 1964. "Mayan Affinities with Chipaya of Bolivia I: Correpondences," IJAL 30, 313-24.
Kaufman, Terrence. 1969. "Teco - A New Mayan Language," IJAL 35, 154-74.
CTIL 4, 324.
Englund, Nora C. 1991. "Changes in Basic Word Order in Mayan Languages," IJAL 57: 446-86.
Consonant system:
p ʔb t̪ t̪ʔ t tʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
ts tsʔ č čʔ
s š x h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p ʔb t̪ t̪ʔ t tʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š x h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Other Sources:
Larsen, Raymond S. and Eunice Victoria Pike. 1949. "Huasteco Intonations and Phonemes," Lg 25, 268-77.
McQuown, Norman A. 1976. "A Huastec Autobiographical Text," NATS 1:1, 3-20.
Englund, Nora C. 1991. "Changes in Basic Word Order in Mayan Languages," IJAL 57: 446-86.
WALS
E
Consonant system:
p t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ ʔ
b (d) (ɡ)
ts tsʔ č čʔ
(f) θ (s) š h
m n
l
(ɾ)
Stops: p b t tʔ (d) k kʔ (ɡ) kʷ kʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: (f) θ (s) š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (ɾ)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Stress: non-phonemic
Articles: def indef
Syntax: SVO/VSO/VOS DN NUM-N POSS-N [WALS and E give SVO; Englund reports VSO/VOS.]
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Mexican: Mayan: Yucatecan
Grammar: Tozzer, Alfred M. 1921. A Maya Grammar. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard Univ, vol 9. [Reprinted 1977 by Dover Publications, New York]
Other Sources:
Bowman, Elizabeth. 1959. "An Attempt at an Analysis of Modern Yucatec from a Small Corpus of Recorded Speech," AL 1:4, 43-86.
Straight, H. Stephen. 1976. The Acquisition of Maya Phonology. New York: Garland.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ʔ
ʔb (d̪) (ɡ)
t̪s t̪sʔ č čʔ
(f) s̪ š (x) h
m n̪
l̪
(r)
Stops: p pʔ ʔb t̪ t̪ʔ (d̪) k kʔ (ɡ) ʔ
Affricates: t̪s t̪sʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: (f) s̪ š (x) h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: (r)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Tones: hi lo fall
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4d(ie) 4(ie)
2 5
3 6
inclusive/exclusive only in possessive pronouns
Other Sources:
Englund, Nora C. 1991. "Changes in Basic Word Order in Mayan Languages," IJAL 57: 446-86.
E
WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4di 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO/VOS [Englund gives VOS; E gives SVO.]
Number: 4873
Language: Mopan
Alternate Name: Maya
Location: N Guatemala
Population: 300,000
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Mexican: Mayan: Yucatecan
Grammar: Ulrich, Matthew and Rosemary Ulrich. 1966. "Mopan Maya," in LG, 251-71.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ ʔ
ʔb d
ts tsʔ č čʔ
s š h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p pʔ ʔb t tʔ d k kʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all but ɨ
Stress: final
Articles: def
Other Sources:
Aulie, Wilbur. 1957. "High-Layered Numerals in Chol (Mayan)," IJAL 23, 281-3.
Whittaker, Arabelle and Viola Warkentin. 1965. Chol Texts on the Supernatural. SIL 13.
Warkentin, Viola and Arabelle Whittaker. 1970. "Tumbala Chol Clause Structure," Linguistics 60, 74-110.
Warkentin, Viola M. and Ruth M. Brend. 1974. "Chol Phonology," Linguistics 132, 87-101.
E
WPF
Consonant system:
p pʔ (t) tj tʔ k kʔ ʔ
mb
ts tsʔ č čʔ
s š h
m n
l
ɾ
Stops: p pʔ mb (t) tj tʔ k kʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
ɛ ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Other Sources:
Keller, Kathryn. 1955. "The Chontal (Mayan) Numeral System," IJAL 21, 258-75.
Keller, Kathryn. C. 1959. "The Phonemes of Chontal (Mayan)," IJAL 25, 44-53.
WALS
Consonant system:
p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ʔ
b (d̪) (g)
ts tsʔ č čʔ
(f) s š h
m n
l
ɾ (r)
Stops: p pʔ b t̪ t̪ʔ (d̪) k kʔ (ɡ) ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: (f) s š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ (r)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Syllable: (C)CV(C)
Stress: phonemic
Syntax: SVO/VSO AN NUM-N Num+A+N [WALS gives SVO; E gives VSO.]
Other Sources:
Fought, John G. 1972. Chorti (Mayan) Texts 1. Philadelphia: Univ of Pennsylvania Press.
Englund, Nora C. 1991. "Changes in Basic Word Order in Mayan Languages," IJAL 57: 446-86.
WPF
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ ʔ
ʔb
ts tsʔ č čʔ
s š x
m n
l
r
Stops: p pʔ ʔb t tʔ k kʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š x
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO AN NG NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 4878
Language: Tzeltal
Location: S Mexico (Chiapas)
Population: 100,000
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Mexican: Mayan: Greater Tzeltalan
Dictionary: Slocum, Marianna C. and Florencia L. Gerdel. 1965. Vocabulario tzeltal de Bachajon. Mexico City: SIL.
Grammar:
Kaufman, Terrence. 1971. Tzeltal Phonology and Morphology. UCPL 61.
Other Sources:
Slocum, Marianna C. 1948. "Tzeltal (Mayan) Noun and Verb Morphology," IJAL 14, 77-86.
Berlin, Brent. 1963. "Some Semantic Features of Reduplication in Tzeltal," IJAL 29, 211-8.
Englund, Nora C. 1991. "Changes in Basic Word Order in Mayan Languages," IJAL 57: 446-86.
E
WPF
Consonant system:
p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ʔ
(b) ʔb (d̪) (ɡ)
t̪s t̪sʔ č čʔ
(f) s̪ š h
m n̪
l̪
ɾ (r)
Stops: p pʔ (b) ʔb t̪ t̪ʔ (d̪) k kʔ (ɡ) ʔ
Affricates: t̪s t̪sʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: (f) s̪ š h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: ɾ (r)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Stress: phonemic
Noun
Number: s p
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO/VOS AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N(1,2,3)/(N-POSS (for 4,5,6: {1,2,3} + N + pl)
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 4879
Language: Tzotzil
Location: S Mexico (Chiapas)
Population: 65,000
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Mexican: Mayan: Greater Tzeltalan
Grammar:
Schuller, Rudolf. 1925. "La Lengua ts'ots'il," IJAL 3, 193-218.
Other Sources:
Weathers, Nadine. 1947. "Tsotsil Phonemes with Special Reference to Allophones of B," IJAL 13, 108-11.
Weathers, Nadine. 1950. "Morphological Analysis of a Tzotzil (Mayan) Text," IJAL 16, 91-8.
Delgaty, Colin C. 1960. "Tzotzil Verb Phrase Structure," in MSI, 9-79.
Hopkins, Nicholas A. 1967. "A Short Sketch of Chalchihuitán Tzotzil," AL 9:4, 9-25.
WALS
Consonant system:
p pʔ t̪ tʔ k kʔ ʔ
ɓ
ts tsʔ č čʔ
v s š h
m n̪
l̪
(ɾ)
Stops: p pʔ ɓ t̪ tʔ k kʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: v s š h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: (ɾ)
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i u
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)
Tones: hi lo
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4(ie)
2 5
*3 *6
inclus/exclus only in verb suffixes
Syntax: VOS/SVO AN NG NUM-N POSS-N(1,2,3)/N-POSS(for 4,5,6: {123} + N + pl)
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 4880
Language: Tojolabal
Location: S Mexico (Chiapas)
Population: 15,000
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Mexican: Mayan: Greater Kanjobalan
Grammar: Furbee-Losee, Louanna. 1976. The Correct Language: Tojolabal. New York: Garland.
Other Sources: Supple, Julia and Celia M. Douglass. 1949. "Tojolabal (Mayan): Phonemes and Verb Morphology," IJAL 15, 168-74.
Consonant system:
p t tʔ k kʔ ʔ
(b) ɓ (d) (ɡ)
ts tsʔ č čʔ
s š h
m n
l
ɾ
Stops: p (b) ɓ t tʔ (d) k kʔ (ɡ) ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)(C)CV(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s (p)
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VOS ND NUM-N POSS-N
Ergative: ERG
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 4881
Language: Chuj
Dialect: San Sebastian, San Mateo
Location: NW Guatemala
Population: 14,000
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Mexican: Mayan: Greater Kanjobalan
Grammar: Williams, Kenneth and Barbara Williams. 1966. "Chuj," in LG, 219-34.
Other Sources: WPF
Consonant system:
p t tʔ k kʔ q ʔ
ʔb
ts tsʔ č čʔ
s š x
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p ʔb t tʔ k kʔ q ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š x
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: ā
Stress: final
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO/VOS NA NG ND NUM-N POSS-N N+A+D [The San Sebastian dialect is VSO; the San Mateo dialect is VSO/VOS.]
Other Sources:
Dakin, Karen. 1976. "Acateco [Kanjobal] Texts," NATS 1:1, 123-36.
Englund, Nora C. 1991. "Changes in Basic Word Order in Mayan Languages," IJAL 57: 446-86.
Consonant system:
p t k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
bʔ
ts tsʔ č̣ č̣ʔ č čʔ
s ṣ̌ š x h
m n
l
ɾ
Stops: p bʔ t k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č̣ č̣ʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s ṣ̌ š x h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Stress: final
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: VSO NG ND NUM-N POSS-N
Syntax: VSO/VOS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 4885
Language: Jacaltec
Location: NW Guatemala
Population: 12,000
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Mexican: Mayan: Greater Kanjobalan
Grammar:
Church, Clarence and Kay Church. 1966. "Jacaltec Grammar," in LG, 206-18.
Day, Christopher. 1973. The Jacaltec Language. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Craig, Colette Grinevald. 1977. The Structure of Jacaltec. Austin: Univ of Texas Press.
Other Sources:
Church, Clarence and Katherine Church. 1960. "The Jacaltec Noun Phrase," in MSI, 157-70.
Day, Christopher. 1976. "Someone Else's Dog: A Jacaltec Story," NATS 1:1, 98-104.
Craig, Colette Grinevald. 1979. "Jacaltec: Field Work in Guatemala," in LTS, 2-57.
Consonant system:
ph th tʔ kh kʔ qʔ ʔ
ʔb
tsh tsʔ č̣h č̣ʔ čh čʔ
ɸ s ṣ̌ š χ h
m n ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: ph ʔb th tʔ kh kʔ qʔ ʔ
Affricates: tsh tsʔ č̣h č̣ʔ čh čʔ
Fricatives: ɸ s ṣ̌ š χ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
ɛ o
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: VSO NA/(AN) NG ND NUM-N POSS-N/(N-POSS [3]) Num+N+A+D
Ergative: erg
Other Sources:
Kaufman, Terrence. 1969. "Teco - A New Mayan Language," IJAL 35, 154-74.
Englund, Nora C. 1991. "Changes in Basic Word Order in Mayan Languages," IJAL 57: 446-86.
Consonant system:
p t (tʔ) k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
(b) ʔb (d)
ts tsʔ ṭs ṭsʔ č čʔ
(f) s ṣ (š) (x) χ
m n
l
(ɾ) (r)
Stops: p (b) ʔb t (tʔ) (d) k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ ṭs ṭsʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: (f) s ṣ (š) (x) χ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (ɾ) (r)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Stress: final
Other Sources: England, Nora C. 1976. "Mam Text," NATS 1:1, 88-97.
Consonant system:
p t tʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
ʔb
ts tsʔ č̣ č̣ʔ č čʔ
s ṣ̌ š x
m n
l
r
Stops: p ʔb t tʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č̣ č̣ʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s ṣ̌ š x
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all but o
Stress: final
Syntax: VSO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 4888
Language: Aguacatec
Alternate Name: Awakateko
Location: NW Guatemala (Huehuetenango)
Population: 15,000
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Mexican: Mayan: Eastern: Greater Mamean
Grammar:
McArthur, Harry and Lucille McArthur. 1966. "Aguacatec," in LG, 140-65.
Other Sources:
McArthur, Harry and Lucile McArthur. 1956. "Aguacatec (Mayan) Phonemes within the Stress Group," IJAL 22, 72-6.
McArthur, Harry S. 1979. "The Role of Aspect in Distinguishing Aguacatec Discourse Types," in DSML, 97-121.
McArthur, Lucille E. 1979. "Highlighting in Aguacatec Discourse," in DSML, 219-44.
WPF
Consonant system:
p t tʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
ɓ
ts tsʔ č̣ č̣ʔ č čʔ
s ṣ̌ š h
m n
l
(ɾ)
Stops: p ɓ t tʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č̣ č̣ʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s ṣ̌ š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (ɾ)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
I ʋ
ɛ ǝ o
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ
Back Vowels: ʋ o
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)
Stress: final
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
polite/familiar: 2
Syntax: VSO AN/NA NG DN/ND NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 4889
Language: Ixil
Dialect: Nebaj, Chajul, Cotzal
Location: NW Guatemala (Quichй)
Population: 25,000
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Mexican: Mayan: Eastern: Greater Mamean
Grammar: Elliot, Raymond and Helen Elliot. 1966. "Ixil," in LG, 125-39.
Other Sources:
Elliott, Ray. 1960. "Ixil (Mayan) Clause Structure," in MSI, 129-54.
Englund, Nora C. 1991. "Changes in Basic Word Order in Mayan Languages," IJAL 57: 446-86.
Consonant system:
ph t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ qh qʔ ʔ
ɓ
ts tsʔ č̣ č̣ʔ č čʔ
s ṣ̌ š x
m n
l
ɾ
Stops: ph ɓ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ qh qʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č̣ č̣ʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s ṣ̌ š x
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Stress: final
Articles: def
Syntax: VSO/VOS AN NG ND NUM-N POSS-N [VSO in the Nebaj and Chajul dialects; VOS in the Cotzal dialect]
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Mexican: Mayan: Eastern: Greater Quichean
Dictionary:
Rosales Ponce, Emilio. 1965. Vocabulario espanol-qquecchi. Cobán, Alta Verapaz: El Norte.
Grammar:
Haeserijn V., Esteban. 1966. Ensayo de la Gramatica del k'ekchi'. Purulha, B.V.: Imprenta Suquinay.
Eachus, Francis and Ruth Carlson. 1966. "Kekchi," in LG, 110-24.
Other Sources:
Freeze, Ray. 1976. "K'ekchi' Texts," NATS 1:1, 21-31.
E
Consonant system:
p t tʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
ʔb
ts tsʔ č čʔ
s š x h
m n
l
r
Stops: p ʔb t tʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š x h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO/VSO AN/NA NG ND/DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 4892
Language: Quiche
Alternate Name: K'iche'
Location: Guatemala (Quichй)
Population: 315,000
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Mexican: Mayan: Eastern: Greater Quichean
Dictionary:
Edmonson, Munro S. 1965. Quiche-English Dictionary. New Orleans: Middle American Research Institute, Tulane Univ.
Teletor, Celso Narciso. 1959. Diccionario castellano-quiche y voces Castellano-Pocomam. Guatemala City.
Grammar: Fox, David. 1966. "Quiche Grammatical Sketch," in LG, 60-86.
TextBooks: Fox, David G. 1965. Lecciones elementales en quiché. Guatemala City: Ministerio de Educación.
Other Sources: Englund, Nora C. 1991. "Changes in Basic Word Order in Mayan Languages," IJAL 57: 446-86.
Consonant system:
p t tʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
ʔb
ts tsʔ č čʔ
s š x
m n
l
r
Stops: p ʔb t tʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š x
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO/VSO/VOS AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N [E gives SVO; Englund gives VSO/VOS.]
Prep/Post: PREP
Comments: Most numerous Indian language in Guatemala.
Number: 4893
Language: Achi
Location: Guatemala
Population: 25,000
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Mexican: Mayan: Eastern: Greater Quichean
Grammar: Shaw, Mary and Helen Neuenswander. 1966. "Achi," in LG, 15-48
Other Sources: E
Consonant system:
p t tʔ k kʔ q ʔ
ʔb
ts tsʔ č čʔ
s š x
m n
l
r
Stops: p ʔb t tʔ k kʔ q ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š x
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Stress: final
Other Sources:
Carlin, Ramon A. 1970. "Tzutujil (Mayan) Clause Nuclei," AL 12, 103-11.
Butler, James H. and Ilah Fleming. 1976. "Tzutujil Texts," NATS 1:1, 61-71.
Englund, Nora C. 1991. "Changes in Basic Word Order in Mayan Languages," IJAL 57: 446-86.
Consonant system:
p t tʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
ɓ ɗ
ts tsʔ č čʔ
s š h
m n
l
r
Stops: p ɓ t tʔ ɗ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
I ʋ
ɛ ɐ ɔ
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: ɐ
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Articles: def indef
Syntax: VSO/VOS AN/NA NG DN NUM-N POSS-N [According to Englund the San Juan and Santiago dialects are VOS; the San Pedro dialect is VSO/VOS. According to E the Western dialect is SVO.]
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 4897
Language: Cakchiquel
Alternate Name: Kaqchikel
Location: Guatemala (Chimaltenango)
Population: 300,000
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Mexican: Mayan: Eastern: Greater Quichean
Grammar: Townsend, W. Cameron. 1960. "Cakchiquel Grammar," in MSI, 9-79.
Other Sources:
Grimes, James L. 1968. "The Linguistic Unity of Cakchiquel-Tzutujil," IJAL 34, 104-14.
Englund, Nora C. 1991. "Changes in Basic Word Order in Mayan Languages," IJAL 57: 446-86.
WALS
Consonant system:
p t (tʔ) k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
ɓ (d) (ɡ)
ts tsʔ č čʔ
(f) s š h
m n
l
r
Stops: p ɓ t (tʔ) (d) k kʔ (ɡ) q qʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: (f) s š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO/VSO/VOS AN/(NA) D-N-D(DN/ND) NUM-N POSS-N [E gives SVO for all dialects; WALS gives VOS; Englund gives VSO/VOS.]
Other Sources: Smith-Stark, Thomas C. 1976. "Jilotepequeño Pocomam Texts," NATS 1:1, 72-87.
Consonant system:
p t k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
č čʔ
s š x h
m mʔ n
l
ɾ
Stops: p t k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
Affricates: č čʔ
Fricatives: s š x h
Nasals: m mʔ n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w wʔ
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Stress: final
Articles: def
Syntax: SVO AN/NA NG ND NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 4899
Language: Pocomchi
Location: N Guatemala
Population: 37,000
Classification: Amerind: Penutian: Mexican: Mayan: Eastern: Greater Quichean
Grammar: Mayers, Marvin K. and Marilyn A. Mayers. 1966. "Pocomchi," in LG, 87-109.
Other Sources:
Mayers, Marvin. 1957. "Pocomchi Verb Structure," IJAL 23, 165-70.
Mayers, Marvin. 1958. Pocomchı́ Texts. SIL 2.
Mayers, Marvin K. 1960. "The Phonemes of Pocomchi," AL 2:9, 1-39.
Consonant system:
p t tʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
ʔb
ts tsʔ č čʔ
s š x h
m n
l
ɾ
Stops: p ʔb t tʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š x h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)CV(C)(C), but no CCVCC
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VOS AN NG ND NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Краткие типологические обзоры языков Хоканской семьи
Other Sources:
Harrington, J. P. 1931. "Karuk Texts," IJAL 6,121-61.
Augulo, Jaime de and L. S. Freeland. 1931. "Karuk Texts," IJAL 6,194-226.
Jacobsen, William H. Jr. 1958. "Washo and Karok: An Approach to Comparative Hokan," IJAL 24,195-212.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
č
f θ s (š) x h
β
m n
ɾ
Stops: p t k ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: β f θ s (š) x h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̄ p t k č f θ s š x m n
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i ʋ
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ʋ̄ ō
Nasal Vowels: (ı̃) (ã)
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Noun
Number: p only for personal nouns
Demonstratives: 1
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
These are verbal prefixes.
Syntax: SOV/SVO NA GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 4901
Language: Shasta
Location: N California
Population: 2
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Northern
Grammar: Silver, Shirley Kling. 1966. The Shasta Language. Berkeley: Univ of California Diss.
Other Sources:
Silver, Shirley. 1964. "Shasta and Karok: A Binary Comparison," in SCL, 170-81.
Silver, Shirley. 1980. "Shasta and Konomihu," in American Indian and Indoeuropean Studies," ed. by Kathryn Klar, Margaret Langdon and Shirley Silver, The Hague, Mouton, 245-63.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ ʔ
ts tsʔ č čʔ
s x h
m n
r
Stops: p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s x h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ all but r j w
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
ɛ
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Other Sources: Crawford, James M. 1976. "A Comparison of Chimariko and Yuman," in HS, 177-91.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t (th) tʔ ṭ (ṭh) ṭʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ
tsʔ č čh čʔ
s š x χ h
m n
l
Stops: p ph pʔ t (th) tʔ ṭ (ṭh) ṭʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ
Affricates: tsʔ č čh čʔ
Fricatives: s š x χ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Number: 4903
Language: Achumawi
Location: NE California
Population: 40
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Palaihnihan
Dictionary: Olmsted, D. L. 1966. Achumawi Dictionary. UCPL 45.
Grammar:
Angulo, Jaime de and L. S. Freeland. 1931. "The Achumawi Language, " IJAL 6, 77-120.
Other Sources:
Uldall, H. J. 1935. "A Sketch of Achumawi Phonetics," IJAL 8, 73-7.
Olmsted, D. L. 1964. A History of Palaihnihan Phonology. UCPL 35.
WPF
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ
č čh čʔ
s š x χ h
m n
l
ɾ
Stops: p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ
Affricates: č čh čʔ
Fricatives: s š x χ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
I ʋ
ɛ ǝ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī e: ā ū o:
Other Sources:
Olmsted, D. L. 1958. "Atsugewi Phonology," IJAL 24, 215-20.
Olmsted, D. L. 1964. A History of Palaihnihan Phonology. UCPL 35.
WPF
Consonant system:
p t tʔ k kʔ q ʔ
(tθ) ts č čʔ
ɡ̌
s sʔ š x h
z
m ʔm n ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p t tʔ k kʔ q ʔ
Affricates: (tθ) ts č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: s sʔ z š x h
Nasals: m ʔm n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̄ p m n s l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Stress: phonemic
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Number: 4905
Language: Yana
Location: NC California
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Yanan
Dictionary: Sapir, Edward and Morris Swadesh. 1960. Yana Dictionary. UCPL 22.
Other Sources:
Haas, Mary R. 1964. "California Hokan," in SCL, 73-87.
Nevin, Bruce E. 1976. "Transformational Analysis of Some Grammatical Morphemes in Yana," in HS, 237-50.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
ts tsh tsʔ
s x h
m n
l
r
Stops: p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsh tsʔ
Fricatives: s x h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ai au ui
Syllable: CV(C)(C)(C)
Stress: on first heavy syllable; if no heavy syllables, initial
Noun
Number: s (p) (pl optional for many animate nouns, particularly kinship terms)
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3
Syntax: NUM-N N-POSS
Noun Incorporation: noun incorp
Number: 4906
Language: Yahi
Location: N California
Population: extinct (1916)
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Yanan
Other Sources: Kroeber, Theodora. 1961. Ishi in Two Worlds. Berkeley: Univ of California Press.
Consonant system:
Number: 4907
Language: Southeastern Pomo
Location: N California
Population: 10
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Pomo
Grammar: Moshinsky, Julius. 1974. A Grammar of Southeastern Pomo. UCPL 72.
Other Sources: WPF
Consonant system:
(p) pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ ṭ ṭʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
b d
ts tsʔ
f s š x χ h
m n
l
(ɾ)
Stops: (p) pʔ b t̪ t̪ʔ d ṭ ṭʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ
Fricatives: f s š x χ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (ɾ)
Modified Consonants: c̄ t s
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
I ʋ
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Noun
Number: s (p) (pl for animate nouns only)
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3mf 6
3m, 3f and 6 have displaced and non-displaced forms.
Syntax: SOV GN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 4908
Language: Eastern Pomo
Location: N California
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Pomo
Grammar: McLendon, Sally. 1975. A Grammar of Eastern Pomo. UCPL 74.
Other Sources: WPF
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ q qʔ ʔ
b d
ts tsh tsʔ č čh čʔ
s š x h
m m̥ n n̥
l l̥
r
Stops: p ph pʔ b t th tʔ d ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ q qʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsh tsʔ č čh čʔ
Fricatives: s š x h
Nasals: m m̥ n n̥
Laterals: l l̥
Vibrants: r
Glides: j j̥ w w̥
Vowel system:
I ʋ
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Number: s (p) (pl for personal nouns only)
Demonstratives: 2 + ref (+ that particular, that specific)
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3mfc 6mfc
6m=6f
+ indef
Syntax: SOV NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Comments: There are no young speakers.
Number: 4909
Language: Northeastern Pomo
Location: N California
Population: 1
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Pomo: Russian River
Other Sources:
McLendon, Sally. 1973. Proto Pomo. UCPL 71.
WPF
Consonant system:
(p) t th tʔ ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
b d
č čh čʔ
f s š h
m n
l
r
Stops: (p) b t th tʔ d ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
Affricates: č čh čʔ
Fricatives: f s š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Stress: phonemic
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3mf
Number: 4910
Language: Northern Pomo
Location: N California
Population: 40
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Pomo: Russian River
Other Sources:
McLendon, Sally. 1973. Proto Pomo. UCPL 71.
WPF
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
b d
ts tsʔ č čʔ
s š h
m n
l
Stops: p ph pʔ b t th tʔ d ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Stress: phonemic
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3
Number: 4911
Language: Southern Pomo
Location: N California
Population: 40
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Pomo: Russian River
Other Sources:
McLendon, Sally. 1973. Proto Pomo. UCPL 71.
WPF
Consonant system:
ph pʔ t th tʔ ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh ǩʔ ʔ
b d
ts tsh tsʔ č čh čʔ
s š h
m n ŋ
l
Stops: ph p̌ʔ b t th ťʔ d ṭ ṭh ṭ̌ʔ k kh ǩʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsh tsʔ č čh čʔ
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Stress: penult
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3mf
Number: 4912
Language: Central Pomo
Location: N California
Population: 40
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Pomo: Russian River
Other Sources: McLendon, Sally. 1973. Proto Pomo. UCPL 71. WPF
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ
b d
ts tsh tsʔ
s sʔ h
m n
l
Stops: p ph pʔ b t th tʔ d ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsh tsʔ
Fricatives: s sʔ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Stress: phonemic
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Pomo: Russian River
Other Sources:
Oswalt, Robert L. 1964a. Kashaya Texts. UCPL 36.
Oswalt, Robert L. 1964b. "A Comparative Study of Two Pomo Languages," in SCL,149-62.
McLendon, Sally. 1973. Proto Pomo. UCPL 71.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ
b d
tsʔ č čh čʔ
f s š h
m n
l
(r)
Stops: p ph pʔ b t th tʔ d ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ
Affricates: tsʔ č čh čʔ
Fricatives: f s š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (r)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Tones: hi low
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3mf
Number: 4914
Language: Washo
Location: NE California
Population: 100
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Washo
Grammar: Jacobsen, William Horton, Jr. 1964. A Grammar of the Washo Language. Berkeley: Univ of California Diss.
Other Sources:
Jacobsen, William H., Jr. 1958. "Washo and Karok: An Approach to Comparative Hokan," IJAL 24, 195-212.
Lowie, Robert H. 1963. "Washo Texts, " AL 5:7, 1-30.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ ʔ
b d ɡ
tsʔ
dz
s š h
m m̥ n ŋ ŋ̥
l l̥
Stops: p pʔ b t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: tsʔ dz
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m m̥ n ŋ ŋ̥
Laterals: l l̥
Glides: j j̥ w w̥
Vowel system:
I ɨ ʋ
ɛ o
a
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: ʋ o
Long Vowels: ī ǣ ɨ̄ ā ū ɔ̄
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Syllable: (ʔ)CV(C)
Stress: phonemic
Noun
Number: s (p) (pl optional)
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SOV AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 4915
Language: Salinan
Location: C California
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Salinan-Chumash
Other Sources:
WALS
WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO
Number: 4916
Language: Chumash
Dialect: Barbareño
Location: WC California
Population: extinct (1965)
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Salinan-Chumash
Other Sources:
Beeler, M. S. 1970. "Sibilant Harmony in Chumash," IJAL 36, 14-7.
Beeler, M. S. 1976. "Barbareño Chumash Grammar: A Farrago," in HS, 251-69.
WPF
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ
ts tsh tsʔ č čh čʔ
s sh sʔ š šh x xʔ h
m ʔm n ʔn
l ʔl
Stops: p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsh tsʔ č čh čʔ
Fricatives: s sh sʔ š šh x xʔ h
Nasals: m ʔm n ʔn
Laterals: l ʔl
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Stress: penult
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SVO(Island dialect)/VOS(Northern & Central dialects) NG DN POSS-N
Number: 4917
Language: Esselen
Location: C California
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Salinan-Chumash
Other Sources: WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Number: 4918
Language: Seri
Location: NW Mexico (Sonora)
Population: few
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Seri-Yuman: Seri
Dictionary: Moser, Edward and Mary B. de Moser. 1961. Vocabulario Seri. Mexico: SIL.
Other Sources:
Moser, Edward W. and Mary B. Moser. 1965. "Consonant Vowel Balance in Seri (Hokan) Syllables," Linguistics 16, 50-67.
Turner, Paul R. 1967. "Seri and Chontal (Tequistlateco)," IJAL 33, 235-9.
Moser, Edward and Mary Moser. 1976. "Seri Noun Pluralization Classes," in HS, 285-96.
Moser, Mary B. 1978. "Switch-Reference in Seri," IJAL 44, 113-20.
WPF
Consonant system:
p t̪ k kʷ ʔ
ɸ s š x xʷ h
m n̪ ŋ
l ɬ
ɾ
Stops: p t̪ k kʷ ʔ
Fricatives: ɸ s š x xʷ h
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w̥
Vowel system:
i
ɛ o
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C) (not all combinations occur)
Stress: phonemic
Other Sources:
Wares, Alan Cambell. 1968. A Comparative Study of Yuman Consonantism. The Hague: Mouton.
Mixco, M. 1976. "Historical Implications of Some Kiliwa Phonological Rules," in HS, 149-58.
Mixco, Mauricio J. 1977. "The Innovation of /h,hw/ in Kiliwa," IJAL 43,167-75.
WALS
Consonant system:
p ph t th k kh kʷ khʷ q qh ʔ
č čh
s x xʷ h hʷ
ɣ
m n ñ
l
Stops: p ph t th k kh kʷ khʷ q qh ʔ
Affricates: č čh
Fricatives: s x ɣ xʷ h hʷ
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
(e) (o)
a
Front Vowels: i (e)
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u (o)
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Stress: final
Other Sources:
Wares, Alan Cambell. 1968. A comparative Study of Yuman Consonantism. The Hague: Mouton.
Crawford, James M. 1970. "Cocopa Baby Talk," IJAL 36, 9-13.
Consonant system:
p t ṭ k kʷ ʔ
ts
s ṣ š x xʷ
m n ñ
l ɬ ʎ ʎ̥
r
Stops: p t ṭ k kʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: s ṣ š x xʷ
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l ɬ ʎ ʎ̥
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Stress: stem final
Number: 4921
Language: Diegueño
Dialect: Northern
Location: S California
Population: 185
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Seri-Yuman: Yuman: Delta-California
Dictionary: Couro, Ted And Christina Hutcheson. 1973. Dictionary of Mesa Grande Diegueño. Banning, CA: Malki Museum Press.
Grammar: Langdon, Margaret. 1970. A Grammar of Diegueño. UCPL 66.
TextBooks: Couro, Ted and Margaret Langdon. 1975. Let's Talk 'Iipay Aa. Banning, CA: Malki Museum Press.
Other Sources: Gorbet, Larry Paul. 1976. A Grammar of Diegueño Nominals. New York: Garland.
Consonant system:
p t̪ t k kʷ (q) ʔ
č
s̪ s x xʷ
β
m n̪ n ñ
l ɬ ʎ ʎ̥
(r) ɹ̣
Stops: p t̪ t k kʷ (q) ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: β s̪ s x xʷ
Nasals: m n̪ n ñ
Laterals: l ɬ ʎ ʎ̥
Vibrants: (r) ɹ̣
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
I ʋ
ǝ (ɔ)
a
Front Vowels: I
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: ʋ (ɔ)
Long Vowels: ē ā ō (ɔ̄)
Diphthongs: diphthonɡs
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)
Stress: final
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def
Other Sources: Wares, Alan Cambell. 1968. A Comparative Study of Yuman Consonantism. The Hague: Mouton.
Consonant system:
p t ṭ k kʷ ʔ
č
s š x xʷ
m n ñ
l ɬ ʎ
ɾ
Stops: p t ṭ k kʷ ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s š x xʷ
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l ɬ ʎ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Stress: stem final
Syntax: SOV
Number: 4923
Language: Mohave
Location: NW Arizona
Population: 2,800
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Seri-Yuman: Yuman: River
Other Sources:
Wares, Alan Cambell. 1968. A Comparative Study of Yuman Consonatism. The Hague: Mouton.
Munro, Pamela. 1976. Mojave Syntax. New York:Garland.
Consonant system:
p t (ṭ) k kj kʷ q qʷ ʔ
č
θ s (š) h hʷ
v ð
m n (ṇ) ñ
l ʎ
r
Stops: p t (ṭ) k kj kʷ q qʷ ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: v θ ð s (š) h hʷ
Nasals: m n (ṇ) ñ
Laterals: l ʎ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
I ʋ
e ǝ o
ɐ
Front Vowels: I e
Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ
Back Vowels: ʋ o
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Tones: hi mid lo ris fall
Stress: stem final
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Comments: "I have not heard anyone under forty converse fluently in the language, although many young Mojaves can understand their elders' speech." Munro, x.
Number: 4924
Language: Yuma1
Location: SE California
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Seri-Yuman: Yuman: River
Other Sources: WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Number: 4925
Language: Maricopa
Location: SW Arizona
Population: 2,800
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Seri-Yuman: Yuman: River
Other Sources:
Wares, Alan Cambell. 1968. A Comparative Study of Yuman Consonantism. The Hague: Mouton.
Sunn, Nick and Henny O. Harwell. 1976. "An Account of Maricopa Origins," NATS 1:3, 26-30.
WPF
Consonant system:
p t k kj kʷ q qʷ ʔ
č
s š x xʷ
β ð
m n ñ
l ʎ
r
Stops: p t k kj kʷ q qʷ ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: β ð s š x xʷ
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l ʎ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
I ʋ
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Stress: stem final
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV NA ND N-NUM
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 4926
Language: Paipai
Location: NW Mexico (N Baja California)
Population: 150
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Seri-Yuman: Yuman: Pai
Other Sources: Wares, Alan Cambell. 1968. A Comparative Study of Yuman Consonantism. The Hague: Mouton.
Consonant system:
p t k kj kʷ q qʷ ʔ
č
s ṣ x xʷ χ
β
m n ñ
l (ɬ) ʎ
r
Stops: p t k kj kʷ q qʷ ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: β s ṣ x xʷ χ
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l (ɬ) ʎ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Number: 4927
Language: Walapai
Alternate Name: Hualapai
Location: NW Arizona
Population: 1,500
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Seri-Yuman: Yuman: Pai
Other Sources:
Redden, James E. 1966. "Walapai I: Phonology," IJAL 32, 1-16.
Winter, Werner. 1966. "Yuman Languages II: Wolf's Son - A Walapai Text," IJAL 32, 17-40.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k q ʔ
č
θ s̪ h
v
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l̪
ɾ̣
Stops: p t̪ k q ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: v θ s̪ h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: ɾ̣
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ o
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)(C)(G)V(C)(C)(C)
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 4: this close/this/that/that further away
Articles: 4: the particular, that indefinite, that other indefinite, the former-non-present, no longer existing.
Syntax: SOV NA ND N-POSS/POSS-N
Comments: All Walapai are bilingual in English.
Number: 4928
Language: Havasupai
Location: N Arizona
Population: 1,500
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Seri-Yuman: Yuman: Pai
Other Sources:
Spier, Leslie. 1924. "Havasupai (Yuman) Texts," IJAL 3,109-16.
Kozlowski, Edwin. 1976. "Remarks on Havasupai Phonology," IJAL 42,140-9.
Consonant system:
p t k kj kʷ q qʷ ʔ
č
(f) θ s h hʷ
v
m n ñ
l
ɾ
Stops: p t k kj kʷ q qʷ ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: (f) v θ s h hʷ
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
I ʋ
ɛ (ǝ) ɔ
a
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: (ǝ) a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ɛ̄ ā ū ɔ̄
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C)
Stress: phonemic
Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N
Number: 4929
Language: Yavapai
Location: W Arizona
Population: 1,500
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Seri-Yuman: Yuman: Pai
Other Sources:
Shaterian, A. V. 1976. "Yavapai [+ sonorant] Segments," in HS, 87-93.
Kendall, Martha B. 1976. Selected Problems in Yavapai Syntax. New York: Garland.
Consonant system:
p t k kj kʷ q qʷ ʔ
č
θ s (š) h hʷ
v
m n ñ
l
ṛ
Stops: p t k kj kʷ q qʷ ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: v θ s (š) h hʷ
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ṛ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: ṽ a
Stress: root final
Noun
Number: s (p)
Demonstratives: 8: this one nearby /this one/that one specific/that one/that one there (visible)/that one (distant)/that one (invisible or non-existent)/that other one
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: SOV NA GN DN/ND N-NUM POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Comments: "Young Yavapais are almost entirely monolingual in English." Kendall, p. xii.
Number: 4930
Language: Waicuri
Location: NW Mexico (S Baja California)
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Waicuri-Quinigua
Consonant system:
Number: 4931
Language: Maratino
Location: EC Mexico
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Waicuri-Quinigua
Consonant system:
Number: 4932
Language: Quinigua
Location: EC Mexico
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Waicuri-Quinigua
Consonant system:
Number: 4933
Language: Tonkawa
Location: C Texas
Population: 5
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Coahuiltecan
Dictionary: Hoijer, Harry. 1949. An Analytical Dictionary of the Tonkawa Language. UCPL 5.
Grammar: Hoijer, Harry. 1946. "Tonkawa," in LSNA, 289-311.
Other Sources:
Haas, Mary R. 1959. "Tonkawa and Algonquian," AL 1:2, 1-6.
Hoijer, Harry. 1972. Tonkawa Texts. UCPL 73.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k kʷ ʔ
t̪s
s̪ x xʷ h
m n̪
l̪
Stops: p t̪ k kʷ ʔ
Affricates: t̪s
Fricatives: s̪ x xʷ h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
I u
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Other Sources:
Troike, Rudolph C. 1963. "A Contribution to Coahuilteco," IJAL 29, 295-9.
Kaufman, Terrence. 1976. "Areal Linguistics and Middle America," in NLA 2, 63-87.
WALS
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ ʔ
ts č
s š x xʷ
m n
l
Stops: p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: s š x xʷ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: Troike adds tsʔ čʔ ʔl ʔ h o
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syntax: SOV
Number: 4936
Language: Cotoname
Location: EC Mexico
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Coahuiltecan
Consonant system:
Number: 4937
Language: Comecrudo
Location: EC Mexico
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Coahuiltecan
Other Sources: CTIL 11, 468
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ
ts
s h hʷ
m n
l
Stops: p t k kʷ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: s h hʷ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: cʔ ?
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄
Stress: phonemic
Number: 4938
Language: Tlamelula
Location: S Mexico (Oaxaca)
Population: 5,000
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Tequistlatecan
Grammar: Waterhouse, Viola Grace. 1962. The Grammatical Structure of Oaxaca Chontal. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Other Sources: Turner, Paul R. 1969. "Proto-Chontal Phonemes," IJAL 35, 34-7.
Consonant system:
p t c k kʔ ʔ
b d ɡ
pfʔ ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ
f s š x
m ʔm n ʔn n̥ ñ ʔñ
l ʔl ɬ ʎ ʎ̥
ɾ r
Stops: p b t d c k kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: pfʔ ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: f s š x
Nasals: m ʔm n ʔn n̥ ñ ʔñ
Laterals: l ʔl ɬ ʎ ʎ̥
Vibrants: ɾ r
Glides: j j̥ w w̥ ʔw
Vowel system:
i u
ɛ o
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)
Stress: phonemic
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: VSO AN GN/NG DN N-NUM POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 4939
Language: Tequistlatec
Alternate Name: Chontal
Location: S Mexico (S Oaxaca)
Population: 5,000
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Tequistlatecan
Other Sources:
Waterhouse, Viola and May Morrison. 1950. "Chontal Phonemes," IJAL 16, 35-9.
Turner, Paul R. 1967a. "Seri and Chontal (Tequistlateco)," IJAL 33, 235-9.
Turner, Paul R. 1967b. "Highland Chontal Phrase Syntagmemes," IJAL 33, 282-6.
Turner, Paul R. 1967c. "Highland Chontal Phonemes," AL 9:4, 26-32.
Consonant system:
p t k kʔ ʔ
b d ɡ
ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ
f fʔ s š h
m n n̥ ŋ
l ɬ
Stops: p b t d k kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: f fʔ s š h
Nasals: m n n̥ ŋ
Laterals: l ɬ
Glides: j w w̥
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Syllable: (C)(C)CV(C)(C), but no CCCVCC
Articles: def
Syntax: AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Noun Incorporation: noun incorp
Number: 4940
Language: Jicaque
Alternate Name: Tol
Location: NW Honduras
Population: 300
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Southern
Other Sources:
Conzemius, Edward. 1923. "The Jicaques of Honduras," IJAL 2, 163-70.
Greenberg, Joseph H. and Morris Swadesh. 1953. "Jicaque as a Hokan Language, " IJAL 19, 216-22.
Fleming, Ilah and Ronald K. Dennis. 1977. "Tol (Jicaque): Phonology," IJAL 43, 121-7.
Oltrogge, David. 1977. "Proto Jicaque-Subtiaba-Tequistlateco: A Comparative Reconstruction," in Two Studies in Middle American Comparative Linguistics, SIL 55, 1-52.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
ts tsh tsʔ
s h
β
m n ŋ
l
Stops: p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsh tsʔ
Fricatives: β s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j ɨ̯ w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Syllable: C(C)V(C)
Stress: final
Articles: indef
Syntax: SOV NA GN N-NUM POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 4941
Language: Yurimangui
Location: W Colombia (Cauca)
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Southern
Consonant system:
Number: 4942
Language: Tlapanec
Location: S Mexico (E Guerrero)
Population: 50,000
Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Southern: Tlapanecan
Grammar: GD: Radin,Paul. 1935. "Notes on the Tlapanecan Language of Guerrero," IJAL 8, 45-72.
Other Sources: Weathers, Mark L. 1976. "Tlapanec 1975," IJAL 42, 367-71.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
s š h
m n
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels:
ṽ all
v̄̃ all
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Other Sources: Oltrogge, David. 1977. "Proto Jicaque-Subtiaba-Tequistlateco: A Comparative Reconstruction," in Two Studies in Middle American Comparative Linguistics, SIL 55, 1-52.
Consonant system:
p t tʔ k
b mb d ɡ
s š χ h
m n ñ ŋ
l
Stops: p b mb t tʔ d k ɡ
Fricatives: s š χ h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
o
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Краткие типологические обзоры Центрально-америндских языков
Обзоры типов Таноанских языков
Number: 4944
Language: Kiowa
Location: Oklahoma
Population: 2,000
Classification: Amerind: Central: Tanoan: Kiowa-Towa
Dictionary: Harrington, John Peabody. 1928. Vocabulary of the Kiowa Language. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 84.
Grammar: Trager, Edith Crowell. 1960. The Kiowa Language: A Grammatical Study. Philadelphia: Univ of Pennsylvania Diss.
Other Sources:
Harrington, John P. 1946. "Three Kiowa Texts," IJAL 12, 237-43.
Crowell, Edith E. 1949. "A Preliminary Report on Kiowa Structure," IJAL 15, 163-7.
Wonderly, William L., Lorna F. Gibson and Paul L. Kirk. 1954. "Number in Kiowa: Nouns, Demonstratives, and Adjectives," IJAL 20, 1-7.
Sivertsen, Eva. 1956. "Pitch Problems in Kiowa," IJAL 22, 117-30.
Merrifield, William R. 1959. "The Kiowa Verb Prefix," IJAL 25, 168-76.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
b d ɡ
ts tsʔ
s h
z
m n
l
Stops: p ph pʔ b t th tʔ d k kh kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ
Fricatives: s z h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i u
e o
ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels:
ṽ all
v̄̃ all
Other Sources:
Harrington, John P. 1946. "Three Tewa Texts," IJAL 13, 112-6.
Hoijer, Harry and Edward P. Dozier. 1949. "The Phonemes of Tewa, Santa Clara Dialect," IJAL 15, 139-44.
Dozier, Edward. 1953. "Tewa II: Verb Structure," IJAl 19, 118-27.
Yegerlehner, John. 1959. "Arizona Tewa I: Phonemes," IJAL 25, 1-7.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t (tj) tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ ʔ
b d ɡ
ts tsʔ č čʔ
ɡ̌
ɸ θ s š x xʷ h hʷ
β
m n nj
ɾ
Stops: p pʔ b t (tj) tʔ d k kʔ ɡ kʷ kʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: ɸ β θ s š x xʷ h hʷ
Nasals: m n nj
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e
(ɛ) ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i e (ɛ)
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: ī (ɛ̄) ā ū ō
Nasal Vowels:
ĩ ɛ̃ ã ũ
ɛ̃̄ ã̄ ũ̄
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Tones: hi mid lo falling weak
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 (4d)* 4
2 (5d)* 5
3 (6d)* 6
*occur in prefixed pronouns only, not in independent pronouns.
Syntax: SOV NA GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Comments:
Age Lgs
>70 Bilingual: Tewa, Spanish
45-70 Trilingual: Tewa, Spanish, English
0-45 Bilingual: Tewa, English
TextBooks:
Trager, George L. 1944. "Spanish and English Loanwords in Taos," IJAL 10, 144-58.
Trager, George L. 1948. "Taos I: A Language Revisited," IJAL 14, 155-60.
Trager, Geoger L. 1954. "Taos II: Pronominal Reference," IJAL 20, 173-80.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ ʔ
b d ɡ
ts tsʔ
s x xʷ h
m n
l ɬ
ɾ
Stops: p ph pʔ b t th tʔ d k kʔ ɡ kʷ kʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ
Fricatives: s x xʷ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ
a ɒ
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ɒ
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ũ ɔ̃ ɑ̃
Tones: hi mid lo
Noun
Number: s p
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
1=6d
These are noun prefixes; the only independent pronouns are 1 and 2.
Other Sources: Trager, Felicia Harben. 1971. "The Phonology of Pictures," IJAL 37, 29-33.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ ʔ
(b) (d) (ɡ)
č
s x xʷ h
m n
l ɬ
(r)
Stops: p ph pʔ (b) t th tʔ (d) k kʔ (ɡ) kʷ kʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s x xʷ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: (r)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ o
ɑ
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Diphthongs: ia
Other Sources: Leap, William L. 1971. "Who were the Piro," AL 13, 321-30.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ k kh kʔ
b d̪ ɡ
t̪s
s̪ x h
m n̪
ɬ̪
r
Stops: p ph pʔ b t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ k kh kʔ ɡ
Affricates: t̪s
Fricatives: s̪ x h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: ɬ̪
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Other Sources: Brandt, Elizabeth. 1970. "On the Origins of Linguistic Stratification: The Sandia Case," AL 12, 46-50.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ kʷ kʔʷ
b d ɡ
č
s š h hʷ
m n
l ɬ
r
Stops: p ph pʔ b t th tʔ d k kh kʔ ɡ kʷ kʔʷ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s š h hʷ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Diphthongs:
ia ie ǝa ue ua
iẽ ǝã uã
Tones: hi mid lo
Обзоры типов Юто-ацтекских языков
Number: 4952
Language: Proto-Uto-Aztecan
Location: W North America
Classification: Amerind: Central: Uto-Aztecan
Grammar: Langacker, Ronald W. 1977. Studies in Uto-Aztezan Grammar, vol. 1: An Overview of Proto-Uto-Aztecan Gramar. Dallas: SIL.
Other Sources:
Langacker, Ronald W. 1970. "The Vowels of Proto Uto-Aztecan," IJAL 36, 169-80.
CTIL 4, 323.
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
ts
s h
m n
l
Stops: p t k kʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
o
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Noun
Number: s p (anim nouns only)
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3hH 6hH
h=hum H=non-hum
Syntax: SOV AN/(NA) GN DN NUM-N POSS-N(1,2,4,5,6) N-POSS(3 only) D+A+N
Noun Incorporation: noun incorp
Prep/Post: POST
Comments: time depth: 5,000 B.P.
Number: 4953
Language: Northern Paiute
Location: SE Idaho
Population: 2,000
Classification: Amerind: Central: Uto-Aztecan: Numic: Western
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
b d ɡ ɡʷ
ts
dz ɡ̌
s h
z
m m̥ ʔm n n̥ ʔn ŋ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts dz ɡ̌
Fricatives: s z h
Nasals: m m̥ ʔm n n̥ ʔn ŋ
Modified Consonants: c̄ n
Glides: j ʔj w w̥ ʔw
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
o
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Syllable: (C)V
Tones: hi lo
Stress: phonemic
Syntax: SOV AN DN POSS-N
Noun Incorporation: noun incorp
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 4954
Language: Mono
Location: E California
Population: 300
Classification: Amerind: Central: Uto-Aztecan: Numic: Western
Grammar: Lamb, Sydney M. 1958. Northfork Mono Grammar. Berkeley: Univ of California Diss.
Consonant system:
p t nt k kʷ q qʷ ʔ
b d ɡ ɡʷ G Gʷ
ts
dz
s x h
m ʔm n ʔn
Stops: p b t nt d k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ q qʷ G Gʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts dz
Fricatives: s x h
Nasals: m ʔm n ʔn
Modified Consonants: c̄ n
Glides: j j̥ ʔj w w̥ ʔw
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Stress: non-phonemic (on syllable containing second mora from end of word)
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Noun Incorporation: noun incorp
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 4955
Language: Koso
Location: SE California
Classification: Amerind: Central: Uto-Aztecan: Numic: Central
Consonant system:
Number: 4956
Language: Shoshone
Location: Wyoming
Population: 5,000
Classification: Amerind: Central: Uto-Aztecan: Numic: Central
Dictionary: Tidzump, Malinda. 1970. Shoshone Thesaurus. Grand Forks, North Dakota: SIL.
Other Sources:
Shimkin, D. B. 1949. "Shoshone, I-II," IJAL 15, 175-88 & 203-12.
Davis, Irvine. 1966. "Numic Consonantal Correspondences," IJAL 32, 124-40.
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
b d hd ɡ ɡʷ
ts
dz
s h
z
m m̥ n n̥ ŋʷ
Stops: p b t d hd k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts dz
Fricatives: s z h
Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ŋʷ
Modified Consonants: Nc p t k kʷ ts
Glides: j j̥ w̥
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Noun
Number: s d p
Demonstratives: 5: very close/close/slightly removed/removed but in sight/out of sight
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
*3 *6d *6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N
Noun Incorporation: noun incorp
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Number: 4957
Language: Comanche
Location: W Texas
Population: 5,000
Classification: Amerind: Central: Uto-Aztecan: Numic: Central
Other Sources:
Riggs, Venda. 1949. "Alternate Phomemic Analyses of Comanche," IJAL 15, 229-31.
Osborn, Henry and William A. Smalley. 1949. "Formulae for Comanche Stem and Word Formation," IJAL 15, 93-9.
Casagrande, Joseph B. 1954. "Comanche Linguistic Acculturation," IJAL 20, 140-51.
Davis, Irvine. 1966. "Numic Consonantal Correspondences," IJAL 32, 124-40.
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
ts
s h
β
m n
ɾ
Stops: p t k kʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: β s h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: hc p t k kʷ ts m n ɾ w
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Modified Vowels: v̥ all
Consonant system:
p mp t k kʷ ʔ
b d ɡ ɡʷ
ts
dz
s h
m n
Stops: p mp b t d k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts dz
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n
Modified Consonants: c̄ b m n
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Other Sources:
Davis, Irvine. 1966. "Numic Consonantal Correspondences," IJAL 32, 124-40.
Harms, Robert T. 1966. "Stress, Voice, and Length in Southern Paiute," IJAL 32, 228-35.
WPF
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ q ʔ
b d ɡ ɡʷ
ts č
s
m n ŋ ŋʷ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ q ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: s
Nasals: m n ŋ ŋʷ
Modified Consonants: hc p t k kʷ q ts č s Nc p t k kʷ q ts č
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Stress: phonemic
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 4 this/that near/ that far visible/that invisible
Articles: def
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
b d ɡ ɡʷ
ts
s
m ʔm n ʔn ŋ ʔŋ ŋʷ ʔŋʷ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: s
Nasals: m ʔm n ʔn ŋ ʔŋ ŋʷ ʔŋʷ
Modified Consonants: Nc p t k kʷ ts
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
o
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Modified Vowels: v̥ all
Stress: phonemic
Number: 4961
Language: Chemehuevi
Location: S California
Population: 3,000
Classification: Amerind: Central: Uto-Aztecan: Numic: Southern
Grammar: GD: Press, Margaret L. 1979. Chemehuevi: A Grammar and Lexicon. UCPL 92.
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
ts
s h
v ɣ ɣʷ
m ʔm n ʔn ŋ ʔŋ
(l)
r
Stops: p t k kʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: v s ɣ ɣʷ h
Nasals: m ʔm n ʔn ŋ ʔŋ
Laterals: (l)
Vibrants: r
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
o
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ɨi ui oi ai ia ɨa ua oa aɨ au
Stress: on second syllable
Syntax: SOV AN/NA GN DN/DND/ND NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 4962
Language: Tübatulabal
Location: California
Population: 10
Classification: Amerind: Central: Uto-Aztecan: Tübatulabal
Dictionary: Voegelin, C. F. 1958. "Working Dictionary of Tübatulabal," IJAL 24, 221-8.
Other Sources: SUAG I.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
ts č
dz ɡ̌
š h
m n ŋ
l
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌
Fricatives: š h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ q ʔ
ts ṭs
s ṣ š x h
v ß ð
m n ŋ
(l)
Stops: p t k kʷ q ʔ
Affricates: ts ṭs
Fricatives: v ð s ṣ š x h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: (l)
Glides: j j̥ w w̥
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e ø
a
Front Vowels: i e ø
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄
Noun
Number: s p
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: SOV AN/NA GN DN POSS-N D+A+N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 4966
Language: Luiseño
Location: S California
Population: 150
Classification: Amerind: Central: Uto-Aztecan: Takic
Dictionary: Bright, William. 1968. A Luiseño Dictionary. UCPL 51.
Grammar: Kroeber, A. L. and George William Grace. 1960. The Sparkman Grammar of Luiseño. UCPL 16.
TextBooks: Hyde, Villiana. 1971. An Introduction to the Luiseño Language. Banning, CA: Malki Museum Press.
Other Sources:
Malécot, André, 1963. "Luiseño, A Structural Analysis I-II," IJAL 29, 89-95 & 196-210.
Bright, William. 1965. "Luiseño Phonemics," IJAL 31, 342-5.
Dabis, John F. 1976. "Some Notes on Luiseño Phonology," IJAL 42, 192-216.
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ q qʷ ʔ
č
(f) s ṣ š x xʷ h
v ð
m n ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: p t k kʷ q qʷ ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: (f) v ð s ṣ š x xʷ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
I ʋ
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Other Sources: Bright, William. 1965. "The History of the Cahuilla Sound System," IJAL 31, 241-4.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k q qʷ ʔ
č
s š x xʷ h
v (ð) (ɣ)
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l̪ ʎ
(ɾ)
Stops: p t̪ k q qʷ ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: v (ð) s š x (ɣ) xʷ h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l̪ ʎ
Vibrants: (ɾ)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Stress: phonemic
Other Sources: Hill, Jane H. and Rosinda Nolasquez, eds. 1973. Mulu'wetam: The First People. Cupeño Oral History and Language. Banning, CA: Malki Museum Press.
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ q qʷ ʔ
č
(f) s ṣ̌ š x xʷ h
v (ð) (ɣ)
m n ñ ŋ
l ʎ
ɾ
Stops: p t k kʷ q qʷ ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: (f) v (ð) s ṣ̌ š x (ɣ) xʷ h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l ʎ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ (o)
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u (o)
Long Vowels: ī (ē) ā ū (ō) ǝ̄
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2: this/that + ref
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N N+Num+A
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 4969
Language: Hopi
Location: NE Arizona
Population: 4,800
Classification: Amerind: Central: Uto-Aztecan: Hopi
Grammar: Whorf, Benjamin Lee. 1946. "The Hopi Language, Toreva Dialect," in LSNA, 158-83.
Other Sources:
Kennard, Edward A. 1963. "Linguistic Acculturation in Hopi," IJAL 29, 36-41.
Malotki, Ekkehart. 1979. Hopi-Raum. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
UACS
Consonant system:
p t k q ʔ
ts
s h
v
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p t k q ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: v s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cj k ŋ cʷ k q ŋ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ
e ø o
a
Front Vowels: i e ø
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: o
Long Vowels: vˑ (half-long) all? v̄ (long) all?
Syllable: CV(C)
Stress: phonemic
Noun
Number: s d p
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N(1,2,4,5)/N-POSS(3,6) D+Num+N
Classification: Amerind: Central: Uto-Aztecan: Pimic
Dictionary:
Saxton, Dean and Lucille Saxton. 1969. Dictionary: Papago & Pima to English, English to Papago & Pima. Tucson: Univ of Arizona Press.
Grammar: Mason, J. Alden. 1950. The Language of the Papago of Arizona. Philadelphia: The Univ Museum, Univ of Pennsylvania.
Other Sources:
Saxton, Dean. 1963. "Papago Phonemes," IJAL 29, 29-35.
Hale, Kenneth. 1965. "Some Preliminary Observations on Papago Morphophonemics," IJAL 31, 295-305.
Alvarez, Albert and Kenneth Hale. 1970. "Toward a Manual of Papago Grammar: Some Phonological Terms," IJAL 36, 83-97.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k ʔ
b d̪ ḍ ɡ
č
ɡ̌
s ṣ̌ h
m n̪ ñ
ľ
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ ḍ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s ṣ̌ h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ
Laterals: ľ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Stress: initial
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: SOC AN GN/NG DN NUM-N POSS-N(1,2,4,5,6)/N-POSS(3) D+Num+A+N
Noun Incorporation: noun incorp
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Number: 4971
Language: Pima Bajo
Location: Mexico (SE Sonora)
Population: 2,500
Classification: Amerind: Central: Uto-Aztecan: Pimic
Grammar: Smith, Buckingham, ed. 1862. Arte de la Lengua Névome. New York: Cramoisy.
Other Sources: Escalante Hernandez, Roberto. 1962. "El pima bajo," Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropologı́a e Historia (Mexico City), 349-52.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
č
s š h
m n
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Stress: phonemic
Other Sources:
Mason, J. Alden. 1918. "Tepecano Prayers," IJAL 1, 91-153.
SUAG I.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
(ts) (č)
s š h
v
m n (ŋ)
(l)
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: (ts) (č)
Fricatives: v s š h
Nasals: m n (ŋ)
Laterals: (l)
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̥ v m n ɾ w
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
(ɛ) ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i (ɛ)
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Articles: art
Syntax: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N(1,2,4,5,6)/N-POSS(3) D+Num+A+N
Other Sources:
Woo, Nancy. 1970. "Tone in Northern Tepehuan," IJAL 36, 18-30.
UACS
WALS
Consonant system:
p t tj k
b d dj ɡ
č
s š x
v
m n ñ
(l)
(ɾ) r
Stops: p b t d tj dj k ɡ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: v s š x
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: (l)
Vibrants: (ɾ) r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
(e) o
a
Front Vowels: i (e)
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Classification: Amerind: Central: Uto-Aztecan: Taracahitic
Dictionary: Hilton, K. Simón. 1959. Vocabulario tarahumara. Mexico City: SIL.
Grammar: Lionnet, Andrés. 1972. Los elementos de la lengua tarahumara. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Antóonoma de México.
Other Sources: Burgess, Don. 1979. "Verbal Suffixes of Prominence in Western Tarahumara Narrative Discourse,' in DSML, 171-88.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k ʔ
b ɡ
ts
s x
m n̪
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t̪ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: s x
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Other Sources:
Fraenkel, Gerd. 1959. "Yaqui Phonemics," AL 1:5, 7-18.
Crumrine, Lynne S. 1961. The Phonology of Arizona Yaqui, with Texts. Tucson: Univ of Arizona Press.
Lindenfeld, Jacqueline. 1973. Yaqui Syntax. UCPL 76.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
(d) (ɡ)
č
(f) s h
β
m n
l
ɾ
Stops: p t (d) k (ɡ) ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: β (f) s h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Stress: phonemic (but mostly on second syllable)
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 4979
Language: Yaqui
Dialect: Mayo
Location: NW Mexico (Sonora)
Population: 15,000
Classification: Amerind: Central: Uto-Aztecan: Taracahitic
Dictionary: Collard, Howard and Elisabeth Scott Collard. 1962. Vocabulario mayo. Mexico City: SIL.
Other Sources: UACS
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b bʷ
č
s x ɣʷ
m n
l
ɾ
Stops: p b bʷ t k ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s x ɣʷ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Stress: phonemic
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
bʷ
č
β s h
m n
l
r
Stops: p bʷ t k ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: β s h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Tones: hi lo
Number: 4982
Language: Cora
Location: W Mexico (Nayarit)
Population: 10,000
Classification: Amerind: Central: Uto-Aztecan: Corachol
Dictionary: McMahon, Ambrose and Maria Aiton de McMahon. 1959. Cora y español. Mexico City: SIL.
Other Sources:
McMahon, Ambrose. 1967. "Phonemes and Phonemic Units of Cora," IJAL 33, 128-34.
Casad, Eugene H. 1977 . "Location and Direction in Cora Discourse," AL 19, 216-41.
WALS
Consonant system:
p pʷ t k kʷ ʔ
ts č
s h
β
m mʷ n
l
ɾ
Stops: p pʷ t k kʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: β s h
Nasals: m mʷ n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Tones: hi lo
Stress: phonemic
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VSO/VOS NG NUM-N POSS-N(1,2,4,5,6) N-POSS(3) [According to E the Tepeuxila dialect is VSO and the El Nayar dialect is VSO/VOS.]
Other Sources:
McIntosh, John B. 1945. "Huichol Phonemes," IJAL II, 31-5.
Grimes, Joseph E. 1955."Style in Huichol Structure," Lg 31, 31-5.
Grimes, Joseph E. 1959. "Huichol Tone and Intonation," IJAL 25, 221-32.
Grimes, Joseph E. 1964. Huichol Syntax. The Hague: Mouton.
Price, P. David. 1967. "Two Types of Taxonomy: A Huichol Ethnobotanical Example," AL 9:7, 1-28.
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
ts
h
ẓ
m n
ɾ̣
Stops: p t k kʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: ẓ h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: ɾ̣
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
ɛ
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C), but no CCVC
Tones: hi lo
Stress: phonemic
Noun
Number: s p
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: SOV AN/NA GN DN/ND NUM-N POSS-N(1,2,4,5,6)/N-POSS(3)
Other Sources: Boas, Franz. 1917. "El dialecto mexicano de Pochutla, Oaxaca," IJAL 1, 9-44.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
t̪s č
s̪ š x
m n̪ ñ
l
Stops: p t̪ k
Affricates: t̪s č
Fricatives: s̪ š x
Nasals: m n̪ ñ
Laterals: l
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Articles: art
Syntax: SVO DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Number: 4985
Language: Pipil
Location: El Salvador
Classification: Amerind: Central: Uto-Aztecan: Aztecan
Grammar: Geoffroy Rivas, Pedro. 1969. El nawat de Cuscatlán. San Salvador: Ministerio de Educacion.
Other Sources: Arauz, Prospero. 1960. El pipil de la region de los Itzalcos. San Salvador: Ministerio de Cultura.
Consonant system:
p t̪ (t̪ʔ) k kʷ
ts č
s š h
m n
ɬ
Stops: p t̪ (t̪ʔ) k kʷ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: ɬ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ʋ
e
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: penult
Noun
Number: s p (anim only)
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO AN/(NA) NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Number: 4986
Language: Classical Nahuatl
Location: S Mexico
Classification: Amerind: Central: Uto-Aztecan: Aztecan
Dictionary: Molina, Alonso de. 1571. Vocabulario en langua castellana y mexicana. Mexico City.
Grammar:
Rose, Jean, 1971. Précis de grammaire de nahuatl classique. Mexico City: Institut Français d'Amérique Latine.
Anderson, Arthur J. O. 1973. Rules of the Aztec Language: Classical Nahuatl Grammar, 2 vols. Salt Lake City: Univ of Utah Press.
Sullivan, Thelma D. 1976. Compendio de la gramática nahuatl. Mexico City: Univ Nacional Autónoma de México.
TextBooks: Andrews, J. Richard D. 1975. Introduction to classical Nahuatl, 2 vols. Austin: Univ of Texas Press.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k kʷ ʔ
ts tl č
s š
m n̪
l
Stops: p t̪ k kʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tl č
Fricatives: s š
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: c̄ p s š l (only at morphological boundaries)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ai au ei
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: penult
Noun
Number: s p (anim only)
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: art
Classification: Amerind: Central: Uto-Aztecan: Aztecan
Dictionary: Brewer, Forrest and John G. Brewer. 1962. Vocabulario mexicano de Tetelcingo. Mexico City: SIL.
Grammar: Pittman, Richard S. 1954. A Grammar of Tetelcingo (Morelos) Nahuatl. Language Dissertation No. 50, Supplement to Lg 30.
Other Sources:
Pittman, Richard S. 1961. "The Phonemes of Tetelcingo (Morelos) Nahuatl," in A Willaim Townsend, Mexico City, SIL, 643-51. WALS
E
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ
(b) (d) (ɡ)
ts tl č
(f) s š h
m n (ñ)
l
(r)
Stops: p (b) t (d) k (ɡ) kʷ
Affricates: ts tl č
Fricatives: (f) s š h
Nasals: m n (ñ)
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (r)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
I
o
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i I ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Diphthongs: ie
Stress: penult
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
(+ honorific for 2 3 4 5)
Syntax: SVO/VSO/VOS(order of frequency) AN/NA DN POSS-N
Other Sources:
Key, Harold and Mary Key. 1953. "The Phonemes of Sierra Nahuat," IJAL 19, 53-6.
Robinson, Dow Frederick. 1966. Sierra Nahuat Word Structure. HSL 18.
Robinson, Dow F. 1969. "Puebla (Sierra) Nahuat Prosodies," in ASI, 15-32.
E
Consonant system:
p t̪ k kʷ
(b) (d̪) ɡ
ts č
(f) s š h
m n̪ (ñ)
l̪
(ɾ)(r)
Stops: p (b) t̪ (d̪) k ɡ kʷ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: (f) s š h
Nasals: m n̪ (ñ)
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: (ɾ)(r)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Other Sources:
Law, Howard W. 1958. "Morphological Structure of Isthmus Nahuat," IJAL 24, 108-29.
Law, Howard W. 1966. Obligatory Constructions of Isthmus Nahuat Grammar. The Hague: Mouton.
Wolgemuth, Carl. 1969. "Isthmus Veracruz (Mecayapan) Nahuat Laryngeals," in ASI, 1-14.
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
b d ɡ
ts č
s š h
m n
l
Stops: p b t d k ɡ kʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Stress: phonemic, but usually penult
Other Sources:
Robinson, Dow, F. and WilliaM R. Sischo. 1969. "Michoacán (Pómaro) Nahual Clause Structure," in ASI, 53-74.
E
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
b d ɡ
ts č
s š h
m n
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ kʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Articles: def indef
Syntax: SVO/VSO NA GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+N+A
Prep/Post: PREP
Обзоры типов языков Ото-манго
Number: 4996
Language: Proto-Oto-Manguean
Location: S Mexico
Classification: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean
Other Sources:
Rensch, Calvin R. 1976. Comparative Otomanguean Phonology. Bloomington: Indiana University.
CTIL 4, 335.
Consonant system:
t nt k ŋk kʷ ŋkʷ ʔ
s ns h
m n nʷ
l
Stops: t nt k ŋk kʷ ŋkʷ ʔ
Fricatives: s ns h
Nasals: m n nʷ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Other Sources:
Hart, Helen Long. 1957. "Hierarchical Structuring of Amuzgo Grammar," IJAL 23, 141-64.
Bauernschmidt, Amy. 1965. "Amuzgo Syllable Dynamics," Lg 41, 471-83.
Longacre, Robert E. 1966. "On Linguistic Affinities of Amuzgo," IJAL 32, 46-9.
Rensch, Calvin R. 1977. "Classification of the Oto-Manguean Languages and the Position of Tlapanec," in Two Studies in Middle American Comparative Linguistics," by David Oltrogge and Calvin R. Rensch, SIL 55, 53-108.
Consonant system:
(p) t c k kj kʷ ʔ
ts č
s š h
(β)
m (mp) n nt ñ̃ ñc ŋk
l
ɾ (r)
Nc are "occluded nasals rather than prenasalized stops." Longacre, p. 46.
Stops: (p) t c k kj kʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: (β) s š h
Nasals: m (mp) n nt ñ ñc ŋk (Nc are "occluded nasals rather than prenasalized stops." Longacre, p. 46.)
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ (r)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
æ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i e æ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ẽ æ̃ ã õ ɔ̃
Syllable: Nˈ Lˈ
Tones: hi mid low hi-fall lo-ris mid-ris
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Syntax: VSO NA ND NUM-N N-POSS N+A+D
Number: 4998
Language: Chichimeca
Location: C Mexico (Guanajuato)
Population: 800
Classification: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Otomian: Northern
Grammar: Angulo, Jaime de. 1932. "The Chichimeco Language (Central Mexico)," IJAL ??, 152-94.
Other Sources: Romero Castillo, Moisés. 1960. "Los fonemas del chichimeco-jonaz," Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropologı́a e Historia 11, 289-99.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
ts č
s h
z
m n
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: s z h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Vowel system:
i y u
e o
æ a
Front Vowels: i y e æ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ
Other Sources:
Gibson, Lorna F. 1956. "Pame (Otomi) Phonemics and Morphophonemics," IJAL 22, 242-65.
Olson, Donald. 1963. "Spanish Loan Words in Pame," IJAL 29, 219-21.
WALS
WPF
Consonant system:
p t k q ʔ
b d ɡ
ts č
(f) s š h
m n ŋ
l ʎ
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ q ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: (f) s š h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l ʎ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ʋ
e
ɛ
a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C)
Tones: hi lo fall
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SVO
Number: 5000
Language: Mazahua
Location: SW Mexico (Michoacan)
Population: 100,000
Classification: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Otomian: Central
Other Sources:
Pike, Eunice V. 1951. "Tonemic-Intonemic Correlation in Mazahua," IJAL 17, 37-41.
Spotts, Hazel. 1956. "Some Post-Conquest Changes in Mazahua," IJAL 22, 208-11.
Spotts, Hazel. 1953. "Vowel Harmony and Consonant Sequences in Mazahua," IJAL 19, 253-9.
Bartholomew, Doris. 1975. "Some Morphophonemic Rules in Mazahua," IJAL 41, 293-305.
E
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
b d ɡ ɡʷ
ts č
s š h
z ž
m n ñ
(l)
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: s z š ž h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: (l)
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e ǝ o
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ǝ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Tones: hi lo fall
Stress: stem initial
Syntax: VSO
Number: 5001
Language: Otomi
Location: S Mexico
Population: 300,000
Classification: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Otomian: Central
Other Sources:
Hensey, Fritz G. 1972. "Otomi Phonology and Spelling Reform with Reference to Learning Problems," IJAL 38, 93-5.
Bernard, H. Russell and Jesús Salinas Pedraza. 1976. Otomi Parables, Folktales and Jokes. NATS 1:2.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ kʷ ʔ
b ʔb d ɡ ɡʷ
ts
š h
z ž
m ʔm m̥ n ʔn n̥
(l)
r ʔɾ
Stops: p ph pʔ b ʔb t th tʔ d k kh kʔ ɡ kʷ ɡʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: z š ž h
Nasals: m ʔm m̥ n ʔn n̥
Laterals: (l)
Vibrants: r ʔɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e ǝ o
æ a
Front Vowels: i e æ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ũ ɑ̃
Tones: hi lo mid-fall
Number: 5002
Language: Otomi
Dialect: Mezquital
Location: EC Mexico (Hidalgo)
Population: 300,000
Classification: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Otomian: Central
Other Sources:
Sinclair, Donald E and Kenneth L Pike. 1948. "The Tonemes of Mesquital Otomi," IJAL 14, 91-8.
Leon, Frances. 1962, "Revisión de la fonologı́a del Otomı́," Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropologı́a e Historia 15, 315-30.
Hess, H. Harwood. 1968. The Syntactic Structure of Mezquital Otomi. The Hague: Mouton.
Wallis, Ethel E. 1968. "The Word and the Phonological Hierarchy of Mezquital Otomi," Lg 44, 76-90.
Lanier, Nancy. 1968. "Three Structural Layers in Mezquital Otomi Clauses," Linguistics 43, 32-85.
Bernard, H. Russell. 1973. "Otomı́ Phonology and Orthography," IJAL 39, 180-4.
WPF
Consonant system:
p t̪ k ʔ
ts (č)
ɸ θ s s ̌ x h
β ð z (ž) ɣ
m n̪ ñ
(l)
r
Stops: p t̪ k ʔ
Affricates: ts (č)
Fricatives: ɸ β θ ð s z š (ž) x ɣ h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ
Laterals: (l)
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e ǝ o
ɔ
æ a
Front Vowels: i e æ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ã ũ
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Syllable: (C)(C)CV(C)(C)
Tones: hi lo ris
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VOS AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 5003
Language: Otomi
Dialect: Temoayan
Location: S Mexico (Mexico)
Population: 300,000
Classification: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Otomian: Central
Other Sources: Andrews, Henrietta. 1949. "Phonemes and Morphophonemes of Temoayan Otomi," IJAL 15, 213-22. E
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ kʷ khʷ kʔʷ ʔ
b d ɡ ɡʷ
ts tsh tsʔ č čh čʔ
s š h
z ž
m n ñ
(l)
r
Stops: p ph pʔ b t th tʔ d k kh kʔ ɡ kʷ khʷ kʔʷ ɡʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsh tsʔ č čh čʔ
Fricatives: s z š ž h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: (l)
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e ǝ o
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ı̃̃ ã ũ
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)
Tones: hi lo ris
Syntax: VOS
Number: 5004
Language: Otomi
Dialect: Tenango
Location: Mexico (Hidalgo)
Population: 300,000
Classification: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Otomian: Central
Other Sources:
Jenkins, Joyce. 1958. "Morphological Phoneme Sequences in Eastern Otomi," Phonetica 2, 1-11.
Blight, Richard C. and Eunice V. Pike. 1976. "The Phonology of Tenango Otomi," IJAL 42, 51-7.
E
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
(č)
ɸ s š x h
z
m n
(l)
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: (č)
Fricatives: ɸ s z š x h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: (l)
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̄ s m n
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e ǝ o
ɔ
æ a
Front Vowels: i e æ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ æ̃ ã ũ
Other Sources:
Longacre, Robert E. 1959. "Trique Tone Morphemics," AL 1:4, 5-42.
Longacre, Robert E. 1966. "Trique Clause and Sentence: A Study in Contrast, Variation and Distribution," IJAL 32, 242-52.
Hollenbach, Barbara E. 1974. "Reduplication and Anomalous Rule Ordering in Copala Trique," IJAL 40, 176-81.
Hollenbach, Barbara E. 1976. "Tense-Negation Interplay in Copala Trique," IJAL 42, 126-32.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
ts č̣ č
s ṣ̌ š h
z ž
m n
l
ɾ̣
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts č̣ č
Fricatives: s z ṣ̌ š ž h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ̣
Modified Consonants: c̄ m n l j w
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
e o
a
Front Vowels: e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Nasal Vowels: ṽ
Classification: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Mixtecan
Grammar: Bradley, C. Henry. 1970. A Linguistic Sketch of Jicaltepec Mixtec. SIL 25.
Consonant system:
p t̪ tj k kʷ ʔ
mb nd ndj ŋɡ
č
(ɸ) s (sj) š (x)
m n ñ
l
ɾ
Stops: p mb t̪ tj nd ndj k ŋɡ kʷ ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: (ɸ) s (sj) š (x)
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Syllable: (C)V(ʔ)
Tones: hi mid low
Gender: m f animal inanimate sacred
Demonstratives: 3: proximal/distal/indifferent to distance
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
*3mfAir
m f A=animal i=inanimate r=sacred
polite/familiar: 1 2 4 5
Syntax: VSO NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS Num+N+A+D
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 5010
Language: Mixtec
Dialect: San Miguel
Location: S Mexico (Oaxaca)
Population: 250,000
Classification: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Mixtecan
Dictionary: Dyk, Anne and Betty Stoudt. 1965. Vocabulario mixteco. Mexico City: SIL.
Other Sources:
Pike, Kenneth L. 1944. "Analysis of a Mixteco Text," IJAL 10, 113-38.
Dyk, Anne. 1959. Mixteco Texts. SIL 3.
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
mb nd ŋɡ
č
ñɡ̌
s ṣ̌ š x
β ð ž
m n ñ
l
r
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ kʷ ʔ
Affricates: č ñɡ̌
Fricatives: β ð s ṣ̌ š ž x
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i ɯ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but e
Other Sources:
Pankratz, Leo and Eunice V. Pike. 1967. "Phonological Morphotonemics of Ayutla Mixtec," IJAL 33, 287-99.
Hills, Robert and William R. Merrifield. 1974. "Ayutla Mixtec, Just in Case," IJAL 40, 283-91.
Consonant system:
(p) t tj k kʷ ʔ
(mb) d dj (ɡ) (ɡʷ)
č
s š (h) (hʷ)
v
m n ñ
l
(r)
Stops: (p) (mb) t tj d dj k (ɡ) kʷ (ɡʷ) ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: v s š (h) (hʷ)
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (r)
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: (v̄)
Nasal Vowels:
ı̃ (ẽ) ã ũ
v̄̃
Modified Vowels: ̃̄
Other Sources:
Merrifield, William R. and Betty J. Stoudt. 1967. "Molinos Mixtec Clause Structure," Linguistic 32, 58-78.
Hunter, Georgia and Eunice V. Pike. 1969. "The Phonology and Tone Sandhi of Molinos Mixtec," Linguistics 47, 24-40.
Consonant system:
(p) t̪ k kʷ ʔ
č
s̪ š h
β ð ž (ɣ)
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l
(r)
Stops: (p) t̪ k kʷ ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: β ð s̪ š ž (ɣ) h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (r)
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ (ẽ) ã ũ õ
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(ʔ)
Tones: hi mid lo downdrift
Syntax: VSO NA N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 5013
Language: Mixtec
Dialect: Peñoles
Location: S Mexico (Oaxaca)
Population: 250,000
Classification: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Mixtecan
Grammar: Daly, John P. 1973. A Generative Syntax of Peñoles Mixtec. SIL 42.
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
mb nd ŋɡ ŋɡʷ
č
ñɡ̌
f s š h
β ð ž
m n ñ
l
r
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ kʷ ŋɡʷ ʔ
Affricates: č ñɡ̌
Fricatives: β f ð s š ž h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels:
ṽ all
v̄̃ all
Other Sources:
Mak, Cornelia. 1950. "A Unique Tone Perturbation in Mixteco," IJAL 16, 82-6.
Mak, Cornelia. 1953. "A Comparison of Two Mixtec Tonemic Systems," IJAL 19, 85-100.
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
mb nd ŋɡ
č
ñɡ̌
β ð s š h
ž
m n n̥ ñ
l
(ɾ)
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ kʷ ʔ
Affricates: č ñɡ̌
Fricatives: β ð s š ž h
Nasals: m n n̥ ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (ɾ)
Glides:
j
Vowel system:
i ɯ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Other Sources:
Pensinger, Brenda and Larry Lyman. 1975. "Some Eastern Jamiltepec Mixtec Phrase Constructions," IJAL 41, 158-61.
WPF
Consonant system:
p t tj k kj ʔ
mb nd ndj ŋɡ
θ s š
v
m n ñ
l
ɾ
Stops: p mb t tj nd ndj k kj ŋɡ ʔ
Fricatives: v θ s š
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides:
j
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Nasal Vowels:
ṽ
v̄̃
Other Sources: Small, Priscilla. 1979. "Prominence and Dominance in Coatzospan Mixtec Narrative," in DSML, 353-??.
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
mb nd ŋɡ ŋɡʷ
ts č
ndz ñɡ̌
s š x
β ð ðj
m n ñ
l
ɾ
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ kʷ ŋɡʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts ndz č ñɡ̌
Fricatives: β ð ðj s š x
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ
Other Sources: Mak, Cornelia. 1958. "The Tonal System of a Third Mixtec Dialect," IJAL 24, 61-70.
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
mb nd ŋɡ
č
ñɡ̌
s š h
β ð z ž
m n ñ
l
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ kʷ ʔ
Affricates: č ñɡ̌
Fricatives: β ð s z š ž h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Other Sources: Pike, Eunice V. and John H. Cowan. 1967. "Huajuapan Mixtec Phonology and Morphophonemics," AL 9:5, 1-15.
Consonant system:
(p) t k kʷ
(mb) nd (ŋɡ)
č
(ɸ) s š (h)
(β) ð ž (ɣ)
m n ñ
l
(ɾ) (r)
Stops: (p) (mb) t nd k (ŋɡ) kʷ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: (ɸ) β ð s š ž (ɣ) (h)
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (ɾ) (r)
Glides: (w)
Vowel system:
i y
e o
a
Front Vowels: i y e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but y
Other Sources:
Angulo, Jaime de and L. S. Freeland. 1935. "The Zapotekan Linguistic Group," IJAL 8, 1-38 &111-30.
Needham, Doris and Marjorie Davis. 1946. "Cuicateco Phonology," IJAL 12, 139-46.
Consonant system:
t̪h kh khʷ ʔ
b d̪
čh
s̪ x
m n̪
(l̪)
(r)
Stops: b t̪h d̪ kh khʷ ʔ
Affricates: čh
Fricatives: s̪ x
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: (l̪)
Vibrants: (r)
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i ʋ
e
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C), Nˈ
Tones: hi mid lo
Stress: non-phonemic
Articles: def
Other Sources:
Pike, Kenneth L. and Eunice Victoria Pike. 1947. "Immediate Contitutents of Mazateco Syllables," IJAL 13, 78-91.
Cowan, George M. 1965. Some Aspects of the Lexical Structure of a Mazatec Historical Text. SIL 11.
Consonant system:
(p) t k ʔ
(b)
ts č̣ č
s ṣ̌ h
β (ð) (ɣ)
m n ñ
l
(ɾ) (r)
Stops: (p) (b) t k ʔ
Affricates: ts č̣ č
Fricatives: β (ð) s ṣ̌ (ɣ) h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (ɾ) (r)
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i
ɛ o
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Other Sources: Schram, T. L. 1979. "Tense, Tense Embedding, and Theme in Discourse in Mazatec of Jalapa de Diaz," in DSML, 141-67.
Consonant system:
t k kʷ ʔ
d ɡ ɡʷ
ts č
dz ɡ̌
s š h
m n ñ
l
r
Stops: t d k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
o
æ ɒ
Front Vowels: i æ
Back Vowels: o u ɒ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ
Other Sources: Gudschinsky, Sarah C. 1959. "Discourse Analysis of a Mazatec Text," IJAL 25, 139-46.
Consonant system:
(p) t k ʔ
(b) (d) (ɡ)
ts č̣ č
s š h
v
m n ñ
l
ɾ (r)
Stops: (p) (b) t (d) k (ɡ) ʔ
Affricates: ts č̣ č
Fricatives: v s š h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ (r)
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Other Sources: Pike, Eunice V. 1956. "Tonally Differentiated Allomorphs in Soyal Tepec," IJAL 22, 57-71.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
ts č̣ č
s š h
m n ñ
l
r ɾ
Stops: p t k ʔ
Affricates: ts č̣ č
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Tones: hi hi-mid lo-mid lo
Stress: VSO NA ND NUM-N N-POSS
Other Sources:
Fernández de Miranda, Marı́a Teresa. 1959. Fonémica del ixcateco. Mecico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropologı́a e Historia.
WPF
Consonant system:
p t c k ʔ
b d ɟ ɡ
ts č
ɡ̌
f s š h
m n ñ
l
ɾ r
Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s š h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Syntax: SOV/SVO/VSO/VOS [According to E the San Felipe Otlatepec is SVO; the San Juan Atzingo and San Marcos Tlalcoyalco dialects are VSO; the Highland dialect is VOS; and the Sayula dialect is SOV/VOS.]
Other Sources: Merrifield, William R. 1963. "Palantla Chinantec Syllable Types," AL 5:5, 1-16.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
ts
dz
ɸ s h
m n ŋ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts dz
Fricatives: ɸ s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
I ɯ ʋ
ɛ ɤ o
a
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ɯ ʋ o ɤ
Long Vowels: v̄
Nasal Vowels:
ṽ (liɡht nasal)
v̄̃ (heavy nasal)
Diphthongs: diphthonɡs
Other Sources: Robbins, Frank E. 1961. "Quiotepec Chinantec Syllable Patterning," IJAL 27, 237-50.
Consonant system:
p t̪ c k kʷ ʔ
mb nd̪ ñɟ ŋɡ
t̪s
f ṣ ç h
ð ɣ
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l̪
r̪
Stops: p mb t̪ nd̪ c ñɟ k ŋk kʷ ʔ
Affricates: t̪s
Fricatives: f ð ṣ ç ɣ h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r̪
Glides: j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:
i y ɯ u
ɛ ø o
ɑ
Front Vowels: i y ɛ ø
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɑ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but ø
Diphthongs: diphthonɡs
Other Sources: Skinner, Leo E. 1962. "Usila Chinantec Syllable Structure," IJAL 28, 251-5.
Consonant system:
p t̪ c k ʔ
b d̪ ɟ ɡ
ts
(ɸ) s h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l̪
ɾ
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: (ɸ) s h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
ɛ o
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but u
Diphthongs: diphthonɡs
Other Sources: Westley, David O. 1971. "The Tepetotutla Chinantec Stressed Syllable," IJAL 37, 160-3.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
ts
dz
f s h
m n ŋ
l
ɹ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts dz
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɹ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɯ u
e ɤ o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ
Nasal Vowels: ẽ ã (ũ) ɯ̃ õ
Tones:
hi mid lo mid-ris lo-ris-to-mid lo-ris-to-hi hi-fall mid-fall
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
ts
(f) θ s h
β ð
m n ŋ
l
(ɾ) ṛ
Stops: p t k ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: β (f) θ ð s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (ɾ) ṛ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɯ u
e (ɤ) o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o (ɤ)
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Diphthongs: ei au ɯe
Syllable: (C)(C)(G)V(C)
Tones: hi mid lo mid-ris lo-ris hi-fall
Syntax: VSO NA
Number: 5037
Language: Proto-Zapotec
Location: S Mexico
Classification: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Zapotec
Grammar:
Fernández de Mirenda, Mária Teresa. 1961. Proto-Zapoteco. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropologı́a e Historia.
Other Sources:
Swadesh, Morris. 1947. "The Phonemic Structure of Proto-Zapotec," IJAL 13, 220-30.
Suarez, Jorge A. 1973. "On Proto-Zapotec Phonology," IJAL 39, 236-49.
Consonant system:
p t k
č
s š
n
l
r
Stops: p t k
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s š
Nasals: n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄
Nasal Vowels: õ ã
Modified Vowels:
vʔ (checked)
vʔv (rearticulated)
Other Sources:
McKaughan, Howard P. 1954. "Chatino Formulas and Phonemes," IJAL 20, 23-7.
Upson, Jessamine. 1960. "A Preliminary Structure of Chatino," AL 2:6, 22-9.
Pride, Kitty. 1961. "Numerals in Chatino," AL 3:2, 1-106.
Pride, Leslie. 1963. "Chatino Tonal Structure," AL 5:2, 19-28.
Pride Kitty. 1965. Chatino Syntax. SIL 12.
Upson, B. W. and Robert E. Longacre. 1965. "Proto-Chatino Phonology," IJAL 31, 312-22.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
d ɡ
s š h
m n
l
r
Stops: p t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ũ õ
Tones: hi hi-mid lo-mid lo + 6 ris & fall tones
Stress: final
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Syntax: VSO NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS Num+N+A+D
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 5039
Language: Chatino
Dialect: Tataltepec
Location: S Mexico (S Oaxaca)
Population: 20,000
Classification: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Zapotec
Dictionary: Pride, Leslie and Kitty Pride. 1970. Vocabulario chatino de Tataltepec. Mexico City: SIL.
Other Sources: Upson, B. W. and Robert E. Longacre. 1965. "Proto-Chatino Phonology," IJAL 31, 312-22.
Consonant system:
t c k kʷ ʔ
ts č
s š h hʷ
m n ñ
l ʎ
Stops: t c k kʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: s š h hʷ
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l ʎ
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ũ õ
Tones: hi mid lo (others?)
Stress: final
Demonstratives: 3
Other Sources:
Upson, B. W. and Robert E. Longacre. 1965. "Proto-Chatino Phonology," IJAL 31, 312-22.
E
Consonant system:
t c k kʷ ʔ
ts č
s š h hj hʷ
m n ñ
l ʎ
Stops: t c k kʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: s š h hj hʷ
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l ʎ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Other Sources: Angulo, Jaime de and L. S. Freeland. 1935. "The Zapotekan Linguistic Group," IJAL 8, 1-38 & 111-30.
Consonant system:
Tones: tones
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3
Syntax: VSO NA NG ND/DN NUM-N N-POSS Num+N+A
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 5043
Language: Zapotec
Dialect: Isthmus
Location: S Mexico (S Oaxaca)
Population: 300,000
Classification: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Zapotec
Dictionary:
Pickett, Velma, et al. 1965. Vocabulario zapateco del Istmo. Mexico City: SIL.
Other Sources:
Angulo, Jaime de and L. S. Freeland. 1935. "The Zapotekan Linguistic Group," IJAL 8, 1-38 & 111-30.
Pickett, Velma. 1953, 1955. "Isthmus Zapotec Verb Analysis I-II," IJAL 19, 292-6; 21, 217-32.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
ts č
̌ ɡ̌
(f) s š x (h)
z ž
m n (ñ)
l
B ɾ (r)
B is a voiced bilabial trill
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts č ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) s z š ž x (h)
Nasals: m n (ñ)
Laterals: l
Vibrants: B (voiced bilabial trill) ɾ (r)
Modified Consonants: c̄ n l r w
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Modified Vowels: v̰ (larynɡealized) all
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
b d ɡ ɡʷ
(f) s ṣ̌ x h
z ẓ̌
(m) n
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ ʔ
Fricatives: (f) s z ṣ̌ ẓ̌ x h
Nasals: (m) n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̄ (fortis) m n l r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
æ a
Front Vowels: i e æ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Other Sources:
Pike, Eunice Victoria. 1948. "Problems in Zapotec Tone Analysis," IJAL 14, 161-70.
Leal, Mary. 1950. "Patterns of Tone Substitution in Zapotec Morphology," IJAL 16, 132-6.
E
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
b d ɡ ɡʷ
č
̌ ɡ̌
(f) s ṣ s ̌ (x) (xʷ)
z ẓ ž
n
l
(ɾ) (r) ṛ ṛʷ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) s z ṣ ẓ š ž (x) (xʷ)
Nasals: n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (ɾ) (r) ṛ ṛʷ
Modified Consonants: c̄ m n l
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i ɯ
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ɯ o
Other Sources:
Earl, Robert. 1968. "Rincon Zapotec Clause," IJAL 34, 269-74.
E
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ b d ɡ ts č dz ɡ̌ (f) s š h z ž (m) n (ñ) l r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) s z š ž h
Nasals: (m) n (ñ)
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɯ u
e o
æ a
Front Vowels: i e æ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o
Other Sources:
Nellis, Jane Goodner. 1947. "Sierra Zapotec Forms of Address," IJAL 13, 231-2.
E
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
ts č
f θ s ṣ̌ x
v ð ẓ̌ ɣ
m n
l
ɾ r
Stops: p t k kʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: f v θ ð s ṣ̌ ẓ̌ x ɣ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ r
Glides: w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o u
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ã ũ
Tones: hi mid lo
Stress: penult
Syntax: VSO
Number: 5048
Language: Zapotec
Dialect: Coatlan
Location: S Mexico (Oaxaca)
Population: 300,000
Classification: Amerind: Central: Oto-Manguean: Zapotec
Grammar: Robinson, Dow F. 1963. Field Notes on Coatlan Zapotec. HSL 7.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k kʷ ʔ
b mb d̪ nd̪ ɡ ŋɡ ɡʷ ŋɡʷ
ts č
ɡ̌ ñɡ̌
s š
z ž
m n̪ ŋ
l̪
(ɾ)
Stops: p b mb t̪ d̪ nd̪ k ɡ ŋɡ kʷ ɡʷ ŋɡʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts č ɡ̌ ñɡ̌
Fricatives: s z š ž
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: (ɾ)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
ɔ
æ a
Front Vowels: i e æ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o u ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ǣ ā ū ō ɔ̄
Nasal Vowels:
ı̃ ã ɔ̃
ı̃̄ ã̄ ũ̄ ɔ̃̄
Other Sources:
Lyman, Larry. 1964. "The Verb Syntegmemes of Choapan Zapotec," Linguistics 7, 16-41.
E
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ kj
b d ɡ ɡʷ ɡj
ts č
dz ɡ̌
s š h
z ž
m n ñ
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ kʷ kj ɡʷ ɡj
Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s z š ž h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
ɛ
a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Other Sources: Persons, David. 1979. "Plot Structure in Lachixio Zapotec Discourse," in DSML, 123-40.
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ kj
mb nd ŋɡ
ts č
f s š h
β ð z nz ž
m n ñ
l
ɾ
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ kʷ kj
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: β f ð s z nz š ž h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Modified Vowels:
vʔ (checked) all
vʔv(interrupted): all
Other Sources: Butler, Inez. 1976. "Reflexive Constructions of Yatzachi Zapotec," IJAL 42, 331-7.
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
b d ɡ ɡʷ
č
ɡ̌
s ṣ̌ š x
z ẓ̌ ž ʁ ʁʷ
m n
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s z ṣ̌ ẓ̌ š ž x ʁ ʁʷ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̄ n l
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i
e ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: o
Noun
Number: s p
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3hai 6hai
h=hum a=animate i=inanimate
politeness: 3h & 6h have two forms each: (1)respectful, (2)familiar
Other Sources:
Radin, Paul. 1946. "Zapotec Texts: Dialect of Juchitan-Tehauno," IJAL 12, 152-72.
E
Consonant system:
p t k kj ʔ
b d ɡ ɡj
č
ɡ̌
θ s š x
β ð z ž ɣ
m n ŋ
l
ɾ rž
Stops: p b t d k ɡ kj ɡj ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: β θ ð s z š ž x ɣ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ rž
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Modified Vowels: v̤ (ɡlottalized) all
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
mb nd ŋɡ
č
̌ ñɡ̌
s h
m n
l
r
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ñɡ̌
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ ?
Tones: tones
Краткие типологические обзоры языков Чибчанской семьи
Number: 5055
Language: Tarascan
Alternate Name: Purépecha
Location: SW Mexico (Michoacán)
Population: 50,000
Classification: Amerind: Chibchan
Dictionary: Swadesh, Mauricio. 1969. Elementos del tarasco antiguo. Mexico City: Univ Nacional Autónoma de México.
Grammar: Foster, Mary Le Cron. 1969. The Tarascan Language. UCPL 56.
Other Sources:
Foster, Mary Le Cron 1971 "Tarascan," in SAIL, 77-111.
Friedrich, Paul. 1975. A Phonology of Tarascan. Chicago: Dept of Anthropology, Univ of Chicago.
Consonant system:
p ph t̪ t̪h k kh
(b) (d̪) (ɡ)
t̪s t̪sh č čh
(f) s š x
m n (ñ)
(l)
ɾ ɾ̣
Stops: p ph (b) t̪ t̪h (d̪) k kh (ɡ)
Affricates: t̪s t̪sh č čh
Fricatives: (f) s š x
Nasals: m n (ñ)
Laterals: (l)
Vibrants: ɾ ɾ̣
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
ɛ o
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)
Stress: phonemic
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
[4=6]
Syntax: SVO AN GN/NG DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5056
Language: Cuitlatec
Location: Mexico (Guerrero)
Population: extinct (c. 1965)
Classification: Amerind: Chibchan
Grammar: GD: Escalante Hernandez, Roberto. 1962 El Cuilateco. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropologı́a e Historia.
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
č
(f) (s) š h
β ð ɣ
m n
l ɬ
(ɾ) (r)
Stops: p t k kʷ ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: β (f) ð (s) š ɣ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: (ɾ) (r)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Stress: phonemic
Number: 5057
Language: Xinca
Location: SE Guatemala
Population: 100
Classification: Amerind: Chibchan
Other Sources:
McArthur, Harry. 1966. "Xinca," in LG, 309-12.
Campbell, Lyle. 1972. "Mayan Loan Words in Xinca," IJAL 38, 187-90.
CTIL 11, p. 468.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ ʔ
tsʔ (č)
ṣ h
m n
l ɬ
ɾ
Stops: p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ ʔ
Affricates: tsʔ (č)
Fricatives: ṣ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Stress: on vowel before last consonant of word
Articles: def
Syntax: VOS AN GN/NG DN
Prep/Post: PREP
Comments: "quite moribund. . . known only by old people.''
Number: 5058
Language: Lenca
Location: SW Honduras
Classification: Amerind: Chibchan
Other Sources: Kaufman, Terrence. 1973. "Areal Linguistics and Middle America," CTIL 11, 459-83.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ ʔ
s š
m n
l
r
Stops: p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ ʔ
Fricatives: s š
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Stress: penalt
Articles: def
Syntax: SOV
Number: 5059
Language: Paya
Location: N Honduras
Classification: Amerind: Chibchan
Other Sources:
E
WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV
Number: 5060
Language: Sanuma
Alternate Name: Waica
Location: NW Brazil
Population: 25,000
Classification: Amerind: Chibchan: Yanomam
Other Sources: Borgman, Donald M. 1974. "Deep and Surface Case in Sanuma," Linguistics 132, 5-18.
Consonant system:
p t k
ts
s h
m n
l
Stops: p t k
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Glides: w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Modified Vowels: nasal harmony
Stress: antepenult
Noun
Number: s p
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3
4i=5
Syntax: SOV NA GN DN POSS-N
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5061
Language: Sanuma
Dialect: Aykamteli
Location: NW Brazil
Population: 25,000
Classification: Amerind: Chibchan: Yanomam
Other Sources:
Albright, Sue. 1965. "Aykamteli Higher-Level Phonology," AL 7:7, 16-22.
AMAZ
Consonant system:
p t k
f s š h
m n
ľ
Stops: p t k
Fricatives: f s š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: ľ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Syntax: SOV
Number: 5062
Language: Yanomami
Location: N Brazil (Amazonas)
Classification: Amerind: Chibchan: Yanomam
Other Sources: E
Consonant system:
Syntax: SOV
Number: 5063
Language: Yanomamö
Location: N Brazil (Amazonas)
Classification: Amerind: Chibchan: Yanomam
Other Sources: AMAZ
Consonant system:
Syntax: SOV
Number: 5064
Language: Ninam
Alternate Name: Shiriana
Location: SE Venezuela
Population: 25,000
Classification: Amerind: Chibchan: Yanomam
Other Sources:
Borgman, Donald M. 1963. "Sentence and Clause Types in Central Waica (Shiriana)" IJAL 29, 222-229.
Migliazza, Ernest and Joseph E. Grimes. 1961. "Shiriana Phonology" AL 3:6, 31-41.
WPF
Consonant system:
p t th k
(č)
(ɸ) s š h
m n
ɾ
Stops: p t th k
Affricates: (č)
Fricatives: (ɸ) s š h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C), Nˈ
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3hH 6
Syntax: SOV NA DN POSS-N
Number: 5065
Language: Motilon
Location: N Colombia
Classification: Amerind: Chibchan: Chibchan Proper: Western
Consonant system:
Number: 5066
Language: Cuna
Alternate Name: Kuna
Location: Panama
Population: 20,000
Classification: Amerind: Chibchan: Chibchan Proper: Western
Grammar: Holmer, Nils M. 1946. "Outline of Cuna Grammar," IJAL 12, 185-97.
Other Sources: Forster, Keith. 1977. "The Narrative Folklore Discourse in Border Cuna," in DG II, 1-23.
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ
č
s
m n
l
r
Stops: p t k kʷ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ all but s
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Stress: on-phonemic
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: SOV NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5067
Language: Matagalpa
Location: Nicaragua
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Chibchan: Misumalpan
Consonant system:
Number: 5068
Language: Miskito
Location: Honduras
Population: 15,000 (1929)
Classification: Amerind: Chibchan: Misumalpan
Dictionary: Heath, G. R. and W. G. Marx. 1953. Diccionario miskito-español, español-miskito. Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Calderon.
Other Sources:
Consemius, Edward. 1929. "Notes on the Miskito and Sumu Languages of Eastern Nicaragua and Honduras," IJAL 5, 57-115.
Heath, G. R. 1950. "Miskito Glossary, With Ethnographic Commentary," IJAL 16, 20-34.
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
(ɡ̌)
s x
m n
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: (ɡ̌)
Fricatives: s x
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
(e) (o)
a
Front Vowels: i (e)
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u (o)
Long Vowels: ī ā ū
Diphthongs: ai au
Stress: initial
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N(3)/N-POSS(1,2)
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5069
Language: Sumo
Location: Honduras
Population: 3,500 (1929)
Classification: Amerind: Chibchan: Misumalpan
Other Sources: Conzemius, Eduard. 1929. "Notes on the Miskito and Sumu Languages of Eastern Nicaragua and Honduras," IJAL 5, 57-115.
Consonant system:
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV NA GN DN N-NUM
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5070
Language: Rama
Location: Nicaragua
Classification: Amerind: Chibchan: Rama
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SOV
Number: 5071
Language: Guatuso
Location: N Costa Rica
Population: 150
Classification: Amerind: Chibchan: Rama
Consonant system:
Number: 5072
Language: Guetar
Location: Costa Rica
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Chibchan: Rama
Consonant system:
Number: 5073
Language: Cabecar
Location: SE Costa Rica
Population: 2,000
Classification: Amerind: Chibchan: Talamanca
Dictionary: Arroyo, Victor Manuel. 1972. Lenguas indı́genas costarricenses. San José, Costa Rica: Educa.
Other Sources:
Jones, Aziel W. and Marian Jones. 1959. "The Segmental Phonemes of Chirripó," Actas del XXXIII Congreso Internacional de Americanistas 2, 580-3.
Jones, Aziel W. 1974. "La clave del verbo en la lengua cabécar," AI 34, 333-9.
Consonant system:
p ph t th k kh
b
ts č ɡ̌
f s š x
m n ñ
̌ l
r
Stops: p ph b t th k kh
Affricates: ts č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s š x
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: ̌l
Vibrants: r
Glides: w
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ĩ ẽ ã ũ õ
Tones: hi lo
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV NA GN POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5074
Language: Bribri
Dialect: Lari
Location: S Costa Rica
Population: 5,000
Classification: Amerind: Chibchan: Talamanca
Dictionary: Arroyo, Victor Manuel. 1972. Lenguas indı́genas costarricenses. San José, Costa Rica: Educa.
Other Sources: Schlabach, Raymond A. 1974. "Los fonemas del bribri del Valle de Talamanca," AI 34, 355-62.
Consonant system:
p hp t̪ ht̪ c k hk (ʔ)
b d̪
ts hts č hč
ɡ̌
s š
m n ñ (ŋ)
ľ
Nasal consonants are analyzed as allophones of b d ɡ̌.
Stops: p hp b t̪ ht̪ d̪ c k hk (ʔ)
Affricates: ts hts č hč ɡ̌
Fricatives: s š
Nasals: m n ñ (ŋ) (nasal consonants are analyzed as allophones of b d ɡ̌)
Laterals: ľ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
I ʋ
e o
a
Front Vowels: i I e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but I ʋ
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: non-phonemic
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV NA GN POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5075
Language: Bribri
Dialect: Salitre
Location: S Costa Rica
Population: 5,000
Classification: Amerind: Chibchan: Talamanca
Dictionary: Arroyo, Victor Manuel. 1972. Lenguas indı́genas costarricenses. San José, Costa Rica: Educa.
Other Sources:
Wilson, Jack L. 1974. "Análisis fonológico del bribri," AI 34, 341-53.
WPF
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d
č
ɡ̌
s š h
m n ñ
ɾ r ṛ
Nasal consonants are analyzed as allophones of b d ɡ̌.
Stops: p b t d k ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n ñ (nasal consonants are analyzed as allophones of b d ɡ̌)
Vibrants: ɾ r ṛ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
I ʋ
e o
a
Front Vowels: i I e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but I ʋ
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)
Tones: hi lo
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Number: 5076
Language: Teribe
Location: NW Panama (Bocas del Toro)
Population: 1,000
Classification: Amerind: Chibchan: Talamanca
Dictionary: Arroyo, Victor Manuel. 1972. Lenguas indı́genas costarricenses. San José: Costa Rica: Educa.
Other Sources:
Koontz, Carol and Joanne Anderson. 1977. "Connectives in Teribe," in DG II, 95-131.
Koontz, Carol. 1977. "Features of Dialogue within Narrative Discourse in Teribe," in DG III, 111-132.
E
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
č
s š x
z ž
m n ñ ŋ
l
r ṛ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s z š ž x
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r ṛ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
I ʋ
e ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i I e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o
Nasal Vowels: ĩ ẽ ã ũ õ
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4de 4i
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV/OVS NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5077
Language: Borunca
Location: S Costa Rica
Classification: Amerind: Chibchan: Talamanca
Grammar: Arroyo, Victor Manuel. 1972. Lenguas indigenas costarricenses. San José, Costa Rica: Educa.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
ts č
s š x h
m n ŋ
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: s š x h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
ɛ
a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: short vowels ĕ ă ŭ ŏ
Nasal Vowels: ã
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: (PREP)/POST
Number: 5078
Language: Guaymi
Alternate Name: Ngäbere
Location: N Panama
Population: 25,000
Classification: Amerind: Chibchan: Guaymi
Grammar: GD: Alphonse, Ephraim S. 1956. Guaymı́ Grammar and Dictionary. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
Consonant system:
t k
b d ɡ
č
s x
m n ñ ŋ
l
ɾ
Stops: b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s x
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i y u
e o
ɔ
a ɑ
Front Vowels: i y e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɑ
Noun
Number: s (p)
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def indef
Other Sources: Tracy, Hubert P. and Stephen H. Levinsohn. 1977. "Partipant Reference in Ica Expository Discourse," in DG III, 3-23.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
č
ɡ̌
s̪ h
β z̪ ž
m n̪ ŋ
ɾ
Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: β s̪ z̪ ž h
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Vibrants: ɾ
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Краткие типологические обзоры языков Паэсской семьи
Number: 5097
Language: Timucua
Location: N Florida
Population: extinct (c. 1775)
Classification: Amerind: Paezan
Other Sources:
Granberry, Julian. 1956. "Timucua I: Prosodics and Phonemics of the Mocama Dialect," IJAL 22, 97-105.
WALS
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ
č
f s h
m n
l
ɾ
Stops: p t k kʷ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ ?
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: initial
Syntax: SOV
Number: 5098
Language: Warao
Alternate Name: Caño Bagre
Location: E Venezuela (Monagas)
Population: 10,000
Classification: Amerind: Paezan
Dictionary: Barral, Basilio M. de. 1957. Diccionario guarao-español, español-guarao. Caracas: Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales.
Grammar: Vaquero, Antonio. 1965. Idioma Warao. Caracas: Sucre.
Other Sources:
Osborn, Henry A. Jr. 1966-67. "Warao I-III," IJAL 32: 108-23 & 253-61; 33: 46-64.
WALS
Consonant system:
t k kw
b
(ɸ) s h
m n
ɾ
Stops: b t k kw
Fricatives: (ɸ) s h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Modified Vowels: nasal harmony
Diphthongs: ai au ei oi ua ui uai
Syllable: (C)V
Tones: penult (mostly)
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: indef
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: OSV NA GN DN/(ND) N-NUM POSS-N D+N+Num
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5099
Language: Kunza
Alternate Name: Atacameño
Location: C Chile
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Paezan
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SOV
Number: 5100
Language: Betoi
Location: NW Colombia
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Paezan
Consonant system:
Number: 5101
Language: Chimu
Alternate Name: Yunca
Location: NW Peru
Population: extinct (c. 1965)
Classification: Amerind: Paezan
Dictionary: Carrera, Fernando de la. 1921. La langua yunga e mochica. Lima.
Grammar: Harrington, John P. 1945. "Yunka, Language of the Peruvian Coastal Culture," IJAL 11, 24-30.
Other Sources: Stark, Louisa R. 1972. "Maya-Yunga-Chipayan: A New Linguistic Alignment," IJAL 38, 119-35.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
t̪s č čj
f s̪ š šj x
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l̪ ʎ
r
Stops: p t̪ k
Affricates: t̪s č čj
Fricatives: f s̪ š šj x
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l̪ ʎ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ ?
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: mostly penult, sometimes phonemic
Noun
Number: s (p)
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 *6
Syntax: SOV /(SVO) AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5102
Language: Itonama
Location: NE Bolivia (Beni)
Population: 2,000
Classification: Amerind: Paezan
Dictionary: Camp, Elizabeth and Millicent Liccardi. 1967. Itonama, castellano e ingles. Riberalta, Bolivia: SIL.
Grammar: Camp, Elizabeth and Millicent Liccardi. 1967. "Itonama," in BIG II, 257-352.
Other Sources: Liccardi, Millicent and Joseph Grimes. 1968. "Itonama Intonation and Phonemes," Linguistics 38, 36-41.
Consonant system:
p t tʔ tj k kʔ ʔ
b d
č čʔ
s h
m n
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t tʔ tj d k kʔ ʔ
Affricates: č čʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: aj
Other Sources: Sheldon, Steven N. 1974. "Some Morphophonemic and Tone Perturbation Rules in Mura-Pirahã," IJAL 40, 279-82.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b ɡ
s h
? (No nasals, laterals or vibrants occur in the examples)
?
?
Stops: p b t k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: ? (No nasals, laterals or vibrants occur in the examples)
Laterals: ?
Vibrants: ?
Vowel system:
i
o
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Other Sources:
Loewen, Jacob A. 1963. "Choco I-II," IJAL 29, 239-63 & 357-71.
E
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ
b d ɡ
č
̌ ɡ̌
s h
z
m n
(l)
ɾ r
Stops: p pʔ b t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s z h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: (l)
Vibrants: ɾ r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Other Sources:
Loewen, Jacob A. 1963. "Choco I-II" IJAL 29, 239-63 & 357-71.
Loewen, Jacob A. 1960. "Spanish Loanwords in Waunana," IJAL 26, 330-44.
Binder, Ronald. 1977. "Thematic Linkage in Waunana," in DG II, 159-90.
Consonant system:
p ph t th k kh ʔ
b d ɡ
s š h
m n
(l)
r ɾ̣
Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: (l)
Vibrants: r ɾ̣
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: (v̄)
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Stress: phonemic
Articles: def
Other Sources:
Gerdel, Florence. 1973. "Paez Phonemes," Linguistics 104, 28-48.
Gerdel, Florence L. and Marianna C. Slocum. 1976. "Paez Discourse, Paragraph and Sentence Structure," in DG I, 259-445.
Consonant system:
p t c k ʔ
mb nd ñɟ ŋɡ
ts č
(ɸ) ɸj s šj š ç x h
β n ñž (ɣ)
m n ñ
l ʎ
(ɾ)
Stops: p mb t nd c ñɟ k ŋɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: (ɸ) ɸj β s nz šj š ñž ç x (ɣ) h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l ʎ
Vibrants: (ɾ)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
ɛ
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Modified Vowels: nasal harmony
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)
Stress: phonemic (accompanied by hi pitch)
Other Sources: Henriksen, Lee A. and Stephen H. Levinsohn. 1977. "Progression and Prominence in Cuaiquer Discourse," in DG II, 43-67.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
č
s š x
β z ž ɣ
m n ñ
l
r
Stops: p t k ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: β s z š ž x ɣ
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u
Classification: Amerind: Paezan: Nuclear Paezan: Barbacoan
Dictionary: Lindskoog, John N. and Carrie A. Lindskoog. 1964. Vocabulario cayapa. Quito:SIL.
Other Sources:
Lindskoog, John N. and Ruth M. Brend. 1962. "Cayapa Phonemics," in SEIL I, 31-44.
Abrahamson Arne. 1962. "Cayapa: Grammatical Notes and Texts," in SEIL I, 217-47.
Wiebe, Neil. 1977. "The Structure of Events and Participants in Cayapa Narrative Discourse," in DG II, 191-227.
Consonant system:
p t c k ʔ
b d ɟ ɡ
ts č
ɸ s š h
m n ñ ŋ
l ʎ
r
Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: ɸ s š h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l ʎ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ʋ
ɛ
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ai ui ei
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Tones: phonemic but usually on initial and heavy syllables
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5128
Language: Colorado
Alternate Name: Tsafiki
Location: NW Ecuador
Population: 600
Classification: Amerind: Paezan: Nuclear Paezan: Barbacoan
Dictionary: Moore, Bruce R. 1966. Diccionario castellaño-colorado : colorado-castellaño. Quito: SIL.
Other Sources:
Moore, Bruce R. 1962. "Correspondences in South Barbacoan Chibcha," in SEIL I, 270-89.
WALS
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
ʔb ʔd
ts
f s h
m n
l
r
Stops: p ʔb t ʔd k ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Syntax: SOV
Краткие типологические обзоры языков Андской семьи
Number: 5129
Language: Culli
Location: W Peru
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Andean: Northern
Consonant system:
Number: 5130
Language: Sec
Location: NW Peru (Piura)
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Andean: Northern
Consonant system:
Number: 5131
Language: Leco
Location: W Bolivia
Population: 24
Classification: Amerind: Andean: Northern
Consonant system:
Number: 5132
Language: Catacao
Location: SW Ecuador
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Andean: Northern
Consonant system:
Number: 5133
Language: Colan
Location: W Ecuador
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Andean: Northern
Consonant system:
Number: 5134
Language: Cholona
Alternate Name: Cholon
Location: N Peru
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Andean: Northern
Other Sources:
LAND
WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV
Number: 5135
Language: Hibito
Location: N Peru
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Andean: Northern
Consonant system:
Number: 5136
Language: Urarina
Alternate Name: Simacu
Location: Peru
Population: 2,000
Classification: Amerind: Andean: Urarina-Waorani
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: OVS
Number: 5137
Language: Waorani
Alternate Name: Auca
Location: NE Ecuador
Population: 500
Classification: Amerind: Andean: Urarina-Waorani
Grammar: Peeke, M. Catherine. 1973. Preliminary Grammar of Auca. SIL 39.
Other Sources: Saint, Rachel and Kenneth L. Pike. 1962. "Auca Phonemics," in SEIL I, 2-30.
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
(č)
m n ñ ŋ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: (č)
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Clicks: ʘ = emphatic negative
Modified Consonants: m (inverse pulmonic nasal) = emphatic affirmative
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɯ ̌
e
æ a
Front Vowels: i e æ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ɯ ̌
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels:
ṽ all
v̄̃ all
Syllable: (C)V
Stress: phonemic
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2 5d 5
*3 *6d *6
special honorific forms for 1 2 & 3
Other Sources: Peeke, Catherine and Mary Sargent. 1959. "Pronombres personales en shimigae," in Estudios acerca de las lenguas huarani (auca), shimigae y zápara, Quito, 18-28.
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
d
ts č
s š h
m n
r
Stops: p t d k kʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: ṽ all
Other Sources: Orr, Carolyn. 1962. "Ecuador Quichua Phonology," in SEIL I, 60-77.
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
ts č
dz ɡ̌
s š h
m n ñ
l ʎ
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l ʎ
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: cj p t k
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: penult
Noun
Number: s p
Syntax: SOV AN GN NUM-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5147
Language: Quechua A
Alternate Name: Southern Quechua
Dialect: Inga
Location: SW Colombia
Population: 3 million
Classification: Amerind: Andean: Quechuan
Grammar: Levinsohn, Stephen H. 1976. The Inga Language. The Hague: Mouton.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
(b) (d̪) (ɡ)
(t̪s) č
s̪ (š)
m n̪ ñ
l̪ ʎ
ɾ̣
Stops: p (b) t̪ (d̪) k (ɡ)
Affricates: (t̪s) č
Fricatives: s̪ (š)
Nasals: m n̪ ñ
Laterals: l̪ ʎ
Vibrants: ɾ̣
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)
Stress: "phonemic, but grammatically predictable." Levinsohn, p. 29.
Demonstratives: 3
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Comments: Most northern Quechua language in South America.
Number: 5148
Language: Quechua A
Alternate Name: Southern Quechua
Dialect: Cuzco
Location: SE Peru (Cuzco)
Population: 3 million
Classification: Amerind: Andean: Quechuan
Grammar: Cusihuaman, Antonio G. 1976. Gramática quechua: Cuzco-Collao. Lima: Ministerio de Educacion.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ
(b) (d) (ɡ)
č čh čʔ
s š x
m n ñ
l ʎ
ɾ
Stops: p ph pʔ (b) t th tʔ (d) k kh kʔ (ɡ) q qh qʔ
Affricates: č čh čʔ
Fricatives: s š x
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l ʎ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: penult
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5149
Language: Quechua A
Alternate Name: Southern Quechua
Dialect: Santiago del Estero
Location: N Argentina
Population: 3 million
Classification: Amerind: Andean: Quechuan
Dictionary: Bravo, Domingo A. 1967. Diccionario quichua santiagueño-castellano. Buenos Aires: Instituto Amigos del Libro Argentino.
Other Sources: GSAIL, 49.
Consonant system:
p t k q
d
č
s š h
ž
m n ñ
l
ɾ̣
Stops: p t d k q
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s š ž h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ̣
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
(e) (o)
a
Front Vowels: i (e)
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u (o)
Number: 5150
Language: Quechua A
Alternate Name: Southern Quechua
Dialect: Ayacucho
Location: S Peru
Population: 3 million
Classification: Amerind: Andean: Quechuan
Grammar:
GD: Parker, Gary John. 1969. Ayacucho Quechua Grammar and Dictionary. The Hague: Mouton.
Soto Ruiz, Clodoaldo. 1976. Gramática quechua: Ayacucho-chanca. Lima: Ministerio de Educacion.
Consonant system:
p t k
(b) (d) (ɡ)
č
(f) s x χ
m n ñ
l ʎ
ɾ ɹ̣
Stops: p (b) t (d) k (ɡ)
Affricates: č
Fricatives: (f) s x χ
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l ʎ
Vibrants: ɾ ɹ̣
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
(e)(o)
a
Front Vowels: i (e)
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u (o)
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: penult
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS D+Num+A+N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5151
Language: Quechua A
Alternate Name: Southern Quechua
Dialect: San Martin
Location: Peru
Population: 3 million
Classification: Amerind: Andean: Quechuan
Grammar: Coombs, David, Heidi Coombs and Robert Weber. 1976. Gramatica quechua San Martin. Lima: Ministerio de Educacion.
Consonant system:
p t k
(b) (d) (ɡ)
č
̌ ɡ̌
(f) s š h
m n ñ
(l)
ɾ (r)
Stops: p (b) t (d) k (ɡ)
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) s š h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: (l)
Vibrants: ɾ (r)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i (e)
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u (o)
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: penult
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 [4di] 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N N-POSS D+Num+A+N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5152
Language: Quechua A
Alternate Name: Southern Quechua
Dialect: Bolivian
Location: Bolivia
Population: 3 million
Classification: Amerind: Andean: Quechuan
Grammar: GD: Urioste, Jorge and Joaquı́n Herrero. 1955. Gramatica de la lengua quechua y vocabulario quechua-castellano, castellano-quechua. La Paz: Canata.
TextBooks:
Bills, Garland D., Bernardo Vallejo C. and Rudolphe C. Troike. 1969. An Introduction to Spoken Bolivian Quechua. Austin: Univ of Texas Press.
Albo, Xavier. n.d. El quechua a su alcance, 2 vols. Bolivia: USAID.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ
(b) (d̪) (ɡ)
č čh čʔ
(f) s̪ š h
m n̪ ñ
l̪ ʎ
ɾ (r)
Stops: p ph pʔ (b) t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ (d̪) k kh kʔ (ɡ) q qh qʔ
Affricates: č čh čʔ
Fricatives: (f) s̪ š h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ
Laterals: l̪ ʎ
Vibrants: ɾ (r)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
(e) (o)
a
Front Vowels: i (e)
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u (o)
Stress: penult
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N N-POSS D+Num+A+N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5153
Language: Quechua B
Alternate Name: Northern Quechua
Dialect: Huancayo
Location: Peru (Huancayo)
Population: 3 million
Classification: Amerind: Andean: Quechuan
Other Sources:
Chacón, Sihuay Jorge. 1973. Quechua Wanka, vol. 1. Lima: Univ Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.
Cerron, Rodolfo. 1967. "Fonologia del Wanka," in Quatro fonologias quechuas," Lima, Univ Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 53-80.
E
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
(b) (d) (ɡ)
č̣ č
(ɸ) s ṣ̌ š h
ẓ̌
m n ñ
l ʎ
ɾ (r)
Stops: p (b) t (d) k (ɡ) ʔ
Affricates: č̣ č
Fricatives: (ɸ) s ṣ̌ ẓ̌ š h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l ʎ
Vibrants: ɾ (r)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: penult
Syntax: SOV
Number: 5154
Language: Quechua B
Alternate Name: Northern Quechua
Dialect: Caraz
Location: Peru
Population: 3 million
Classification: Amerind: Andean: Quechuan
Other Sources:
Parker, Gary. 1967. "Fonologia y morfofonemica del quechua de Caraz," in Quatro fonologias quechuas," Lima, Univ Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 25-40.
E
Consonant system:
p t k q
(b) (d) (ɡ)
ts č
(f) s š h
m n (ñ)
l ʎ
ɾ ɹ̣
Stops: p (b) t (d) k (ɡ) q
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: (f) s š h
Nasals: m n (ñ)
Laterals: l ʎ
Vibrants: ɾ ɹ̣
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: non-phonemic
Syntax: SOV
Number: 5155
Language: Quechua B
Alternate Name: Northern Quechua
Dialect: Ancash
Location: Peru (Ancash)
Population: 3 million
Classification: Amerind: Andean: Quechuan
Grammar: Parker, Gary J. 1976. Gramatica quechua qncash-quailas. Lima: Ministerio de Educacion.
Consonant system:
p t k q
(b) (d) (ɡ)
ts č̣ č
(f) s š h
m n ñ
l ʎ
ɾ (r)
Stops: p (b) t (d) k (ɡ) q
Affricates: ts č̣ č
Fricatives: (f) s š h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l ʎ
Vibrants: ɾ (r)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
(e) (o)
a
Front Vowels: i (e)
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u (o)
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: penult
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 4: this/that/yonder/far away
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N N-POSS D+Num+A+N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5156
Language: Aymara
Location: Bolivia
Population: 1 million
Classification: Amerind: Andean: Aymaran
Dictionary: Miranda, Pedro. 1970. Diccionario breve: castellaño-aymara, aymara-castellaño. La Paz: El Siglo.
Grammar:
GD: Ebbing, Juan Enrique. 1965. Gramatica y diccionario aimara. La Paz: Don Bosco.
Tarifa Ascarrunz, Erasmo. 1969. Gramatica de la langua aymara. La Paz: Don Bosco.
TextBooks: Grondin, Marcelo N. 1973. Metodo de aymara. Oruro, Bolivia: Rodriguez-Muriel.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ
č čh čʔ
s χ h
m n ñ
l ʎ
r
Stops: p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ
Affricates: č čh čʔ
Fricatives: s χ h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l ʎ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
(e) (o)
a
Front Vowels: i (e)
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u (o)
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: au eu iu aj uj ja ju
Stress: penult
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 4: this/that/that yonder/that far away
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N N-POSS D+A+N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5157
Language: Jaqaru
Location: C Peru
Population: 2,000
Classification: Amerind: Andean: Aymaran
Grammar: Hardman, M. J. 1966. Jaqaru. The Hague: Mouton.
Other Sources: WPF
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ c ch cʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ
ts tsh tsʔ č̣ č̣h č̣ʔ č čh čʔ
s š h
m n ñ ŋ
l ʎ
ɾ
Stops: p ph pʔ t th tʔ c ch cʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ
Affricates: ts tsh tsʔ č̣ č̣h č̣ʔ č čh čʔ
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l ʎ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V
Stress: penult
Noun
Number: s (p) (pl is emphatic and optional)
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
1=4e, 2=5, 3=6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N N-POSS D+Num+A+N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5158
Language: Puelche
Alternate Name: Pampa
Location: Argentina (Pampas)
Population: 5
Classification: Amerind: Andean: Southern: Puelche
Grammar: Barbará, Federico. 1944. Manual o vocabulario de al lengua pampa. Buenos Aires: Emecé.
Consonant system:
p t k
d ɡ
č
f s š ɣ h
m n̪ ñ
l̪ ʎ
r
Stops: p t d k ɡ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: f s š ɣ h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ
Laterals: l̪ ʎ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Stress: non-phonemic (penult or final)
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2 5d 5
*3
Syntax: AN/(NA) NUM-N POSS-N/(N-POSS)
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Number: 5159
Language: Mapudungu
Alternate Name: Araucanian
Location: Chile (Cantнn)
Population: 208,000
Classification: Amerind: Andean: Southern: Mapudungu
Dictionary: Erize, Esteban. 1960. Diccionario comentado mapuche-español. Buenos Aires: Cuadernos del Sur.
Other Sources:
Suárez, Jorge A. 1959. "The Phonemes of an Araucanian DIalect," IJAL 25. 177-81.
Echeverrı́a Weasson, Sergio. 1963. Descripcı́on fonológica del mapuche. Concepción, Chile: Univ of Concepcı́on.
Echeverrı́a, Max S. and Heles Contreras. 1965. "Araucanian Phonemics," IJAL 31, 132-5.
Fontanella, Marı́a Beatriz. 1967. "Componential Analysis of Personal Affixes in Araucanian," IJAL 33, 305-8.
Consonant system:
p t̪ t k
ṭr č
ɸ θ s
m n̪ n ñ ŋ
l̪ l ʎ
ɹ̣
Stops: p t̪ t k
Affricates: ṭr č
Fricatives: ɸ θ s
Nasals: m n̪ n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l̪ l ʎ
Vibrants: ɹ̣
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɯ u
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ ɔ
Other Sources:
Clairis, Christos. 1977. "Première approche du qawasqar: Indentification et phonologie," La linguistique 13:1, 145-58.
Clairis, Christos. 1978. "La lengua qawasqar," Vicus Cuadernos. Lingüı́stica 2, 29-43.
Clairis, Christos. 1979. "Les grands traits de la syntaxe du qawasqar (alakaluf)," in Linguistique fonctionnelle, ed. by Mortéza Mahmoudian, Paris, PUF, 203-11.
LAND
Consonant system:
p t tʔ q qʔ (ʔ)
č čʔ
f š χ
m n
l
ɾ
Stops: p t tʔ q qʔ (ʔ)
Affricates: č čʔ
Fricatives: f š χ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
ǝ
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u
Stress: penult
Other Sources:
Hustermann-Hamburg, Ferd. 1929. "Das Pronomen im Yámana," IJAL 5, 150-79.
Goodbar, Perla Golbert de. 1977-8. "Yagan: I-II," Vicus Cuadernos. Lingüı́stica 1: 5-60; 2: 87-102.
LAND
Consonant system:
ph th kh
čh
f s š x h
m n
l̪ l
r
Stops: ph th kh
Affricates: čh
Fricatives: f s š x h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l̪ l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a ɑ
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Noun
Number: s d p (animate only)
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
Syntax: SOV/SVO AN GN DN/(ND) NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Краткие типологические обзоры языков семьи Макро-пано
Other Sources:
Gerzenstein, Ana. 1968. Fonologı́a de la lengua gününa-këna. Buenos Aires: Univ de Buenos Aires.
Suarez, Jorge A. 1973. "Macro-Pano-Tacanan," IJAL 39, 137-54.
LAND
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
b d ɡ G
č čʔ
s š x χ
m n
l
r
Stops: p pʔ b t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ q qʔ G ʔ
Affricates: č čʔ
Fricatives: s š x χ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
e o
a
Front Vowels: e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Modified Vowels:
v̰ (ɡlottalized) all
v̰̄ all
Other Sources:
Najlis, Elena L. 1971. "Disambiguation in Selknam," IJAL 37, 46-7.
Suárez, Jorge A. 1973. "Macro-Pano-Tacanan," IJAL 39, 137-54.
LAND
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
č čʔ
s š x χ
m n
l
r
Stops: p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
Affricates: č čʔ
Fricatives: s š x χ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
e o
a
Front Vowels: e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Modified Vowels:
v̰ (ɡlottalized) all
v̰̄ all
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Tucanoan
Grammar: GD: Meader, Robert E. 1967. Iranxe: Notas Gramaticais e Lista Vocabular. Rio de Janeiro: Univ Federal do Rio de Janeiro.
Consonant system:
p pʷ t k ʔ
b bʷ (d)
ṣ š h
m mʷ n
l
ɾ
Stops: p pʷ b bʷ t (d) k ʔ
Fricatives: ṣ š h
Nasals: m mʷ n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: cj t k
Glides: j w (w̥)
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels:
ṽ all
v̄̃ all
Diphthongs: ɨi ai oi
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: phonemic
Syntax: SOV NA GN POSS-N
Number: 5172
Language: Koaia
Location: W Brazil
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Tucanoan
Consonant system:
Number: 5173
Language: Movima
Location: NC Bolivia (Beni)
Population: 1,000
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Tucanoan
Dictionary:
Judy, Roberto and Judit Emerich de Judy. 1962. Movima y castellano. Cochabamba: SIL.
Grammar:
Judy, Robert A. and Judith E. Judy. 1967. "Movima," in BIG 2, 353-408. [also in GELB II, 131-222.]
Other Sources:
Judy, Roberto and Judit Emerich de Judy. 1962. "Fonemas del movima," Notas Lingüı́sticas de Bolivia, No.5, Cochabamba, SIL.
Judy, Roberto A. 1965. "Pronoun Introducers in Movima Clauses," AL 7:7, 5-9.
Judy, Judith. 1965. "Independent Verbs in Movima," AL 7:7, 10-15.
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
ɓ ɗ
č
s h
β
m ʔm n ʔn
l ɬ
ɾ
Stops: p ɓ t ɗ k kʷ ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: β s h
Nasals: m ʔm n ʔn
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Stress: penult
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3mfn 6
Syntax: VSO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 5174
Language: Muniche
Location: Peru (Paranapura River)
Population: 200
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Tucanoan
Grammar: Gibson, Michael Luke. 1996. El munishe: Un idioma que se extingue. Yarinacocha, Peru: SIL.
Consonant system:
p t c k ʔ
d ɡ
č
s ṣ ç
m n ñ
r
Stops: p t d c k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s ṣ ç
Nasals: m n ñ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɯ u
e
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ
Other Sources: Groth, Christa. 1977. "Here and There in Canamarı́," AL 19, 203-15.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k (ʔ)
mb nd̪
ts
dz
h
m n̪ ñ
ɾ
Stops: p mb t̪ nd̪ k (ʔ)
Affricates: ts dz
Fricatives: h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i
ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: o
Long Vowels: ī ā ū ō
Modified Vowels: nasal harmony
Diphthongs: ai au oi
Stress: final
Demonstratives: 2
Other Sources:
Kroeker, Babara J. 1972. "Morphophonemics of Nambiquara," AL 14, 19-22.
Price, P. David. 1976. "Southern Nambiquara Phonology," IJAL 42, 338-48.
WALS
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
s h
n
ľ
Stops: p t k kʷ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: n
Laterals: ľ
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Modified Vowels:
v̰ all
ṽ̰ all
Diphthongs:
ai au
ãi ãu
a̰i a̰u
a̰ĩ a̰ũ
Other Sources: Caudmont, Jean. 1954. "Fonologia puinave," Revista Colombiana de Antropologı́a 3, 265-76.
Consonant system:
p pʷ t k ʔ
b bʷ d ɡ
s h
m mʷ n
r
Stops: p pʷ b bʷ t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m mʷ n
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cj t d s n
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Other Sources:
Rivet, P., P. Kok and C. Tastevin. 1925. "Nouvelle contribution à l'étude de la langue makú," IJAL 3, 133-92.
Cathcart, Marilyn E. and Stephen H. Levinsohn. 1977. "The Encoding of Chronological Progression in Cacua Narratives," in DG II, 69-94.
E
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
č
h
m n ñ
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: h
Nasals: m n ñ
Vibrants: r
Glides: w w̥
Vowel system:
i ɨ
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all?
Tones: hi-slo-downglide hi-fast-downglide mid low
Syntax: SOV/OSV
Number: 5203
Language: Ticuna
Alternate Name: Tucuna
Location: NE Peru
Population: 15,000
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Tucanoan: Ticuna-Yuri
Dictionary: Anderson, Lambert. 1958. "Vocabulario breve del idioma ticuna," Tradición 21 (Cuzco).
TextBooks: Anderson, Doris G. 1962. Conversational Ticuna. Yarinacocha, Peru: SIL.
Other Sources: Anderson, Lambert. 1966. "The Structure and Distribution of Ticuna Independent Clauses," Linguistics 20, 5-30.
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
b d ɡ
č
̌ ɡ̌
f (s)
m n ñ ŋ
(l)
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ kʷ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f (s)
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: (l)
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
ɛ o
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but ɛ
Modified Vowels:
v̰ (larynɡealized) all
ṽ̰ i e o only
Diphthongs: ai au
Tones:
hi hi-mid mid lo-mid lo hi-fall lo-mid-lev-(2-3) lo-mid-ris-(2-5) mid-ris
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
*3mf 6
+ indef & ref
3 has 5 forms: (1) he/she/it, (2) he-distant, (3) he-previously referred to, (4) he/she/it-familiar, (5) she
Other Sources: Waltz, Nathan E. and Alva Wheeler. 1972. "Proto-Tucanoan," in Comparative Studies in Amerindian Languages, The Hague, Mouton, 119-49.
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
b d ɡ ɡʷ
č
̌ ɡ̌
s š h
z ž
m n
Stops: p b t d k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s z š ž h
Nasals: m n
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ
Stress: phonemic
Number: 5206
Language: Miriti
Location: NW Brazil (Amazonas)
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Tucanoan: Tucanoan
Consonant system:
Number: 5207
Language: Tucano
Location: SE Colombia
Population: 2,500
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Tucanoan: Tucanoan: Eastern: Northern
Dictionary: Gallo, Carlos I. M. 1972. Diccionario tucano-castellano. Vaupés, Colombia: Prefectura Apostolica.
Other Sources:
West, Birdie and Betty Welch. 1967. "Phonemic System of Tucano,' in PSCL, 11-24.
Welch, Betty. 1977. "Tucano Discourse, Paragraph, and Information Distribution," in DG II, 229-52.
West, Birdie. 1977. "Results of a Tucanoan Syntax Questionnaire Pilot Study," in DG III, 339-75.
Consonant system:
p t k ɡ ʔ
mb nd ŋɡ
s h
m n ŋ
ɾ
W&W 1967 analyze m n ŋ as allophones of /mb nd ŋɡ/: (1) mb nd ŋɡ before vowels; m n ŋ before nasal vowels.
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ (W&W 1967 analyze m n ŋ as allophones of ǀmb nd ŋɡǀ: (1) mb nd ŋɡ before vowels; m n ŋ before nasal vowels.)
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
ɛ o
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Modified Vowels: nasal harmony
Syllable: (C)V(ʔ)
Tones: hi mid low
Stress: phonemic
Noun
Number: s p
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Comments: Used as a lingua franca by speakers of other Tucanoan languages.
Other Sources:
Waltz, Nathan and Carolyn Waltz. 1967. "Guanano Phonemics," in PSCL, 25-36.
Waltz, Nathan E. 1976. "Discourse Functions of Guanano Sentence and Paragraph," in DG I, 21-145.
Waltz, Carolyn H. 1977. "Some Obervations on Guanano Dialogue," in DG III, 67-109.
Consonant system:
p ph t th k kh ʔ
b d ɡ
čh
s h
m n ñ ŋ
ɾ
Nasals analyzed as allophones of voiced stops.
Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ ʔ
Affricates: čh
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ (Nasals analyzed as allophones of voiced stops)
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ ʋ
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Syllable: (s)(C)V(ʔ)
Stress: phonemic, but grammatically predictable: final syllable of stem for nouns, verbs and adjectives.
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Tucanoan: Tucanoan: Eastern: Central
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SOV
Number: 5211
Language: Desano
Location: SE Colombia
Population: 1,000
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Tucanoan: Tucanoan: Eastern: Central
Consonant system:
Number: 5212
Language: Siriano
Location: SE Colombia
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Tucanoan: Tucanoan: Eastern: Central
Other Sources: E
Consonant system:
Syntax: SOV
Number: 5213
Language: Tatuyo
Location: SE Colombia
Population: 300
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Tucanoan: Tucanoan: Eastern: Central
Other Sources: Whisler, Dave. 1977. "Some Aspects of Tatuyo Discourse," in DG III, 207-52.
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
h
m n ñ ŋ
r
m n ñ ŋ r̃ are treated as allophones of /b d j ɡ r/ respectively.
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ (m n ñ ŋ r̃ are treated as allophones of ǀb d j ɡ rǀ respectively.
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Tones: hi lo
Syntax: SOV NA DN POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5214
Language: Carapana
Location: SE Colombia
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Tucanoan: Tucanoan: Eastern: Central
Consonant system:
Number: 5215
Language: Yuruti
Location: SE Colombia
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Tucanoan: Tucanoan: Eastern: Central
Other Sources:
Smith, Richard and Connie Smith. 1971. "Southern Barasano Phonemics," Linguistics 75, 80-85.
Smith, Richard. 1977. "Southern Barasano Sentence Structure," in DG III, 175-205.
E
Consonant system:
(p) t k (ʔ)
mb nd ŋɡ
s h
m n ŋ
ɾ
Stops: (p) mb t nd k ŋɡ (ʔ)
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
ɛ o
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Modified Vowels: nasal harmony
Syllable: (C)V
Tones: hi lo
Syntax: OVS NA GN DN POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5219
Language: Cubeo
Dialect: Dyuremawa
Location: SE Colombia
Population: 1,700
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Tucanoan: Tucanoan: Central
Other Sources:
Salser, J. K., Jr. 1971. "Cubeo Phonemics," Linguistics 75, 74-9.
Salser, J. K. and Neva Salser. 1977. "Some Features of Cubeo Discourse and Sentence Structure," in DG, 253-72.
WALS
WPF
Consonant system:
p t k (ʔ)
mb nd ñɟ
č
h
v ð
m n ñ
ľ
Stops: p mb t nd ñɟ k (ʔ)
Affricates: č
Fricatives: v ð h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: ľ
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Syllable: (C)V
Tones: hi lo
Stress: on first hi-pitched syllable of word
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3mfn 6
Syntax: OVS AN POSS-N
Number: 5220
Language: Tanimuca
Alternate Name: Retuarã
Location: SE Colombia
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Tucanoan: Tucanoan: Western
Other Sources:
Wheeler, Alva and Margaret Wheeler. 1962. "Siona Phonemics (Western Tucanoan)," in SEIL I, 96-111.
Wheeler, Alva. 1962. "A Siona Text Morphologically Analyzed," in SEIL I, 248-68.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t ṭʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ ʔ
č
s sʔ h hʷ
m n
Stops: p pʔ t ṭʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s sʔ h hʷ
Nasals: m n
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
ɛ o
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ĩ æ̃ ɨ̃ ã ũ õ
Population: 900 in ethnic group; the language is extinct.
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial
Other Sources:
Créqui-Montfort, G. de and P. Rivet. 1920. "La langue kayuvava," IJAL 1, 245-65.
Key, Harold. 1961. "Phonotactics of Cayuvava," IJAL 27, 143-50.
Key, Harold. 1967. Morphology of Cayuvava. The Hague: Mouton.
WALS
Consonant system:
p t k
b d
č
ɡ̌
s š h
β
m n ñ
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: β s š h
Nasals: m n ñ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
o
ɛ ɔ
æ a
Front Vowels: i ɛ æ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Syllable: (C)(C)V
Stress: phonemic, but usually antepenult
Noun
Number: s p
Articles: def
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: VOS AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 5229
Language: Camsa
Location: SW Colombia
Population: 2,500
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial
Other Sources:
Howard, Linda. 1967. "Camsa Phonology," in PSCL, 73-87.
Howard, Linda. 1977. "Camsa: Certain Features of Verb Inflection as Related to Paragraph Types," in DG II, 273-96.
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
ts ṭs č
(ɸ) s ṣ š x
m n ñ
l ʎ
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: ts ṭs č
Fricatives: (ɸ) s ṣ š x
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l ʎ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
ɛ o
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: ai oi ui ua ue ia io ie
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V
Stress: mostly penult, sometimes final
Syntax: SVO/SOV NA GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5230
Language: Taruma
Location: NW Brazil (Amazonas)
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial
Consonant system:
Number: 5231
Language: Trumai
Location: C Brazil (Mato Grosso)
Population: 10
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial
Other Sources:
Monod, Aurore. 1971. "Quelques informations sur le trumai," in La dénomination des couleurs chez les mbay de moı̈ssala, by Jean-Pierre Caprile, Paris, SELAF, 106-109.
AMAZ
Consonant system:
p t̪ t k ʔ
d
ts
f s š x h̃
m n
l
r
Stops: p t̪ t d k ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: f s š x h̃
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Noun
Number: s d p
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV GN
Number: 5232
Language: Tusha
Location: E Brazil (Pernambuco)
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial
Consonant system:
Number: 5233
Language: Yuracare
Location: C Bolivia
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial
Other Sources:
Suárez, Jorge A. 1973. "Macro-Pano-Tacanan," IJAL 39, 137-54.
LAND
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
č
s ṣ š
m n ñ
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s ṣ š
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: ̏v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: non-phonemic (penult in nouns)
Other Sources:
Borman, M. B. 1962. "Cofan Phonemes," in SEIL I, 45-59.
Borman, M. B. 1977. "Cofan Paragraph Structure and Function," in DG III, 289-338.
WPF
Consonant system:
p ph t th k kh ʔ
b d ɡ
ts tsh č čh
dz ɡ̌
f s š h
β ɣ
m n ñ
ɾ
Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsh dz č čh ɡ̌
Fricatives: β f s š r h
Nasals: m n ñ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i ɯ
ɛ o
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ɯ o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Syllable: CV(ʔ)
Stress: phonemic
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN NUM-N/N-NUM POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5239
Language: Esmeralda
Location: W Ecuador
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Jivaroan
Consonant system:
Number: 5240
Language: Yaruro
Location: S Venezuela
Population: 4,000
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Jivaroan
Other Sources: Mosonyi, Esteban Emilio. 1966. Morfologia del verbo yaruro. Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela.
Consonant system:
p ph t̪ t̪h k kh
b d̪ ɡ
č čh
ɡ̌
h
β
m n̪ ñ ŋ
ɾ ɾ̃
Stops: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ
Affricates: č čh ɡ̌
Fricatives: β h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Vibrants: ɾ ɾ̃
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i ɯ u
e ɤ o
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ĩ ẽ ã ũ ɯ̃ õ
Stress: final
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
mb nd ŋɡ
ts č̣ č
ndz ñɡ̣̌ ñɡ̌
s ṣ̌ š h
m n
ɾ
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts ndz č̣ ñɡ̣̌ č ñɡ̌
Fricatives: s ṣ̌ š h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i
ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: o
Long Vowels: ī ā ō
Diphthongs: ia oa
Demonstratives: 2
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Jivaroan: Jivaro Proper
Grammar: Pellizzaro, Siro M. 1969. Shuar: apuntes de gramatica. Quito: offsetec.
Other Sources:
Beasley, David and Kenneth L. Pike. 1957. "Notes on Huambisa Phonemics," Lingua Posnaniensis 6, 1-8.
Turner, Glen D. 1958. "Alternate Phonemicizing in Jivaro," IJAL 24, 87-94.
Consonant system:
p (pʔ) t k ʔ
ts č
s š x
m n ñ ŋ
ɾ
Stops: p (pʔ) t k ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: s š x
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɯ u
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels:
ṽ all
v̄̃ all
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: phonemic
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
3=6
Syntax: SOV NA GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5247
Language: Aguaruna
Location: N Peru
Population: 40,000
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Jivaroan: Jivaro Proper
Dictionary: Larson, Mildred L. 1966. Vocabulario aguaruna de Amazonas. Peru: SIL.
TextBooks: Fast, Gerhard and Mildred L. Larson. 1974. Introduccion al idioma aguaruna. SIL.
Other Sources:
Larson, Mildred L. 1963. "Emic Classes which Manifest the Obligatory Tagmemes in Major Independent Clause Types of Aguaruna (Jivaro)," in SPIL I, 1-36.
Mori, Angel Corbera. 1978. Fonologı́a aguaruna (jı́baro). Lima, Peru: Centro de Investigación de Lingüı́stica Aplicada, Univ Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
ts č
s ṣ̌ h
m n
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: s ṣ̌ h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɯ u
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Stress: phonemic
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
*3 6
Syntax: SOV NA GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5248
Language: Ayoreo
Location: E Bolivia
Population: 1,700
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Zamucoan
Other Sources: Briggs, Janet R. 1973. "Ayoré Narrative Analysis," IJAL 39, 155-63.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
č
s h
m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels:
ṽ all
v̄̃ all
Other Sources:
Hanke, Wanda, Morris Swadish and Arion D. Rodrigues. 1958. "Notas de fonologia mekens," in Miscellanea Paul Rivet Octogenario Dicata, vol. 2, 187-217.
WALS
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ
ts č
m n ñ
r
Stops: p t k kʷ
Affricates: ts č
Nasals: m n ñ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I
Consonant system:
Number: 5279
Language: Aweti
Location: W Brazil (Mato Grosso)
Population: 50
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I
Consonant system:
Number: 5280
Language: Ava
Location: C Brazil (N Goias)
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I
Consonant system:
Number: 5281
Language: Kamayura
Alternate Name: Kamaiura
Location: W Brazil (Mato Grosso)
Population: 200
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SOV
Number: 5282
Language: Kayabi
Location: C Brazil (SE Amazonas)
Population: 500
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I
Other Sources: E
Consonant system:
Syntax: OSV
Number: 5283
Language: Emerillon
Location: SW French Guiana
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I
Consonant system:
Number: 5284
Language: Karipuna
Location: NC Brazil (N Amapa)
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I
Consonant system:
Number: 5285
Language: Oyampi
Alternate Name: Wayampi
Location: SW French Guiana
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SOV
Number: 5286
Language: Pauserna
Location: E Bolivia
Population: 25
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I
Consonant system:
Number: 5287
Language: Sheta
Location: S Brazil (N Parana)
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I
Consonant system:
Number: 5288
Language: Takunape
Location: NC Brazil (Pará)
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I
Consonant system:
Number: 5289
Language: Tapirape
Location: W Brazil (Mato Grosso)
Population: 200
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I
Consonant system:
Number: 5290
Language: Paranawat
Location: W Brazil (Rondфnia)
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I: Kawahib
Consonant system:
Number: 5291
Language: Tenharim
Alternate Name: Kawaib
Location: C Brazil (SE Amazonas)
Population: 500
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I: Kawahib
Other Sources:
Pease, Helen and LaVera Betts. 1971. "Parintintin Phonology," in TS, 1-14.
E
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
č
h
β
m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ
ɾ
Stops: p t k kʷ ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: β h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ
Vibrants: ɾ
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Modified Vowels: nasal harmony
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5292
Language: Tukumanfed
Location: W Brazil (Rondфnia)
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I: Kawahib
Consonant system:
Number: 5293
Language: Wirafed
Location: W Brazil (Rondфnia)
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I: Kawahib
Consonant system:
Number: 5294
Language: Amanaye
Location: NC Brazil (Pará)
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I: Tenetehara
Consonant system:
Number: 5295
Language: Anambe
Location: NC Brazil (Pará)
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I: Tenetehara
Consonant system:
Number: 5296
Language: Tembe
Location: NE Brazil (Maranhao)
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I: Tenetehara
Other Sources: WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Number: 5297
Language: Guajajara
Alternate Name: Tenetehara
Location: NE Brazil (Maranhao)
Population: 3,000
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I: Tenetehara
Grammar: Bendor-Samuel, David. 1972. Hierarchical Structures in Guajajara. SIL 37.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k kʷ ʔ
ts
h
z
m n ŋ ŋʷ
ɾ
Stops: p t̪ k kʷ ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: z h
Nasals: m n ŋ ŋʷ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
ɛ ǝ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: final
Demonstratives: 4: near/remote/high/low
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
3=6
Syntax: VSO NA GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5298
Language: Guaja
Location: NE Brazil (Maranhao)
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I: Tenetehara
Consonant system:
Number: 5299
Language: Asurini
Alternate Name: Tenetehara
Location: NC Brazil (Pará)
Population: 3,000
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I: Tenetehara
Other Sources:
Harrison, Carl H. 1971. "The Morphophonology of Asurini Words," in TS, 21-71.
Lukesch, Anton. 1976. Bearded Indians of the Tropical Forest. Graz, Austria: Akademische Druck- u Verlag Sanstalt.
WALS
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
č
h
m n ŋ
r
Stops: p t k kʷ ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: o
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
[3=6]
Syntax: OVS POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5300
Language: Arawete
Location: NW Brazil (Amazonas)
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I: Tenetehara
Consonant system:
Number: 5301
Language: Parakanã
Location: NC Brazil (Pará)
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I: Tenetehara
Consonant system:
Number: 5302
Language: Urubu
Alternate Name: Urubú-Kaapor
Location: NE Brazil (Maranhao)
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I: Tenetehara
Other Sources:
WALS
E
Consonant system:
Syntax: SOV/OSV
Number: 5303
Language: Guarani
Dialect: Paraguayan
Location: Paraguay
Population: 2.5 million
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I: Tupi
Dictionary: Jover Peralta, Anselmo and Tomas Osuna. 1952. Diccionario guarani-español y español-guarani. Buenos Aires: Tupa.
Grammar: Guasch, Antonio. 1956. El idioma guaranı́: Gramatica y antologı́a de prosa y verso. Asuncion: Casa América.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
mb nd ɡ ŋɡ
ɡ̌
s š h
v
m n ñ
(l)
ɾ
Stops: p mb t nd k ɡ ŋɡ ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: v s š h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: (l)
Vibrants: ɾ
Vowel system:
i ɯ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o
Long Vowels: v̄ a o u only
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Modified Vowels: v̄̃ e only
Stress: phonemic
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5304
Language: Guarani
Dialect: Bolivian
Location: SE Bolivian (Cordillera)
Population: 2.5 million
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I: Tupi
Grammar:
Rosbottom, Harry. 1967. "Guarani," in BIG II, 99-194. [also in GELB I, 121-278]
Gregores, Emma and Jorge A. Suárez. 1967. A Description of Colloquial Guarani. The Hague: Mouton.
Other Sources: Rosbottom, Harry. 1968. "Phonemes of the Guarani Language,' Linguistics 41, 109-13.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
ɡʷ
č
s h
β
m n ñ ŋ
ɾ
Stops: p t k ɡʷ ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: β s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Modified Vowels: nasal harmony
Syllable: (C)V
Stress: phonemic
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3
Syntax: SVO NA GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+N+A
Prep/Post: POST
Comments: "The Guarani of Bolivia and that of Paraguay are less alike than Spanish and Portuguese." Rosbottom 1968, p. 109. There are only 15,000 speakers of Guarani in Bolivia. It is not clear to what extent the differences between the two phonological systems displayed here result from questions of interpretation and to what extent they represent genuine differences between the dialects (languages?). MR
Number: 5305
Language: Kaiwa
Location: W Brazil (Mato Grasso)
Population: 30,000
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I: Tupi
Other Sources:
Bridgeman, Loraine I. 1961. "Kaiwa (Guarani) Phonology," IJAL 27, 329-34.
Harrison, Carl H. 1971. "Nasalization in Kaiwá," in TS, 15-20.
AMAZ
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ
mb nd ŋɡ ŋɡʷ
ñɡ̌
s š h
v
m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ
ɾ
Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ kʷ ŋɡʷ ʔ
Affricates: ñɡ̌
Fricatives: v s š h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ
Vibrants: ɾ
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
ɛ o
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Modified Vowels: nasal harmony
Diphthongs: diphthonɡs
Syllable: (C)V
Stress: final
Syntax: VOS
Number: 5306
Language: Tapiete
Location: NW Paraguay
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I: Tupi
Consonant system:
Number: 5307
Language: Guarayu
Location: EC Bolivia
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I: Tupi
Other Sources: E
Consonant system:
Syntax: SOV
Number: 5308
Language: Nhengatu
Alternate Name: Icua Tupi
Location: NW Brazil (Amazonas)
Population: 30,000
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I: Tupi
Grammar: Fernandes, Adaucto. 1960. Gramática Tupi. Rio de Janeiro: A. Coelho Branco.
Other Sources: Abrahamson, Arne. 1968. "Contrastive Distribution of Phoneme Classes in Içuã Tupi," AL 10:6, 11-21.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
ɡ̌
h
m n ñ ŋ
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j ȷ̃ w w̃
Vowel system:
i ɯ u
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Syllable: (C)(G)V(G)
Stress: phonemic (mostly penult, also antepenult)
Demonstratives: 3
Syntax: NA POSS-N
Number: 5309
Language: Potiguara
Location: EC Brazil (Rio Grande do Norte)
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group I: Tupi
Consonant system:
Number: 5310
Language: Cocama
Location: NE Peru
Population: 10,000
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group II
Dictionary: Wille, Norma Faust. 1959. "Vocabulario breve del idioma cocama (tupi)," Perú Indı́gena 18-19, 150-8.
Other Sources:
Faust, Norma. 1971. "Cocama Clause Types,' in TS, 73-105.
E
Consonant system:
p t k
(b) (d) (ɡ)
ts č
(f) s š (h)
m n
(l)
r
Stops: p (b) t (d) k (ɡ)
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: (f) s š (h)
Nasals: m n
Laterals: (l)
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
(e) (o)
a
Front Vowels: i (e)
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u (o)
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)
Stress: final/penult
Syntax: SOV GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5311
Language: Omagua
Location: N Peru
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group II
Consonant system:
Number: 5312
Language: Mawe
Alternate Name: Maue
Location: C Brazil (Pará)
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group III
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Number: 5313
Language: Munduruku
Location: C Brazil (Pará)
Population: 1,250
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group III
Other Sources:
Braun, Ilse and Marjorie Crofts. 1965. "Munduruku Phonology," AL 7:7, 23-39.
WALS
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b
č
ɡ̌
s š h
m n ŋ
ɾ
Stops: p b t k ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
I ɨ ʋ
ɛ ǝ
a
Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: ʋ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Tones: hi mid lo lo-glott
Syntax: SOV
Number: 5314
Language: Siriono
Location: NE Bolivia (Beni)
Population: 600
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Tupi: Tupi-Guarani: Group III
Dictionary:
Schermair, Anselmo E. 1958,1962. Vocabulario sirionó-castellano, Vocabulario castellano-sirionó. Innsbruck: Univ Innsbruck.
Grammar:
Firestone, Homer L. 1965. Description and Classification of Siriono. The Hague: Mouton.
Priest, Perry N. and Anne M. Priest. 1967. "Siriono," in BIG 2, 195-255. [also in GELB I, 281-373.]
Other Sources: Priest, Perry. 1968. "Phonemes of the Sirionó Language," Linguistics 41, 102-8.
Consonant system:
p t k kj
b
č
s š h
m n ñ ŋ
ɾ
Stops: p b t k kj
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Nasal Vowels:
ṽ all but u
v̄̃
Other Sources:
Kondo, Victor and Riena Kondo. 1967. "Guahibo Phonemes," in PSCL, 89-98.
Kondo, Victor F. 1977. "Participant Reference in Guahibo Narrative Discourse," in DG III, 25-44.
Consonant system:
p t̪h t k (ʔ)
b d
ts
ɸ s x h
v
m n
ḷ̌
r
Stops: p b t̪h t d k (ʔ)
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: ɸ v s x h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: ḷ̌
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Syllable: (C)V
Stress: phonemic (hi pitch on stressed syllables)
Other Sources:
Noble, G. Kingsley. 1965. Proto-Arawakan and Its Descendants. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Matteson, Esther. 1972. "Proto Arawakan," in Comparative Studies in Amerindian Languages, The Hague, Mouton, 160-242.
LAND
Consonant system:
p ph t th k kh
b d ɡ
ts č
ɡ̌
f s h
m n
l ʎ
ɾ
Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ
Affricates: ts č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ʎ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ
Syntax: SOV
Comments: Proto-Arawakan began to break up c. 3300 years ago. Maipuran branched off c. 2800 years ago.
Other Sources:
Olson, Ronald D. 1967. "The Syllable in Chipaya," IJAL 33, 300-4.
E
Consonant system:
p t k q
ts č̣ č
s ṣ ṣ̌ x xʷ χ χʷ
m n ñ
l
ɾ
Stops: p t k q
Affricates: ts č̣ č
Fricatives: s ṣ ṣ̌ x xʷ χ χʷ
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: A ɡlottalized series (pʔ tʔ kʔ qʔ tsʔ č̣ čʔ) and kʷ qʷ ŋ ʎ occur in loans.
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Macro-Arawakan: Arawakan: Maipuran: Pre-Andine
Dictionary: Wise, Mary Ruth and Martha Duff. 1958. "Vocabulario breve del idioma amuesha," Tradición (Cuzco) 21.
Other Sources:
Fast, Peter W. 1953. "Amuesha (Arawak) Phonemes," IJAL 19, 191-4.
Duff, Martha. 1957. "A Syntactical Analysis of an Amuesha (Arawak) Text," IJAL 23, 171-8.
E
Consonant system:
p t k
d
ts č̣ č
β s ẓ̌ š x
ɣ
m n
ɾ
Stops: p t d k
Affricates: ts č̣ č
Fricatives: β s ẓ̌ š x ɣ
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: cj p č m n l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
e o
a
Front Vowels: e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Modified Vowels: v̰ (larynɡealized) all
Other Sources: Leap, William L. 1971. "Who were the Piro," AL 13, 321-30.
Consonant system:
p t k
ts
dz
f h
v
m n
l ɬ
r
Stops: p t k
Affricates: ts dz
Fricatives: f v h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: ? cʔ k m n f j
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e ǝ o
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Consonant system:
p t k
ts č tx
s s ̌ x h̃
m n
ľ
ɾ̣
Stops: p t k
Affricates: ts č tx
Fricatives: s š x h̃
Nasals: m n
Laterals: ľ
Vibrants: ɾ̣
Modified Consonants: c̄ m n j w only
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɯ
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ɯ o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)(C)CV
Demonstratives: 4 (3 + that distant heard, but not seen)
Articles: def
Other Sources:
Dirks, Sylvester. 1953. "Campa (Arawak) Phonemes," IJAL 19, 302-304.
Pike, Kenneth L. and Willard Kindberg. 1956. "A Problem in Multiple Stresses," Word 12, 415-28.
E
Consonant system:
p t (tj) k (ʔ)
ts č
s š h
β
m n ñ
ɾ
Stops: p t (tj) k (ʔ)
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: β s š h
Nasals: m n ñ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)
Stress: phonemic, but tends toward penult
Other Sources:
Snell, Betty A. and Mary Ruth Wise. 1963. "Noncontingent Declarative Clauses in Machiguenga (Arawak)," in SPIL, 103-44.
Solis, Gustavo F. 1973. Fonologia machiguenga (arawak). Lima: Univ Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
t̪s č
s š h̃
β ɣ
m n
ɾ
Stops: p t̪ k
Affricates: t̪s č
Fricatives: β s š ɣ h̃
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: ɾ
Vowel system:
i ɨ
e o
ɑ
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ
Back Vowels: o ɑ
Other Sources:
Tracy, Frances V. 1972. "Wapishana Phonology," in LOG, 78-84.
Tracy, Frances V. 1974. "An Introduction to Wapishana Verb Morphology," IJAL 40, 120-5.
Consonant system:
ph th kh ʔ
ʔb d ʔd ɡ
čh
s š (h)
ʔẓ
m n
ɾ
Stops: ph ʔb th d ʔd kh ɡ ʔ
Affricates: čh
Fricatives: s ʔẓ š (h)
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Modified Vowels: nasal harmony
Diphthongs: ai aɨ au
Other Sources:
Harden, Margaret. 1946. "Syllable Structure of Terena," IJAL 12, 60-3.
Ekdahl, Muriel and Joseph E. Grimes. 1964. "Terena Verb Inflection," IJAL 30, 261-8.
Eastlack, Charles L . 1968. "Terena (Arawakan) Pronouns," IJAL 34, 1-8.
E
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
s š ç h
m n ñ
l
ɾ
Stops: p t k ʔ
Fricatives: s š ç h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Macro-Arawakan: Arawakan: Maipuran: Southern: Bolivian
Grammar: Baptista, Priscilla and Ruth Wallin. 1967. "Baure" in BIG I, 27-83.
Other Sources:
Baptista, Priscilla and Ruth Wallin. 1964. "Fonemas del baure, con atención especial a la supresión de la vocal," Notas Lingüı́sticas de Bolivia, No.7. Cochamba: SIL.
Baptista, Priscilla and Ruth Wallin. 1968. "Baure Vowel Elision," Linguistics 38, 5-11.
WALS
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
č
s š h
β
m n
ɾ
Stops: p t k ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: β s š h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i
ɛ o
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Macro-Arawakan: Arawakan: Maipuran: Southern: Bolivian
Grammar: Ott, Willis G. and Rebecca H. Ott. 1967. "Ignaciano," in BIG I, 85-137. [also in GELB III, 99-180.]
Other Sources: Ott, Wills and Rebecca Ott. 1967. "Phonemes of the Ignaciano Language," Linguistics 35, 56-60.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
ts č
β s š h
m n ñ
ɾ
Stops: p t k ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: β s š h
Nasals: m n ñ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i u
ɛ
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Syllable: (C)V(s)
Stress: phonemic, but mostly on second syllable
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def
Other Sources:
Taylor, Douglas 1955. "Phonemes of the Hopkins (British Honduras) Dialect of Island Carib," IJAL 21, 233-41.
Taylor, Douglas. 1956-8. "Island Carib II-IV," IJAL 22, 1-44, 138-50; 24, 36-60.
Fleming, Ilah. 1966. "Carib," in LG 303-8.
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
č
f s h
m n
l
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e ɤ
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɤ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Diphthongs: diphthonɡs
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Macro-Arawakan: Arawakan: Maipuran: Northern
Grammar: GD: Allin, Trevor R. 1976. A Gramar of Resı́garo. Buckinghamshire, Eng: SIL.
Consonant system:
p ph t th c k kh ʔ
(m)b (n)d ɟ (ŋ)ɡ
ts tsh č čh
dz ɡ̌
ɸ s š (x) h
β ž
m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥
(ɾ)
Stops: p ph (m)b t th (n)d c ɟ k kh (ŋ)ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsh dz č čh ɡ̌
Fricatives: ɸ β s š ž (x) h
Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥
Vibrants: (ɾ)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɯ
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ɯ o
Long Vowels: v̄ all?
Other Sources:
Mansen, Richard. 1967. "Guajiro Phonemes," in PSCL, 49-59.
Mansen, Richard and Karis Mansen. 1976. "The Structure of Sentence and Paragraph in Guajiro Narrative Discourse," in DG I, 147-258.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k ʔ
č
s š h
m n̪ ñ
ľ
r
Stops: p t̪ k ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ
Laterals: ľ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
ɛ o
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: (ṽ)
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Arawakan: Maipuran: Northern: Ta-Arawakan
Grammar: Goeje, C. H. de. 1928. The Arawak Language of Guiana. Amsterdam.
Other Sources:
Taylor, Douglas. 1969. "A Preliminary View of Arawak Phonology," IJAL 35, 234-8.
Taylor, Douglas. 1970. "Arawak Grammatical Categories and Translation," IJAL 36, 199-204.
WALS
Consonant system:
(p) t th k kh
b d
ɸ s h
m n
l
r
Stops: (p) b t th d k kh
Fricatives: ɸ s h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Vowel system:
i ɨ
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: o
Long Vowels: ī ɛ̄ ɨ̄ ɑ̄ ō
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Arawakan: Maipuran: Northern: Rio Negro: Izaneni
Consonant system:
Number: 5427
Language: Curripaco
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Arawakan: Maipuran: Northern: Rio Negro: Izaneni
Consonant system:
Number: 5428
Language: Pacu
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Arawakan: Maipuran: Northern: Rio Negro: Izaneni
Consonant system:
Number: 5429
Language: Cuati
Location: Colombia
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Arawakan: Maipuran: Northern: Rio Negro: Izaneni
Consonant system:
Number: 5430
Language: Mapanai
Location: Brazil
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Arawakan: Maipuran: Northern: Rio Negro: Izaneni
Consonant system:
Number: 5431
Language: Moriwene
Location: Brazil
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Arawakan: Maipuran: Northern: Rio Negro: Izaneni
Consonant system:
Number: 5432
Language: Izaneni
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Arawakan: Maipuran: Northern: Rio Negro: Izaneni
Consonant system:
Number: 5433
Language: Cabiyari
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Arawakan: Maipuran: Northern: Rio Negro: Maritiparana
Consonant system:
Number: 5434
Language: Matapi
Location: Colombia
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Arawakan: Maipuran: Northern: Rio Negro: Maritiparana
Consonant system:
Comments: "The Matapı́ language has been lost except for a few words that have been retained by some of the elders of the tribe. The Matapies are almost completely assimilated into Yucuna culture." Stanley and Junia Schauer, "Yucuna Phonemics," PSCL, p. 62.
Number: 5435
Language: Yucuna
Location: SE Colombia
Population: 450
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Arawakan: Maipuran: Northern: Rio Negro: Maritiparana
Other Sources:
Schauer, Stanley and Junia Schauer. 1967. "Yucuna Phonemics," in PSCL, 61-71.
E
Consonant system:
p ph t th k ʔ
č
s h
m n ñ
ľ
ɾ
Stops: p ph t th k ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: ľ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
ɛ o
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: (ṽ)
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: phonemic
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3mf 6
Syntax: SVO
Number: 5436
Language: Wirina
Location: Brazil
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Arawakan: Maipuran: Northern: Rio Negro: Wirina
Consonant system:
Number: 5437
Language: Yabaana
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Arawakan: Maipuran: Northern: Rio Negro: Wirina
Consonant system:
Number: 5438
Language: Itayaine
Location: Brazil
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Arawakan: Maipuran: Northern: Rio Negro: Tarianon
Consonant system:
Number: 5439
Language: Tariano
Alternate Name: Tariana
Location: Brazil
Population: 100
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Arawakan: Maipuran: Northern: Rio Negro: Tarianon
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SOV
Number: 5440
Language: Mariate
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Arawakan: Maipuran: Northern: Rio Negro: Yapura A
Consonant system:
Number: 5441
Language: Wainuma
Location: Colombia
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Arawakan: Maipuran: Northern: Rio Negro: Yapura A
Consonant system:
Number: 5442
Language: Cawishana
Location: Brazil
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Arawakan: Maipuran: Northern: Rio Negro: Yapura B
Consonant system:
Number: 5443
Language: Yumana
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Arawakan: Maipuran: Northern: Rio Negro: Yapura B
Consonant system:
Number: 5444
Language: Passe
Location: Colombia
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Arawakan: Maipuran: Northern: Rio Negro: Yapura B
Consonant system:
Number: 5445
Language: Manao
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Equatorial: Arawakan: Maipuran: Northern: Rio Negro: Yapura B
Consonant system:
Number: 5446
Language: Andoke
Location: S Colombia
Population: 100
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib
Other Sources:
Witte Paul. 1977. "Functions of the Andoke Copulative in Discourse and Sentence Structure," in DG III, 253-88.
WPF
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d
ɡ̌
ɸ s x
m n ñ
ľ
Stops: p b t d k ʔ
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: ɸ s x
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: ľ
Vowel system:
i ɨ ɯ u
e ɤ o
ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ã õ ɤ̃ ɔ̃
Tones: hi lo
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5447
Language: Cucura
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib
Consonant system:
Number: 5448
Language: Peba
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Peba-Yaguan
Consonant system:
Number: 5449
Language: Yameo
Location: Peru
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Peba-Yaguan
Consonant system:
Number: 5450
Language: Yagua
Location: NE Peru
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Peba-Yaguan
Other Sources:
Fejos, Paul. 1943. Ethnography of the Yagua. New York: Viking Fund.
Powlison, Esther. 1971. "The Suprehierachical and Hierarchical Structures of Yagua Phonology," Linguistics 75, 43-73.
E
Consonant system:
p t k (ʔ)
ts
h
m n
r
Stops: p t k (ʔ)
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
o
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels:
ṽ all
v̄̃ all
Syntax: VSO
Number: 5451
Language: Bora
Location: SE Colombia
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Boran
Other Sources:
Mibeco, Julia N., Eduardo P. Soria and Eva Anderson de Thiesen. 1975. Textos folkloricos de los bora. Yarinacocha, Peru: SIL.
E
Consonant system:
p ph t th k kh kw ʔ
ts tsh č čh
h
β
m n ñ
r
Stops: p ph t th k kh kw ʔ
Affricates: ts tsh č čh
Fricatives: β h
Nasals: m n ñ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i ɨ ɯ
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: ɯ o
Tones: hi lo
Syntax: SOV
Number: 5452
Language: Faai
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Boran
Consonant system:
Number: 5453
Language: Imihita
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Boran
Consonant system:
Number: 5454
Language: Muinane
Location: SE Colombia (Amazonas)
Population: 400
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Boran
Dictionary: Minor, Eugene E. and Dorothy Hendrich de Minor. 1971. Vocabulario Huitoto Muinane. Yarinacocha, Peru: SIL.
Other Sources:
Walton, James and Janice Walton. 1967. "Phonemes of Muinane," in PSCL 37-47.
Walton, James. 1977. "Participant Reference and Introducers in Muinane Clause and Paragraph," in DG III, 45-65.
Consonant system:
p t c k ʔ
b d ɟ ɡ
č
ɡ̌
ɸ s š x
β
m n ñ
r rj
Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: ɸ β s š x
Nasals: m n ñ
Vibrants: r rj
Glides:
j
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
ɛ o
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V
Tones: hi lo
Stress: initial
Noun
Number: s d p
Syntax: SOV/OSV AN GN DN N-NUM POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5455
Language: Fitita
Location: SE Colombia
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Witotoan
Consonant system:
Number: 5456
Language: Ocaina
Location: NE Peru
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Witotoan
Other Sources:
Agnew, Arlene and Evelyn G. Pike. 1957. "Phonemes of Ocaina (Huitoto)," IJAL 23, 24-27.
Pike, Kenneth L.. 1961. "Compound Affixes in Ocaina," Lg 37, 570-81.
Consonant system:
p t c k ʔ
b ɟ ɡ
ts č
dz ɡ̌
ɸ s š x h
β ž
m n ñ
ɾ
Stops: p b t c ɟ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌
Fricatives: ɸ β s š ž x h
Nasals: m n ñ
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̄ m n ñ
Vowel system:
i ɯ
ɛ o
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ɯ o
Long Vowels: v̄ ?
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but ɛ
Syllable: (C)V(ʔ))
Tones: hi lo
Pronouns:
1 4dmf 4
2 5dmf 5
3ai 6dmf 6
Syntax: NA
Number: 5457
Language: Nonuya
Location: SE Colombia
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Witotoan
Consonant system:
Number: 5458
Language: Orejone
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Witotoan
Consonant system:
Number: 5459
Language: Miranya
Location: SE Colombia
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Witotoan
Consonant system:
Number: 5460
Language: Coeruna
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Witotoan
Consonant system:
Number: 5461
Language: Meneca
Alternate Name: Huitoto
Location: NE Peru
Population: 5,000
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Witotoan
Other Sources:
Minor, Eugene E. 1956. "Witoto Vowel Clusters," IJAL 22, 131-137.
Minor, Eugene E. and Eugene E. Loos. 1963. "The Structure and Contexts of Witoto Predicates in Narrative Speech," In Studies on Peruvian Indian Languages, Norman, SIL #9, 37-66.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b ʔb d ʔd ɡ
č
ɡ̌
ɸ h
m n ñ ŋ
r
Stops: p b ʔb t d ʔd k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: ɸ h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j ɨ̯ w
Vowel system:
i ɯ u
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ui ue ua ai aɯ oi oɯ ie ia io iu iɯ ɯi ae ɯe ɯa ɯu ei
Syllable: (C)V
Stress: phonemic
Noun
Number: s d p
Gender: m f [some stems]
Pronouns:
1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
These are verbal affixes.
Syntax: SOV AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Number: 5462
Language: Murui
Alternate Name: Witoto
Location: N Peru
Population: 5,000
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Witotoan
Other Sources: Burtch, Bryan and Mary Ruth Wise. 1968. "Murui (Witotoan) Clause Structures," Linguistics 38, 12-29.
Consonant system:
t k
b d ɡ
č
ɡ̌
ɸ θ h
β
m n ñ
r
Stops: b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: ɸ β θ h
Nasals: m n ñ
Vibrants: r
Vowel system:
i ɯ u
ɛ o
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ ɔ
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: Western Guiana
Consonant system:
Number: 5473
Language: Yabarana
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: Western Guiana
Consonant system:
Number: 5474
Language: Panare
Alternate Name: Eñepa
Location: WC Venezuela
Population: 1,000
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: Western Guiana
Other Sources:
E
AMAZ
Consonant system:
Syntax: OVS
Number: 5475
Language: Quaca
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: Western Guiana
Consonant system:
Number: 5476
Language: Pareca
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: Western Guiana
Consonant system:
Number: 5477
Language: Galibi
Alternate Name: Carib
Location: NC Surinam
Population: 6,000
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: Galibi
Grammar: Hoff, B. J. 1968. The Carib Language. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Other Sources: Peasgood, Edward T. 1972. "Carib Phonology," in LOG, 35-41.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
s h
m n ŋ
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɯ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: au ai ei oi ɯi ui ou
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: non-phonemic
Noun
Number: s p
Articles: def indef
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV/(OVS) AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5478
Language: Wayana
Location: S Surinam
Population: 500
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: East-West Guiana: Group 1
Grammar: Jackson, Walter S. 1972. "A Wayana Grammar," in LOG, 47-77.
Other Sources: AMAZ
Consonant system:
p t k
s h
m n ŋ
ľ
Stops: p t k
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: ľ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɯ u
ɛ ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4di 4ie
2 5
*3 6ai
Syntax: OVS POSS-N
Noun Incorporation: noun incorp
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5479
Language: Apalai
Location: Brazil (Pará)
Population: 175
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: East-West Guiana: Group 1
Other Sources:
Koehn, Edward Henry. 1976. "The Historical Tense in Apalaı́ Narrative," IJAL 42, 243-52.
AMAZ
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
s š h
z
m n
ɾ
Stops: p t k ʔ
Fricatives: s z š h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Syntax: OVS NA GN POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5480
Language: Roucouyene
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: East-West Guiana: Group 1
Consonant system:
Number: 5481
Language: Aracaju
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: East-West Guiana: Group 1
Consonant system:
Number: 5482
Language: Trio
Alternate Name: Tiriyo
Location: Surinam
Population: 800
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: East-West Guiana: Group 1
Other Sources:
Jones, Morgan W. 1972. "Trio Phonology," in LOG, 42-6.
WALS
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
s̪ h
m n
ɾ
Stops: p t̪ k
Fricatives: s̪ h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɯ u
ɛ ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Diphthongs: ae ai ao au eu ei iu oi oe ui ǝu ǝe ɯi ǝi oa
Syllable: (C)V(C), Nˈ
Noun
Number: s p
Syntax: OVS POSS-N
Number: 5483
Language: Wama
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: East-West Guiana: Group 2
Consonant system:
Number: 5484
Language: Urukuyana
Location: Surinam
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: East-West Guiana: Group 2
Consonant system:
Number: 5485
Language: Triometesen
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: East-West Guiana: Group 2
Consonant system:
Number: 5486
Language: Kumayena
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: East-West Guiana: Group 2
Consonant system:
Number: 5487
Language: Pianakoto
Location: Guyana
Population: 500
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: East-West Guiana: Group 3
Consonant system:
Number: 5488
Language: Saluma
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: East-West Guiana: Group 3
Consonant system:
Number: 5489
Language: Paushi
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: East-West Guiana: Group 3
Consonant system:
Number: 5490
Language: Cashuena
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: East-West Guiana: Group 3
Consonant system:
Number: 5491
Language: Chikena
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: East-West Guiana: Group 3
Consonant system:
Number: 5492
Language: Waiwai
Location: N Brazil
Population: 150
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: East-West Guiana: Group 3
Other Sources: Hawkins, W. Neil and Robert E. Hawkins. 1953. "Verb Inflections in Waiwai (Carib)," IJAL 19, 201-11.
Consonant system:
t k
č
ɸ s š h
m n ñ
ɾ ɾ̣
Stops: t k
Affricates: č
Fricatives: ɸ s š h
Nasals: m n ñ
Vibrants: ɾ ɾ̣
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɯ u
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ ɔ
Stress: phonemic
Number: 5493
Language: Paravilhana
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: East-West Guiana: Group 4
Consonant system:
Number: 5494
Language: Wabui
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: East-West Guiana: Group 4
Consonant system:
Number: 5495
Language: Sapara
Location: Brazil
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: East-West Guiana: Group 4
Consonant system:
Number: 5496
Language: Yauapery
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: East-West Guiana: Group 4
Consonant system:
Number: 5497
Language: Waimiri
Location: Brazil
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: East-West Guiana: Group 4
Consonant system:
Number: 5498
Language: Crichana
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: East-West Guiana: Group 4
Consonant system:
Number: 5499
Language: Paushiana
Location: Brazil
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: East-West Guiana: Group 4
Consonant system:
Number: 5500
Language: Bonari
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: East-West Guiana: Group 4
Consonant system:
Number: 5501
Language: Makushi
Location: N Brazil
Population: 3,500
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: East-West Guiana: Group 5
Grammar: GD: William, James. 1932. Grammar Notes and Vocabulary of the Language of the Makuchi Indians of Guiana. St Gabriel-Mödling. Austria: Anthropos.
Other Sources:
Hawkins, W. Neil. 1950. "Patterns of Vowel Loss in Macushi (Carib)," IJAL 16, 87-90.
E
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
s š
m n
r
Stops: p t k ʔ
Fricatives: s š
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɯ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: anim inan
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5
*3 6
Syntax: OVS/SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Noun Incorporation: pronoun incorp
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5502
Language: Pemon
Alternate Name: Arecuna
Location: W Guayana
Population: 500
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: East-West Guiana: Group 5
Other Sources:
Edward, Walter F. 1978. "A Preliminary Sketch of Arekuna (Carib) Phonology," IJAL 44, 223-7.
E
Consonant system:
p t k
č
s
m n
ɾ
Stops: p t k
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: aI au eI
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C), but no CCVC
Noun
Number: s p
Syntax: OVS
Number: 5503
Language: Patamona
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: East-West Guiana: Group 5
Consonant system:
Number: 5504
Language: Akawaio
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: East-West Guiana: Group 5
Consonant system:
Number: 5505
Language: Arinagoto
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: East-West Guiana: Group 5
Consonant system:
Number: 5506
Language: Palmella
Location: Brazil
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: Northern Brazil: Group 1
Consonant system:
Number: 5507
Language: Pimenteira
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: Northern Brazil: Group 1
Consonant system:
Number: 5508
Language: Yaruma
Location: Brazil
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: Northern Brazil: Group 2
Consonant system:
Number: 5509
Language: Chicão
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: Northern Brazil: Group 2
Consonant system:
Number: 5510
Language: Pariri
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: Northern Brazil: Group 3
Consonant system:
Number: 5511
Language: Apiaka
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: Northern Brazil: Group 3
Consonant system:
Number: 5512
Language: Arara2
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: Northern Brazil: Group 3
Consonant system:
Number: 5513
Language: Yuma2
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Carib: Carib: Northern: Northern Brazil: Group 3
Other Sources:
Wheatley, James. 1969. "Bakairi Verb Structure," Linguistics 47, 80-100.
Wheatley, James. 1973. "Pronouns and Nominal Elements in Bacairi Discourse," Linguistics 104, 105-15.
E
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɡ
s š h
z ž
m n
l
r
Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: s z š ž h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Stress: penult
Other Sources:
Derbyshire, Desmond. 1961. "Hishkaryana (Carib) Syntax Structure I-II," IJAL 27, 125-42 & 226-36.
Derbyshire, Desmond. 1965. Textos Hixkaryâna. Belém, Brazil: Museu Paraense Emı́lio Goeldi.
Derbyshire, Desmond C. 1977a. "Word Order Universals and the Existence of OVS Languages,' Linguistic Inquiry 8, 590-9.
Derbyshire, Desmond C. 1977b. "Discourse Redundancy in Hixkaryana," IJAL 43, 176-88.
Consonant system:
p t k
b d ɟ
č
ɸ s š h
m n ñ
B ɾ ɾ̌
B is a bilabial trill and ɾ̌ is an alveopalatal flap with lateral release.
Stops: p b t d ɟ k
Affricates: č
Fricatives: ɸ s š h
Nasals: m n ñ
Vibrants: B = bilabial trill ɾ ɾ̌ (alveopalatal flap with lateral release)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
ɯ u
e ɔ
a
Front Vowels: e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ ɔ
Demonstratives: 3
Other Sources: Wallace de Garcia Paula, Ruth. 1976. "Harmonia Vocálica nos Afixos de Posse na Lı́ngua Kaxuyâna," Revista Brasileira de Lingüı́stica 3:2, 42-50.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
č
s h
m n
r
Stops: p t k ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: u o
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Stress: phonemic
Other Sources: Lozano, Elena. 1977. "Cuentos secretos vilelas: la mujer tigre," Vicus Cuadernos. Lingüı́stica 1, 93-116.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
b d ɡ G
č čʔ
s h
m n
l ɬ
r
Stops: p pʔ b t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ q qʔ G ʔ
Affricates: č čʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Other Sources:
Suárez, Jorge A. 1969. "Moseten and Pano-Tacanan," Al 11, 255-66.
Suárez, Jorge A. 1973. "Macro-Pano-Tacanan," IJAL 39, 137-54.
Consonant system:
p t k
b d
ts č
f s š x
v
m n ñ
r
Stops: p b t d k
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: f v s š x
Nasals: m n ñ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i ɯ u
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o
Long Vowels: v̄
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO AN GN DN POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5535
Language: Abipon
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Panoan: Guaycuruan
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 5536
Language: Kadiweu
Location: Brazil
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Panoan: Guaycuruan
Other Sources:
WALS
WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4ie
2 5 5C
3 6 6C
C=collective
Syntax: SVO
Number: 5537
Language: Guaicuru
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Panoan: Guaycuruan
Consonant system:
Number: 5538
Language: Guachi
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Panoan: Guaycuruan
Consonant system:
Number: 5539
Language: Mocovi
Location: N Argentina
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Panoan: Guaycuruan
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 5540
Language: Toba
Location: N Argentina
Population: 20,000
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Panoan: Guaycuruan
Dictionary:
Vellard, Jehan A. 1969. Vocabulario toba. Buenos Aires: Univ de Buenos Aires.
Bruno, Lidia N. and Elena L. Naulis. 1965. Estudio comparativo de vocabularios tobas y pilagas. Buenos Aires: Univ de Buenos Aires.
Grammar: Klein, Harriet E. Manelis. 1973. A Grammar of Argentine Toba. New York: Columbia Univ Diss.
Other Sources:
Henry Jules. 1939. "The Linguistics Position of the Ashluslay Indians," IJAL 10, 86-91.
Gasquet, Ana Marı́a Martirena de. 1977. "Fonologia de la lengua toba," Vicus Cuadernos. Lingüı́stica 1, 61-91.
LAND
Consonant system:
ph t̪h kh qh ʔ
(b) (d̪) ɡ G
č
ɡ̌
s š h
m n̪ ñ
l ʎ
ɾ
Stops: ph (b) t̪h (d̪) kh ɡ qh G ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ
Laterals: l ʎ
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i
ɛ o
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)CV(C)(C)
Stress: final
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SVO GN NUM-N POSS-N.
Number: 5541
Language: Pilaga
Location: Argentina
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Panoan: Guaycuruan
Other Sources: WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax: SVO
Number: 5542
Language: Chulupi
Alternate Name: Ashushlay
Location: Paraguay
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Panoan: Mataco
Other Sources:
Henry, Jules. 1939. "The Linguistic Position of the Ashluslay Indians," IJAL 10, 86-91.
Binda, Ricardo and Antonio Tovar. 1959. "Algunas notas sobre un idioma del chaco: el chulupi," Quaderni dell'Instituto di Glottologia dell'Università di Bologna 4, 55-58.
Consonant system:
p t tʔ k kʔ ʔ
ts tsʔ č
fʷ s š x xʷ h
m n
l ɬ
Stops: p t tʔ k kʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č
Fricatives: fʷ s š x xʷ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ɬ
Modified Consonants: cj tʔ kʔ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ
Noun
Number: s p
Gender: m f
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: POSS-N
Number: 5543
Language: Chorote
Location: N Argentina
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Panoan: Mataco
Other Sources: GSAIL, 94.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
ts č
fʷ s š h
m n n̥
l l̥
Stops: p t k ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: fʷ s š h
Nasals: m n n̥
Laterals: l l̥
Modified Consonants: cj p t k fʷ n n̥ l s
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Number: 5544
Language: Nocten
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Panoan: Mataco
Consonant system:
Number: 5545
Language: Vejoz
Alternate Name: Mataco
Location: N Argentina (Chaco)
Population: 10,000
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Panoan: Mataco
Dictionary: Hunt, R. J. n.d. Mataco-English and English-Mataco. n.p
Grammar: Hunt, R. J. 1940. Mataco Grammar. Tucuman, Argentina: Univ Nacional de Tucuman.
Other Sources:
Viñas Urquiza, Maria Teresa. 1970. Fonologia de la lengua mataca. Buenos Aires: Univ de Buenos Aires, Centro de Estudios Linguisticos.
Tovar, Antonio. 1958. "Notas de campo sobre el idioma mataco," Revista del Instituto de Antropologı́a 9.2, 7-18. Tucuman: Univ Nacional de Tucuman.
Harrington, John P. 1948. "Mataco of the Gran Chaco," IJAL 14, 25-28.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kw ʔ
ts tsʔ č čʔ
fʷ s x xw h
m n
l ɬ
Stops: p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kw ʔ
Affricates: ts tsʔ č čʔ
Fricatives: fʷ s x xw h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ɬ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
e o
a ɑ
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Diphthongs: ai oi au
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C)
Stress: mostly final
Noun
Number: s p
Demonstratives: 6 this/that/that further away/that yonder/that furthest away/that moving + ref
Articles: DEF
Pronouns:
1 4*
2 5
3 6
*There are two 4 pronouns: (1) we (general) (2) we (of the family, few)
Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+D+A
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 5546
Language: Vejoz
Dialect: Mataguayo
Location: Argentina
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Panoan: Mataco
Consonant system:
Number: 5547
Language: Maca
Location: Paraguay
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Panoan: Mataco
Consonant system:
Number: 5548
Language: Proto-Panoan
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Panoan: Panoan
Other Sources:
Shell, Olive A. 1975. Estudios panos III: las languas panos y su reconstruccion. Yarinchcha, Peru: SIL.
Suárez, Jorge A. 1973. "Macro-Pano-Tacanan," IJAL 39, 137-54.
LAND
Consonant system:
p t k kw ʔ
ts č
s ṣ̌ š
β
m n
r
Stops: p t k kw ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: β s ṣ̌ š
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɯ
o
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ɯ o
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Tones: hi low
Syntax: SOV
Number: 5549
Language: Chacobo
Location: NE Bolivia (Beni)
Population: 150
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Panoan: Panoan: Southern
Grammar: Prost, Gilbert R. 1967. "Chacobo" in BIG 1, 285-359.
Other Sources:
Prost, Gilbert R. 1962. "Signaling of Transitive and Intransitive in Chacobo (Pano)," IJAL 28, 108-18.
Prost, Gilbert R. 1967. "Phonemes of the Chacobo Language," Linguistics 35, 61-5.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
ts č
s ṣ̌ š h
β
m n
ɾ
Stops: p t k ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: β s ṣ̌ š h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ
o
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: o
Nasal Vowels: (ṽ)
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Panoan: Panoan: South-Central
Dictionary: d'Ans, André-Marcel and Els Van den Eynde. 1972. Lexico amahuaca (Pano). Lima: Univ Nacional Mayor de San Macros.
Other Sources:
Osborn, Henry. 1948. "Amahuaca Phonemes," IJAL 14, 188-190.
Shell, Olive A. 1975. Estudios Panos III: Las lenguas panos y su reconstruccion. Yarinacocha, Peru: SIL.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
č
θ s x h
m n
ɾ
Stops: p t k ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: θ s x h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɯ
o
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ɯ o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels:
ṽ all
v̄̃ all
Other Sources:
Pike, Eunice and Eugene Scott. 1962. "The Phonological Hierarchy of Marinahua," Phonetics 8, 1-8.
Shell, Olive A. 1975. Estudios panos III: Las lenguas panos y su reconstruccion. Yarinacocha, Peru: SIL.
Scott, Eugene and Donald G. Frantz. 1974. "Sharanahua Questions and Proposed Constraints on Question Movement," Linguistics 132, 75-86.
Consonant system:
p t k
ts č
ɸ s ṣ̌ š h
m n
ɾ
Stops: p t k
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: ɸ s ṣ̌ š h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɯ
o
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ɯ o
Long Vowels: v̄
Nasal Vowels:
ṽ all
v̄̃
Other Sources:
Kensinger, Kenneth M. 1963. "The Phonological Hierarchy of Cashinahua (Pano)," in SPIL I, 207-17.
Cromack, Robert Earl. 1968. Language Systems and Discourse Structure in Cashinawa, 2 vols. HSL 23.
Consonant system:
p t k
b d
ts č
s ṣ̌ š h
m n
Stops: p b t d k
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: s ṣ̌ š h
Nasals: m n
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɯ u
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Panoan: Panoan: Western
Dictionary: Shell, Olive A. 1959. Vocabulario cashibo-castellano. Peru: SIL.
Other Sources: Shell, Olive A. 1950. "Cashibo I: Phonemes," IJAL 16, 198-202.
Consonant system:
p t k kw ʔ
ts č
s ṣ̌ š
β
m n ñ
ɾ
Stops: p t k kw ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: β s ṣ̌ š
Nasals: m n ñ
Vibrants: ɾ
Vowel system:
i ɨ
o
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Stress: phonemic
Syntax: SOV GN POSS-N
Number: 5567
Language: Capanahua
Location: EC Peru
Population: 400
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Panoan: Panoan: North-Central
Grammar: Loos, Eugene Emil. 1969. The Phonology of Capanahua and Its Grammatical Basis. SIL 20.
Other Sources: LAND
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
ts č
s ṣ̌ š h
β
m n
ɾ
Stops: p t k ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: β s ṣ̌ š h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɯ
o
a
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ɯ o
Other Sources:
Lauriault, James. 1948. "Alternate-Mora Timing in Shipibo," IJAL 14, 22-24.
Shell, Olive A. 1975. Estudios panos III: Las lenguas panos y su reconstruccion. Yarincocha, Peru: SIL.
WALS
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
ts č
s ṣ̌ š h
β
m n
rž
Stops: p t k ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: β s ṣ̌ š h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: rž
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
I ɨ
ɤ
a
Front Vowels: I
Central Vowels: ɨ a
Back Vowels: ɤ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Stress: phonemic
TextBooks: Kneeland, Harriet. 1979. Lecciones para el aprendizaje del idioma mayoruna. Yarinacocha, Peru: SIL.
Other Sources: Fields, Herriet L. and William R. Merrifield. 1976. Parentesco mayoruna (pano) Comunidades y culturas Peruanas, No.9. Yarinacocha, Peru: SIL.
Consonant system:
p t k
b d
ts č
s š
m n
Stops: p b t d k
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: s š
Nasals: m n
Glides: j
Vowel system:
i u
e ǝ o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Other Sources:
Key, Mary Ritchie. 1971. "Response to Girard on Tacanan," IJAL 37, 196-201.
Suárez, Jorge A. 1973. "Macro-Pano-Tacanan," IJAL 39, 137-54.
LAND
Consonant system:
p t k kw ʔ
b d
ts ṭs č
s ṣ š
m n
r ṛ
Stops: p b t d k kw ʔ
Affricates: ts ṭs č
Fricatives: s ṣ š
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: r ṛ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Language: Ese'ejja
Alternate Name: Chama, Ese Ejja
Location: NW Bolivia (Beni)
Population: 1,000
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Panoan: Tacanan: Tiatinagua
Dictionary: Wyma, Richard and Lucille Pitkin de Wyma. 1962. Ese'ejja. Cochabamba, Bolivia: SIL.
Grammar: Shoemaker, Jack S. and Nola K. Shoemaker. 1967. "Essejja," in BIG I, 209-83. [also in GELB III, 181 -306.]
Other Sources: Firestone, Homer L. 1955. "Chama Phonology," IJAL 21, 52-5 .
Consonant system:
p t k kw ʔ
ɓ ɗ
č
s š x h
m n ñ
Stops: p ɓ t ɗ k kw ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s š x h
Nasals: m n ñ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Panoan: Tacanan: Cavineña
Dictionary: Key, Mary Ritchie de. 1963. Cavineña y castellaño. Cochabamba, Bolivia: SIL.
Other Sources:
Key, Mary Ritchie. 1968. Comparative Tacanan Phonology. The Hague: Mouton.
E
Consonant system:
p t c k kw ʔ
b d ɟ
ts č
s š h
m n ñ
(ʎ)
ɾ
Stops: p b t d c ɟ k kw ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: s š h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: (ʎ)
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: o
Syllable: (C)V
Stress: penult
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Syntax: SOV
Number: 5596
Language: Tacana
Location: NW Bolivia (La Paz)
Population: 3,500
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Panoan: Tacanan: Tacana Proper
Dictionary: Wynen, Donald van and Mabel Garrard de van Wynen. 1962. Tacana y castellaño. Cochabamba, Bolivia: SIL.
Grammar: Ottaviano, John C. and Ida Ottaviano. 1967. "Tacana," in BIG 1, 139-207. [also in Gelb III, 309-417.]
Other Sources: Wynen, Donaldo van and Mabel Garrard de van Wynen. 1962. "Fonemas tacana y modelos de acentuacion," Notas Lingüı́sticas de Bolivia 6. Cochabamba, Bolivia: SIL.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d
ts č
s š h
β ð
m n
r rž
Stops: p b t d k ʔ
Affricates: ts č
Fricatives: β ð s š h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: r rž
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i u
ɛ
a
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u
Stress: penult
Other Sources:
Gudschinsky, Sarah C., Harold Popovich and Frances Popovich. 1970. "Native Reaction and Phonetic Similarity in Maxakalı́ Phonology," Lg 46, 77-88.
E
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
ŋɡ
š h
m n ñ
Stops: p t k ŋɡ ʔ
Fricatives: š h
Nasals: m n ñ
Vowel system:
i ɯ
e o
a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ɯ o
Nasal Vowels: ĩ (ẽ) ã ɯ̃ õ
Modified Vowels: nasal harmony
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Syntax: SOV NA
Number: 5631
Language: Mashakali
Dialect: Monocho
Location: Brazil (Minas Gerais)
Population: 250
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Ge: Mashakali
Consonant system:
Number: 5632
Language: Dorin
Population: extinct
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Ge: Kaingang
Consonant system:
Number: 5633
Language: Kaingang
Location: SE Brazil (Paraná)
Population: 7,000
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Ge: Kaingang: Northern
Grammar:
Henry, Jules. 1948. "The Kaingang Language," IJAL 14, 194-204.
Wiesemann, Ursula. 1972. Die phonologische und grammatische Struktur der Kaingáng-Sprache. The Hague: Mouton.
Other Sources:
Henry, Jules. 1935. "A Kaingang Text," IJAL 8, 172-218.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
ɸ š h
m n ñ ŋ
ɾ
Stops: p t k ʔ
Fricatives: ɸ š h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e ǝ o
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ĩ æ̃ ǝ̃ ã õ
Diphthongs: diphthonɡs
Other Sources: McLeod, Ruth. 1974. "Paragraph, Aspect and Participant in Xavante," Linguistics 132, 51-74.
Consonant system:
p t ʔ
b d
s h
m n ñ
r
Nasals analyzed as allophones; they also occurs in loans.
Stops: p b t d ʔ
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n ñ (Nasals analyzed as allophones; they also occurs in loans.)
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e ǝ o
ɛ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels:
ṽ all
v̄̃ all
Stress: final
Syntax: OSV NA POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5643
Language: Cherente
Location: E Brazil
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Ge: Ge: Central
Other Sources: WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4
2 5
3 6
Number: 5644
Language: Apinaye
Location: NC Brazil (Goias)
Population: 200
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Ge: Ge: Northwest
Other Sources:
Ham, Patricia. 1965. "Multilevel Influence on Apinayé Multidimensional Clause Structure," Linguistics 15, 50-32.
Burgess, Eunice and Patricia Ham. 1968. "Multilevel Conditioning of Phoneme Varients in Apinaye," Linguistics 41, 5-18.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
č
(s) (h)
v ž
m n ñ ŋ
ɾ̣
Stops: p t k ʔ
Affricates: č
Fricatives: v (s) ž (h)
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Vibrants: ɾ̣
Vowel system:
i ɯ u
e ɤ o
ɛ ʌ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ ɔ ʌ
Long Vowels: v̄
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɯ̃ õ ʌ̃
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)(C)V(C)
Syntax: SOV NA ND POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 5645
Language: Suya
Location: E Brazil
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Ge: Ge: Northwest
Consonant system:
Number: 5646
Language: Kreen-Akarore
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Ge: Ge: Northwest
Consonant system:
Number: 5647
Language: Cayapo
Dialect: Caraho
Location: E Brazil
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Ge: Ge: Northwest
Consonant system:
Number: 5648
Language: Cayapo
Alternate Name: Kayapo
Dialect: North
Location: C Brazil (S Pará)
Population: 10,000
Classification: Amerind: Macro-Ge: Ge: Northwest
Other Sources: Stout, Mickey and Ruth Thomson. 1971. "Kayapó Narrative," IJAL 37, 150-6.
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
č
ɡ̌
m n ñ ŋ
ɾ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u
e ǝ o
ɛ ʌ ɔ
a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ ʌ
Nasal Vowels: ĩ ẽ ɨ̃ ã ũ õ ʌ̃
)
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