Типологии креольских языков

Краткие фонетико-грамматические сведения по пиджинизированным и креолизованным языкам

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Здесь представлены краткие справки по фонетике и грамматике пиджинов и креолей, взятые с проекта глобальной этимологической базы данных "Вавилонская башня" Сергея Старостина. Эти сведения будут затем размещаться в словарных разделах этих языков.

Всего здесь представлено X креольских языковых систем, распределённых по семьям:

Типообзоры африканских креолов и пиджинов
Типообзоры австронезийских креолов и пиджинов
Типообзоры индейских креолов и пиджинов
Типообзоры индийских креолов и пиджинов
Типообзоры креолов и пиджинов на основе английского языка
Типообзоры креолов и пиджинов на основе французского языка
Типообзоры креолов и пиджинов на основе испанского языка
Типообзоры креолов и пиджинов на основе португальского языка
Типообзоры креолов и пиджинов на основе голландского языка
Типообзоры креолов и пиджинов на основе немецкого языка
Типообзоры смешанных креолов и пиджинов на основе европейских языков

Типологические обзоры австронезийских креолов и пиджинов

~~Number:~~ 5732: Language: Bazaar Malay; Location: Malaysia; Classification: Malay-Based Creole; Consonant system:
~~Number:~~ 5733: Language: Hiri Motu Alternate Name: Police Motu; Location: SE PNG (Central); Population: 20,000; Classification: Motu-Based Pidgin Dictionary: Brett, R. R. 1962. A Dictionary of Police Motu. Port Moresby: SIL. Grammar: Chatterton, P. 1972. Hiri Motu (Police Motu). Port Moresby: Unevangelized Fields Mission Press.; TextBooks: Wurm, S. A. and J. B. Harris. 1963. Police Motu. PL 81.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ s h v m n r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Fricatives: v s h Nasals: m n Vibrants: r; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Diphthongs: ei ai oi eu au ou; Syllable: (C)V; Noun
Number: s [p] Demonstratives: 2: Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num; Prep/Post: POST Comments: Police Motu is a pigin based on Motu, and is widely spoken in the southern half of PNG. In recent years, however, its use as a lingua franca has been encroached upon by the growing popularity of Melanesian Pidgin English.

Краткие типологические обзоры африканских креолов и пиджинов

~~Number:~~ 5687: Language: Asian Swahili; Location: Kenya; Classification: Swahili-Based Creole; Consonant system:
~~Number:~~ 5688: Language: Fanagolo Alternate Name: Piki; Location: South Africa; Population: 200,000; Classification: Zulu-Based Pidgin Grammar: GD: Bold, J. D. 1971. Dictionary, Phrase-Book and Grammar of Fanagalo. Johannesburg: Hugh Keartland.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f s h v z m n l ɬ r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z h Nasals: m n Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Clicks: / || ! Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Diphthongs: ai ej au oi ou; Syllable: mˈ nˈ Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 1 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6d 6; Syntax: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP Comments: Fanagalo is a pidgin based on Zulu, used as a lingua franca in Southern Africa.

Типологические обзоры индейских креолов и пиджинов

~~Number:~~ 5734: Language: Chinook Jargon; Location: Washington; Population: 50; Classification: Chinook-Based Pidgin; Other Sources: Grant, Rena V. 1945. "Chinook Jargon," IJAL 11, 225-33. Thomason, Sarah Grey. 1983. "Chinook Jargon in Areal and Historical Context," Lg 59, 820-70.; Consonant system: p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷq qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ b d ɡ ts tsʔ tlʔ č (čʔ) s š x xʷ χ χʷ m n (ŋ) l ɬ r Stops: p pʔ b t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ Affricates: ts tsʔ tlʔ č (čʔ) Fricatives: s š x xʷ χ χʷ Nasals: m n (ŋ) Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e ǝ o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Stress: phonemic, but mostly word initial; Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N; Prep/Post: PREP Comments: "A pidgin used as a lingua franca from northern California to southern Alaska. Based on Chinook, but with Nootka, French and English as major donor languages." Voegelin & Voegelin, p. 116.

Типологические обзоры индийских креолов и пиджинов

~~Number:~~ 5731: Language: Naga Pidgin; Location: NE India (Assam); Classification: Assamese-Based Creole; Other Sources: Sreedhar, M. V. 1976. "Standardization of Naga Pidgin," AL 18, 371-9.; Consonant system: p ph t th k kh b b̤ d d̤ ɡ ɡ̤ č čh ɡ̌ (ɡ̤̌) s š h m n ŋ l r Stops: p ph b b̤ t th d d̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤ Affricates: č čh ɡ̌ (ɡ̤̌) Fricatives: s š h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o; Noun; Number: s p; Syntax: SOV AN DN NUM-N D+A+N; Prep/Post: POST

Типологические обзоры креолов и пиджинов на основе английского языка

~~Number:~~ 5689: Language: Sea Island Creole Alternate Name: Gulla; Location: Georgia (Sea Island); Classification: English-Based Creole; Other Sources: AL 6:8; Consonant system: p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kp b d ɡ ɡb ts dz f s š šʔ h v z m n ñ l r Stops: p pʔ b t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: ts dz Fricatives: f v s z š šʔ h Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Glides: j w; Vowel system: i ɨ u e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ĩ ẽ ã ũ

~~Number:~~ 5690: Language: Guyanese; Location: Guyana; Classification: English-Based Creole; Consonant system:
~~Number:~~ 5691: Language: Western Caribbean Creole Alternate Name: Jamaican Creole; Location: Jamaica; Population: 1.5 million; Classification: English-Based Creole Dictionary: Cassidy, F. G. and R. G. Le Page, eds. 1967. Dictionary of Jamaican English. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.; TextBooks: Bailey, Beryl Loftman. 1968. Jamaican Creole Language Course. Washington, D.C.; Other Sources: Bailey, Beryl Loftman. 1966. Jamaican Creole Syntax. Cambridge, Eng: Cambridge Univ Press.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f s š h v z m n ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: ī ā ū Diphthongs: ai ie uo ou au Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3PH 6 P=plain, H=non=human; Syntax: SVO AN GN DN/ND NUM-N POSS-N Num+A+N; Prep/Post: PREP
~~Number:~~ 5693: Language: Krio; Location: Sierra Leone; Population: 70,000; Classification: English-Based Creole; Other Sources: AL 6:8; Consonant system: ph th kh (kph) b d ɡ (ɡb) čh ɡ̌ f s š v z ž m n (ñ) ŋ (ŋm) l r Stops: ph b th d kh ɡ (kph) (ɡb) Affricates: čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š ž Nasals: m n (ñ) ŋ (ŋm) Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: (ı̃) (ɛ̃) (ã) (ũ) (ɔ̃); Tones: hi lo Stress: phonemic
~~Number:~~ 5694: Language: Wescos; Location: Cameroons; Classification: English-Based Creole; Consonant system:
~~Number:~~ 5695: Language: Djuka Alternate Name: Aucaan, Ndyuka; Location: Surinam; Classification: English-Based Creole; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO
~~Number:~~ 5696: Language: Djuka; Location: E Surinam; Population: 21,000; Classification: English-Based Creole Dictionary: Huttar, George L. 1972. "A Comparative Word List for Djuka, " in LOG, 12-21.; Other Sources: Huttar, George L. and Mary L. Huttar. 1972. "Notes on Djuka Phonology," in LOG, 1-11.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ f s h m n l Stops: p b t d k ɡ Fricatives: f s h Nasals: m n Laterals: l Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Diphthongs: diphthonɡs; Syllable: (C)(G)V(N) Nˈ; Tones: hi lo
~~Number:~~ 5697: Language: Saramaccan; Location: C Surinam; Population: 22,000; Classification: English-Based Creole; Other Sources: Voorhoeve, Jan. 1961. "Le ton et la grammaire dans le saramaccan," Word 17, 146-63. Grimes, Joseph E. and Naomi Glock. 1970. "A Saramaccan Narrative Pattern," Lg 46, 408-25. Rountree, S. Catherine. 1972. "The Phonological Structure of Stems in Saramaccan," in LOG, 22-34. Glock, Naomi. 1972. "Clause and Sentence in Saramaccan," JAL 11, 45-61. AL 6:8; Consonant system: p t c k kp b mb d nd ɟ ñɟ ɡ ŋɡ ɡb f s h v z m n ñ l Stops: p b mb t d nd c ɟ ñɟ k ɡ ŋɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: f v s z h Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all Modified Vowels: ɛ ɔ are 'bright'; e o are 'muffled'; Syllable: (C)V(N); Tones: hi lo Stress: non-phonemic Articles: def; Syntax: SVO AN NG NUM-N POSS-N; Prep/Post: PREP
~~Number:~~ 5698: Language: Sranan; Location: Surinam; Population: 80,000; Classification: English-Based Creole; Other Sources: Voorhoeve, Jan. 1962. Sranan Syntax. Amsterdam: North-Holland. Echteld, J. J. M. 1962. The English Words in Sranan. Groningen: J. B. Wotters. AL 6:8; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ f s š (h) m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Fricatives: f s š (h) Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: ē ō ā ō Nasal Vowels: ṽ ? Diphthongs: ai oi ui ei au ou Stress: penultimate; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 4=5; Syntax: SVO AN GN ND NUM-N POSS-N; Prep/Post: PREP
~~Number:~~ 5699: Language: Pitcairnese; Location: Pitcairn Island; Classification: English-Based Creole; Consonant system:
~~Number:~~ 5700: Language: Hawaiian Creole; Location: Hawaii; Classification: English-Based Creole; Consonant system:
~~Number:~~ 5701: Language: Roper River Creole Alternate Name: Kriol; Location: Australia; Classification: English-Based Creole; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO
~~Number:~~ 5702: Language: Torres Strait Creole Alternate Name: Australian Pidgin; Location: N Australia; Population: 23,000; Classification: English-Based Creole; Consonant system:
~~Number:~~ 5703: Language: Tok Pisin Alternate Name: Melanesian Pidgin; Location: Papua New Guinea; Population: 500,000; Classification: English-Based Pidgin Grammar: DG: Mihalic, Francis. 1971. The Jacaranda Dictionary and Grammar of Melanesian Pidgin. Milton, Australia: Jacaranda Press.; TextBooks: Dutton, T. E. 1973. Conversational New Guinea Pidgin. PL D12.; Other Sources: AL 6:8 Woolford, Ellen B. 1979. Aspects of Tok Pisin Grammar. PL B66.; Consonant system: (p) t k b d ɡ ɡ̌ ɸ (f) s h v m n ŋ l r Stops: (p) b t d k ɡ Affricates: ɡ̌ Fricatives: ɸ (f) v s h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Diphthongs: ai au oi; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C) Stress: mostly initial Demonstratives: 2 Articles: indef; Pronouns: 1 4die 4tie 4ie 2 5d 5t 5 3 6d 6t 6; Syntax: SVO AN/(NA) NG DN NUM-N N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP
~~Number:~~ 5704: Language: Bislama Alternate Name: Beach-la-Mar; Location: New Hebrides; Population: 50,000; Classification: English-Based Creole Grammar: DG: Guy, J. B. M. 1974. Handbook of Bichelamar/Manuel de bichelamar. PL C34.; Consonant system: p t k b f s h v m n ŋ l r Stops: p b t k Fricatives: f v s h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: I ʋ ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: I ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ Diphthongs: ae ao ea ia oe ua; Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C) Stress: non-phonemic Demonstratives: 1 Articles: indef; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6dPC 6 P=plain; C=collective; Syntax: SVO AN NG ND NUM-N N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP Comments: Used as a lingua franca in the New Hebrides.
~~Number:~~ 5705: Language: Solomon Pijin Alternate Name: Neo-Solomonic; Location: Solomon Islands; Population: 50,000; Classification: English-Based Pidgin; Consonant system:
~~Number:~~ 5706: Language: Micronesian Pidgin; Location: Micronesia; Population: practically extinct; Classification: English-Based Pidgin; Consonant system:

Типологические обзоры креолов и пиджинов на основе французского языка

~~Number:~~ 5692: Language: Lesser Antillean Creole; Location: St. Lucia; Classification: French-Based Creole; Consonant system:
~~Number:~~ 5709: Language: French Creole Dialect: Louisiana; Location: Louisiana; Population: 7.8 million; Classification: French-Based Creole Grammar: Conwell, Marilyn T. and Alphonse Juilland. 1963. Louisiana French Grammar. The Hague : Mouton.; Other Sources: Morgan, Raleigh, Jr. 1959. "Structural Sketch of Saint Martin Creole," AL 1:8, 20-24.; Consonant system: p t̪ k b d̪ ɡ č ɡ̌ f s̪ š h v z̪ ž m n̪ ñ l̪ r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž h Nasals: m n̪ ñ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Glides: j; Vowel system: i u e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a ɑ Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɑ Nasal Vowels: ɛ̃ ɔ̃ ɑ̃; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: (m f) Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA/AN NG DN/ND NUM-N POSS-N; Prep/Post: PREP
~~Number:~~ 5710: Language: French Creole Dialect: Haitian; Location: Haiti; Population: 7.8 million (1 million); Classification: French-Based Creole Dictionary: Faine, Jules. 1974. Dictionnaire français-créole. Ottawa: Leméac. Grammar: d'Ans, André-Marcel. 1968. Le créole français d'Haı̈ti. The Hague: Mouton.; TextBooks: Valdman, Albert. 1970. Basic Course in Haitian Creole. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.; Other Sources: AL 6:8; Consonant system: p t̪ k b d̪ ɡ č ɡ̌ f s̪ š v z̪ ž ɣ m n̪ ñ l̪ Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž ɣ Nasals: m n̪ ñ Laterals: l̪ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i (y) u e (ø) o ɛ (œ) ɔ a Front Vowels: i (y) e (ø) ɛ (œ) Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ẽ ã õ; Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C) Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 1 Articles: def indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG ND NUM-N N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP
~~Number:~~ 5711: Language: French Creole Dialect: Guyana; Location: Guyana; Population: 7.8 million; Classification: French-Based Creole Grammar: Fauquenoy, Marguerite Saint Jacques. 1972. Analyse structurale du créole guyanais. Paris: Klincksieck.; Other Sources: Corne, Chris. 1971. "Le patois créole français de la Guyane (St-Laurent-du-Maroni): Esquisse de grammaire," Te Reo 14, 81-103.; Consonant system: p t̪ k b d̪ ɡ č ɡ̌ f s š v z ž m n̪ ñ l̪ ʁ Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š ž Nasals: m n̪ ñ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: ʁ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i (y) u e (ø) o ɛ (œ) ɔ a Front Vowels: i (y) e (ø) ɛ (œ) Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ẽ ã õ; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C); Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 1 Articles: def indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 politeness: 2 intimate/2 polite; Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG DN NUM-N POSS-N; Prep/Post: PREP
~~Number:~~ 5712: Language: French Creole Dialect: Indian Ocean; Location: Seychelles Is, Mauritius, Reunion Is.; Population: 7.8 million; Classification: French-Based Creole Dictionary: Chaudenson, Robert. 1974. Le lexique du parler créole de la Réunion.; Other Sources: Corne, Chris. 1969. "Les dialectes créoles français de Maurice et des Seychelles, Esquisse de phonologie, suivie de textes," Te Reo 12, 48-63. Corne, Chris. 1977. "Notes on Seychelles Creole Phonology," Te Reo 20, 95-110.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ f s v z m n ñ ŋ l ʁ Stops: p b t d k ɡ Fricatives: f v s z Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: ʁ Glides: j; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ẽ ã õ Stress: final Demonstratives: 1 Articles: def indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA/AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N; Prep/Post: PREP
~~Number:~~ 5713: Language: French Creole Alternate Name: Tay Boi Dialect: Vietnam; Location: Vietnam; Population: 7.8 million (extinct); Classification: French-Based Creole; Other Sources: Liem, Nguyen Dang. 1979. "Cases and Verbs in Pidgin French (Tay Boi)," in PL A57, 217-46.; Consonant system: t̪ k b d̪ f s̪ š ɣ m n̪ ñ l̪ ṛ Stops: b t̪ d̪ k Fricatives: f s̪ š ɣ Nasals: m n̪ ñ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: ṛ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e ǝ ɤ o ɛ ɐ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ a Back Vowels: u o ɤ ɔ; Tones: hi-lev hi-ris lo-lev mid-ris lo-ris; Syntax: SVO

Типологические обзоры креолов и пиджинов на основе испанского языка

~~Number:~~ 5714: Language: Bamboo Spanish; Location: Philippines (Davao); Population: few; Classification: Spanish-Based Creole; Consonant system:
~~Number:~~ 5715: Language: Chavacano Dialect: Davaueño; Location: SE Philippines (SE Mindanao); Population: 293,000 (3,000); Classification: Spanish-Based Creole; Other Sources: AL 6:8; Consonant system: p t k b d g č s š h m n ñ l ʎ r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č Fricatives: s š h Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l ʎ Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Stress: phonemic
~~Number:~~ 5716: Language: Chavacano Dialect: Ermitaño; Location: NC Philippines (S Luzon); Population: 293,000 (nearly extinct); Classification: Spanish-Based Creole; Other Sources: AL 6:8; Consonant system: p t k b d g č s š h m n ñ l ʎ r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č Fricatives: s š h Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l ʎ Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Stress: phonemic
~~Number:~~ 5717: Language: Chavacano Dialect: Zamboangueño; Location: S Philippines (W Mindanao); Population: 293,000 (155,000); Classification: Spanish-Based Creole; Other Sources: AL 6:8; Consonant system: p t k b d g č s š h m n ñ l ʎ r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č Fricatives: s š h Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l ʎ Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Stress: phonemic
~~Number:~~ 5718: Language: Chavacano Dialect: Caviteño; Location: NC Philippines (S Luzon); Population: 293,000 (29,000); Classification: Spanish-Based Creole; Other Sources: AL 6:8; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č s š h m n ñ l ʎ r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č Fricatives: s š h Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l ʎ Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Stress: phonemic
~~Number:~~ 5719: Language: Palenquero; Location: Colombia; Classification: Spanish-Based Creole; Consonant system:

Типологические обзоры креолов и пиджинов на основе португальского языка

~~Number:~~ 5720: Language: Indo-Portuguese; Location: Sri Lanka; Classification: Portuguese-Based Creole; Other Sources: Smith, Ian Russell. 1978. "Sri Lanka Creole Portuguese," IJDL 7, 248-406. Smith, Ian. 1979. "Substrata vs. Universals in the Formation of Sri Lanka Portuguese," in PL A57, 183-200.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f s z m n ñ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s z Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e ǝ o æ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e æ Central Vowels: ǝ Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: ī ē ǣ ā ū ō ɔ̄; Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C) Stress: on final syllable if closed; otherwise penult; Noun; Number: s p; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6 politeness: 2 3 5 6 have (1) plain and (2) honorific forms; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST
~~Number:~~ 5721: Language: Macanese; Location: Macao; Population: 4,000; Classification: Portuguese-Based Creole; Consonant system:
~~Number:~~ 5722: Language: Malacca Creole; Location: Malaysia; Classification: Portuguese-Based Creole Dictionary: Hancock, Ian F. 1973. "Malacca Creole Portuguese: A Brief Transformational Outline," Te Reo 16, 23-44.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f s (š) z m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s z (š) Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e ǝ o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Diphthongs: ai au eu iu oi ia iǝ ua ue uǝ Demonstratives: 3 Articles: indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) GN DN NUM-N POSS-N; Prep/Post: PREP
~~Number:~~ 5723: Language: Timor Pidgin; Location: Timor Lorosae; Population: extinct; Classification: Portuguese-Based Pidgin; Consonant system:
~~Number:~~ 5724: Language: Crioulo; Location: Guinea-Bissau; Population: 159,000; Classification: Portuguese-Based Creole; Consonant system:
~~Number:~~ 5725: Language: Crioulo Dialect: São Tomé; Location: São Tomé e Prı́ncipe; Population: 159,000 (8,000); Classification: Portuguese-Based Creole; Consonant system:
~~Number:~~ 5726: Language: Crioulo; Location: Senegal; Population: 159,000 (46,000); Classification: Portuguese-Based Creole; Other Sources: Doneux, J. L. n.d. Les systèmes phonologiques des langues de Casamance. Dakar: Centre de Linguistique Appliqué.; Consonant system: p t c k b d ɟ ɡ f s (v) (z) m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ Fricatives: f (v) s (z) Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃
~~Number:~~ 5727: Language: Fa d'Ambu Alternate Name: Annobonesa; Location: Equatorial Guinea (Annobon Is); Population: 1,800; Classification: Portuguese-Based Creole Grammar: Barrena, Natalio. 1957. Gramatica annobonesa. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas.; Consonant system: p t k b mb d nd ɡ č f s š x (h) v z ž m n ñ l (r) Stops: p b mb t d nd k ɡ Affricates: č Fricatives: f v s z š ž x (h) Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Vibrants: (r) Glides: j; Vowel system: i u ʋ e ǝ o ɛ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ʋ o Long Vowels: ē ā Nasal Vowels: ã Demonstratives: 3 Articles: indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP
~~Number:~~ 5728: Language: Papiamento; Location: Indonesia; Population: 200,000; Classification: Portuguese-Based Creole Dictionary: Hassell, E. A. 1953. English-Papiamento, Papiamento-English Dictionary. Aruba, Netherlands West Indies: The Lago Oil and Transport Co.; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3 Articles: def indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA(AN) GN/NG DND; Prep/Post: PREP
~~Number:~~ 5729: Language: Cafundo Creole; Location: Brazil; Classification: Portuguese-Based Creole; Consonant system:

Типологические обзоры креолов и пиджинов на основе голландского языка

~~Number:~~ 5707: Language: Dutch Creole Alternate Name: Negerhollands; Location: USA (Virgin Islands); Population: nearing octinction; Classification: Dutch-Based Creole; Consonant system: Comments: "A Dutch-based pidgin-preole nearing extinction." p. 146. (Voegelins)

Типологические обзоры креолов и пиджинов на основе немецкого языка

~~Number:~~ 5708: Language: Unserdeutsch; Location: Papua New Guinea; Classification: German-Based Creole; Consonant system:

Типологические обзоры смешанных креолов и пиджинов на основе европейских языков

~~Number:~~ 5730: Language: Russo-Norsk; Location: NW Russia; Population: extinct; Classification: Russian/Norwegian-Based Pidgin; Consonant system:

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