Типологии нигеро-кордофанских языков

Краткие фонетико-грамматические сведения по нигеро-конголезским и кордофанским языкам

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Домой:	Рус	Анг	Ита	Исп	Эсп

Здесь представлены краткие справки по фонетике и грамматике языков Нигеро-кордофанской макросемьи, взятые с проекта глобальной этимологической базы данных "Вавилонская башня" Сергея Старостина. Эти сведения будут затем размещаться в каждом праязыковом этимологическом словнике.

Всего здесь представлено X нигеро-кордофанских языковых систем, распределённых по 2 семьям:

Кордофанская (Kordofanian)
Нигеро-конголезская (Niger-Congo)

Краткие типологические обзоры языков Кордофанской семьи

~~Number:~~ 43: Language: Tulishi; Location: C Sudan; Population: 8,600; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Kadugli: Western; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system: Diphthongs: ˈˈ; Noun; Number: s p [single, plural]; Gender: m f n [муж., жен., сред.?]; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SVO NG N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 44: Language: Keiga; Location: C Sudan; Population: 6,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Kadugli: Western; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NG N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 45: Language: Kanga; Location: C Sudan; Population: 6,300; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Kadugli: Western; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f n; Syntax: SVO NG

~~Number:~~ 46: Language: Miri; Location: C Sudan; Population: 8,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Kadugli: Central; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f n; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SVO NG N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 47: Language: Kadugli; Location: C Sudan; Population: 19,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Kadugli: Central; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f n; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SVO NG N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 48: Language: Katcha; Location: C Sudan (Nuba Hills); Population: 6,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Kadugli: Central; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system: p t̪ t c k (ʔ) b ɓ d̪ d ɗ ɟ ɡ s š m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b ɓ t̪ d̪ t d ɗ c ɟ k ɡ (ʔ) Fricatives: s š Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ d m n l Nc b d̪ d ɟ ɡ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V(C); Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f n Demonstratives: 5 this/that near you/that not far and not near/yonder stationary/yonder approaching; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 49: Language: Tumma; Location: C Sudan; Population: 5,200; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Kadugli: Central; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f n; Syntax: SVO NG

~~Number:~~ 50: Language: Krongo; Location: C Sudan; Population: 11,600; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Kadugli: Eastern; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f n; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3mf 6; Syntax: VSO NG N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 51: Language: Tumtum; Location: C Sudan; Population: 1,300; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Kadugli: Eastern; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f n; Syntax: SVO NG

~~Number:~~ 52: Language: Katla; Location: C Sudan (Nuba Hills); Population: 8,700; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Katla; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system: t̪ t k kp (ʔ) b d̪ d ɟ ɡ ɡb s h m n ñ ŋ l r (ɾ) Stops: b t̪ d̪ t d ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb (ʔ) Fricatives: s h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r (ɾ) Modified Consonants: Nc b d̪ d ɟ ɡ ɡb s cʷ ? Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ ? Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V(C) rˈ; Tones: hi lo; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 53: Language: Tima; Location: C Sudan (Nuba Hills); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Katla; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 54: Language: Ko Alternate Name: Fungor; Location: C Sudan (Nuba Hills); Population: 2,700; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Heiban: Eastern; Other Sources: SK 1; Consonant system: p t̪ (t) c k ʔ b ɓ d̪ (d) ɗ ɟ ɡ m n ñ ŋ l r ɾ̣ Stops: p b ɓ t̪ d̪ (t) (d) ɗ c ɟ k ɡ ʔ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɾ̣ Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ǝ ʋ ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: (Ī ɛ̄ ɔ̄ ʋ̄) Diphthongs: ɔw aw aj ɛj; Tones: hi lo fall (ris) downstep; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 55: Language: Warnang; Location: C Sudan (Nuba Hills); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Heiban: Eastern; Other Sources: SK 1; Consonant system: t̪ c k b d̪ ɟ ɡ (s̄) m n ñ ŋ l r ɾ̣ Stops: b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ Fricatives: (s̄) Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɾ̣ Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u ʋ ɛ ǝ ɔ a Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u (ʋ) ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ Diphthongs: aw ɛj ɔj; Tones: hi lo fall; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes; Pronouns: 1 4de(?) 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 56: Language: Rere Alternate Name: Koalib; Location: C Sudan (Nuba Hills); Population: 24,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Heiban: West-Central: Central; Other Sources: LA SK 1 WPF; Consonant system: p t̯ t c k (s) (š) (v) m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p t̯ t c k Fricatives: (v) (s) (š) Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ǝ ʋ ɛ ɐ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ a Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ Diphthongs: diphthonɡs; Syllable: (C)V(C); Tones: hi lo fall; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 23 (persons, trees, common objects, long objects, large and harmful animals, hollow deep objects, small or domesticated animals, augmentatives, infinitives, liquids, body parts, misc) Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4d 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 57: Language: Utoro; Location: C Sudan (Nuba Hills); Population: 10,400; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Heiban: West-Central: Central; Other Sources: LA SK 1; Consonant system: p t̪ t c k b d̪ d ɟ ɡ m n ñ ŋ l r ɾ̣ Stops: p b t̪ d̪ t d c ɟ k ɡ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɾ̣ Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ǝ ʋ ɛ ɐ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ a Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all but I ǝ ɐ Diphthongs: aw aj ɛj ɔj; Tones: hi lo fall?; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO/(VSO [with one aspect]) NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 58: Language: Logol; Location: C Sudan (Nuba Hills); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Heiban: West-Central: Central; Other Sources: SK 1; Consonant system: p t̪ c k b d̪ ɗ ɟ ɡ f s v m n ñ ŋ l r ɾ̣ Stops: p b t̪ d̪ ɗ c ɟ k ɡ Fricatives: f v s Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɾ̣ Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ǝ ʋ ɛ ɐ (ɤ) ɔ a Front Vowels: i I ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ a Back Vowels: u ʋ (ɤ) ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ Diphthongs: aw aj ɛj; Tones: hi lo fall downstep; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: ND N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 59: Language: Ebang Alternate Name: Heiban; Location: C Sudan (Nuba Hills); Population: 690; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Heiban: West-Central: Central; Other Sources: SK 1; Consonant system: b d̪ d ɟ ɡ m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: b d̪ d ɟ ɡ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ǝ ʋ ɛ ɐ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ a Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ Diphthongs: uI aw aj ɛj ɔj; Tones: hi lo fall?; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4d 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: NG ND N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 60: Language: Laru; Location: C Sudan (Nuba Hills); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Heiban: West-Central: Central; Other Sources: SK 1; Consonant system: p t̪ t̄ c̄ k m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p t̪ t̄ c̄ k Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ǝ ʋ ɛ ɐ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ a Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ Diphthongs: aw aj ɛj ɔj; Syllable: rˈ; Tones: hi lo fall?; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: ND

~~Number:~~ 61: Language: Shirumba Alternate Name: Shwai; Location: C Sudan (Nuba Hills); Population: 2,800; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Heiban: West-Central: Shirumba; Other Sources: SK 1; Consonant system: p t̪ t k b d̪ d ɟ ɡ (ɸ) š v m n ñ ŋ l r ɾ̣ Stops: p b t̪ d̪ t d ɟ k ɡ Fricatives: (ɸ) v š Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɾ̣ Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ǝ ʋ ɛ ɐ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ a Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Diphthongs: aw iw ɛj ia; Tones: hi lo fall?; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4im 4if 4em 4ef 2 5 3 6 "The meanings of the various forms of the first person plural remain doubtful. In particular the masculine/feminine contrast does not recur elsewhere in the HEIBAN group, whereas dual and plural are commonly distinguished. On this point, I now suspect a misunderstanding between my informant (a lady with a little daughter) and myself." SK 1, 83.; Syntax: ND N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 62: Language: Tiro; Location: C Sudan (Nuba Hills); Population: 10,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Heiban: West-Central: Western; Other Sources: LA SK 1; Consonant system: p t̪ t c k b d̪ d ɟ ɡ (f) v m n ñ ŋ l r ɾ̣ Stops: p b t̪ d̪ t d c ɟ k ɡ Fricatives: (f) v Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɾ̣ Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ǝ ʋ ɛ ɐ ɔ a ɒ Front Vowels: i I ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ a Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ ɒ Long Vowels: v̄ all but I ǝ ɒ Diphthongs: ej aw; Tones: hi lo fall; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes; Pronouns: 1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO/(VSO [with one aspect]) NA NG ND N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 63: Language: Moro; Location: C Sudan (Nuba Hills); Population: 30,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Heiban: West-Central: Western; Other Sources: SK 1; Consonant system: p t̪ t c k b d̪ d ɟ ɡ f s m n ñ ŋ l r ɾ̣ Stops: p b t̪ d̪ t d c ɟ k ɡ Fricatives: f s Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɾ̣ Modified Consonants: c̄ cʷ ? "phonological status . . . not clear" Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ ɛ ǝ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: ī ē ɛ̄ ɐ̄ ā ū ʋ̄ ɔ̄ Diphthongs: aj aw ej ow; Tones: hi lo fall; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes; Pronouns: 1 4di 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 64: Language: Moro Dialect: Umm Dorein; Location: C Sudan (Nuba Hills); Population: 30,000 (460); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Heiban: West-Central: Western Grammar: GD: Black, K. 1971. The Moro Language: Grammar and Dictionary. Khartoum.; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system: p t̪ ṭ k (ʔ) b d̪ ḍ ɡ č ɡ̌ f θ̄ s ð m n ñ ŋ l ḷ̌ r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ (ʔ) Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f θ̄ ð s Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l ḷ̌ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ p θ n ŋ l r cʷ all but ɡ̌ f s Nc b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e ǝ ɤ o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɤ Diphthongs: ei ɤi ɤu oi ai au; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C) nˈ rˈ Stress: non-phonemic; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 12 (unduplicated objects, liquids, seasons, relatives, body parts, animals, personal names) Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4d 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+D+Num+A; Prep/Post: PREP/POST

~~Number:~~ 65: Language: Tegem Alternate Name: Lafofa; Location: C Sudan (Nuba Hills); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Talodi; Other Sources: SK 2; Consonant system: p t̪ t c k b d̪ d ɟ ɡ m n ñ ŋ l r ɾ̣ Stops: p b t̪ d̪ t d c ɟ k ɡ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɾ̣ Modified Consonants: k̄ m̄ l̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ ɛ ǝ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ; Tones: hi lo fall ris downstep; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes; Pronouns: 1 4 2mfc 5 3mfn 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN ND POSS-N

~~Number:~~ 66: Language: Nding Alternate Name: Eliri; Location: C Sudan (Nuba Hills); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Talodi; Other Sources: SK 2; Consonant system: p t̪ t c k b d̪ d ɟ ɡ m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ t d c ɟ k ɡ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ cʷ j d b c k m ŋ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all; Tones: hi lo ris fall; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes; Syntax: NA NG N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 67: Language: Jomang Alternate Name: Talodi; Location: C Sudan; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Talodi; Other Sources: LA SK 2; Consonant system: p t̪ t c k b d̪ d ɟ ɡ s m n ñ ŋ l r ɾ̣ Stops: p b t̪ d̪ t d c ɟ k ɡ Fricatives: s Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɾ̣ Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I (ǝ) ʋ ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I ɛ Central Vowels: (ǝ) a Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ Diphthongs: aj; Syllable: (C)V(C); Tones: hi lo fall; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO [present aspect]/(VSO [past aspect]) NA NG ND N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 68: Language: Tocho Alternate Name: Moro Hills; Location: C Sudan; Population: 3,800; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Talodi; Other Sources: SK 2; Consonant system: p t̪ t c k b d̪ ɟ ɡ m n ñ ŋ l r ɾ̣ Stops: p b t̪ d̪ t c ɟ k ɡ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɾ̣ Modified Consonants: c̄ cʷ t̪̄ Glides: (j w); Vowel system: i u I (ǝ) ʋ ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I ɛ Central Vowels: (ǝ) a Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all; Tones: hi lo fall; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes; Pronouns: 1 4di 4 2 5 3; Syntax: NG ND

~~Number:~~ 69: Language: Ngile Alternate Name: Masakin; Location: C Sudan; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Talodi; Other Sources: SK 2 WPF; Consonant system: p t̪ t̄ c̄ k b d̪ ɗ ɡ s m n ñ ŋ l r ɾ̣ Stops: p b t̪ d̪ t̄ ɗ c̄ k ɡ Fricatives: s Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɾ̣ Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a ɒ Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ ɒ ("I suspect that this is an overdifferentiating." p. 67 Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ; Tones: hi lo fall downstep; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: NG ND N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 70: Language: Dengebu Alternate Name: Dagik; Location: C Sudan; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Talodi; Other Sources: LA SK 2; Consonant system: p t̪ t k b d̪ ɡ ts m n̪ n ŋ l r ɾ̣ Stops: p b t̪ d̪ t k ɡ Affricates: ts Nasals: m n̪ n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r ɾ̣ Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ ɛ ǝ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ; Tones: hi lo (fall); Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV [present aspect]/(VSO [past aspect]) NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 71: Language: Tegali Dialect: Rashad; Location: C Sudan (Nuba Hills); Population: 5,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Rashad; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system: t c k b d ɟ f s (h) m n ñ ŋ l ɾ Stops: b t d c ɟ k Fricatives: f s (h) Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: c̄ Nc b d ɟ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e ǝ o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: phonemic; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA NG ND N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 72: Language: Tagoi; Location: C Sudan; Population: 1,600; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Rashad; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA NG ND N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 73: Language: Tingal; Location: C Sudan; Population: 2,100; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Rashad; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 74: Language: Tukum; Location: C Sudan; Population: 2,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Rashad; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 75: Language: Turum; Location: C Sudan; Population: 800; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Kordofanian: Rashad; Consonant system:

Краткие типологические обзоры языков Нигеро-конголезской семьи

~~Number:~~ 76: Language: Bobo-Fing Dialect: Sya; Location: W Burkina Faso; Population: 4,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande; Other Sources: LMS; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV GN POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 77: Language: Soninke Dialect: Marka; Location: Mali; Population: 457,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Soninke-Bozo; Other Sources: Meillassoux, Claude, Lassana Doucouré and Diaowé Simagha. 1967. Légende de la dispersion des Kusa. Dakar: IFAN.; Consonant system: t̪ c k q b d̪ ɟ ɡ f s̪ χ h m n̪ ñ ŋ l̪ ɾ Stops: b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ q Fricatives: f s̪ χ h Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: Nc p t d Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u ɛ o a Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ṽ all; Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+D+Num; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 78: Language: Bozo; Location: Mali; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Soninke-Bozo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 79: Language: Susu; Location: S Guinea; Population: 400,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Susu-Yalunka Dictionary: Lacan, P. 1942. Grammaire et dictionnaire français-sousou et soussou-français. Bordeaux: Procure des PP. du Saint-Esprit. Grammar: Houis, Maurice. 1963. Étude descriptive de la langue susu. Dakar: IFAN.; TextBooks: Friedländer, Marianne. 1974. Lehrbuch des Susu. Leipzig: VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie.; Consonant system: (p) t k b d ɡ ɡb f s x h m n ñ (ŋ) l r Stops: (p) b t d k ɡ ɡb Fricatives: f s x h Nasals: m n ñ (ŋ) Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc d ɡ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V; Tones: hi lo ris fall; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 80: Language: Yalunka; Location: Guinea; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Susu-Yalunka; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 81: Language: Ligbi; Location: Ivory Coast; Population: 50,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Ligbi-Numu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 82: Language: Numu Alternate Name: Huela; Location: Ivory Coast; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Ligbi-Numu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 83: Language: Vai; Location: NW Liberia; Population: 40,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Vai-Kono Grammar: Welmers, William E. 1976. A Grammar of Vai. UCPL 84.; Consonant system: p t c k kp b ɓ d ɟ ɡ ɡb f s h v z m n ñ ŋ l Stops: p b ɓ t d c ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: f v s z h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɟ ɡ ɡb Glides: (j) w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ɔ̃ ı̃̄ ɛ̃̄ ã̄ ɔ̃̄; Tones: hi lo; Noun; Number: s p (pl for personal nouns only) Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 84: Language: Kono; Location: Sierra Leone; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Vai-Kono; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 85: Language: Kono; Location: Liberia; Population: 112,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Vai-Kono; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 86: Language: Mandinka; Location: Gambia; Population: 400,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Mandekan Grammar: Rowlands, E. C. 1959. A Grammar of Gambian Mandinka. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, Univ of London.; Consonant system: ph th kh b d (ɡ) čh ɡ̌ f s h m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: ph b th d kh (ɡ) Affricates: čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Nc p b t d k ɡ č ɡ̌ s Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɔ Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō; Syllable: (C)V(N) Nˈ; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 87: Language: Mandinka; Location: Senegal; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Mandekan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 88: Language: Xasonke; Location: Mali; Population: 60,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Mandekan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 89: Language: Maninka Alternate Name: Malinka; Location: Mali; Population: 1.2 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Mandekan Dictionary: Nicol, Joseph. 1967. Français-mandique lexique, mandique-français lexique. Washington, D.C.: US Peace Corps. Grammar: GD: Delafosse, Maurice, 1929, 1955. La langue mandingue et ses dialectes (malinké, bambara, dioula), 2 vols Paris: Paul Geuthner. Labouret, Henri. 1934. Les manding et leur langue. Paris: Larose.; Other Sources: Bird, Charles and Timothy Shopen. 1979. "Maninka," in LTS, 58-111.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɟ ɡ ɡb f s x h v z ɣ ʁ m n ŋ l r Stops: p b t d ɟ k ɡ ɡb Fricatives: f v s z x ɣ ʁ h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb f v s z cj cʷ Glides: j ȷ̃ ɥ ɥ̃ w w̃; Vowel system: i y u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i y e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C) Stress: final; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+D+Num; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 90: Language: Maninka Alternate Name: Malinka Dialect: Faranah; Location: Guinea; Population: 1.2 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Mandekan Grammar: Spears, Richard Alan. 1965. The Structure of Faranah-Maninka. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Diss.; Other Sources: Spears, Richard A. 1966. "A Note on the Tone of Maninka Substantives," JAL 5, 113-20.; Consonant system: p t k b d (ɡ) ɡb f s h m n ñ l r Stops: p b t d k (ɡ) ɡb Fricatives: f s h Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ ?; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C) Nˈ; Tones: hi lo downstep; Syntax: NA

~~Number:~~ 91: Language: Maninka Alternate Name: Malinka Dialect: Manya; Location: Liberia; Population: 1.2 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Mandekan; Other Sources: Manessy, G 1964. "L'Alternance consonantique initiale en manya, kpelle, loma, bandi et mende," JAL 3, 162-78.; Consonant system: (p) t k b ḍ ɟ ɡ ɡb f s v z m n ñ l Stops: (p) b t ḍ ɟ k ɡ ɡb Fricatives: f v s z Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but ɔ; Syntax: NA N-NUM POSS-N

~~Number:~~ 92: Language: Bambara; Location: Mali; Population: 1.5 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Mandekan Dictionary: Travélé, Moussa. 1913. Petit dictionnaire français-bambara et bambara-français. Paris: Paul Geuthner. Grammar: Travélé, Moussa. 1955. Petit manuel français-bambara. Paris: Paul Geuthner. Delaforge, M. 1958. Grammaire et méthode bambara. Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle.; TextBooks: Diarra, Florentin and F. M. Traore. 197?. Un peu de bambara sans beaucoup de peine. Mopti, Mali. Hutchison, John P., Mamadou Kanté and Charles S. Bird. 1975. Introductory Bambara. Bloomington: African Studies Centre, Indiana Univ. Brauner, Siegmund. 1974. Lehrbuch des bambara. Leipzig: VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie.; Other Sources: Houis, Maurice. 1970. "Problèmes de lexicographie en bambara," BSLP 65, 213 -27.; Consonant system: (p) t c k b d ɟ ɡ f s (h) m n ñ (ŋ) l r Stops: (p) b t d c ɟ k ɡ Fricatives: f s (h) Nasals: m n ñ (ŋ) Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc p t c k Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ṽ all; Tones: hi lo; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 93: Language: Dyula; Location: EC Ivory Coast; Population: 1.1 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Mandekan Grammar: Dumestre, G.1970. Éléments de grammaire dioula. Abidjan: Institut de Linguistique Appliquée, Univ d'Abidjan. Long, Ronald W. and Raoul S. Diomandé. 1968. Basic Dyula. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.; TextBooks: Dumestre, G and G. L. A Retord. 1974. Kó dı̀: Cours de dioula. Abidjan: Univ of Abidjan.; Consonant system: p t c k b d ɟ ɡ ɡb f s h m n ñ (ŋ) l ɾ Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ɡb Fricatives: f s h Nasals: m n ñ (ŋ) Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: (v̄) Nasal Vowels: ṽ all; Syllable: Nˈ; Tones: hi lo ris; Noun; Number: s p Articles: indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN DN/ND POSS-N N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 94: Language: Loko1; Location: N Sierra Leone (Northern); Population: 76,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Southwestern Grammar: Innes, Gordon. 1964. "An Outline Grammar of Loko with Texts," ALS 5, 115-73.; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s h h̃ m n ñ ŋ l ɾ Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s h h̃ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡ̌ Glides: j w w̃; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ı̃ (ẽ) ɛ̃ ã ũ (õ) ɔ̃ ı̃̄ ɛ̃̄ ã̄ ũ̄ ɔ̃̄; Syllable: (C)V; Tones: hi mid lo ris fall; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 95: Language: Loma; Location: Liberia; Population: 260,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Southwestern Grammar: Prost, A. 1967. Le Lɔghɔma. Dakar: Univ of Dakar.; TextBooks: Sadler, Wesley. 1951. Untangled Loma. Monrovia: Evangelical Lutheran Church.; Other Sources: Manessy, G. 1964. "L'Alternance consonantique initial en manya, kpelle, loma, bandi et mende," JAL 3, 162-78.; Consonant system: p t k kp b ɓ d ɡ ɡb f s v z ɣ m n ŋ l Stops: p b ɓ t d k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: f v s z ɣ Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ṽ all ?; Syllable: (C)V(C); Tones: hi mid lo; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 + ref Articles: def indef; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN ND/(DN [ref]) N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 96: Language: Kpelle; Location: Liberia; Population: 400,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Southwestern Grammar: DG: Casthelain, I.-R. P. J. 1952. La langue guerzé. Dakar: IFAN.; TextBooks: Welmers, William. 1971. A First Course in Kpelle. Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ibadan.; Other Sources: Welmers, William E. 1962. "The Phonology of Kpelle," JAL 1, 69-93. Welmers, William E. 1969. "The Morphology of Kpelle Nominals," JAL 8, 73-101.; Consonant system: p t k kp b ɓ d ɡ ɡb f s v z ɣ m n ŋ l (ɾ) Stops: p b ɓ t d k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: f v s z ɣ Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: (ɾ) Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all v̄̃ all; Syllable: Nˈ; Tones: hi mid lo fall; Noun; Number: s p (pl only for personal nouns) Demonstratives: 2 + ref Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+D; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 97: Language: Mende; Location: S Sierra Leone; Population: 1 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Southwestern Dictionary: Innes, Gordon.1969. A Mende-English Dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.; TextBooks: Innes, Gordon. 1967. A Practical Introduction to Mende. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, Univ of London.; Other Sources: Manessy, G. 1964. "L'Alternance consonantique initial en manya, kpelle, loma, bandi et mende," JAL 3, 162-78.; Consonant system: p t k kp (ʔ) b d ɡ ɡb ɡ̌ f s h v m n ñ ŋ l Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb (ʔ) Affricates: ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡb ɡ̌ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all (ẽ õ marɡinal); Syllable: CV; Tones: hi lo ris fall; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+Num+D; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 98: Language: Bandi; Location: Liberia; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Southwestern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 99: Language: Mano; Location: N Liberia; Population: 100,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Southern-Eastern: Southern; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 100: Language: Dan; Location: W Ivory Coast; Population: 325,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Southern-Eastern: Southern Grammar: Doneux, Jean and Joseph Mahan. n.d. Exercises de langue dan. Lyon: Afrique et Langage.; Other Sources: Bearth, Thomas and Hugo Zemp. 1967. "The Phonology of Dan (Santa)," JAL 6, 9-29. Flik, Eva. 1977. "Tone Glides and Registers in Five Dan Dialects," Lingistics 201, 5-59.; Consonant system: p t k kp b ɓ d ɗ̣ ɡ ɡb f s v z m n l Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ̣ k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: f v s z Nasals: m n Laterals: l Modified Consonants: cw all but kp ɡb f v l m cj all but l Glides: j w; Vowel system: i ɨ u e ǝ o ɛ ɐ ɔ æ a ɒ Front Vowels: i e ɛ æ Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ ɐ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɒ Long Vowels: v̄ ? Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but e ɨ ɐ o; Syllable: (C)(l)V(C) Nˈ; Tones: hi hi-mid mid lo-mid lo mid-fall-to-low mid-fall-to-lo-mid lo-ris Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4d 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+Num+A+D; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 101: Language: Dan; Location: Liberia; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Southern-Eastern: Southern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 102: Language: Kweni Dialect: Guro; Location: Ivory Coast; Population: 210,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Southern-Eastern: Southern Grammar: Benoist, Jean-Paul. 1969. Grammaire gouro. Lyon: Afrique er Langage.; Consonant system: p t̪ k kp b d̪ ɡ ɡb f s̪ v z̪ m n̪ ñ l ɾ̣ Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ Nasals: m n̪ ñ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ̣ Modified Consonants: cj d k ɡ s cʷ b k s Glides: j w; Vowel system: i (y) u I ʋ e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i (y) I e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃ ı̃̄ ɛ̃̄ ã̄ ũ̄ ɔ̄ Diphthongs: diphthonɡs; Syllable: (C)(C)V; Tones: hi mid lo Demonstratives: 3 + ref Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 103: Language: Mwa; Location: C Ivory Coast; Population: 4,400; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Southern-Eastern: Southern; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 104: Language: Nwa; Location: C Ivory Coast; Population: 7,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Southern-Eastern: Southern; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 105: Language: Tura; Location: W Ivory Coast; Population: 20,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Southern-Eastern: Southern Grammar: Bearth Thomas. 1971. L'Énoncé toura. SIL 30.; Consonant system: p t k kʷ kp b ɓ d ɡ ɡʷ ɡb f s v z m n ŋ l Stops: p b ɓ t d k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ kp ɡb Fricatives: f v s z Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ ? Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V(C); Tones: hi hi-mid lo-mid lo; Noun; Number: s p; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 106: Language: Bisa; Location: S Burkina Faso; Population: 127,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Southern-Eastern: Eastern Grammar: GD: Prost, A. 1950. La langue bisa: Grammaire et dictionnaire. Ouagadougou: IFAN.; Consonant system: (p) t c k b d ɟ ɡ (f) s h v z m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ l r Stops: (p) b t d c ɟ k ɡ Fricatives: (f) v s z h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e ǝ o ɛ a Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ʋ o Long Vowels: v̄ ? Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ã ũ õ; Syllable: CV(C); Tones: hi mid lo; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 4 (3 + that very far) Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+D; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 107: Language: Bisa; Location: Burkina Faso; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Southern-Eastern: Eastern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 108: Language: Busa; Location: Benin; Population: 30,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Southern-Eastern: Eastern; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 109: Language: Sane Alternate Name: Samo, Seeku; Location: NW Burkina Faso; Population: 128000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Southern-Eastern: Eastern; Other Sources: Platiel. Suzanne. 1971."Problèmes d'interprétaton des voyelles nasales et des tons modulés en samo," in La dénomination des couleurs chez les mbay de Moı̈ssala, Jean-Pierre Caprile, Paris, SELAF, 102-4. E; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ f s z m n ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Fricatives: f s z Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃; Syllable: (C)V; Tones: hi mid lo; Syntax: SOV NA GN POSS-N

~~Number:~~ 110: Language: San Dialect: Sembla; Location: Burkina Faso; Population: 128,000 (8,000); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Southern-Eastern: Eastern Grammar: Prost, André. 1971. Éléments de sembla. Lyon: Afrique et Langage.; Consonant system: (p) ṭ c k kp b ḍ ɟ ɡ (ɡb) bβ t̪s d̪z f s̪ m ṇ ñ ŋ (ŋm) (l̪) r Stops: (p) b ṭ ḍ c ɟ k ɡ kp (ɡb) Affricates: bβ t̪s d̪z Fricatives: f s̪ Nasals: m ṇ ñ ŋ (ŋm) Laterals: (l̪) Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: ṇ̄ l̄ Glides: j (w); Vowel system: i u e (ǝ) o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: (ǝ) a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all but ɔ Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but ɛ ɔ v̄̃ all but ɛ ɔ; Syllable: CV; Tones: hi hi-fall hi-mid hi-mid-fall lo-mid lo-mid-fall lo lo-ris; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 1 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN DN/ND N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 111: Language: Bijago; Location: Guinea-Bissau (Bijago Islands); Population: 10,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 112: Language: Fula Alternate Name: Fulani Dialect: Adamawa; Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern); Population: 8 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Senegal Dictionary: Taylor, F. W. 1932. A Fulani-English Dictionary. London: Oxford Univ Press. Dictionnaire élémentaire fulfulde-français-English. 1971. Niamey, Nigeria : Regional Documentation Centre for Oral Tradition. Grammar: Stennes, Leslie H. 1967. A Reference Grammar of Adamawa Fulani. East Lansing: African Studies Center, Michigan State Univ. GD: Klingenheben, August. 1963. Die Sprache der Ful. Hamburg: J. J. Augustin. Labouret, H. 1952. La langue des Peuls ou Foulbé. Dakar: IFAN. Taylor, F. W. 1953. A Grammar of the Adamawa Dialect of the Fulani Language. Oxford: Clarendon Press.; Other Sources: Stennes, Leslie H. 1961. An Introduction to Fulani Syntax. HSL 2. Stennes, Leslie Herman. 1969. The Identification of Participants in Adamawa Fulani. HSL 24.; Consonant system: p t k ʔ b ɓ d ɗ ɡ č ɡ̌ ɸ s h β (z) m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ʔ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: ɸ β s (z) h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ Nc b d ɡ ɡ̌ Glides: j (ʔj) w; Vowel system: I ʋ e o ɐ Front Vowels: I e Central Vowels: ɐ Back Vowels: ʋ o Long Vowels: ī ɛ̄ ā ū ɔ̄ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: CV(C) Stress: root initial; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 19 (5 pl) Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+Num+D; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 113: Language: Fula Alternate Name: Fulani Dialect: Gombe; Location: EC Nigeria (North-Eastern); Population: 8 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Senegal Grammar: Arnott, D. W. 1970. The Nominal and Verbal System of Fula. Fair Lawn, NJ: Oxford Univ. Press.; Other Sources: Arnott, D. W. 1969. "Fula," in TNL, 57-71.; Consonant system: p t k ʔ ʔj b ɓ d ɗ ɡ (č) ɡ̌ f s m n ñ (ŋ) l r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ʔ ʔj Affricates: (č) ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s Nasals: m n ñ (ŋ) Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all but fricatives, ñ̃ɡ̌, ŋ Nc b d ɡ ɡ̌ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u ɛ ɐ ɔ Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: ɐ Back Vowels: u ɔ Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō Diphthongs: diphthonɡs; Syllable: CV(C); Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 114: Language: Serer; Location: Senegal; Population: 300,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Senegal; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes; Syntax: NG N-NUM

~~Number:~~ 115: Language: Wolof; Location: Senegal; Population: 2 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Senegal Dictionary: Kobès, A. 1923. Dictionnare wolof-français. Dakar: Mission Catholique. Guy-Grand, V. J. 1923. Dictionnaire français-volof. Dakar: Mission Catholique. Grammar: Diagne, Pathé. 1971. Grammaire de wolof moderne. Paris: Présence Africaine.; TextBooks: Nussbaum, Loren V., William W. Gage and Daniel Varre. 1970. Dakar Wolof: A Basic Course. Washington, D.C.: CAL. Nussbaum, Loren and Jean Doneux. 1975. Jangum Wolof. Dakar: Centre de Linguistique Appliqée.; Consonant system: p t c k b d ɟ ɡ f s x (h) m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ Fricatives: f s x (h) Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ all but f s r Nc p b t d c ɟ k ɡ Glides: j w; Vowel system: I ʋ e ǝ o ɛ ɐ ɔ a Front Vowels: I e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ a Back Vowels: ʋ o ɔ Long Vowels: ī ē ɛ̄ ā ū ō ɔ̄ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C); Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 8 Demonstratives: 3 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND NUM-N POSS-N [1 2 4 5 6]/(N-POSS [3]); Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 116: Language: Wolof Dialect: Dyolof; Location: Senegal; Population: 2 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Senegal Grammar: Sauvageot, Serge. 1965. Description synchronique d'un dialecte wolof: le parler du Dyolof. Dakar: IFAN.; Consonant system: p t c k q b d ɟ ɡ f s χ m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ q Fricatives: f s χ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ b ɟ m n l Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e ø ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ø ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɔ Long Vowels: ī ē ɛ̄ ā ū ō ɔ̄; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C) Stress: initial; Noun; Number: s p; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND NUM-N POSS-N [1 2 4 5 6]/(N-POSS [3]); Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 117: Language: Falor Alternate Name: Palor; Location: Senegal; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Cangin; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 118: Language: Lehar; Location: Senegal; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Cangin; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 119: Language: Ndut; Location: Senegal; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Cangin; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 120: Language: Non Alternate Name: Noon; Location: Senegal; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Cangin; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 121: Language: Safan; Location: Senegal; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Cangin; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 122: Language: Balant Alternate Name: Balanta; Location: Guinea Bissau; Population: 167,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Bak: Balant-Ganja Grammar: Wilson, W. A. A. 1961. "Outline of the Balanta Language," ALS 2, 139-68.; Other Sources: Doneux, J. L. n.d. Les systèmes phonologiques des langues de Casamance. Daker: Centre de Linguistique Appliquée.; Consonant system: t k kp b d č f θ s h m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: b t d k kp Affricates: č Fricatives: f θ s h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc ? Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ; Tones: hi lo fall; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 6 Demonstratives: 3 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+D; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 123: Language: Ganja; Location: Senegal; Population: 130,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Bak: Balant-Ganja Grammar: GD: N'Diaye-Corréard, Geneviève. 1970. Études fca ou balante. Paris: SELAF.; Other Sources: N'Diaye-Corréard, Geneviève. 1969. "Le systéme des classes du fca, ou balante (dialecte ganja)," JAL 8, 102-19.; Consonant system: p t̪ c k kp (ʔ) b d̪ ɟ ɡ ɡb f θ s h m n̪ ñ ŋ ŋʷ ŋm l̪ r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb (ʔ) Fricatives: f θ s h Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ ŋʷ ŋm Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ l r Nc b t d ɟ ɡ ɡb f Ɵ s Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ; Tones: hi mid lo ris high-fall mid-fall Stress: root intial; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 7 Demonstratives: 4: this present/this absent/that present/that absent + ref; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N- POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 124: Language: Mankan; Location: Guinea Bissau; Population: 20,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Bak: Manjaku-Papel Grammar: Trifkovič, Mirjana. 1969. Le mancagne. Dakar: IFAN.; Other Sources: Doneux, J. L. n.d. Les systèmes phonologiques des langues de Casamance. Daker: Centre de Linguistique Appliquée.; Consonant system: p t (c) k b d ɟ ɡ č f θ š ɦ m n ñ (ŋ) l r Stops: p b t d (c) ɟ k ɡ Affricates: č Fricatives: f θ š ɦ Nasals: m n ñ (ŋ) Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ ɡ m n r Nc p b t d c ɟ k ɡ č f θ š Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e ø (ǝ) o a Front Vowels: i e ø Central Vowels: (ǝ) a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all but ø Stress: stem initial; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 10 Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 125: Language: Manjaku; Location: Senegal; Population: 84,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Bak: Manjaku-Papel Grammar: Carreira, António and João Basso Marques. 1947. Subsı́dios para o estudo da lı́ngua manjaca. Lisbon: Center de Estudos da Guiné Portuguesa.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f s š h v z ž m n ñ l ʎ ɾ r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š ž h Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l ʎ Vibrants: ɾ r; Vowel system: i u e ǝ o ɛ ɐ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ã õ ũ; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: NA ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 126: Language: Papel; Location: Guinea; Population: 36,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Bak: Manjaku-Papel; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 127: Language: Bayot; Location: Senegal; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Bak: Diola; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 128: Language: Karon; Location: Senegal; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Bak: Diola; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 129: Language: Kwatay; Location: Senegal; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Bak: Diola; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 130: Language: Diola Alternate Name: Diola-Fogny Dialect: Fogny; Location: Senegal; Population: 200,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Bak: Diola Dictionary: Wintz, Edouard. 1909. Dictionnaire français-dyola et dyola-français. Paris. [Reprinted 1968 by Gregg Press, Farnborough, England] Grammar: Sapir, J. David. 1965. A Grammar of Diola-Fogny. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.; Other Sources: Doneux, J. L. n.d. Les systèmes phonologiques des langues de Casamance. Dakar: Centre de Linguistique Appliquée. Kennedy, A.M. 1964. "Dialect in Diola," JAL 3, 96-101.; Consonant system: p t c k b d ɟ ɡ f s (h) m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ Fricatives: f s (h) Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ m n ñ ŋ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i_ u_ i u e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a i and u are lax; i̱ u̱ are tense; they have the same heiɡht. Front Vowels: i i̱ e ɛ (i and u are lax; i̱ u̱ are tense; they have the same heiɡht.) Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u u̱ o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V(N)(C) Nˈ Stress: non-phonemic; Noun
Number: s (d) p (a dual is used for some body parts): Noun Classes: 19 Demonstratives: 4 (3 + that way over there) Articles: def; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+D; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 131: Language: Gusilay; Location: Senegal; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Bak: Diola; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 132: Language: Badyara; Location: Guinea; Population: 10,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Eastern Senegal-Portugese Guinea Grammar: Ducos, Gisèle. 1971. Structure du badiaranke de Guinée et du Sénégal.; Consonant system: p t c k b d ɟ f s h m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d c ɟ k Fricatives: f s h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e ǝ o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all; Syllable: (C)V(C) Stress: initial; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 133: Language: Banyun; Location: Guinea Bissau; Population: 18,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Eastern Senegal-Portugese Guinea; Other Sources: Doneux, J. L. n.d. Les systèmes phonologiques des langues de Casamance. Daker: Centre de Linguistique Appliquée.; Consonant system: p t c k b d ɟ ɡ f s h m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ Fricatives: f s h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc ? Glides: j w; Vowel system: i_ u_ i u e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a i̱ and u̱ are tense; i and u are lax. Front Vowels: i i̱ e ɛ (i̱ and u̱ are tense; i and u are lax.) Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u u̱ o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Noun; Number: s p

~~Number:~~ 134: Language: Basari; Location: E Senegal; Population: 11,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta Dictionary: Ferry, Marie-Paule. 1968. Deux langues tenda du Sénégal oriental: basari et bedik. BSELAF 7.; Consonant system: p t c k kʷ b ɓ d ɗ ɟ ʄ ɡ ɡʷ f s š x xʷ ɣ ɣ̃ m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ l r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ c ɟ ʄ k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ Fricatives: f s š x ɣ ɣ̃ xʷ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɟ ɡ ɡʷ Glides: j ȷ̃ w w̃; Vowel system: i ɯ u e ɤ o ɛ ʌ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ ɔ ʌ; Tones: hi mid lo; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 8; Syntax: NA N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 135: Language: Bedik; Location: E Senegal; Population: 1,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Eastern Senegal-Portugese Guinea Dictionary: Ferry, Marie-Paule. 1968. Deux langues tenda du Sénégal oriental: basari et bedik. BSELAF 7.; Other Sources: Ferry, M.-P. 1968. "L'Alternance consonantique en bedik," JWAL 5, 91-6.; Consonant system: p t c k b ɓ d ɗ ɟ ʄ ɡ f s š h ɣ ɣ̃ m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ c ɟ ʄ k ɡ Fricatives: f s š ɣ ɣ̃ h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɟ ɡ Glides: j ȷ̃ w w̃; Vowel system: i ɯ u e ɤ o ɛ ʌ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ ɔ ʌ; Tones: hi mid lo; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 8; Syntax: NA NG N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 136: Language: Biafada; Location: Guinea Bissau; Population: 12,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Eastern Senegal-Portugese Guinea; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 137: Language: Kasanga; Location: Guinea Bissau; Population: 420; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Eastern Senegal-Portugese Guinea; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 138: Language: Kobiana; Location: Guinea Bissau; Population: 300; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Eastern Senegal-Portugese Guinea; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 139: Language: Konyagi; Location: Guinea; Population: 85,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Eastern Senegal-Portugese Guinea; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 140: Language: Baga Mboteni; Location: Guinea; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Mbulungish-Nalu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 141: Language: Mbulungish; Location: Guinea; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Mbulungish-Nalu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 142: Language: Nalu; Location: Guinea Bissau; Population: 10,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Mbulungish-Nalu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 143: Language: Sua Alternate Name: Mansoanka; Location: Guinea Bissau; Population: 6,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Southern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 144: Language: Limba1; Location: Sierra Leone; Population: 174,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Southern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 145: Language: Gola; Location: Liberia; Population: 150,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Southern: Mel; Other Sources: LWA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes Articles: def; Syntax: SVO NG ND N-NUM N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 146: Language: Baga Binari; Location: Guinea; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Southern: Mel: Temne; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 147: Language: Baga Koga; Location: Guinea; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Southern: Mel: Temne; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 148: Language: Baga Maduri; Location: Guinea; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Southern: Mel: Temne; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 149: Language: Baga Sitemu; Location: Guinea; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Southern: Mel: Temne; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 150: Language: Baga Sobane; Location: Guinea; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Southern: Mel: Temne; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 151: Language: Banta; Location: Sierra Leone; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Southern: Mel: Temne; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 152: Language: Landuma; Location: Guinea; Population: 9,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Southern: Mel: Temne; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 153: Language: Temne; Location: N Sierra Leone; Population: 650,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Southern: Mel: Temne Grammar: Scott, J. P. L. 1965. An Introduction to Temne Grammar. Sierra Leone: Government Printing Department. Wilson, W. A. A. 1961. An Outline of Temne Language. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, Univ of London.; Other Sources: Dalby, David. 1966. "Lexical Analysis in Temne with an Illustrative Word List," JWAL 3:2, 5-26.; Consonant system: p t̪ t k b d gb f s h m n ŋ l r Stops: p b t̪ t d k ɡb Fricatives: f s h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i (ɨ) u e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: (ɨ) ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ; Tones: hi hi-fall lo lo-ris downstep upstep; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 11 Demonstratives: 2 + ref Articles: def indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 154: Language: Bom; Location: Sierra Leone; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Southern: Mel: Bullom; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 155: Language: Northern Bullom; Location: Sierra Leone; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Southern: Mel: Bullom; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 156: Language: Southern Bullom Alternate Name: Sherbro; Location: Sierra Leone; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Southern: Mel: Bullom Dictionary: Pichl, W. J. 1964. Sherbro-English Dictionary. Freetown, Sierra Leone: Fourah Bay College. [Reprinted 1967 by Duquesne Univ Press, Pittsburg]; TextBooks: Sumner, A. T. 1921. A Handbook of the Sherbro Language. London: Crown Agents for the Colonies.; Other Sources: Rogers, Henry. 1970-71 [1973]. "The Sherbro Noun Class System," ALR 9, 27-33.; Consonant system: p t̪ t k b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s (š) h v m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t̪ t d k ɡ ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s (š) h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ; Tones: hi lo; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 4 (3 pl) Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+D; Prep/Post: PREP/POST

~~Number:~~ 157: Language: Kisi1; Location: Guinea; Population: 250,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Southern: Mel: Bullom Dictionary: Paulme, Denise. 1964. Documents sur la langue kissi: Lexique et textes. Dakar: Univ of Dakar.; Other Sources: LWA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p Articles: def; Syntax: SVO NA GN/NG DN N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 158: Language: Krim; Location: Sierra Leone; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Southern: Mel: Bullom; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 159: Language: Aizi; Location: Ivory Coast; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Kru; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 160: Language: Kuwaa; Location: Liberia; Population: 25,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Kru; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 161: Language: Seme Alternate Name: Siamou; Location: Burkina Faso; Population: 10,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Kru Grammar: Prost, André. 1964. Contribution à l'étude des langues voltaı̈ques. Dakar: IFAN.; Consonant system: p t̪ c k kp b d̪ ɟ ɡ ɡb f s̪ h v m n̪ ñ ŋm l̪ r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: f v s̪ h Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋm Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cj cʷ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i (y) u e œ ǝ o a Front Vowels: i (y) e œ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ã ũ õ; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C); Tones: hi hi-mid lo-mid lo (fall); Noun; Number: s p Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV GN DN N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 162: Language: Bete Dialect: Neyo; Location: W Ivory Coast; Population: 185,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Kru: Eastern Grammar: Thomann, Georges. 1905. Essai de manuel de la langue néouolé. Paris: Ernest Leroux.; Other Sources: LWA; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ s š h v z ž m n ñ l Stops: p b t d k ɡ Fricatives: v s z š ž h Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Glides: j w; Vowel system: i y u I e ø o ɛ ɔ a ɑ Front Vowels: i y I e ø ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɑ Long Vowels: v̄ ? Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã õ; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: a i Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3ai 6ai; Syntax: SVO/SOV AN/NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 163: Language: Godie; Location: Ivory Coast; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Kru: Eastern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 164: Language: Dida; Location: Ivory Coast; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Kru: Eastern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 165: Language: Bakwe; Location: Liberia; Population: 16,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Kru: Western; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 166: Language: Kru; Location: SE Liberia; Population: 100,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Kru: Eastern Grammar: Rickard, David T. 1970. Kru Grammar. Monrovia: United Methodist Church.; Other Sources: Lightfoot, Nancy. 1974. "Tones on Kru Monosyllables," AL 16, 425-41.; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡb č ɡ̌ f s m n ñ ŋm ľ Stops: p b t d k kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s Nasals: m n ñ ŋm Laterals: ľ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɔ æ a Front Vowels: i e æ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all v̄̃ all Modified Vowels: v̤ (muffled) e o ṽ̤ e o; Syllable: (C)(C)V; Tones: hi mid lo [+ 6 gliding tones] downstep; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND POSS-N

~~Number:~~ 167: Language: Grebo; Location: SW Liberia; Population: 50,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Kru: Eastern Dictionary: Innes, Gordon. 1967. A Grebo-English Dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press. Grammar: Innes, Gordon. 1966. An Introduction to Grebo. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, Univ of London.; Consonant system: p t c k kp b d ɟ ɡ ɡb f s h m m̥ n n̥ ñ ŋ ŋm l l̥ Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: f s h Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ñ ŋ ŋm Laterals: l l̥ Glides: j w w̃ w̥; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ ? Nasal Vowels: ṽ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony nasal harmony e̤ o̤ In addition to the seven 'bright' vowels (i e ɛ a u o ɔ) there are two 'muffled' vowels (e̤ o̤).; Syllable: (C)(l,w)V; Tones: hi hi-mid lo-mid lo fall; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3hH 6hH H=non-human; Syntax: SVO/(SOV) AN/NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 168: Language: Tajuason; Location: Liberia; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Kru: Eastern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 169: Language: Klau Alternate Name: Klao; Location: Liberia; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Kru: Eastern; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 170: Language: Peripheral Klau; Location: Liberia; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Kru: Eastern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 171: Language: Bassa; Location: Liberia; Population: 150,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Kru: Eastern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 172: Language: Dewoin; Location: Liberia; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Kru: Eastern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 173: Language: Krahn; Location: Liberia; Population: 100,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Kru: Eastern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 174: Language: Guere Alternate Name: We; Location: Ivory Coast; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Kru: Eastern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 175: Language: Wobe; Location: Ivory Coast; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Kru: Eastern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 176: Language: Nyabwa; Location: Ivory Coast; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Kru: Eastern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 177: Language: Dogon; Location: S Mali; Population: 149,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Dogon Dictionary: Calame-Griaule, Geneviève. 1968. Dictionnaire dogon. Paris: Klincksieck. Grammar: Calame-Griaule, Geneviève. 1965. Ethnologie et langage: La parole chez les Dogon. Paris: Gallimard.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɟ ɡ s v m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d ɟ k ɡ Fricatives: v s Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but ɛ ɔ; Syllable: (C)V; Tones: hi lo; Noun
Number: s (p) Demonstratives: 3 + ref: Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 178: Language: Bariba; Location: Benin; Population: 240,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur; Other Sources: Welmers, William E. 1952. "Notes on the Structure of Bariba," Lg 28, 82-103.; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb f s x z m n l ɾ Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: f s z x Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: (v̄) Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃; Tones: hi mid lo ris fall; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 7; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N

~~Number:~~ 179: Language: Kulango; Location: Ivory Coast; Population: 47,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kulango-Lorhon; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 180: Language: Lorhon; Location: Ivory Coast; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kulango-Lorhon; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 181: Language: Tusya Alternate Name: Win, Toussian; Location: Burkina Faso; Population: 18,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Senufo-Tusya Grammar: Prost, André. 1964. Contribution à l'étude des langues voltaiques. Dakar: IFAN.; Consonant system: p t̪ c k (ʔ) b d̪ ɟ ɡb ŋmɡb f s̪ v ṽ ɣ m n̪ ñ ŋm l̪ r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡb ŋmɡb (ʔ) Fricatives: f v ṽ s̪ ɣ Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋm Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cj cʷ p k f s ... Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e ǝ o ɛ œ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ œ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ œ̃ ã ũ õ; Syllable: (C)V(C); Tones: hi mid lo; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SOV NA GN DN/ND N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 182: Language: Senari; Location: N Ivory Coast; Population: 350,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Senufo-Tusya: Senufo; Other Sources: Welmers, William E. 1950a. "Notes on Two Languages in the Senufo Group," Lg 26, 126-46.; Consonant system: p t̪ c k kp ʔ b d̪ ɟ ɡ ɡb f s̪ š v z̪ ž m n̪ ñ ŋ l̪ Stops: p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̪ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ã ũ ɔ̃; Tones: hi mid lo; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 5 Articles: def indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: NA GN N-NUM

~~Number:~~ 183: Language: Senari Dialect: Tyembara; Location: N Ivory Coast; Population: 350,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Senufo-Tusya: Senufo Dictionary: Roulon, Paulette. 1968. Essai de phonologie du tyembara (dialecte sénoufo). BSELAF 9.; Consonant system: p t̪ c k kp ʔ b d̪ ɟ ɡ ɡb ɸ s z m n̪ ñ ŋ l̪ ɾ Stops: p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ Fricatives: ɸ s z Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: (Nc) Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ǝ ʋ ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ õ; Syllable: CV(C) Nˈ; Tones: hi lo ris fall; Noun; Number: s p

~~Number:~~ 184: Language: Palaka Alternate Name: Palara; Location: Ivory Coast; Population: 9,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Senufo-Tusya: Senufo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 185: Language: Nafana Alternate Name: Pantera, Nafaanra; Location: Ghana; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Senufo-Tusya: Senufo; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 186: Language: Tyeliri; Location: Ivory Coast; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Senufo-Tusya: Senufo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 187: Language: Tiefo; Location: Mali; Population: 6,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Senufo-Tusya: Senufo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 188: Language: Kulele; Location: Ivory Coast; Population: 15,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Senufo-Tusya: Senufo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 189: Language: Karaboro; Location: Ivory Coast; Population: 25,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Senufo-Tusya: Senufo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 190: Language: Viemo Alternate Name: Vige; Location: Burkina Faso; Population: 8,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Senufo-Tusya: Senufo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 191: Language: Natioro; Location: Burkina Faso; Population: 1,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Senufo-Tusya: Senufo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 192: Language: Wara; Location: Burkina Faso; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Senufo-Tusya: Senufo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 193: Language: Suppire Alternate Name: Supyire; Location: Mali; Population: 130,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Senufo-Tusya: Senufo; Other Sources: Welmers, William E. 1950b. "Notes on Two Languages in the Senufo Group II. Sup'ide," Lg 26, 464-53.; Consonant system: p t̪ k ʔ b d̪ ɡ pf bv f s̪ v z̪ m n̪ ŋ l̪ Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ Affricates: pf bv Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ Nasals: m n̪ ŋ Laterals: l̪ Modified Consonants: cj Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃; Tones: hi mid lo; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 5 Articles: def indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA DN POSS-N

~~Number:~~ 194: Language: Mianka; Location: Mali; Population: 172,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Senufo-Tusya: Senufo Grammar: Chéron, Georges. 1925. Le dialecte sénoufo du minianka. Paris: Paul Geuthner. Prost, A. 1964. Contribution à l'étude des langues voltaı̈ques. Dakar: IFAN.; Consonant system: p t̪ c k (kp) ʔ b d̪ ɟ ɡ ɡb f s̪ š x v z̪ ž ɣ m n̪ ñ ŋ (ŋm) l̪ r̪ Stops: p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ (kp) ɡb ʔ Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž x ɣ Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ (ŋm) Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r̪ Modified Consonants: Nc ? Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e ǝ o ɛ œ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ œ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but ɛ ǝ ɔ; Tones: hi lo; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 5 Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SOV NA GN DN/ND N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 195: Language: Tagbana Alternate Name: Senuoufo; Location: Ivory Coast; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Senufo-Tusya: Senufo; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 196: Language: Dyimini; Location: Ivory Coast; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Senufo-Tusya: Senufo; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 197: Language: Kurumfe Alternate Name: Koromfe; Location: Burkina Faso; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 198: Language: Bwamu Alternate Name: Bobo, Bomu; Location: W Burkina Faso; Population: 389,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SOV

~~Number:~~ 199: Language: Buli; Location: Ghana; Population: 63,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta; Consonant system:; Syntax: NA

~~Number:~~ 200: Language: Koma Alternate Name: Konni; Location: Ghana; Population: 2,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta; Other Sources: WALS WPF; Consonant system:; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3mfn 6; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 201: Language: Bieri; Location: Benin; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 202: Language: Wama; Location: Benin; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 203: Language: Tayari; Location: Benin; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 204: Language: Tamari; Location: Togo; Population: 72,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta Grammar: Prost, A. n.d. Li Tamari. Dakar: Univ of Dakar.; Consonant system: p t c k b d f s ɣ m n ñ ŋ l Stops: p b t d c k Fricatives: f s ɣ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ṽ all ?; Tones: hi hi-mid lo-mid lo; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 7; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: (PREP)/POST

~~Number:~~ 205: Language: Nyende; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 206: Language: Notre; Location: Benin; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 207: Language: Gurenne Alternate Name: Frafra; Location: N Ghana (Upper); Population: 138,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta; Other Sources: Schaefer, Robert L. 1974. "Tone in Gurenne," AL 16, 464-9.; Consonant system: p t c k kp ʔ b d ɡ ɡb f s h v z ɣ m n ñ ŋ l Stops: p b t d c k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ Fricatives: f v s z ɣ h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Glides: j w; Vowel system: i ɨ I o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I ɛ Central Vowels: ɨ a Back Vowels: o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but I ɨ; Tones: hi hi-fall low downstep; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 208: Language: Gurenne Dialect: Nankanse; Location: N Ghana (Upper); Population: 55,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta; Other Sources: Schaefer, Nancy. 1975. "Gurenne Clause Structure," in Network Grammars, ed. by Joseph E. Grimes, SIL 45, 31-45.; Consonant system: p t c k kp ʔ b d ɡ ɡb f s h v z ɣ m n̪ ñ ŋ l Stops: p b t d c k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ Fricatives: f v s z ɣ h Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: l Glides: j w; Vowel system: i ɨ u I e o ɔ a Front Vowels: i I e Central Vowels: ɨ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ; Tones: hi lo Articles: def; Syntax: SVO NA GN POSS-N

~~Number:~~ 209: Language: More Alternate Name: Moore; Location: C Burkina Faso; Population: 2 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta Grammar: GD: Alexandre, R. P. 1953. La langue möré, 2 vols. Dakar: IFAN .; TextBooks: Socquet, ??. 1952. Manuel-grammaire mossi. Dakar: IFAN.; Other Sources: Canu, Gaston. 1969. Contes mossi actuels. Dakar: IFAN.; Consonant system: p t c k b d ɟ ɡ f s h v z m n ñ l ɾ Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ Fricatives: f v s z h Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e o a Front Vowels: i I e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ o Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ã ũ õ ı̃̄ ẽ̄ ã̄ ũ̄ ȭ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V(C); Tones: hi mid lo Stress: root initial; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 7: human, trees, instruments, places, body parts, fruits, plants, abstract, collectives, diminutives Demonstratives: 2 + ref Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D; Prep/Post: (PREP)/POST

~~Number:~~ 210: Language: Safalaba; Location: Ghana; Population: 3,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 211: Language: Dagara Alternate Name: Dagaare; Location: Burkina Faso; Population: 75,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta Grammar: GD: Prost, A. and L. Girault . 1958. Abrégé de langue dagara: Grammaire et dictionnaire. Bobo-Dioulasso: Diocèse de Bobo-Dioulasso.; Other Sources: Girault, L. 1967. Description phonologique du dagara. Dakar: Univ of Dakar.; Consonant system: p t̪ c k kp ʔ b ʔb d̪ ɡ ɡb f s̪ s h v z̪ ɣ m ʔm n̪ ŋ ŋm l̪ l̪ɯ r Stops: p b ʔb t̪ d̪ c k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ɣ h Nasals: m ʔm n̪ ŋ ŋm Laterals: l̪ l̪ɯ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ b m n l r cj all but ʔb c ʔm r cw all but ʔb c kp ɡb h ʔm ŋ ŋm r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ã ũ õ ı̃̄ ẽ̃̄ ã̄ ũ̄ ȭ Diphthongs: ie iɛ iu io uo oɔ (ai ɔi); Syllable: (C)V(ɣ)(C); Tones: hi mid low Stress: always on root; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 7 Articles: def; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 212: Language: Kusaal; Location: NE Ghana (Upper); Population: 517,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta; Other Sources: Spratt, David and Nancy Spratt. 1968 The Phonology of Kusal. Accra: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ghana. Spratt, David and Nancy Spratt. 1972. Kusal Syntax. Accra: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ghana.; Consonant system: ph th kh kp ʔ b d ɡ ɡb f s h v z m n ŋ l ɹ̣ Stops: ph b th d kh ɡ kp ɡb ʔ Fricatives: f v s z h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɹ̣ Glides: j w w̃; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: Ĩ ɛ̃ ã ʋ̃ ɔ Ĩ̄ ɛ̃̄ ã̄ ʋ̃̄ ɔ̃̄; Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ; Tones: hi mid fall; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3Pn 6 3 has 2 forms: (1) 3 plain (=he, she, it), (2) 3 neuter (=it); Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: PREP/POST

~~Number:~~ 213: Language: Kamara; Location: Ghana; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 214: Language: Talne; Location: Ghana; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 215: Language: Nabte; Location: Ghana; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 216: Language: Mampelle; Location: Ghana; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 217: Language: Dagbani; Location: N Ghana (Northern); Population: 409,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta; Other Sources: Wilson, W. A. A. 1963. "Relative Constructions in Dagbani," JAL 2, 139-44. Laguage Guide (Dagbani Edition). 1968. Accra: Bureau of Ghana Languages. Wilson, W. A. A. and J. T. Bender-Samuel. 1969. "The Phonology of the Nominal in Dagbani," Linguistics 52, 56-82.; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s š (h) v z ž m n̪ ñ ŋ ŋm l Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š ž (h) Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ ŋm Laterals: l Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e ǝ o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ; Tones: hi lo downstep; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3ai 6ai; Syntax: SVO NA ND N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 218: Language: Dagbani Dialect: Mampruli; Location: N Ghana (Northern); Population: 409,000 (85,000); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta Dictionary: Arana, Evangelina and Mauricio Swadesh. 1967. Diccionario analitico del mampruli. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia.; Consonant system: p t̪ k kp ʔ b d̪ ɡ ɡb (č) (ɡ̌) f s̪ (h) v z̪ m n̪ ñ (ŋ) ŋm l̪ (ɾ) Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ Affricates: (č) (ɡ̌) Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ (h) Nasals: m n̪ ñ (ŋ) ŋm Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: (ɾ) Glides: j w; Vowel system: I ʋ ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: I ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C); Tones: hi lo ris fall Stress: root initial; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA ND; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 219: Language: Hanga; Population: 3,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 220: Language: Kasele; Location: Togo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 221: Language: Basari; Location: Senegal; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 222: Language: Basari Alternate Name: Tobote; Location: Ghana; Population: 130,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta; Other Sources: LWA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes; Syntax: NA GN ND

~~Number:~~ 223: Language: Basari; Location: Senegal; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 224: Language: Konkomba; Location: N Ghana (Northern); Population: 130,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta; Other Sources: Steele, Mary and Gretchen Weed. 1966a. The Phonology of Konkomba. Accra: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ghana. Steele, Mary and Gretchen Weed. 1966b. Collected Field Reports on the Phonology of Konkomba. Accra: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ghana.; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s (h) m n ñ ŋ ŋm l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s (h) Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋm Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɔ a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but ɛ v̄̃ all; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C) Nˈ; Tones: hi mid low; Noun; Number: s p; Syntax: NA GN N-NUM

~~Number:~~ 225: Language: Soruba; Location: Togo; Population: 10,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 226: Language: Dye; Location: N Togo; Population: 17,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta Grammar: Prost, A. n.d. Mi Gangam. Dakar: Univ of Dakar.; Consonant system: p t̪ c k kp b d̪ ɟ ɡ ɡb f s̪ m n̪ ñ ŋ ŋm l̪ r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: f s̪ Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ ŋm Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cw p t k f v ŋ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ã ũ õ ı̃̄ ẽ̄ ã̄ ũ̄ ȭ; Tones: hi mid lo; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 8: human, animals, trees, collectives, diminutives, liquids; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: (PREP)/POST

~~Number:~~ 227: Language: Gangam; Location: Togo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 228: Language: Gurma Alternate Name: Gourmanchema; Location: Burkina Faso; Population: 250,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta Grammar: Chantoux, Alphonse, Alexandre Gontier and André Prost. 1968. Title??. Dakar: IFAN.; Consonant system: p t̪ c k kp (ʔ) ɓ d̪ ɟ ɡ ɡb f s̪ m n̪ ñ ŋ ŋm l̪ Stops: p ɓ t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb (ʔ) Fricatives: f s̪ Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ ŋm Laterals: l̪ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e (ǝ) o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: (ǝ) a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō Diphthongs: ia ie oa oe ua ue; Tones: hi mid low (fall) (ris-fall); Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 8 Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND/(DN) N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: (PREP)/POST

~~Number:~~ 229: Language: Gurma Dialect: Kpana; Location: N Togo; Population: 250,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta; Other Sources: Tersis, Nicole. 1967. "Essai pour une phonologie du gurma parlé à Kpana (Nord-Togo)," BSELAF 4.; Consonant system: p t̪ c k kp b d̪ ɟ ɡ ɡb f s̪ m n̪ ñ ŋ ŋm l̪ Stops: p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: f s̪ Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ ŋm Laterals: l̪ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u (I) e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i (I) e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all but ɔ Nasal Vowels: ṽ ? Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C); Tones: hi mid low (ris & fall on long vowels); Noun; Number: s p; Syntax: SVO NA

~~Number:~~ 230: Language: Moba Alternate Name: Bimoba; Location: NW Togo; Population: 80,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta Grammar: Prost, A. 1967. Le moba. Dakar: Univ of Dakar.; Other Sources: Jacobs, Gillian. 1966. "The Structure of the Verbal Clause in Bimoba," JWAL 3:1, 47-53. Jacobs, Gillian. 1970. Bimoba Syntax: A Syntagmatic Analysis. Accra: Institute of African Studies.; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s h m n ñ ŋ ŋm l Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋm Laterals: l Modified Consonants: cj̱ p f m cw b k f ŋ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e ǝ o ɔ a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: (ṽ); Tones: hi mid low; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 5: human, animals & trees, small objects, collectives, liquids Demonstratives: ref Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3ai 6; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+NUM+D; Prep/Post: (PREP)/POST

~~Number:~~ 231: Language: Yom; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 232: Language: Naudem Alternate Name: Nawdam; Location: Togo; Population: 27,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Kurumfe-Oti-Volta; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 233: Language: Doghose; Location: Burkina Faso; Population: 7,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Doghose-Gurunsi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 234: Language: Gan; Location: Burkina Faso; Population: 51,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Doghose-Gurunsi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 235: Language: Kasem; Location: N Ghana (Upper); Population: 74,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Doghose-Gurunsi; Other Sources: Callow, John C. 1965. "Kasem Nominals - A Study in Analyses," JWAL 2:1, 29-36. Language Guide (Kasem). 1967. Accra: Bureau of Ghana Languages. Callow, John C. 1968. "A Hierarchical Study of Neutralization in Kasem," JL 4, 33-45. Hewer Judy. 1976. "Interrogative Sentences in Kasem," Linguistics 171, 5-18. Hewer, Philip L. 1976. "A Lexical Approach to Clause Series in Kasem," Linguistics 171, 19-34.; Consonant system: p pʷ t k kʷ b d ɡ ɡʷ č ɡ̌ f s v z m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ l Stops: p pʷ b t d k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ Laterals: l Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ Nasal Vowels: ṽ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony: set 1: i e ǝ u o; set 2: I ɛ a ʋ ɔ; Tones: hi mid lo ris; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3ai 6; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 236: Language: Nuni Alternate Name: Nunuma; Location: Burkina Faso; Population: 43,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Doghose-Gurunsi; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 237: Language: Lyele; Location: Burkina Faso; Population: 61,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Doghose-Gurunsi Dictionary: Nicolas, F. 1953. Glossaire l'élé-français. Dakar: IFAN. Grammar: Bon, G. 1953. Grammaire l'élé. Dakar: IFAN .; Consonant system: p t̪ c k b d̪ ɟ ɡ f s̪ š v z̪ m n̪ (ñ) l̪ r Stops: p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š Nasals: m n̪ (ñ) Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cj all but r cʷ all but r Glides: j ɥ w; Vowel system: i y u I Y e ǝ ɤ o ɛ ɐ ɔ a Front Vowels: i y I Y e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ ɐ a Back Vowels: u o ɤ ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ Nasal Vowels: ṽ v̄̃; Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: (PREP)/POST

~~Number:~~ 238: Language: Pana; Location: Burkina Faso; Population: 7,800; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Doghose-Gurunsi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 239: Language: Siti; Location: Ghana; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Doghose-Gurunsi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 240: Language: Winye; Location: Bukina Faso; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Doghose-Gurunsi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 241: Language: Pwo Alternate Name: Puguli; Location: Burkina Faso; Population: 7,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Doghose-Gurunsi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 242: Language: Isala Alternate Name: Sisala; Location: Ghana (Upper); Population: 62,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Doghose-Gurunsi; Other Sources: Rowland, Ron. 1966. "Sissala Noun Groups," JWAL 3:1, 23-8. WALS; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č dz f s h v z m n ñ ŋ ŋm l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: dz č Fricatives: f v s z h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋm Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Tones: hi lo ris fall; Noun; Number: s p; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 243: Language: Chakali; Location: Ghana; Population: 5,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Doghose-Gurunsi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 244: Language: Tampulma; Location: N Ghana (Northern); Population: 7,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Doghose-Gurunsi; Other Sources: Bergman, Richard, Ian Gray and Claire Gray. 1969. The Phonology of Tampulma. Ghana: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ghana.; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s h v z m n ñ ŋ ŋm l ɾ Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋm Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: c̄ m n ŋ r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all v̄̃ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony nasal harmony; Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ; Tones: hi lo downstep downdrift; Noun; Number: s p Articles: def; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 245: Language: Vagala; Location: Ghana; Population: 5,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Doghose-Gurunsi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 246: Language: Mo Alternate Name: Degha; Location: Ghana; Population: 11,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Doghose-Gurunsi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 247: Language: Kabre Alternate Name: Kabiyé; Location: Togo; Population: 157,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Doghose-Gurunsi Grammar: Delord,J. n.d. Morphologie abregée du kabrè. Dakar: Univ of Dakar.; Consonant system: p t̪ k kp b d̪ ḍ č ɡ̌ f s x z ɣ m n̪ ñ l̪ Stops: p b t̪ d̪ ḍ k kp Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s z x ɣ Nasals: m n̪ ñ Laterals: l̪ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Tones: hi mid lo; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 6 Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 248: Language: Lamba1; Location: Benin; Population: 29,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Doghose-Gurunsi Grammar: Prost, A. n.d. Lamba. Dakar: Univ of Dakar.; Consonant system: p t̪ c k kp d̪ f s̪ m n̪ ñ ŋ l̪ r Stops: p t̪ d̪ c k kp Fricatives: f s̪ Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all ǝ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ã ũ õ; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 6; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 + indef 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: (PREP)/POST

~~Number:~~ 249: Language: Tem; Location: Benin; Population: 130,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Doghose-Gurunsi; Other Sources: LWA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes; Syntax: GN POSS-N

~~Number:~~ 250: Language: Chala; Location: Togo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Doghose-Gurunsi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 251: Language: Delo; Location: Togo; Population: 1,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Doghose-Gurunsi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 252: Language: Bago; Location: Togo; Population: 6,100; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Doghose-Gurunsi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 253: Language: Kirma Alternate Name: Cerma; Location: Burkina Faso; Population: 30,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Doghose-Gurunsi Grammar: Prost, André. 1964. Contribution à l'étude des langues voltaı̈ques. Dakar: IFAN.; Consonant system: p t c k kp b d ɟ ɡ ɡb f s h v m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: f v s h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ m n l r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e (ǝ) o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: (ǝ) a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ṽ all; Syllable: (C)V(C); Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 6 Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: (PREP)/POST

~~Number:~~ 254: Language: Tyurama; Location: Burkina Faso; Population: 27,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Doghose-Gurunsi Grammar: Prost, André. 1964. Contribution à l'étude des langues voltaı̈ques. Dakar: IFAN.; Consonant system: p t c k kp b d ɟ ɡ ɡb f s h v m n ñ ŋm l r Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: f v s h Nasals: m n ñ ŋm Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i y u e œ ǝ o a Front Vowels: i y e œ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but y ǝ; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C); Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 4 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: (PREP)/POST

~~Number:~~ 255: Language: Lobi; Location: SW Burkina Faso; Population: 211,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Doghose-Gurunsi Grammar: Lamothe, Charles. 1966. Esquisse du système grammatical lobi. Paris: CNRS. Vaillant, M. 1967. Esquisse grammaticale du lobiri. Dakar: Univ of Dakar.; Other Sources: Labouret, H. 1958. Nouvelles notes sur les tribus du rameau lobi. Dakar: IFAN.; Consonant system: p ph t th k kh kp ʔ b ɓ d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f š h v m n ñ l ʔl r Stops: p ph b ɓ t th d k kh ɡ kp ɡb ʔ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v š h Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l ʔl Vibrants: r Glides: j ʔj w ʔw; Vowel system: i u e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all v̄̃ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V(C); Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3ai 6; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: (PREP)/POST

~~Number:~~ 256: Language: Dan; Location: S Burkina Faso; Population: 8,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Gur: Doghose-Gurunsi; Other Sources: Labouret, H. 1958. Nouvelles notes sur les tribus du rameau lobi. Dakar: IFAN.; Consonant system: p t k kp b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡb f s h v z m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: f v s z h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cj p b t d k ɡ f s n Glides: j w; Vowel system: i y u e ø o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i y e ø ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: ī ē ō Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ã ũ õ; Syllable: (C)V(C) Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 257: Language: Kam; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 258: Language: Longuda; Location: NE Nigeria (Northeastern); Population: 32,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa; Other Sources: Newman, John and Bonnie Newman. 1974. "Longuda," in TNTS, 109-16. Newman, Bonnie. 1976. "Deep and Surface Structure of the Longuda Clause," Linguistics 171, 35-68. LWA; Consonant system: p t̪ t k (ʔ) b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f s h z m n ñ l ʎ r Stops: p b t̪ t d k ɡ (ʔ) Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s z h Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l ʎ Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e ǝ o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: ē ā Nasal Vowels: ṽ all; Tones: hi lo; Noun; Number: s p Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6 4i=5; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 259: Language: Fali; Location: Cameroon; Population: 50,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 260: Language: Nimbari; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 261: Language: Kim; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 262: Language: Awak; Location: Nigeria (Bauchi); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Waja; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 263: Language: Dadia; Location: Nigeria (Bauchi); Population: 2,300; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Waja; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 264: Language: Kamu; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Waja; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 265: Language: Tula; Location: Nigeria (Bauchi); Population: 19,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Waja; Other Sources: LWA; Consonant system:; Noun Classes: 6; Syntax: NG

~~Number:~~ 266: Language: Waja; Location: Nigeria (Bauchi); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Waja; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 267: Language: Cham; Location: Nigeria (Bauchi); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Waja; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 268: Language: Mona; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Waja; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 269: Language: Chamba Alternate Name: Samba Leko; Location: E Nigeria; Population: 50,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Chamba; Other Sources: STAL WALS; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s v z m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u ɛ ǝ ɔ a Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ɔ Long Vowels: ī ē ɛ̄ ǝ̄ ā ū ō ɔ̄; Tones: hi mid lo ris fall; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 270: Language: Donga; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 5,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Chamba; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 271: Language: Wom; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Chamba; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 272: Language: Daka; Location: Nigeria; Population: 53,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Daka; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 273: Language: Dirrim; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Daka; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 274: Language: Gandole; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Daka; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 275: Language: Taram; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Daka; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 276: Language: Doyãyo; Location: N Cameroon; Population: 15,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Duru; Other Sources: Weiring, Elizabeth. 1974. "The Indicative Verb in Doowaayããyo," Linguistics 124, 33-55. WALS; Consonant system: p t k kp b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡb f s h v z m n ŋ l r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: f v s z h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but e o v̄ all but e o; Syllable: (C)V(C)(C); Tones: hi hi-mid lo-mid lo; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 277: Language: Dupa; Location: Cameroon; Population: 5,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Duru; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 278: Language: Duru Dialect: Mbe; Location: N Cameroon; Population: 40,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Duru Dictionary: Bohnhoff, Lee E. 1972. Duru Dictionary. Ms. Grammar: Bohnhoff, Lee E. 1971. Introduction à la phonologie et à la grammaire duru. Yaoundé: Section de Linguistique Appliquée, Univ Fédérale du Cameroon.; TextBooks: Bohnhoff, Lee E. and Kadia Matthieu. 1972. Cours de langue duru. Ms.; Other Sources: Bohnhoff, Lee E. 1976. Vowel Length in Duru. Toronto: Univ of Toronto Diss.; Consonant system: p t k kp ʔ b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡb f s h v z ɣ m ʔm n ʔn ŋ l v̊ ɾ v̊ is a labiodental flap. Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ Fricatives: f v s z ɣ h Nasals: m ʔm n ʔn ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: v̊ ɾ Modified Consonants: c̄ b d ɡ ʔ m n ŋ l j w Nc b d ɡ ɡb z Glides: j ʔj w ʔw; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all v̄̄ (overlonɡ) Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but ɛ ʋ ɔ v̄̃ all but ɛ ʋ ɔ; Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ; Tones: hi mid lo Stress: non-phonemic; Noun Classes: 4 Demonstratives: 3 + ref (general) "that previously mentioned" & ref (recent) "that just mentioned"; Pronouns: 1 4di 4ie 2 5 3 6 + indef (= 4di & 6 in various contexts) politeness: polite/intimate: 2 3; Syntax: SVO NA NG/(GN [some kinship terms]) ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+D+Num; Prep/Post: PREP/POST

~~Number:~~ 279: Language: Goom; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Duru; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 280: Language: Kolbila; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Duru; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 281: Language: Kutin; Location: Cameroon; Population: 400; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Duru; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 282: Language: Sari; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Duru; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 283: Language: Sewe; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Duru; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 284: Language: Vere; Location: Nigeria; Population: 11,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Duru; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 285: Language: Mumuye Dialect: Zinna; Location: E Nigeria; Population: 103,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Mumuye-Yendang; Other Sources: STAL WALS; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb f s š v z ž m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: f v s z š ž Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ Nasal Vowels: ṽ all v̄̃ ?; Tones: hi mid lo; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 286: Language: Gengle; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Mumuye-Yendang; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 287: Language: Kumba; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Mumuye-Yendang; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 288: Language: Teme; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Mumuye-Yendang; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 289: Language: Waka; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Mumuye-Yendang; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 290: Language: Yendang; Location: Nigeria; Population: 2,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Mumuye-Yendang; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 291: Language: Kugama; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Mumuye-Yendang; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 292: Language: Passam; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Mumuye-Yendang; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 293: Language: Galke; Location: Cameroon; Population: 200; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Mbum-Mundang; Other Sources: Lacroix, P. F. 1962. "Note sur le [sic] langue galke (ndaı́)," JAL 1, 94-121.; Consonant system: p t k kp ʔ b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s h v m n ñ l (v̊) r v̊ is a labiodental flap. Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s h Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Vibrants: (v̊) r Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡʷ cʷ b k ɡ ŋɡ ɡb h Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e ø (ǝ) o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ø ɛ Central Vowels: (ǝ) a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ɛ̃ ã ũ õ ɔ̃; Syllable: CV(C); Tones: hi mid lo ris fall; Noun; Number: s p (pl little used) Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 294: Language: Mangbai Alternate Name: Manbai; Location: Cameroon; Population: 2,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Mbum-Mundang; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 295: Language: Pam; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Mbum-Mundang; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 296: Language: Tupuri; Location: SW Chad; Population: 100,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Mbum-Mundang; Other Sources: LWA; Consonant system:; Tones: hi mid lo; Noun; Number: s p; Syntax: SVO NA NG

~~Number:~~ 297: Language: Mbum; Location: N Cameroon; Population: 51,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Mbum-Mundang Dictionary: Hino, Shun'ya. 1978. The Classified Vocabulary of the Mbum Language in Mbangmboun - with Ethnographical Descriptions. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. Grammar: Hagège, Claude. 1970. La langue mboum de Nganha, 2 vols. Paris: SELAF.; Other Sources: Hagège, Claude. 1968. "Description phonologique du mbum," BSELAF 5.; Consonant system: p t k kp b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡb f s h v ž m n ñ ŋ l v̊ r v̊ is a labiodental flap. Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: f v s ž h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: v̊ r Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡb v ž Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ã ũ; Syllable: (C)V(C); Tones: hi lo (fall on long vowels) Demonstratives: 3 + ref [=yonder]; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+Num+D; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 298: Language: Dek; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Mbum-Mundang; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 299: Language: Kali; Location: Central African Republic; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Mbum-Mundang; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 300: Language: Lakka; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Mbum-Mundang; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 301: Language: Mundang; Location: Chad; Population: 45,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Mbum-Mundang; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 302: Language: Gelama; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Mbum-Mundang; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 303: Language: Dama; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Mbum-Mundang; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 304: Language: Mono; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Mbum-Mundang; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 305: Language: Libo; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Yungur; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 306: Language: Mboi; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Yungur; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 307: Language: Yungur; Location: Nigeria; Population: 30,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Yungur; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 308: Language: Roba; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Yungur; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 309: Language: Bambuka; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Bambuka; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 310: Language: Jen; Location: Nigeria; Population: 10,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Bambuka; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 311: Language: Kanawa; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Bambuka; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 312: Language: Munga; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Bambuka; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 313: Language: Bua1; Location: Chad; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Bua; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 314: Language: Bua1; Location: Chad; Population: 8,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Bua; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system:; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO/(SOV [with infinitive]) NG ND N-NUM POSS-N

~~Number:~~ 315: Language: Bolgo; Location: Chad; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Bua; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 316: Language: Buso; Location: SW Chad (S Chari-Baguirmi); Population: 50; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Bua; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO NG

~~Number:~~ 317: Language: Day Alternate Name: Dai; Location: S Chad; Population: 600; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Bua; Other Sources: WPF; Consonant system:; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NG

~~Number:~~ 318: Language: Fanya; Location: SE Chad (SW Salamat); Population: 1,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Bua; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 319: Language: Fanya Alternate Name: Mana; Location: Chad; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Bua; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO NG

~~Number:~~ 320: Language: Gula; Location: S Chad; Population: 2,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Bua; Other Sources: Pairault, Claude. 1969. Documents du parler d'Iro. Paris: Klincksieck.; Consonant system: p t̪ ṭ k f s h β m n̪ ñ ŋ l (v̊) ɾ v̊ is a labiodental flap. Stops: p t̪ ṭ k Fricatives: β f s h Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: (v̊) ɾ Modified Consonants: c̄ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ẽ õ ẽ̄ ȭ; Syllable: (C)V(C); Tones: hi lo

~~Number:~~ 321: Language: Kulaal; Location: Chad; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Bua; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 322: Language: Koke; Location: Chad; Population: 1,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Bua; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO NG

~~Number:~~ 323: Language: Nielim; Location: Chad; Population: 2,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Bua; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system:; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NG ND POSS-N

~~Number:~~ 324: Language: Tunya; Location: S Chad (N Moyen-Chari); Population: 2,250; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Adamawa: Bua; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system:; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO/(SOV [with infinitive]) NG N-NUM POSS-N

~~Number:~~ 325: Language: Gbaya Dialect: Bossangoa; Location: W Central African Repulic; Population: 600,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Gbaya Grammar: GD: Samarin, William J. 1966. The Gbeya Language. UCPL 44.; Consonant system: p t k kp ʔ b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡb f s h v z m ʔm n ʔn ŋ ŋm l v̊ ɾ v̊ is a labiodental flap. Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ Fricatives: f v s z h Nasals: m ʔm n ʔn ŋ ŋm Laterals: l Vibrants: v̊ ɾ Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡb Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but e o v̄̃ all but e o Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V(C); Tones: hi lo Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO AN NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 326: Language: Gbaya Dialect: Kara; Location: W Central African Republic; Population: 600,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Gbaya; Other Sources: Roulon, Paulette. 1971. "Rapport sur la phonologie d'un dialecte gbaya: le gbaya-'bodoe du groupe kara," Études bantoues I, 90-115. Monino, Yves and Paulette Roulon. 1972. Phonologie du gbaya kara 'bodoe. Paris: SELAF. Roulon, Paulette. 1975. Le verbe en gbaya. Paris: SELAF.; Consonant system: p t k kp ʔ b ʔb d ʔd ɡ ɡb f s h v z m n ñ ŋ ŋm l v̊ ɾ v̊ is a labiodental flap. Stops: p b ʔb t d ʔd k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ Fricatives: f v s z h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋm Laterals: l Vibrants: v̊ ɾ Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡb Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ ? Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but e o; Syllable: CV(C); Tones: hi lo ris fall Demonstratives: 4: near, less near, far, very far; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 + indef politeness: familiar/polite distinction for 2 3 5; Syntax: SVO AN/NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 327: Language: Gbaya Alternate Name: Mbodomo Dialect: Buli; Location: SW Central African Republic; Population: 600,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Gbaya; Other Sources: Monino, Yves. 1971. "Note sur la phonologie d'un dialecte gbaya de Berberati," Études bantoues I, 116-8. WALS; Consonant system: p t k kp ʔ b ʔb d ʔd ɡ ɡb f s h (v) z m n ñ ŋ ŋm l Stops: p b ʔb t d ʔd k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ Fricatives: f (v) s z h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋm Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡb Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ɛ̃ ɔ̃ (ı̃ ũ); Tones: hi lo ris fall; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 328: Language: Bangando; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Gbaya; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 329: Language: Manza; Location: Central African Republic; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Gbaya; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 330: Language: Ngbaka; Location: SW Central African Repulic; Population: 600,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Gbaya Dictionary: Maes, V. 1959. Dictionnaire ngbaka-français-néerlandais. Tervuren: Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge. Grammar: Thomas, Jacqueline M. C. 1963. Le parler ngbaka de Bokanga. Paris: Mouton.; Other Sources: AGT; Consonant system: p t k kpʷ ʔ b ɓ d (ɗ) ɡ ɡbʷ f s h v z m n ñ (ŋ) ŋm l Stops: p b ɓ t d (ɗ) k ɡ kpʷ ɡbʷ ʔ Fricatives: f v s z h Nasals: m n ñ (ŋ) ŋm Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡbʷ z Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ ? Nasal Vowels: (ı̃) ẽ ã (ũ) õ; Syllable: CV; Tones: hi mid lo hi-fall mid-ris mid-fall lo-ris; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 + ref Articles: def indef; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO AN NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 331: Language: Ngbandi; Location: NW Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 137,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Ngbandi Dictionary: Lekens, Benjamin. 1952. Dictionnaire ngbandi. Tervuren: Annales du Musée du Congo Belge.; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system: p t c k kp b d ɟ ɡ ɡb ts č dz ɡ̌ f s š x h v z ž ɣ m n ñ ŋ v̊ r v̊ is a labiodental flap. Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š ž x ɣ h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Vibrants: v̊ r Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɟ ɡ ɡb v z Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ṽ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Tones: hi mid lo; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG ND N-NUM N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 332: Language: Sango1; Location: Central African Republic; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Ngbandi; Other Sources: WALS; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 333: Language: Yakoma; Location: Central African Republic; Population: 5,300; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Ngbandi; Other Sources: Boyeldieu, Pascal. 1973. "Phonologie du yakoma," in Problèmes de phonologie, Paris, SELAF, 11-72. Boyeldieu, Pascal. 1975. Études yakoma. Paris: SELAF.; Consonant system: p t k kp ʔ b d ɡ ɡb f s h v z m n (ñ) l (r) Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ Fricatives: f v s z h Nasals: m n (ñ) Laterals: l Vibrants: (r) Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡb v z Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ æ̃ ũ ɒ̃; Syllable: CV; Tones: hi mid lo lo-ris-to-mid lo-ris-to-hi hi-fall mid-fall Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO AN NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 334: Language: Feroge; Location: SW Sudan; Population: 8,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Sere Grammar: Santandrea, Stefano. 1969. Note grammaticali e lessicali sul gruppo Feroge e sul Mundu. Naples: Instituto Universitario Orientale.; Consonant system: p t k kp b ʔb d ʔd ḍ ɡ ɡb č dz ɡ̌ m n ñ ŋ l v̊ ɾ r v̊ is a labiodental flap. Stops: p b ʔb t d ʔd ḍ k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: dz č ɡ̌ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: v̊ ɾ r Modified Consonants: Nc b d k ɡ kp ɡb v Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ṽ all ?; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO AN NG ND NUM-N N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 335: Language: Indri; Location: S Sudan; Population: 700; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Sere; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 336: Language: Ndogo; Location: S Sudan; Population: 20,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Sere; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system:; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɔ Nasal Vowels: ṽ; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4d 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO AN/NA NG ND N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 337: Language: Sere; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 2,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Sere; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system:; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4d 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA/AN NG ND N-NUM N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 338: Language: Tagbu; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Sere; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 339: Language: Bai1; Location: Sudan; Population: 2,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Sere; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4d 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NG ND N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 340: Language: Viri Alternate Name: Bviri; Location: W Sudan; Population: 16,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Sere Grammar: Santandrea, Stefano. 1965. "The Birri Language," Afrika und Übersee 49, 81-105 & 196-234. [Reprinted 1966 by Editrice Nigrizia, Bologna]; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system: t̪ ṭ c k kp ʔ (b) ɓ d̪ ɗ̪ ḍ ɟ ɡ ɡb ṭr ḍr (ɡ̌) f θ s v ð z (ž) m n̪ n ñ ŋ l v̊ r v̊ is a labiodental flap. Stops: (b) ɓ t̪ d̪ ɗ̪ ṭ ḍ c ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ Affricates: ṭr ḍr (ɡ̌) Fricatives: f v θ ð s z (ž) Nasals: m n̪ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: v̊ r Modified Consonants: Nc b ɡb ɡ̌ v Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ Nasal Vowels: ṽ; Tones: hi lo; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4d 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG/GN ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP/POST

~~Number:~~ 341: Language: Mangaya; Location: S Sudan; Population: 400; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Sere; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 342: Language: Togoyo; Location: S Sudan; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Sere; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 343: Language: Mundu; Location: Sudan; Population: 5,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Sere; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO AN/NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 344: Language: Mayogo; Location: NE Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 75,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Sere; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO AN/NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 345: Language: Bangba; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 11,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Sere; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Syntax: SVO NG ND N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 346: Language: Gbanzili; Location: NW Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Sere; Other Sources: AGT; Consonant system: p t k kp ʔ b ʔb d ɡ ɡb f s v z m n ñ ŋm l Stops: p b ʔb t d k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ Fricatives: f v s z Nasals: m n ñ ŋm Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡb z Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ; Tones: hi mid lo lo-ris-to-hi mid-ris-to-hi lo-ris-to-mid hi-fall-to-lo hi-fall-to-mid mid-fall-to-lo fall-ris ris-fall

~~Number:~~ 347: Language: Bwaka; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 17,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Sere; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO AN NG ND N-NUM N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 348: Language: Monzombo Alternate Name: Monjombo; Location: Central African Republic; Population: 13,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Sere; Other Sources: Thomas, Jacqueline, M. C. 1971. "Esquisse linguistique du monzombo," in La dénomination des couleurs chez les mbay de Moı̈ssala, by Jean-Pierre Caprile, Paris, SELAF, 109-16. AGT; Consonant system: p t k kp ʔ b d ɡ ɡb f š v ž m n ñ l Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ Fricatives: f v š ž Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡb ž Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ ? Nasal Vowels: (ı̃) ẽ ã õ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: CV; Tones: hi hi-mid lo-mid lo hi-ris hi-mid-ris lo-ris hi-fall hi-mid-fall lo-fall Articles: def; Syntax: SVO AN NG ND N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 349: Language: Baka; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Sere; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 350: Language: Bomasa; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Sere; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 351: Language: Bayanga; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Sere; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 352: Language: Ngombe1; Location: Central African Republic; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Sere; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 353: Language: Gundi; Location: Central African Republic; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Sere; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 354: Language: Ganzi; Location: Central African Republic; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Gbaya-Gbanzili: Sere; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 355: Language: Langbasi; Location: Central African Republic; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Banda: Langbasi-Ngubu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 356: Language: Ngubu; Location: Central African Republic; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Banda: Langbasi-Ngubu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 357: Language: Mbanza; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Banda: Mbanzi-Mbanja; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 358: Language: Mbanja; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Banda: Mbanzi-Mbanja; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 359: Language: Ngbundu; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Banda: Ngbundu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 360: Language: Ngundu; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Banda: Ngundu-Golo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 361: Language: Kpagua; Location: Central African Republic; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Banda: Ngundu-Golo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 362: Language: Gubu; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Banda: Ngundu-Golo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 363: Language: Yakpa; Location: Central African Republic; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Banda: Ngundu-Golo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 364: Language: Linda Alternate Name: Banda; Location: Central African Republic; Population: 27,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Banda: Ngundu-Golo Dictionary: Tisserant, Charles. 1931. Dictionnaire banda-français. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie. Grammar: Tisserant, Charles. 1930. Essai sur la grammaire banda. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie.; Other Sources: Santandrea, Stefano. 1965. Languages of the Banda and Zande Group. Naples: Instituto Universitario Orientale. Cloarec-Heiss, France. 1967. "Essai de phonologie du parler banda-linda de Ippy," BSELAF 3. Cloarec-Heiss, France. 1969. Banda-Linda de Ippy. Paris: SELAF. LA; Consonant system: p t k kp ʔ b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s (š) h v z (ž) m n (ñ) l v̊ r Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z (š) (ž) h Nasals: m n (ñ) Laterals: l Vibrants: v̊ r Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡb ɡ̌ v z Glides: j w; Vowel system: i ɨ u e ǝ o (ɛ) ɔ a Front Vowels: i e (ɛ) Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C); Tones: hi mid lo (ris) (hi-fall) (mid-fall); Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4d 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO AN NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 365: Language: Gbi; Location: Central African Republic; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Banda: Ngundu-Golo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 366: Language: Golo; Location: Sudan; Population: 7,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Banda: Ngundu-Golo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 367: Language: Zande; Location: S Sudan; Population: 700,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Zande Dictionary: Vocabulaire français-azande et azande-français. 1912. Brusells: Imprimérie Veuve Monnom. Grammar: Gore, E. C. 1926. A Zande Grammar. London: Sheldon Press. Tucker, A. N. 1959. Le groupe linguistique zande. Tervuren: Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge.; Other Sources: LA E; Consonant system: p t k kp (ʔ) b d ɡ ɡb f s h v z m n ñ ɾ̃ ɾ̣ Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb (ʔ) Fricatives: f v s z h Nasals: m n ñ Vibrants: ɾ̃ ɾ̣ Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡb v z Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ ɛ ǝ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony Diphthongs: aI ʋa; Tones: hi mid lo ris fall downdrift Stress: initial; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mfai 6hai + indef; Syntax: SVO/VSO AN/(NA) GN (alienable)/NG (inalienable) DN (gi-N-re 'this N'; gu-N-re 'that N')/(ND) N-NUM POSS-N (alienable)/N-POSS (inalienable); Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 368: Language: Nzakara; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 3,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Zande; Other Sources: Dampierre, Éric de. 1963. Poètes nzakara. Bruges: Julliard.; Consonant system: p t c k kp ʔ b d ɡ ɡb f s v z m n ñ ŋ ŋm ḷ̌ ʎ Stops: p b t d c k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ Fricatives: f v s z Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋm Laterals: ḷ̌ ʎ Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡb v z ḷ̌ Glides: j w; Vowel system: I ʋ ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: I ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but ʋ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony i̤ a̤ ṳ ı̤̃ ã̤ ṳ̃ v̤ represents tense vowels with hollow voice.; Tones: hi mid lo ris fall Stress: initial/penult; Noun; Number: s p (anim only) Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3hai 6hai; Syntax: SVO AN/(NA) NG ND N-NUM N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 369: Language: Barambo; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 46,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Zande; Other Sources: Tucker, A. N. 1959. Le groupe linguistique zande. Tervuren: Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge. LA; Consonant system:; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i I ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ; Noun; Number: s p (anim only) Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mfH 6hH H=non-human; Syntax: SVO (indefinite aspect)/VSO (definite aspect) AN/(NA) NG ND N-NUM POSS-N(alienable)/N-POSS (inalienable); Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 370: Language: Pambia; Location: Sudan; Population: 2,900; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Zande; Other Sources: Tucker, A. N. 1959. Le groupe linguistique zande. Tervuren: Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge. LA; Consonant system:; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i I ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ; Noun; Number: s p (anim only) Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mfH 6hH H=non-human; Syntax: VSO (definite aspect)/SVO (indefinite aspect) AN GN (alienable)/NG (inalienable) ND N-NUM POSS-N (alienable)/N-POSS (inalienable); Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 371: Language: Amadi Alternate Name: Ma; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 4,700; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Amadi; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 11 Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mfai 6; Syntax: SVO AN NG DN/ND N-NUM N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 372: Language: Dongo; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 4,900; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Amadi; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 11 Demonstratives: 3 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3ai 6ai; Syntax: SVO/(SOV [definite aspect]) NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 373: Language: Mondunga; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 2,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Mondunga; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system:; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 11 Demonstratives: 3 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA GN(inalienable)/NG(alienable) DN/ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 374: Language: Mondunga; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Mondunga; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 375: Language: Mba; Location: N Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 16,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: North Central: Adamawa-Ubangian: Ubangian: Mondunga; Other Sources: LA; Consonant system: p t c k kp ʔ b ɓ d ɗ ɟ ɡ (ɠ) ɡb (ts) (č) (dz) (ɡ̌) (f) s h v z m n ñ (ŋ) r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ c ɟ k ɡ (ɠ) kp ɡb ʔ Affricates: (ts) (dz) (č) (ɡ̌) Fricatives: (f) v s z h Nasals: m n ñ (ŋ) Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɟ ɡ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ṽ ?; Tones: hi mid lo fall Stress: initial; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 11 Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mfai 6 3f=3a; Syntax: SVO/SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N/(N-POSS)

~~Number:~~ 376: Language: Proto-Benue-Congo; Location: W Africa; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central; Other Sources: Wolf, Paul de. 1971. The Noun Class System of Proto-Benue-Congo. The Hague: Mouton.; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb s z m n ŋ l Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: s z Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d ɡ Glides: w; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o; Tones: hi lo; Noun Classes: 15

~~Number:~~ 377: Language: Defaka; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Ijo-Defaka; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 378: Language: Kalabari; Location: S Nigeria (Rivers); Population: 295,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Ijo-Defaka; Other Sources: Williamson, Kay. 1969. "Ijo," in TNL, 97-114.; Consonant system: p t k kʷ kp b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡʷ ɡb ɡ̌ f s (h) v z m n l ɾ Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ kp ɡb Affricates: ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z (h) Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but o Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V(N); Tones: hi lo downstep downdrift

~~Number:~~ 379: Language: Nembe; Location: S Nigeria; Population: 71,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Ijo-Defaka Dictionary: Kaliai, M. H. I. 1964, 1966. A Nembe-English Dictionary, 2 vols. Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ibadan. Grammar: Williamson, Kay. 1969. "Ijo" in TNL, 97-114.; TextBooks: Efebo, L. Awotua. 1967. Nembe Language Made Easy. Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ibadan.; Consonant system: p t k kp b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡb f s (h) v z ɣ m n l ɾ Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: f v s z ɣ (h) Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ı̃̃ Ĩ (ẽ) ɛ̃ ã ũ ʋ̃ (õ) ɔ̃ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V(N); Tones: hi lo downdrift; Noun; Number: s p; Gender: m f n [pl: h H (non-human)] Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mfn 6hH H=non-human; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 380: Language: Nembe Dialect: Akassa; Location: S Nigeria; Population: 71,500 (4,900); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Ijo-Defaka; Other Sources: STAL; Consonant system: p t k kp b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡb f s h v z m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: f v s z h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃; Tones: hi mid lo ris fall

~~Number:~~ 381: Language: Biseni; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Ijo-Defaka; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 382: Language: Kolokuma Alternate Name: Ijo; Location: S Nigeria; Population: 158,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Ijo-Defaka Grammar: Williamson, Kay. 1965. A Grammar of the Kolokuma Dialect of Ijo. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.; Other Sources: Williamson, Kay. 1969. "Ijo," in TNL, 97-114. STAL; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb f s (h) v z (ɣ) m n ŋ l ɾ Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: f v s z (ɣ) (h) Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ı̃̃ Ĩ (ẽ) ɛ̃ ã ũ ʋ̃ (õ) ɔ̃ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V(N); Tones: hi lo downdirft; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6; Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 383: Language: Kolokuma Dialect: Mein; Location: S Nigeria; Population: 158,000 (58,000); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Ijo-Defaka; Other Sources: STAL; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb f s h v z ɣ m n l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: f v s z ɣ h Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃; Tones: hi mid lo ris fall

~~Number:~~ 384: Language: Abure; Location: Ivory Coast; Population: 7,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 385: Language: Eotile; Location: Ivory Coast; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 386: Language: Akan Dialect: Fante; Location: S Ghana; Population: 2 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo Dictionary: Christaller, J. G. 1933. Dictionary of the Asante and Fante Language. Basel: Basel Evangelical Missionary Society. Berry, Jack. 1960. English, Twi, Asante, Fante Dictionary. London: Macmillan. Grammar: Balmer, W. T. and F. C. F. Grant. 1929. A Grammar of the Fante-Akan Language. London: Atlantic Press. Welmers, William E. 1946. A Descriptive Grammar of Fanti, Supplement to Lg 22:3.; Consonant system: p t k kʷ b d ɡ ɡʷ f s h hʷ m n r Stops: p b t d k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ Fricatives: f s h hʷ Nasals: m n Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cʷ k ɡ h Glides: j w; Vowel system: I ʋ ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: I ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ Nasal Vowels: Ĩ ã ʋ̃ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Tones: hi mid lo; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3hH 6hH H=non-human; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 387: Language: Abron Dialect: Twi; Location: S Ghana; Population: 2 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo; TextBooks: Rapp, E. L. 1948. An Introduction to Twi. London: Longmans. Bellon, Immanuel. 1963. Twi Lessons for Beginners. Accra: Longmans.; Other Sources: Boadi, L. 1963. "Palatality as a Factor in Twi Vowel Harmony," JAL 2, 133-8.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ f s h m n (l) r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Fricatives: f s h Nasals: m n Laterals: (l) Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ m n cj k ɡ h n cʷ d k h n Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e o ɛ ɔ æ a Front Vowels: i I e ɛ æ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ Nasal Vowels: ṽ v̄̃ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony Diphthongs: ae ai ei ɛe oe ɔe oi ui aw ew ɛw iw ɔw uw; Tones: hi mid lo ris fall; Noun; Number: s p Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3hH 6hH H=non-human; Syntax: SVO NA ND N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 388: Language: Baule; Location: EC Ivory Coast; Population: 373,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo Grammar: GD: Carteron, Michel. 1972. Étude de la langue baoulé, 8 vols. Bocanda, Ivory Coast: Mission Catholique.; Other Sources: Stewart, J. M. 1956. "Notes on Baule Phonology," BSOAS 18, 353-65. Gross, Marcel. 1967. "Essai pour une phonologie de baulé," BSELAF 2. Vogler, P. 1968. "Esquisse d'une phonologie du baoulé," Annales de l'Univ d'Abidjan, Series H, Linguistique, tome 1, fascicule 1, 5-17.; Consonant system: (p) t c k kp b d ɟ ɡ (ɡb) f s v z m n ñ l (r) Stops: (p) b t d c ɟ k ɡ kp (ɡb) Fricatives: f v s z Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Vibrants: (r) Glides: j (ɥ) w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ã ũ õ; Syllable: (C)(C)V Nˈ; Tones: hi mid lo ris fall Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: PREP/POST

~~Number:~~ 389: Language: Anyi Dialect: Brissa; Location: Ghana; Population: 450,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo Grammar: Chamberlain, G. D. 1930. A Brief Account of the Brissa Language. Accra: Government Printing Office.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f s š h z m n ŋ r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s z š h Nasals: m n ŋ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cj h cʷ č ɡ̌ h Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ æ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ æ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ æ̃ ũ õ; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND POSS-N N+A+D; Prep/Post: PREP/POST

~~Number:~~ 390: Language: Anyi Dialect: Sanvi; Location: SE Ivory Coast; Population: 450,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo Grammar: Retord, G. n.d. L'Agni: Varieté dialectale Sanvi.; Consonant system: p t̪ c k kp ʔ b d̪ ɟ ɡʷ ɡb f s (š) h z m n̪ ñ ŋ l̪ Stops: p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡʷ kp ɡb ʔ Fricatives: f s z (š) h Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̪ Glides: j ɥ w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ Ĩ ã ũ ʋ̃ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V Nˈ; Tones: hi lo Articles: indef; Syntax: SVO NA GN N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: (PREP)/POST

~~Number:~~ 391: Language: Chakosi; Location: N Ghana (Northern); Population: 20,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo Dictionary: Krass, A. C. 1970,1973. A Dictionary of the Chokosi Language, 2 vols. Legon, Ghana: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ghana. Grammar: Stanford, Ronald and Lyn Stanford. 1970. The Phonology and Grammar of Chakosi. Ghana: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ghana.; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s h m n ñ ŋ ŋm l ɾ Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋm Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: c̄ l cj p b t d kp ɡb f m n ŋm cʷ p b k ɡ č ɡ̌ s l ŋk ŋɡ Nc p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb č ɡ̌ Glides: ɥ w w̥; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: Ĩ ɛ̃ ã ʋ̃ ɔ̃; Syllable: (C)V(m) Nˈ; Tones: hi lo fall downstep; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N D+N+A+Num; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 392: Language: Nzema; Location: SW Ghana (W Western); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo Grammar: Welman, C. W. n.d. A Preliminary Study of the Nzima Language. London: Crown Agents for the Colonies.; Other Sources: Chinebuah, I. K. 1963. "The Category of Number in Nzema," JAL 2, 249-59. Language Guide (Nzema Edition). 1967. Accra: Bureau of Ghana Languages. Chinebuah, I. K. 1971. "Variable Nouns in Nzema," JAL 10, 42-64.; Consonant system: p t k b d̪ d ɡ č čʷ ɡ̌ ɡ̌ʷ f s š h v z ʁ m n ñ ŋ l l̃ ɹ̣ Stops: p b d̪ t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ čʷ ɡ̌ʷ Fricatives: f v s z š ʁ h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l l̃ Vibrants: ɹ̣ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ Nasal Vowels: ṽ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Tones: hi mid lo; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3hH 6 H=non-human; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+D; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 393: Language: Ahanta; Location: Ghana; Population: 100,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 394: Language: Awutu; Location: Ghana; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 395: Language: Chiripong; Location: Ghana; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 396: Language: Gonja Dialect: Hill; Location: SE Ghana; Population: 250,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo; Other Sources: Painter, Colin. n.d. Fourteen Papers on Gwa.; Consonant system: t̪h kh kp b d (ɡ) (ɡb) č ɡ̌ f s̪ h m n ñ ŋ ŋm l̪ Stops: b t̪h d kh (ɡ) kp (ɡb) Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s̪ h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋm Laterals: l̪ Modified Consonants: cʷ kh č ɡ̌ l (ɡ h ñ) Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e o ɛ ɔ æ a Front Vowels: i I e ɛ æ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: lˈ Nˈ; Tones: hi lo ris fall downstep; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 1 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3ai 6; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 397: Language: Gonja Dialect: Gonja; Location: N Ghana (Northern); Population: 250,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo Grammar: Painter, Colin. 1970. Gonja. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s (h) (z) m n ñ ŋ l ɾ Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s (z) (h) Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ; Syllable: rˈ Nˈ; Tones: hi lo (ris) (fall) downstep downdrift upstep; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3ai 6ai; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 398: Language: Nkonya; Location: E Ghana (Volta); Population: 11,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo Grammar: Reineke, Brigitte. 1972. The Structure of the Nkonya Language. Leipzig: VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie.; Consonant system: p t k kp b ḍ ɟ ts f s ɦ m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t ḍ ɟ k kp Affricates: ts Fricatives: f s ɦ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cʷ k ɦ n Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ ɑ Front Vowels: i e ɛ Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɑ Nasal Vowels: ṽ all; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C) Nˈ; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: ? Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def indef; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 399: Language: Nawuri; Location: Ghana; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 400: Language: Nchumunu; Location: Ghana; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 401: Language: Nchumburu; Location: Ghana; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 402: Language: Achode; Location: Ghana; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 403: Language: Anyanga; Location: Togo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 404: Language: Krachi; Location: Ghana; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 405: Language: Adele; Location: Togo; Population: 8,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo; Other Sources: LWA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Syntax: SVO NA GN N-NUM POSS-N

~~Number:~~ 406: Language: Akpafu; Location: Ghana; Population: 8,200; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 407: Language: Siwu; Location: Ghana; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 408: Language: Basila; Location: W Benin; Population: 5,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo; Other Sources: Heine, Bernd. 1968. "A Preliminary Survey of the Noun Classes of Basila," JAL 7, 1-13.; Consonant system: p t c k kp ʔ b ḍ ɟ ɡ ɡb ts f s m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t ḍ c ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ Affricates: ts Fricatives: f s Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i ɨ u I e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ǝ̃ ã ũ õ; Tones: hi mid lo ris fall; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 7 Demonstratives: 2; Syntax: NA ND

~~Number:~~ 409: Language: Buem Alternate Name: Lelemi; Location: E Ghana; Population: 19,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo Grammar: Höftmann, Hildegard. 1971. The Structure of Lelemi Language. Leipzig: VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie.; Consonant system: (p) t k kp b ḍ ɡ ɡb ts dz ɸ (f) s h v (z) m n ñ ŋ l (r) Stops: (p) b t ḍ k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: ts dz Fricatives: ɸ (f) v s (z) h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: (r) Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ã ũ; Syllable: (C)V; Tones: hi mid lo; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: anim inan ...? Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 410: Language: Likpe; Location: Chana; Population: 7,140; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 411: Language: Logba; Location: Ghana; Population: 2,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 412: Language: Sele; Location: Ghana; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 413: Language: Ahlo; Location: Togo; Population: 2,900; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 414: Language: Animere; Location: Ghana; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 415: Language: Avatime; Location: Ghana; Population: 7,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo; Other Sources: LWA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes; Syntax: ND

~~Number:~~ 416: Language: Nyangbo; Location: Ghana; Population: 3,300; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 417: Language: Bowili; Location: Ghana; Population: 3,280; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 418: Language: Kebu; Location: Togo; Population: 17,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo; Other Sources: LWA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 4

~~Number:~~ 419: Language: Kposo; Location: Togo; Population: 80,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo; Other Sources: LWA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes Articles: def; Syntax: SVO GN POSS-N

~~Number:~~ 420: Language: Gã; Location: SE Ghana; Population: 300,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo; TextBooks: Berry Jack and Nii Amon Kotei. 1969. An Introductory Course in Ga. Washington, D.C.: Dept of Health, Education and Welfare.; Other Sources: Berry, J. n.d. The Pronunciation of Gã. Cambridge: Heffer . Kropp, M. E. 1968. "An Analysis of the Consonant System of Gã," JWAL 5, 19-61.; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s š h v z m n ñ ŋ ŋm l Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋm Laterals: l Modified Consonants: cʷ k ɡ č ɡ̌ š h ŋ Glides: j ɥ w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃ ı̃̄ ɛ̄̃ ã̄ ũ̄ ɔ̃̄; Syllable: (C)V; Tones: hi mid lo ris fall downdrift; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND/DN N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 421: Language: Adangme; Location: SE Ghana; Population: 826,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo Dictionary: Accam, T. N. 1966. Adangme Vocabularies. Legon, Ghana: Institute of African Studies.; Other Sources: Kropp, Mary Esther. 1964. "The Morphology of the Adangme Verb Complex,"JAL 3, 80-95. Language Guide (Daŋme Version). 1968. Accra: Bureau of Ghana Languages. Dakubu, M. E. Kropp. 1970. "The Adangme Verb Reconsidered," JAL 9, 19-26. Apronti, E. O. 1971. "The Structure of the Nominal Group in Dangme," JAL 10, 65-72.; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s š h v z m n ñ ŋ ŋm l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋm Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cʷ č ɡ̌ š h ŋ Glides: j ɥ w; Vowel system: I ʋ ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: I ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: ī ē ū ō ɔ̄ Nasal Vowels: ṽ ?; Tones: hi (mid) lo; Noun; Number: s p Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D

~~Number:~~ 422: Language: Ewe Dialect: Anglo; Location: SE Ghana; Population: 2.4 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Togo Grammar: Westermann, Diedrich. 1960. A Study of the Ewe Language. London: Oxford Univ Press.; TextBooks: Warburton, Irene, Prosper Kpotufe and Roland Glover. 1968. Ewe Basic Course. Bloomington: African Studies Program, Indiana Univ.; Other Sources: Berry, Jack. The Pronunciation of Ewe. Cambridge: Heffer.; Consonant system: (p) t̪ k kp b d̪ ḍ ɡ ɡb t̪s (č) d̪z (ɡ̌) ɸ f s x β v z ɣ ɦ m n̪ ñ ŋ l (ɹ) Stops: (p) b t̪ d̪ ḍ k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: t̪s d̪z (č) (ɡ̌) Fricatives: ɸ β f v s z x ɣ ɦ Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: (ɹ) Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e ǝ o ɔ a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but e v̄̃ all Diphthongs: diphthonɡs; Syllable: (C)(L)V Nˈ; Tones: hi mid lo ris fall (ris-fall); Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N/(N-POSS); Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 423: Language: Ewe Dialect: Adja; Location: SW Benin; Population: 2.4 million (475,000); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Togo Dictionary: Harguindéguy, R. 1969. Dictionnaire adja-français, 2 vols. Lyon: Afrique et Langage.; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ḍ ɡ ɡb č ̌ ɡ̌ f s š x h v z ž ɣ m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d ḍ k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š ž x ɣ h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃; Tones: hi mid lo ris; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 424: Language: Ewe Dialect: Gũ; Location: S Benin; Population: 2.4 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Togo; Other Sources: Rouget, Gilbert. 1962. "Une chante-fable d'un signe divinatoire (Dahomey)," JAL 1, 273-92. Rouget, Gilbert. 1963. "Le problème du 'ton moyen' en gũ," JAL 2, 218-21.; Consonant system: t k kp b d ḍ ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s x h v m n ñ l Stops: b t d ḍ k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s x h Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃; Tones: hi (mid) lo ris fall; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 425: Language: Fon Alternate Name: Fongbe; Location: S Benin; Population: 1.4 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Togo Dictionary: Segurola, B. 1963. Dictionnaire fon-français. Cotonou, Dahomey. Grammar: Alapini, Julien. 1969. Le petit dahoméen. Cotonou, Dahomey: Les Éditions du Benin.; TextBooks: Guillet, Gérard. 1972. Initiation à la tonalité et à la grammaire de la langue fon. Cotonou, Dahomey.; Consonant system: (p) t k kp b d ḍ ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s x v z ɦ m n ñ l Stops: (p) b t d ḍ k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z x ɦ Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃; Tones: hi mid lo fall-ris (mid-ris) (mid-fall); Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG/GN ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP/POST

~~Number:~~ 426: Language: Mbato; Location: Ivory Coast; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Togo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 427: Language: Ebrie Alternate Name: Kyama; Location: Ivory Coast; Population: 11,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Togo; Other Sources: Vogler, P. 1968. "Esquisse phonologique de l'ebrié," Annales de l'Univ d'Abidjan, Series H, Linguistique, tome 1, fascicule 1, 60-5.; Consonant system: p t c k kp b d ɟ ɡ ɡb f s (h) m n ñ l Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: f s (h) Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ẽ ã õ; Tones: hi lo

~~Number:~~ 428: Language: Attie; Location: Ivory Coast; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Togo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 429: Language: Abe; Location: Ivory Coast; Population: 22,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Togo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 430: Language: Abiji; Location: Ivory Coast; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Togo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 431: Language: Krobu; Location: Ivory Coast; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Togo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 432: Language: Adyukru; Location: S Ivory Coast; Population: 72,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Togo Grammar: Hérault, G. 1978. Éléments de grammaire adioukrou. Abidjan: Institut de Linguistique Appliquée, Univ d'Abidjan.; Other Sources: LWA; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s (x) m n ñ ŋ ľ r Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s (x) Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: ľ Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: Nˈ lˈ rˈ; Tones: hi lo ris fall downstep; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 8 Demonstratives: 1 + ref Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 + indef; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N(1 3 4 5 6)/N-POSS (2) N+A+D; Prep/Post: POST

~~Number:~~ 433: Language: Aladian; Location: Ivory Coast; Population: 7,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Togo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 434: Language: Avikam; Location: Ivory Coast; Population: 8,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Togo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 435: Language: Ebira Alternate Name: Igbirra; Location: WC Nigeria (Kwara); Population: 180,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Central Niger: Niger-Kaduna; Other Sources: Ladefoged, Peter. 1964. "Igbirra Notes and Word-List," JWAL 1:1, 27-37 . STAL; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ v s h z m n ñ ŋ r Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: v s z h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cʷ s z h ŋ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ Nasal Vowels: ṽ ? Modified Vowels: vowel harmany; Tones: hi mid lo; Syntax: SVO NA N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 436: Language: Gade; Location: C Nigeria; Population: 90,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Central Niger: Niger-Kaduna Grammar: Sterk, Jan Pieter. 1977. Elements of Gade Grammar. Madison: Univ of Wisconsin Diss.; Consonant system: p t c k kp b d ɡ ɡb f s v z m n r Stops: p b t d c k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: f v s z Nasals: m n Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cj cʷ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: Nˈ; Tones: hi mid lo [+ ten gliding tones]; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 5: (1) 'general' person nouns, (2) the word 'person', (3) non-person nouns-vowel initial, (4) non-person nouns-consonant initial, (5) 'co-wife,' senior person, doctor. Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6hH H=non-human; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 437: Language: Nupe; Location: WC Nigeria (Kwara); Population: 500,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Central Niger: Niger-Kaduna Dictionary: Banfield, A. W. 1914, 1916. Dictionary of the Nupe Language, 2 vols. Shonga, Nigeria: The Niger Press. [Reprinted 1969 by Gregg International Publishers, Farnborough, England] Grammar: Smith, N. V. 1967. An Outline Grammar of Nupe. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, Univ of London.; Other Sources: Smith, N. V. 1967. "The Phonology of Nupe," JAL 6, 153-67. Smith, N. V. 1969. "Nupe," in TNL, 133-41.; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb ts č dz f s h v z m n l ɾ Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: ts dz č Fricatives: f v s z h Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ a only Nasal Vowels: Ĩ ɐ̃ ʋ̃; Syllable: (C)(G)V Nˈ; Tones: hi mid lo ris fall; Noun; Number: s p; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 438: Language: Gwari; Location: C Nigeria (Benue); Population: 155,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Central Niger: Niger-Kaduna Grammar: Hyman, Larry M. and Daniel J. Magaji. 1970. Essentials of Gwari Grammar. Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ibadan.; Consonant system: p t k kp ɓ d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s š (h) β v z ž m n ñ ŋ l (r) Stops: p ɓ t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: β f v s z š ž (h) Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: (r) Glides: j ɥ w; Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o; Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V; Tones: hi mid (hi-mid) lo (ris) (fall); Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3hHA 6 + indef H=non-human, A=abstract; Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 439: Language: Alago; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Central Niger: Idoma; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 440: Language: Idoma Dialect: Oturkpo; Location: SE Nigeria (Benue-Plateau); Population: 600,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Central Niger: Idoma Grammar: Abraham, R. C. 1967. The Idoma Language. London: Univ of London Press.; Other Sources: Armstrong, R. G. 1963. "The Subjunctive in Idoma," JAL 2, 155-9. STAL; Consonant system: p t k kʷ kp b d ɡ ɡʷ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ ŋm l Stops: p b t d k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ ŋm Laterals: l Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ṽ ?; Tones: hi mid lo (fall) Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 + indef; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 441: Language: Yala Alternate Name: Iyala; Location: SE Nigeria; Population: 50,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Central Niger: Idoma; Other Sources: Armstrong, Robert G. 1968. "Yala (Ikom): A Terraced-Level Language with Three Tones" JWAL, 49-58.; Consonant system: p t c k kʷ kp b mb d ɟ ɡ ɡʷ ɡb ŋmɡb f s sj x m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ l r Stops: p b mb t d c ɟ k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ kp ɡb ŋmɡb Fricatives: f s sj x Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j ɥ w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: Nˈ lˈ rˈ; Tones: hi mid lo downstep downdrift; Noun; Number: s p; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6

~~Number:~~ 442: Language: Akpa; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Central Niger: Idoma; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 443: Language: Igede; Location: SE Nigeria (Benue-Plateau); Population: 250,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Central Niger: Idoma; Other Sources: Bergman, Richard. 1971. "Vowel Sandhi and Word Division in Igede," JWAL 8, 13-25. Bergman, R. and N. Bergman. 1974. "Igede," in TNTS, 43-50.; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ h m n ñ ŋ ŋm l ɾ Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋm Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: cj p b ɡ m h r cʷ p b k ɡ č ɡ̌ h m ŋ r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V Nˈ; Tones: hi hi-mid lo-mid lo; Syntax: SVO ND; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 444: Language: Etulo; Location: SE Nigeria (Benue-Plateau); Population: 3,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Central Niger: Idoma; Other Sources: Armstrong, Robert G. 1964. "Notes on Etulo," JWAL 1:2, 57-60.; Consonant system: t c k kp b d ɟ ɡ ɡb ts dz f s š z m n ñ ŋ ŋm l r Stops: b t d c ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: ts dz Fricatives: f s z š Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋm Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: w; Vowel system: i u e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ɔ̃; Syllable: Nˈ rˈ; Tones: hi mid lo; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: N-NUM N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 445: Language: Eloyi; Location: N Nigeria; Population: 15,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Central Niger: Idoma; Other Sources: Mackay, Hugh D. 1964. "A Word List of Eloyi," JWAL 1:1, 5-12.; Consonant system: ph th kh kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s š v z ž m n ñ ŋ l ɾ Stops: ph b th d kh ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š ž Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: (v̄); Syllable: Nˈ; Tones: hi mid lo (ris) (fall); Noun; Number: s p; Syntax: NA

~~Number:~~ 446: Language: Northern Akoko; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Yoruba-Northern Akoko; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 447: Language: Yoruba; Location: SW Nigeria (Western); Population: 8 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Yoruba-Northern Akoko Dictionary: Abraham, R. C. 1958. Dictionary of Modern Yoruba. London: Univ of London Press. Crowther, S. et al. 1956. A Dictionary of the Yoruba Language. London: Oxford Univ Press. Grammar: Ward, Ida C. 1952. An Introduction to the Yoruba Language. Cambridge: Heffer. Bamgbose, Ayo. 1966. A Grammar of Yoruba. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press. Ogunbowale, P. O. 1970. The Essentials of the Yoruba Language. London: Univ of London Press.; TextBooks: Stevick, E. W. and Olallye Aremu. 1963. Yoruba Basic Course. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Service Institute. Wolff, Hans. 1963. Beginning Yoruba. East Lansing: African Studies Center, Michigan State Univ. de Gaye, J. A. and W. S. Beecroft. 1964. Yoruba Grammar. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Rowlands, E. C. 1969. Teach Yourself Yoruba. London: English Unversities Press.; Other Sources: Bamgbose, Ayo. 1969. "Yoruba," in TNL, 163-72. Oyelaran, Olasope O. 1971. Yoruba Phonology. Stanford: Stanford Univ Diss. Awobuluyi, A. Oladele. 1967. "Vowel and Consonant Harmony in Yoruba," JAL 6, 1-8.; Consonant system: t k kp b d ɡ ɡb ɡ̌ f s š h m n l ɾ Stops: b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s š h Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: Ĩ ɛ̃ ʋ̃ ɔ̃ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V Nˈ; Tones: hi mid lo Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+Num+D; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 448: Language: Yoruba Dialect: Itsekiri; Location: S Nigeria (Mid-Western); Population: 8 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Yoruba-Northern Akoko; Other Sources: Opubor, A. E. 1969. "Itsekiri," in TNL, 125-32.; Consonant system: p t k kʷ kp b d ɟ ɡ ɡʷ ɡb f s š ɣ m n l ɾ Stops: p b t d ɟ k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ kp ɡb Fricatives: f s š ɣ Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɒ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ã ũ ɔ̃ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V; Tones: hi mid lo

~~Number:~~ 449: Language: Igala; Location: SW Nigeria; Population: 100,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Yoruba-Northern Akoko; Other Sources: Philpot, W. T. A. 1935. "Notes on the Igala Language," BSOAS 7, 897-912.; Consonant system: p t kp b d ɡb č f s h m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d kp ɡb Affricates: č Fricatives: f s h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Diphthongs: ai ei; Tones: hi mid lo ris fall; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Noun Incorporation: noun incorp; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 450: Language: Epie; Location: S Nigeria (Rivers); Population: 26,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: Delta; Other Sources: Thomas, Elaine and Kay Williamson. 1967. Wordlists of Delta Edo: Epie. Engenni, Degema. Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ibadan.; Consonant system: (p) t k kp b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡb f s v z m n (ŋ) l r Stops: (p) b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: f v s z Nasals: m n (ŋ) Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ṽ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony nasal harmony; Syllable: (C)V Nˈ; Tones: hi lo downstep; Noun; Number: s p; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6

~~Number:~~ 451: Language: Engenni; Location: S Nigeria (Rivers); Population: 12,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: Delta; Other Sources: Thomas, Elaine and Kay Williamson. 1967. Wordlists of Delta Edo: Epie, Engenni, Degema. Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ibadan. Thomas, Elaine. 1974. "Engenni," in TNTS, 13-26.; Consonant system: p t k kp b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡb s š v z m n ŋ l r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: v s z š Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V; Tones: hi lo (ris) (fall) upstep; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 + indef; Syntax: SVO NG ND N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 452: Language: Degema; Location: S Nigeria (Rivers); Population: 5,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: Delta; Other Sources: Thomas, Elaine and Kay Williamson. 1967. Wordlists of Delta Edo: Epie, Engenni, Degema. Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ibadan.; Consonant system: p t k kp b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡb f s x v z m n ŋ ŋw l r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: f v s z x Nasals: m n ŋ ŋw Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ṽ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C); Tones: hi lo downstep; Noun; Number: s p Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+Num+D

~~Number:~~ 453: Language: Okpe1; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: Southwestern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 454: Language: Urhobo Dialect: Agbon; Location: S Nigeria (Mid-Western); Population: 546,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: Southwestern; Other Sources: Kelly, John. 1969. "Urhobo" in TNL, 153-61. Welmers, William E. 1969. "Structural Notes on Urhobo," JWAL 6, 85-107.; Consonant system: p t c k kp b d ɟ ɡ ɡb ɸ f s š x xw β v z ž ɣ ɣʷ m n ñ ŋm ɾ r̥ Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: ɸ β f v s z š ž x ɣ xw ɣw Nasals: m n ñ ŋm Vibrants: ɾ r̥ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ṽ ɑll Modified Vowels: vowel harmony nasal harmony; Syllable: (C)(C)V; Tones: hi lo downstep downdrift; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 455: Language: Urhobo Dialect: Agbarho; Location: S Nigeria; Population: 546,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: Southwestern; Other Sources: STAL; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ ɸ f s š x h β v z ɣ m n ñ ŋ ŋm l ľ ɾ r Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: ɸ β f v s z š x ɣ h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋm Laterals: l ľ Vibrants: ɾ r Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃; Tones: hi mid lo [+ 6 ris & fall tones]

~~Number:~~ 456: Language: Uvbie; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: Southwestern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 457: Language: Isoko; Location: S Nigeria (Mid-Western); Population: 321,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: Southwestern; Other Sources: Mafeni, Bernard. 1969. "Isoko" in TNL, 115-24. STAL; Consonant system: p t̪ t k kp b d̪ d ɡ ɡb ɡ̌ f s h β v z j ̂ ɣ m n ñ ŋw l ɾ ɹ̣ ɹ̣̥ Stops: p b t̪ d̪ t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: ɡ̌ Fricatives: β f v s z j ̂ ɣ h Nasals: m n ñ ŋw Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ ɹ̣ ɹ̣̥ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u I ʋ e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ṽ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V; Tones: hi lo downstep downdrift

~~Number:~~ 458: Language: Eruwa; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: Southwestern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 459: Language: Bini; Location: S Nigeria (Mid-West); Population: 300,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: North-Central Dictionary: Melzian, Hans. 1937. A Concise Dictionary of the Bini Language of Southern Nigeria. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Munro, David A. 1967. English-Edo Wordlist. Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ibadan.; TextBooks: Dunn, Ernest F. 1968. An Introduction to Bini. East Lansing: African Studies Center, Michigan State Univ.; Other Sources: Wescott, Roger W. 1965. "Speech Tempo and the Phonemics of Bini," JAL 4, 182-90.; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb f s x h β v z ɣ m n l ḷ r r̥ Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: β f v s z x ɣ h Nasals: m n Laterals: l ḷ Vibrants: r r̥ Glides: j w; Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃ Diphthongs: ie iɛ iɔ ia ue uɛ ua uo uɔ ı̃ɛ ı̃ɔ ı̃a ũɛ ũa; Syllable: (C)V; Tones: hi (mid) lo ris fall; Noun
Number: s (p) (only for a few words) Demonstratives: 2: Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 460: Language: Esan Alternate Name: Ishan; Location: S Nigeria (Benin); Population: 90,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: North-Central; Other Sources: STAL; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s š x h β v z ɣ m n ñ ŋʷ l ɾ r Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: β f v s z š x ɣ h Nasals: m n ñ ŋʷ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃; Tones: hi mid lo +6 ris & fall tones

~~Number:~~ 461: Language: Emai; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: North-Central; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 462: Language: Iyekhee Alternate Name: Etsako Dialect: Ayele; Location: SC Nigeria (Mid-Western); Population: 120,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: North-Central Grammar: Strub, E. 1915. "Essai d'une grammaire de la langue kukuruku (Nigieria, Afrique Occidentale," Anthropos 10-11, 450-65 & 888-907.; Other Sources: Laver, John. 1967. "A Preliminary Phonology of the Ayele Dialect of Esako," JWAL 4:2, 53-6. Laver, J. D. M. 1969. "Etasko," in TNL, 47-55.; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb f s x β v z ɣ m n ñ ŋ l ɾ ɾ̥ Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: β f v s z x ɣ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ ɾ̥ Modified Consonants: c̄ m v z Glides: j ɥ w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)(G)V; Tones: hi hi-fall lo downstep downdrift

~~Number:~~ 463: Language: Iyekhee Alternate Name: Etsako Dialect: Ekpheli; Location: Nigeria; Population: 120,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: North-Central; Other Sources: Elimelech, Baruch. 1978. A Tonal Grammar of Etsako. UCPL 87.; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb ts dz f θ s x β v ɣ m n l ɾ Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: ts dz Fricatives: β f v θ s x ɣ Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: c̄ kp ɡb m Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Diphthongs: diphthonɡs; Tones: hi lo ris fall downstep; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 464: Language: Iyekhee Alternate Name: Estako Dialect: Auchi; Location: SC Nigeria; Population: 120,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: North-Central; Other Sources: STAL; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb ts č ɡ̌ f s š x β v z ž ɣ m n ñ ŋʷ l ɾ r Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: ts č ɡ̌ Fricatives: β f v s z š ž x ɣ Nasals: m n ñ ŋʷ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ; Tones: hi mid lo [+ 6 ris & fall tones]

~~Number:~~ 465: Language: Ghotuo; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: North-Central; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 466: Language: Uneme; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: North-Central; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 467: Language: North Ibie; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: North-Central; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 468: Language: Ikpeshi; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: North-Central; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 469: Language: Sasaru; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: North-Central; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 470: Language: Ososo; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: North-Central; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 471: Language: Okpamheri; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: Northwestern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 472: Language: Uhami; Location: Nigeria (Western); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: Northwestern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 473: Language: Ukue; Location: Nigeria (Western); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: Northwestern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 474: Language: Okpe2; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Edo: Northwestern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 475: Language: Ekpeye; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Lower Niger; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 476: Language: Izi; Location: SE Nigeria (East-Central); Population: 200,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Lower Niger Grammar: Meier, Paul, Inge Meier and John Bendor-Samuel. 1975. A Grammar of Izi: An Igbo Language. SIL 47.; Other Sources: Bendor-Samuel, John T. and Inge Meier. 1967. "Some Contrasting Features of the Izi Verbal System," JAL 6, 10-41.; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb pf ts bv dz ɸ (f) s (š) x v z (ž) ɣ m n (ñ) ŋ ŋm l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: pf bv ts dz Fricatives: ɸ (f) v s z (š) (ž) x ɣ Nasals: m n (ñ) ŋ ŋm Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cj p b t d ts dz s z n cʷ k ɡ ŋ l r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Modified Vowels: vowel harmony (i e a u o are characterized by advanced tonɡue root; iˈ eˈ aˈ uˈ oˈ are characterized by retracted tonɡue root. These two classes form the basis of the vowel harmony system.); Syllable: (C)V(N) Nˈ; Tones: hi lo downstep downdrift upstep Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 + indef; Syntax: SVO NA/AN NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+Num+D; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 477: Language: Igbo Dialect: Umuahia; Location: SE Nigeria (East-Central); Population: 18 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Lower Niger Grammar: Green, M. M. and G. E Igwe. 1963. A Descriptive Grammar of Igbo. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. Igwe, G. E. and M. M. Green. 1965. A Short Igbo Grammar. London: Oxford Univ Press. Abraham, R. C. 1967. The Principles of Ibo. Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ibadan. Emenanjo, E. Nolue. 1978. Elements of Modern Igbo Grammar. Ibadan: Oxford Univ Press.; TextBooks: Carnochan, J. and B. Iwuchuku. 1963. An Igbo Revision Course. London: Oxford Univ Press. Igwe, G. E. and M. M. Green. 1967. Igbo Language Course, 2 vols. Ibadan: Oxford Univ Press.; Other Sources: Williamson, Kay. 1969. "Igbo," in TNL, 85-96. Dunstan, Elizabeth and G. E. Igwe. 1966. "Two Views of the Phonology of the Ohuhu Dialects of Igbo," JWAL 3:2, 71-5.; Consonant system: p ph t th k kh kp b b̤ ɓw d d̤ ɡ ɡ̤ č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌ f s h v z ɣ m n ñ ŋ l ɾ Stops: p ph b b̤ ɓw t th d d̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤ kp Affricates: č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌ Fricatives: f v s z ɣ h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: cj p ph b b̤ s s̃ z z̃ h h̃ r cʷ ɓ k kh ɡ ɡ̤ h̃ ŋ c̃ f v s z h r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony nasal harmony; Syllable: (C)V Nˈ; Tones: hi lo downstep downdrift; Noun; Number: s p (only for a few kinship terms) Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 + indef; Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG ND N-NUM/(NUM-N [1 20 400]) N-POSS N+A+Num+D; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 478: Language: Igbo Dialect: Onitsha; Location: SE Nigeria (East-Central); Population: 18 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Lower Niger Dictionary: Wiliamson, Kay, ed. 1972. Igbo-English Dictionary. Benin City: Ethiope.; Consonant system: p t k kʷ kp b d ɡ ɡʷ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s (š) (h) ɣ m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s (š) ɣ (h) Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i I ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V Nˈ; Tones: hi lo downstep Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG ND N-NUM/(NUM-N [1 20 400 1,000 1,000,000] N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 479: Language: Ika; Location: S Nigeria (Mid-Western); Population: 18 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Lower Niger; Other Sources: Willamson, Kay. 1968. An Introduction to Ìka and Ukwuanı̀. Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ibadan.; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s š h (ṽ) z ɣ m n n ̃ ŋ l ɾ Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f (ṽ) s z š ɣ h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: cj p b t f h cʷ k ɡ s h ŋ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Nasal Vowels: ṽ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony nasal harmony; Syllable: (C)(G)V Nˈ; Tones: hi lo downstep downdrift; Syntax: N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 480: Language: Ukwuani; Location: S Nigeria (Mid-Western); Population: 18 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Lower Niger; Other Sources: Willamson, Kay. 1968. An Introduction to Ìka and Ukwuanı̀. Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ibadan.; Consonant system: p t k kʷ kp b d ɡ ɡʷ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s š x (v) z ž ɣ m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ ɾ̣ Stops: p b t d k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f (v) s z š ž x ɣ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ Vibrants: ɾ̣ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)(w)V Nˈ; Tones: hi lo downstep; Syntax: N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 481: Language: Ogbah; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Lower Niger; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 482: Language: Ikwere; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Lower Niger; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 483: Language: Yukuben Alternate Name: Boritsu; Location: Nigeria (Benue-Plateau); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Jukunoid: Yukuben-Kuteb; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 484: Language: Kuteb Alternate Name: Zumper; Location: Nigeria (Benue-Plateau); Population: 30,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Jukunoid: Yukuben-Kuteb; Other Sources: Koops, Robert and John T. Bendor-Samuel. 1974. "The Recapitulating Pronouns in Kuteb," JWAL 9, 5-16; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f s š x m n l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s š x Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e æ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o; Syllable: Nˈ; Tones: hi mid lo mid-ris lo-ris hi-fall Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3ai 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 485: Language: Kpan Alternate Name: Eregba; Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Jukunoid: Kpan-Icen Dictionary: Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1972. The Kente Dialect of Kpan(2). Research Notes from the Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages 5:1. Ibadan: Univ of Ibadan. Grammar: Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1971. The Kente Dialect of Kpan (1). Research Notes from the Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages. 4. 2-3. Ibadan: Univ of Ibadan.; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb ts č dz ɡ̌ f s s ̌ x v z ž ɣ m n ñ ŋ r Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š ž x ɣ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ cʷ x ŋ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɔ Nasal Vowels: ṽ all; Syllable: Nˈ; Tones: hi mid low; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 4 Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 486: Language: Icen; Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Jukunoid: Kpan-Icen; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 487: Language: Ashuku; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Jukunoid: Jukun; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 488: Language: Nama; Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Jukunoid: Jukun; Consonant system:; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a (ǝ) Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: Ĩ ã ũ õ; Pronouns: 1mf 4dmie 4dfie 4dc 4mfc 2mf 5dmfc 5mfc 3mfc 6dmfc 6mfc [c=common] 4dm & 4df have inclusive and exclusive forms.

~~Number:~~ 489: Language: Jukun Dialect: Wukari; Location: EC Nigeria; Population: 35,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Jukunoid: Jukun Grammar: Welmers, William E. 1968. Jukun of Wukari and Jukun of Takum. Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ibadan.; Other Sources: STAL; Consonant system: p t k (kp) b d ɡ ɡb ts dz f s h v z m n ŋ ɾ Stops: p b t d k ɡ (kp) ɡb Affricates: ts dz Fricatives: f v s z h Nasals: m n ŋ Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: cj all but ts dz kp ɡb ɾ cʷ p b ts dz s k h Nc b d ɡ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: ʋ o Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ʋ̃ ɔ̃; Syllable: mˈ nˈ; Tones: hi mid lo hi-fall mid-fall (low-ris); Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 490: Language: Jukun Dialect: Takum; Location: EC Nigeria; Population: 35,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Jukunoid: Jukun Grammar: Welmers, William E. 1968. Jukun of Wukari and Jukun of Takum. Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ibadan.; Consonant system: p t k (kp) b d ɡ ɡb f s h v z m n ŋ ɾ Stops: p b t d k ɡ (kp) ɡb Fricatives: f v s z h Nasals: m n ŋ Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: cj all but t kp ɡb h m ɾ cʷ b k h Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ṽ all; Syllable: mˈ; Tones: hi mid lo hi-fall mid-fall (low-ris); Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 491: Language: Jukun Dialect: Jibu; Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern); Population: 35,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Jukunoid: Jukun; Other Sources: Bradley, Virginia M. 1971. "Jibu Narrative Discourse Structure," AL 13, 1-15. Dyken, Julia van. 1974. "Jibu," in TNTS, 87-92; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ (ɡ̌) f s š (h) v z ž m n ŋ (l) ɾ Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: (ɡ̌) Fricatives: f v s z š ž (h) Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: (l) Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: cj cʷ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u Nasal Vowels: ṽ Diphthongs: ai au; Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ; Tones: hi mid low; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO AN N-NUM N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 492: Language: Bandawa; Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Jukunoid: Wurbo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 493: Language: Chomo; Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Jukunoid: Wurbo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 494: Language: Jiru Dialect: Jirru; Location: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Jukunoid: Wurbo; Other Sources: WPF; Consonant system:; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6

~~Number:~~ 495: Language: Ogbogolo; Location: S Nigeria (Rivers); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Delta Cross: Central Delta; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 496: Language: Ogbia Dialect: Oloibiri; Location: S Nigeria (Rivers); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Delta Cross: Central Delta; Other Sources: STAL; Consonant system: p t k kp b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡb f s β v z m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: β f v s z Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃; Tones: hi mid low

~~Number:~~ 497: Language: Kugbo; Location: S Nigeria (Rivers); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Delta Cross: Central Delta; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 498: Language: Mini; Location: S Nigeria (Rivers); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Delta Cross: Central Delta; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 499: Language: Abua; Location: S Nigeria (Rivers); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Delta Cross: Central Delta; Other Sources: STAL; Consonant system: p t k kp b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡb f s β v z ɣ m n ñ ŋ ŋm l r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: β f v s z ɣ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋm Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃; Tones: hi mid lo

~~Number:~~ 500: Language: Odual; Location: S Nigeria (Rivers); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Delta Cross: Central Delta; Other Sources: STAL; Consonant system: p t k kp b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡb f s β v z ɣ m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: β f v s z ɣ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ɔ̃; Tones: hi mid low

~~Number:~~ 501: Language: Ogbronuagum; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Delta Cross: Central Delta; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 502: Language: Obulom; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Delta Cross: Central Delta; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 503: Language: Kana; Location: S Nigeria (Rivers); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Delta Cross: Ogoni; Other Sources: Wolf, Hans. 1964. "Synopsis of the Ogoni Languages," JAL 3, 38-51. STAL; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb ɡ̌ s h z m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: ɡ̌ Fricatives: s z h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cʷ h Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but e o; Tones: hi mid low ris fall; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NG ND NUM-N POSS-N

~~Number:~~ 504: Language: Gokana; Location: S Nigeria (Rivers); Population: 130,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Delta Cross: Ogoni; Other Sources: Brosnahan, L. F. 1964. "Outlines of the Phonology of the Gokana Dialect of Ogoni," JWAL 1:1, 43-8. Brosnahan, L. F. 1967. "A Word List of the Gokana Dialect of Ogoni," JWAL 4:2, 43-52. STAL; Consonant system: p t c k kp ʔ b d ɟ ɡ ɡb f s v z ž m n l (r) Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ Fricatives: f v s z ž Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: (r) Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but e o v̄̃ all but e o; Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ; Tones: hi mid lo; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NG ND NUM-N POSS-N

~~Number:~~ 505: Language: Eleme; Location: S Nigeria (Rivers); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Delta Cross: Ogoni; Other Sources: STAL; Consonant system: p t k kp ʔ b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s m n ñ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃; Tones: hi mid lo ris fall; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NG ND NUM-N N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 506: Language: Obolo Alternate Name: Andoni; Location: Nigeria; Population: 50,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Lower Cross; Other Sources: LWA WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO GN N-NUM N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 507: Language: Efik Dialect: Calabar; Location: SE Nigeria (South-Eastern); Population: 400,000 (2 million second language speakers); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Lower Cross: Efik Dictionary: Adams, R. F. G. 1952. English-Efik Dictionary. Liverpool: Philip, Son & Nephew. Adams, R. F. G. 1953. Efik-English Dictionary. Liverpool: Philip, Son & Nephew. Grammar: Essien, U. and T. L. Cook. 1966. A Brief Introduction to Efik. Enugu: U.S. Peace Corp.; TextBooks: Welmers, William E. 1968. Efik. Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ibadan.; Other Sources: Ward, Ida C. 1933. The Phonetic and Tonal Structure of Efik. Cambridge, Eng: W. Heffer & Sons. Cook, T. L. 1969a. "Efik," in TNL, 35-46. Cook, T. L. 1969b. The Pronunciation of Efik for Speakers of English. Bloomington: African Studies Program, Indiana Univ.; Consonant system: t k kp b d f s m n ñ ŋ (r) is analyzed as an allophone of /d/ between vowels, thouɡh written in orthoɡraphy. Stops: b t d k kp Fricatives: f s Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Vibrants: (r) analyzed as an allophone of ǀdǀ between vowels, thouɡh written in orthoɡraphy Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e (ɛ) Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)(G)V(C) Nˈ; Tones: hi lo hi-fall lo-ris downstep downdrift; Noun; Number: s p (pl rarely used) Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO AN NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 508: Language: Ibibio; Location: SE Nigeria (South-eastern); Population: 1.5 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Lower Cross: Efik Dictionary: Kaufman, Elaine M. 1972. Ibibio Dictionary. Stanford: African Language and Area Center, Stanford Univ. Grammar: Kaufman, Elaine. 1969. Ibibio Grammar. Berkeley: Univ of California Diss.; Other Sources: LWA; Consonant system: p t̪ k kp b d f s m n ñ ŋ Stops: p b t̪ d k kp Fricatives: f s Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Modified Consonants: c̄ p t k m n ŋ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ; Tones: hi lo hi-fall downstep Stress: non-phonemic Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO AN NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 509: Language: Anaang; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Lower Cross: Efik; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 510: Language: Okobo; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Lower Cross: Oron; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 511: Language: Oron; Location: SE Nigeria (South-Eastern); Population: 50,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Lower Cross: Oron; Other Sources: Simmons, Donald C. 1965. "Oron Noun Morphology," JWAL 2:2, 33-7.; Consonant system:; Tones: hi mid lo ris fall; Noun; Number: s p; Syntax: AN

~~Number:~~ 512: Language: Ekit; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Lower Cross: Oron; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 513: Language: Ibino; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Lower Cross: Oron; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 514: Language: Tita; Location: SE Nigeria (North-Eastern); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Upper Cross; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 515: Language: Mbembe Dialect: Adun; Location: SE Nigeria (South-Eastern); Population: 60,000 (10,000); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Upper Cross: Eastern; Other Sources: Barnwell, K. 1969. "The Noun Class System in Mbembe," JWAL 6, 51-8. Barnwell, K. G. L. 1974. "Mbembe," in TNTS, 51-78.; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ ɸ f s β v m n ñ ŋ (l) r Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: ɸ β f v s Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: (l) Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: c̄ t k f s m n cj p b ɸ m cʷ k ɡ ŋ Nc d Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: ā ɔ̄; Tones: hi lo (ris) (fall) downstep downdrift; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 11 Demonstratives: 2; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+D+Num; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 516: Language: Legbo; Location: SE Nigeria (South-Eastern); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Upper Cross: Eastern; Other Sources: Spreda, Klaus and Janice Spreda. 1966. "An Interim Report on the Phonological Data of Agbo," in Tagmemic and Matrix Linguistics Applied to Selected African Languages, ed. by Kenneth L. Pike, Ann Arbor, Center for Research on Language and Language Behavior, Univ of Michigan.; Consonant system: p t c k kp b d ɟ ɡ ɡb dz f s v z m n ñ ŋ l Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: dz Fricatives: f v s z Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: c̄ all but ɟ and z cʷ k ɡ ŋ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ; Tones: hi mid lo Stress: non-phonemic; Syntax: N-NUM N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 517: Language: Leyigha; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Upper Cross: Eastern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 518: Language: Lenyima; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Upper Cross: Eastern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 519: Language: Loko2 Alternate Name: Yakurr; Location: SE Nigeria (South-Eastern); Population: 100,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Upper Cross: Eastern; Other Sources: Winston, F. D. D. 1962. "The Nominal Class System of Loko," ALS 3, 49-70. Berry, Elaine. 1974. "Yakurr," in TNTS, 79-85.; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb ɡ̌ f s m n ŋ ŋm l Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s Nasals: m n ŋ ŋm Laterals: l Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all ? Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C) Nˈ; Tones: hi lo ris fall; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 520: Language: Agoi; Location: SE Nigeria (South-Eastern); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Upper Cross: Eastern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 521: Language: Lokukoli; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Upper Cross: Eastern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 522: Language: Lubilo; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Upper Cross: Eastern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 523: Language: Olulumo; Location: SE Nigeria (South-Eastern); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Upper Cross: Eastern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 524: Language: Koring; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Upper Cross: Western; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 525: Language: Kukele; Location: SE Nigeria (South-Eastern); Population: 20,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Upper Cross: Western; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 526: Language: Uzekwe; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Upper Cross: Western; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 527: Language: Kohumono; Location: SE Nigeria (South-Eastern); Population: 19,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Upper Cross: Western Grammar: GD: Cook, T. L. 1969. Some Tentative Notes on the KòHúmónò Language. Research Notes from the Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages 2.3. Ibadan: Univ of Ibadan.; Consonant system: ph t th kh kp b ɓ d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s h β v z m n ñ ŋ r Stops: ph b ɓ t th d kh ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: β f v s z h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cʷ kh ɡ ŋ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ Back Vowels: u o Modified Vowels: vowel harmony Iˈ ɛˈ aˈ ʋˈ ɔˈ (retracted tonɡue root); Syllable: Nˈ; Tones: hi mid lo downdrift; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 35 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: AN/NA ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+Num+D

~~Number:~~ 528: Language: Ubaghara; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Upper Cross: Western; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 529: Language: Agwaagwune; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Upper Cross: Western; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 530: Language: Umon; Location: SE Nigeria (South-Eastern); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Upper Cross: Western; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 531: Language: Ukpet; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Upper Cross: Western; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 532: Language: Kiong; Location: Nigeria; Population: nearly extinct; spoken only by elderly people; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Upper Cross: Calabar River; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 533: Language: Korop; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Upper Cross: Calabar River; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 534: Language: Lyoniyorg; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Upper Cross: Calabar River; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 535: Language: Doko; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Upper Cross: Calabar River; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 536: Language: Amo; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Eastern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 537: Language: Piti; Location: N Nigeria; Population: 1,600; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Eastern: Chawai; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 538: Language: Chawai; Location: N Nigeria; Population: 8,600; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Eastern: Chawai; Other Sources: LWA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Syntax: NG N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 539: Language: Kuzamani; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Eastern: Kurama; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 540: Language: Kurama; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Eastern: Kurama; Other Sources: LWA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes; Syntax: NG N-NUM N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 541: Language: Rumaya; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Eastern: Kurama; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 542: Language: Ruruma; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Eastern: Kurama; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 543: Language: Binawa; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Eastern: Kurama; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 544: Language: Kono; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Eastern: Kurama; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 545: Language: Surubu; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Eastern: Kurama; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 546: Language: Kaivi; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Eastern: Kurama; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 547: Language: Kiballo; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Eastern: Kurama; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 548: Language: Kitimi; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Eastern: Kurama; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 549: Language: Kinuku; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Eastern: Kurama; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 550: Language: Dungi; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Eastern: Kurama; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 551: Language: Gure; Location: N Nigeria; Population: 4,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Eastern: Kurama; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 552: Language: Gure Dialect: Kahugu; Location: N Nigeria; Population: 1,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Eastern: Kurama; Other Sources: LWA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes; Syntax: SVO NA NG N-NUM N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 553: Language: Kuda; Location: N Nigeria; Population: 3,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Eastern: Jera; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 554: Language: Butu; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Eastern: Jera; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 555: Language: Gyem; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Eastern: Jera; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 556: Language: Taura; Location: N Nigeria; Population: 810; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Eastern: Jera; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 557: Language: Lemoro; Location: N Nigeria (Plateau); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Eastern: Jera; Other Sources: Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1979. "Five Wordlists with Analyses from the Northern Jos Group of Plateau Languages," AUU 62, 253-71.; Consonant system: p t c k kp ʔ b d ɟ ɡ ɡb s v z m n ñ ŋ ŋm l r Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ Fricatives: v s z Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋm Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc ? Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony Diphthongs: ai ae ǝi; Syllable: (C)V(C); Tones: hi lo; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: ND

~~Number:~~ 558: Language: Lemoro Dialect: Sanga; Location: N Nigeria (Plateau); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Eastern: Jera; Other Sources: Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1979. "Five Wordlists with Analyses from the Northern Jos Group of Plateau Languages," AUU 62, 253-71.; Consonant system: p t c k kp ʔ b d nd ɟ ɡ ɡb s š ̌ z m n ñ ŋ ŋm l r Stops: p b t d nd c ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ Fricatives: s z š Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋm Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony Diphthongs: ai ia ǝi; Syllable: (C)V(C); Tones: hi lo; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: ND

~~Number:~~ 559: Language: Janji; Location: N Nigeria (Plateau); Population: 360; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Eastern: Jera; Other Sources: Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1979. "Five Wordlists with Analyses from the Northern Jos Group of Plateau Languages," AUU 62, 253-71.; Consonant system: p t c k ʔ b d ɟ ɡ s š h v z m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ʔ Fricatives: v s z š h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū Modified Vowels: vowel harmony ? Diphthongs: ie io oi ai; Syllable: (C)V(C); Tones: hi lo hi-fall; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6

~~Number:~~ 560: Language: Shani; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Eastern: Jera; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 561: Language: Buji; Location: N Nigeria; Population: 2,300; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Eastern: Jera; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 562: Language: Anaguta; Location: N Nigeria (Plateau); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Eastern: Jera; Other Sources: Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1979. "Five Wordlists with Analyses from the Northern Jos Group of Plateau Languages," AUU 62, 253-71.; Consonant system: p t c k kp b d nd ɟ ɡ s š h v z ž m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d nd c ɟ k ɡ kp Fricatives: v s z š ž h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony ? Diphthongs: ai au iu ie uǝ; Syllable: (C)(G)V(C); Tones: hi lo; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6

~~Number:~~ 563: Language: Chokobo; Location: N Nigeria (Plateau); Population: 420; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Eastern: Jera; Other Sources: Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1979. "Five Wordlists with Analyses from the Northern Jos Group of Plateau Languages," AUU 62, 253-71.; Consonant system: p t k kp ʔ b mb d nd ɟ ɡ ɡb f s š h z m n ñ ŋ ŋm l r Stops: p b mb t d nd ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ Fricatives: f s z š h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋm Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony Diphthongs: ai au; Syllable: (C)(G)V(C); Tones: hi lo; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: NA N-NUM

~~Number:~~ 564: Language: Reshe; Location: N Nigeria; Population: 10,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Western; Other Sources: LWA; Consonant system:; Noun Classes: noun classes; Syntax: NA

~~Number:~~ 565: Language: Laru; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Western: Laru-Lopa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 566: Language: Lopa; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Western: Laru-Lopa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 567: Language: Western Kambari; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Western: Kambari; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 568: Language: Western Kambari; Location: N Nigeria; Population: 67,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Western: Kambari; Other Sources: Hoffman, C. 1963. "The Noun Class System of Central Kambari," JAL 2, 160-9.; Consonant system:; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all but ɨ Nasal Vowels: ṽ all v̄̃ all but ɨ; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes Demonstratives: 3; Syntax: NA NG ND N-NUM

~~Number:~~ 569: Language: Eastern Kambari; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Western: Kambari; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 570: Language: Ngwoi; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Western: Kamuku; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 571: Language: Kamuku; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Western: Kamuku; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 572: Language: Bassa-Kontagora; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Western: Kamuku; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 573: Language: Ashaganna; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Western: Kamuku; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 574: Language: Bassa-Kaduna; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Western: Bassa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 575: Language: Bassa-Kuta; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Western: Bassa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 576: Language: Gurmana; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Western: Bassa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 577: Language: Pongu; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Western: Bassa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 578: Language: Bauchi; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Western: Bassa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 579: Language: Ura; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Western: Bassa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 580: Language: Bassa-Kwomu; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Western: Bassa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 581: Language: Lela; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Western: Duka; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 582: Language: Duka; Location: N Nigeria; Population: 30,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Western: Duka; Other Sources: Bendor-Samuel, John, Esther Cressman and Donna Skitch. 1971. "The Nominal Phrase in Duka," JWAL 8, 59-78. Bendor-Samuel, John, Donna Skitch and Esther Cressman. 1973. Duka Sentence, Clause and Phrase. Studies in Nigerian Languages, No.3. Zaria: Institute of Linguistics.; Consonant system: p t k ʔ b d ɡ č ɡ̌ s š h z m n l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: s z š h Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ ?; Tones: hi mid lo hi-fall; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 9 Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG DN N-NUM N-POSS D+N+A+Num; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 583: Language: Puku; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Western: Duka; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 584: Language: Lyase; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Cara: Western: Duka; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 585: Language: Ayu; Location: N Nigeria; Population: 3,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 586: Language: Yashi; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 587: Language: Mabo-Barkul; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 588: Language: Irigwe; Location: N Nigeria (Plateau); Population: 13,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 589: Language: Migili; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Birom-Migili; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 590: Language: Aten; Location: N Nigeria; Population: 4,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Birom-Migili; Other Sources: Bouquiaux, Luc. 1964. "A Word List of Aten (Ganawuri)," JWAL 1:2, 5-25.; Consonant system:; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NG N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 591: Language: Birom; Location: C Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Birom-Migili; Other Sources: STAL WALS; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s š h v z m n ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄; Tones: hi mid low; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 592: Language: Fachara; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Birom-Migili; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 593: Language: Katab Alternate Name: Gworok; Location: N Nigeria; Population: 23,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Kaje-Kadara; Other Sources: LWA WALS; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes; Syntax: SVO NG N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 594: Language: Yeskwa; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Kaje-Kadara: Yeskwa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 595: Language: Lungu; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Kaje-Kadara: Yeskwa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 596: Language: Koro; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Kaje-Kadara: Yeskwa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 597: Language: Kamanton; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Kaje-Kadara: Kaje; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 598: Language: Kagoma; Location: N Nigeria; Population: 6,125; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Kaje-Kadara: Kaje; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 599: Language: Jaba; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Kaje-Kadara: Kaje; Other Sources: LWA; Consonant system:; Syntax: NG N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 600: Language: Nandu; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Kaje-Kadara: Kaje; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 601: Language: Izarek; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Kaje-Kadara: Kaje; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 602: Language: Kaje; Location: N Nigeria; Population: 24,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Kaje-Kadara: Kaje; Other Sources: LWA; Consonant system:; Syntax: NG N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 603: Language: Kadara; Location: N Nigeria; Population: 17,700; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Kaje-Kadara: Kadara; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 604: Language: Kuturmi; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Benue-Congo: Plateau: II; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 605: Language: Ikulu; Location: N Nigeria; Population: 5,600; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Kaje-Kadara: Kadara; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 606: Language: Idong; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Kaje-Kadara: Kadara; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 607: Language: Doka; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Kaje-Kadara: Kadara; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 608: Language: Iku; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Kaje-Kadara: Kadara; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 609: Language: Rukuba; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Ninzam-Rukuba; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 610: Language: Kwanka; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Ninzam-Rukuba: Kwanka; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 611: Language: Shall; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Ninzam-Rukuba: Kwanka; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 612: Language: Ninzam; Location: N Nigeria; Population: 4,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Ninzam-Rukuba: Ninzam; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 613: Language: Mada; Location: N Nigeria; Population: 23,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Ninzam-Rukuba: Ninzam; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 614: Language: Gwantu; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Ninzam-Rukuba: Ninzam; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 615: Language: Nindem; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Ninzam-Rukuba: Ninzam; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 616: Language: Kaningkon; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Ninzam-Rukuba: Ninzam; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 617: Language: Kanufi; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Ninzam-Rukuba: Ninzam; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 618: Language: Eggon; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Eggon; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 619: Language: Nungu; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Eggon; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 620: Language: Ake; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Eggon; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 621: Language: Jidda; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Eggon; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 622: Language: Fyam Alternate Name: Pyem; Location: C Nigeria; Population: 4,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Fyam; Other Sources: STAL WALS; Consonant system: p t k b ɓ ɗ ɡ č ɡ̌ f s š h v z ž m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š ž h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄; Tones: hi lo ris fall; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 623: Language: Horom; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Fyam; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 624: Language: Tarok Alternate Name: Yergham; Location: C Nigeria (Plateau); Population: 30,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Tarok; Other Sources: STAL; Consonant system: p t k kp b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s š h v z ž m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š ž h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄; Tones: hi mid lo

~~Number:~~ 625: Language: Bashar; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Tarok; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 626: Language: Pai; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Tarok; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 627: Language: Turkwam; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Turkwam; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 628: Language: Arum; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Plateau: Turkwam; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 629: Language: Bokyi; Location: SE Nigeria (South-Eastern); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bendi-Bokyi; Other Sources: LWA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6

~~Number:~~ 630: Language: Bekwarra; Location: SE Nigeria (South-Eastern); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bendi-Bokyi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 631: Language: Bendi; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bendi-Bokyi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 632: Language: Obanliku; Location: SE Nigeria (South-Eastern); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bendi-Bokyi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 633: Language: Ukpe; Location: SE Nigeria (South-Eastern); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bendi-Bokyi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 634: Language: Ubang; Location: SE Nigeria (South-Eastern); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bendi-Bokyi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 635: Language: Alege; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bendi-Bokyi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 636: Language: Utugwang; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bendi-Bokyi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 637: Language: Bumaji; Location: SE Nigeria (South-Eastern); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bendi-Bokyi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 638: Language: Mambila; Location: SE Nigeria (S North-Eastern); Population: 50,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Non-Bantu: Mambila-Vute; Other Sources: Perrin, M. 1974a. "Mambila," in TNTS, 93-108. Perrin, Mona. 1974b. "Direct and Indirect Speech in Mambila," JL 10, 27-37. LWA; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f s h v m n ŋ l ľ Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l ľ Modified Consonants: Nc ? Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɒ; Tones: hi hi-mid lo-mid lo hi-mid-ris lo-mid-ris hi-fall hi-mid-fall ris-fall; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4de 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 639: Language: Mambila Dialect: Atta; Location: N Cameroon; Population: 50,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Non-Bantu: Mambila-Vute; Other Sources: Perrin, Mona J. and Margaret V. Hill. 1969. Mambila (parler d'Atta). Cameroon: Section de Lingustique Appliquée, Univ Fédérale du Cameroun.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č bv ɡ̌ f s h m n ñ ŋ l Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: bv č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all but ɔ; Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ; Tones: hi hi-mid lo-mid lo; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 640: Language: Kamkam; Location: Nigeria (Sardauna); Population: 800; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Non-Bantu: Mambila-Vute; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 641: Language: Tep; Location: Nigeria (Sardauna); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Non-Bantu: Mambila-Vute; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 642: Language: Magu; Location: Nigeria (Sardauna); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Non-Bantu: Mambila-Vute; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 643: Language: Kila; Location: Nigeria (Sardauna); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Non-Bantu: Mambila-Vute; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 644: Language: Ndoro; Location: Nigeria (Sardauna); Population: 1,200; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Non-Bantu: Mambila-Vute; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 645: Language: Gandua; Location: W Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Non-Bantu: Mambila-Vute; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 646: Language: Vute; Location: CCameroon; Population: 14,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Non-Bantu: Mambila-Vute Dictionary: Guarisma, Gladys. 1978. Études vouté. Paris: SELAF.; Consonant system: p t k kp ʔ b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s h v m n ñ l ɾ Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s h Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡb ɡ̌ v Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but ɔ ( ã̄ only?); Syllable: C(w)V(C); Tones: hi-lev mid-lev lo-lev lo-ris-to-mid lo-ris-to-hi mid-ris-to-hi mid-fall-to-lo hi-fall-to-lo hi-fall-to-mid hi-lo-hi hi-lo-mid downdrift; Syntax: SVO NA NG N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 647: Language: Tiv; Location: SE Nigeria (S Benue-Plateau); Population: 1 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Non-Bantu: Tiv-Batu Dictionary: Abraham, R. C. 1940a. A Dictionary of the Tiv Language. London. [Reprinted 1968 by Gregg International Publishers, Farnborough, England] Terpstra, Gerard. 1968. English-Tiv Dictionary. Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ibadan. Grammar: Abraham, R. C. 1940. The Principles of Tiv. London: Crown Agents for the Colonies. [Reprinted 1968 by Gregg International Publishers, Farnborough, England]; Other Sources: Arnott, D. W. 1969. "Tiv," in TNL, 143-51.; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb ts č dz ɡ̌ f s š h v ɣ m n ñ ŋ r Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s š ɣ h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡb dz ɡ̌ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɐ Back Vowels: u o ɔ; Syllable: (C)(G)V Cˈ = m n v ɣ r [ɡ̌]; Tones: hi lo downstep downdrift; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 11 (persons, trees, collectives) Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 648: Language: Otank; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Non-Bantu: Tiv-Batu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 649: Language: Emane; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Non-Bantu: Tiv-Batu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 650: Language: Icheve; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Non-Bantu: Tiv-Batu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 651: Language: Evant; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Non-Bantu: Tiv-Batu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 652: Language: Bitare; Location: Nigeria (Sardauna); Population: 50,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Non-Bantu: Tiv-Batu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 653: Language: Abon; Location: Nigeria (Sardauna); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Non-Bantu: Tiv-Batu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 654: Language: Batu; Location: Nigeria (Sardauna); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Non-Bantu: Tiv-Batu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 655: Language: Mboa; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Jarawan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 656: Language: Nagumi; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Jarawan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 657: Language: Bile; Location: Nigeria (North-East); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Jarawan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 658: Language: Mbula; Location: Nigeria (North-East); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Jarawan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 659: Language: Mama; Location: Nigeria (Benue-Plateau); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Jarawan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 660: Language: Lame; Location: Nigeria (North-East); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Jarawan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 661: Language: Jaku; Location: Nigeria (North-East); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Jarawan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 662: Language: Gubi; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Jarawan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 663: Language: Kulung; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Jarawan; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 664: Language: Jarawa1; Location: C Nigeria (North-East); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Jarawan; Other Sources: STAL WALS; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb ts č ɡ̌ f s š h z ž m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: ts č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s z š ž h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄; Tones: hi mid lo; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 665: Language: Mbe; Location: E Nigeria (Ogoja); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Ekoid-Mbe; Other Sources: Bamgboso, Ayo. 1967. "Notes on the Phonology of Mbe," JWAL 4:1, 5-11.; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb ts č dz ɡ̌ f s š (x) m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s š (x) Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cʷ k (ŋ) Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Diphthongs: ie iɛ ia iɔ io ue uɛ ua uɔ uo; Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ; Tones: hi lo ris fall downstep

~~Number:~~ 666: Language: Ndoe; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Ekoid-Mbe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 667: Language: Ejagham; Location: W Cameroon (Mamfe); Population: 26,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Ekoid-Mbe; TextBooks: Edmondson, Tom and Eileen Edmondson. 1971. "Some Dialect Shifts in Ejagham," Camelang 3, 19-42. Yaoundé: Univ Fédérale du Cameroun.; Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s m n ñ ŋ (l) r Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: (l) Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o

~~Number:~~ 668: Language: Efutop; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Ekoid-Mbe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 669: Language: Nde; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Ekoid-Mbe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 670: Language: Abanyom; Location: SE Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Ekoid-Mbe; Other Sources: Crabb, David W. 1965. Ekoid Barrtu Languages of Ogoja, Eastern Nigeria. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.; Consonant system: (p) t k kp b d ɟ ɡ ɡb f s m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: (p) b t d ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: f s Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ; Tones: hi lo ris fall

~~Number:~~ 671: Language: Nkem; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Ekoid-Mbe; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 672: Language: Nkumm; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Ekoid-Mbe

~~Number:~~ 673: Language: Nnam; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Ekoid-Mbe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 674: Language: Ekajuk; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Ekoid-Mbe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 675: Language: Esimbi; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Mamfe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 676: Language: Amasi; Location: W Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Mamfe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 677: Language: Kenyang; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Mamfe; Other Sources: Voorhoeve, Jan. 1980. "Kenyang," EXB 1, 275-85. E; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Syntax: SVO NA ND N-NUM N-POSS Comments: "Kenyang has all the appearances of a Narrow Bantu language, but . . . in many points of grammar there is evidence of un-Bantu behavior." p. 282

~~Number:~~ 678: Language: Kitwii; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Mamfe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 679: Language: Kinkwa; Location: W Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Mamfe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 680: Language: Menka; Location: W Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Mamfe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 681: Language: Ngwo; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Mamfe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 682: Language: Bitieku; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Mamfe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 683: Language: Assaka; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Mamfe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 684: Language: Adere; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nkambe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 685: Language: Limbum Alternate Name: Nsungli; Location: Cameroon (Bamenda); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nkambe; Other Sources: Voorhoeve, Jan. 1980. "Limbum," EXB 1, 183-91.; Consonant system:; Noun Classes: noun classes

~~Number:~~ 686: Language: Kofa; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nkambe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 687: Language: Kwaja; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nkambe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 688: Language: Ncha; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nkambe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 689: Language: Ndaktup; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nkambe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 690: Language: Ntem; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nkambe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 691: Language: Yamba; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nkambe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 692: Language: Bamun; Location: Cameroon; Population: 75,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Nun; Other Sources: Ward, Ida C. 1938. "The Phonetic Structure of Bamum," BSOAS 9, 423-38. LWA; Consonant system: p t k kp b nd ŋɡ ɡb f s š v nz ž ɣ m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t nd k ŋɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: f v s nz š ž ɣ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ ɡʷ z š Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i ø ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: ɯ o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ Diphthongs: iɛ ia iǝ oa oǝ; Tones: hi lo ris fall; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes; Syntax: SVO NG ND N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 693: Language: Mungaka; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Nun; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 694: Language: Bambalang; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Nun; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 695: Language: Baba; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Nun; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 696: Language: Bapi; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Nun; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 697: Language: Bandeng; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Nun; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 698: Language: Mankon Alternate Name: Awing; Location: NW Cameroon (North-Western); Population: 30,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Ngemba Grammar: Leroy, Jacqueline. 1977. Morphologie et classes nominales en mankon. Paris: SELAF.; Consonant system: t k ʔ b d ɡ ts dz f s z m n ñ ŋ l Stops: b t d k ɡ ʔ Affricates: ts dz Fricatives: f s z Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: cj b k ɡ ts dz s z l cʷ b t k ɡ ts dz s z ŋ l; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ; Syllable: (C)V(C); Tones: hi lo; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 9 (human, animals, people, inanimate, body parts, animals & plants, small animals & grains, misc) Demonstratives: 2 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4d 4die 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+D; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 699: Language: Mundum; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Ngemba; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 700: Language: Bafut; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Ngemba; Other Sources: LWA WALS; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes; Syntax: SVO ND

~~Number:~~ 701: Language: Nkwen; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Ngemba; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 702: Language: Bambui Alternate Name: Mbili; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Ngemba; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 703: Language: Pinyin; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Ngemba; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 704: Language: Awing; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Ngemba; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 705: Language: Kpati; Location: Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Ngemba; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 706: Language: Babaju; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Bamileke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 707: Language: Fe'fe; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Bamileke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 708: Language: Dschang; Location: Cameroon (Menoua); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Bamileke; Other Sources: Tadadjeu, Maurice. 1980. "Le dschang," EXB 1, 165-81.; Consonant system: p t c k ʔ b d ɡ ts dz f s š h v z ž ɣ m n ŋ l Stops: p b t d c k ɡ ʔ Affricates: ts dz Fricatives: f v s z š ž ɣ h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ʉ ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: Nˈ; Tones: hi lo lo-fall downstep; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 9 Demonstratives: 3 + ref; Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 709: Language: Bafussam; Location: Cameroon; Population: 7,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Bamileke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 710: Language: Bagam; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Bamileke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 711: Language: Balum; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Bamileke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 712: Language: Bamaha; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Bamileke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 713: Language: Bamendiinda; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Bamileke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 714: Language: Bamenkombit; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Bamileke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 715: Language: Bamenyam; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Bamileke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 716: Language: Banjun; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Bamileke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 717: Language: Bangangte; Location: Cameroon; Population: 66,700; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Bamileke; Other Sources: Voorhoeve, J. 1963. "La classification nominale dans le bangangté," JAL 2, 206-9.; Consonant system:; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i I e Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ʌ; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: DN/ND (D-N-D) N-POSS/(POSS-N)

~~Number:~~ 718: Language: Bangwa; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Bamileke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 719: Language: Bapi; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Bamileke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 720: Language: Bapi; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Bamileke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 721: Language: Bacham; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Bamileke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 722: Language: Bachingu; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Bamileke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 723: Language: Bati1; Location: Cameroon; Population: 50,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Bamileke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 724: Language: Bati1; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Bamileke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 725: Language: Batie; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Bamileke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 726: Language: Bamugun; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Bamileke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 727: Language: Fomopea; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Bamileke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 728: Language: Fongondeng; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Bamileke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 729: Language: Foto; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Bamileke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 730: Language: Fotuni; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Bamileke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 731: Language: Ngwe; Location: W Cameroon; Population: 20,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Bamileke; Other Sources: Dunstan, Elizabeth. 1963. "Conjugation in Ngwe," JAL 2, 235-43. Dunstan, Elizabeth. 1964. "Towards a Phonology of Ngwe," JWAL 1:1, 39-42.; Consonant system: p t k kp ʔ b d ɡ ɡb ts tr č (kx) ɡ̌ f s h v z m n ñ ŋ (l) B r B is a bilabial trill. Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ Affricates: ts tr č ɡ̌ (kx) Fricatives: f v s z h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: (l) Vibrants: B (bilabial trill) r Glides: w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ø ɛ œ æ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɔ ʌ Long Vowels: ̱v̄ all but æ œ Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ɛ̃ ɯ̃ ɔ̃ ã; Syllable: Nˈ; Tones: hi mid lo (ris) (fall); Syntax: SVO NG ND POSS-N/N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 732: Language: Babuantu; Location: Cameroon (Bamenda); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Bamileke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 733: Language: Upper Mundani; Location: W Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Eastern: Nun-Bamileke: Bamileke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 734: Language: Aghem Alternate Name: Wum; Location: NW Cameroon (North West); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Western: Ring: Nkom: West Grammar: Hyman, Larry M., ed. 1979. Aghem Grammatical Structure. SCOPIL 7.; Consonant system: (ph) th kh (kp) ʔ b d (ɡ) (ɡb) ts (č) bv dz (ɡ̌) f s z ɣ m n ñ ŋ (ŋm) l Stops: (ph) b th d kh (ɡ) (kp) (ɡb) ʔ Affricates: bv ts dz (č) (ɡ̌) Fricatives: f s z ɣ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ (ŋm) Laterals: l Glides: (j) w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ ɒ Long Vowels: v̄ all but I ʋ Diphthongs: ia Ia ua uo uɔ uɒ ʋɔ ɔe ɔē ɒe ɒ̄ɛ; Syllable: (C)(w)V(C) Nˈ; Tones: hi lo lo-fall ris fall downdrift downstep; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 12 (6 sg, 6 pl) Demonstratives: 3 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+D+Num; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 735: Language: Isu; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Western: Ring: Nkom: West; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 736: Language: Weh; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Western: Ring: Nkom: West; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 737: Language: Bafumen; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Western: Ring: Nkom: West; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 738: Language: Babanki; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Western: Ring: Nkom: Central; Other Sources: Hyman, Larry M. 1980. "Babanki and the Ring Group," EXB 1, 225-58.; Consonant system: t k ʔ b d ɡ ts č dz f s š h v z ž ɣ m n ñ ŋ l Stops: b t d k ɡ ʔ Affricates: ts dz č Fricatives: f v s z š ž ɣ h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: ʉ ǝ Back Vowels: u o ɔ; Syllable: Nˈ; Tones: hi mid lo-lev lo-fall downstep; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4d 4ie 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 739: Language: Kom Alternate Name: Nkom; Location: Cameroon; Population: 16,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Western: Ring: Nkom: Central; Other Sources: LWA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes

~~Number:~~ 740: Language: Bum; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Western: Ring: Nkom: Central; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 741: Language: Oku Alternate Name: Ukfwo; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Western: Ring: Nkom: Central; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 742: Language: Lamnso; Location: NW Cameroon (Bamenda); Population: 100,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Western: Ring: East; Other Sources: Grebe, Karl. 1975. "Verb Clusters of Lamnsok, " in Network Grammars, ed. by Joseph E. Grimes, SIL 45, 31-45. Grebe, Karl and Winnifred Grebe. 1975. "Verb Tone Patterns in Lamnsok," Linguistics 149, 5-23. LWA; Consonant system: t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s š v ɣ m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s š ɣ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: CV(C); Tones: hi mid low mid-ris hi-fall-to-mid mid-fall hi-fall-to-lo mid-fall-ris; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes; Syntax: SVO ND

~~Number:~~ 743: Language: Bamessing Alternate Name: Kensense; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Western: Ring: East; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 744: Language: Bamessi; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Western: Ring: East; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 745: Language: Babungo Alternate Name: Ngo; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Western: Ring: East; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 746: Language: Bamunka Alternate Name: Muka; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Western: Ring: East; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 747: Language: Bamali; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Western: Ring: East; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 748: Language: Fanji; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Western: Ring: East; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 749: Language: Tadkon Dialect: Widekum; Location: Cameroon; Population: 10,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Western: Momo-Njen: Momo; Other Sources: LWA; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6

~~Number:~~ 750: Language: Tadkon; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Western: Momo-Njen: Momo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 751: Language: Ngie Alternate Name: Ngi; Location: W Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Western: Momo-Njen: Momo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 752: Language: Oshie; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Western: Momo-Njen: Momo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 753: Language: Njem1; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Western: Momo-Njen: Njem; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 754: Language: Lower Mundani; Location: W Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Grassfields: Western: Momo-Njen: Njem; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 755: Language: Modele; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Menchum; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 756: Language: Mukuru; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Menchum; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 757: Language: Befang; Location: Cameroon; Population: 67,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Menchum; Consonant system:; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes

~~Number:~~ 758: Language: Bangui; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Menchum; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 759: Language: Obang; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Menchum; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 760: Language: Okomanjan; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Menchum; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 761: Language: Mekaf Alternate Name: Bunaki; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Beboid: Western; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 762: Language: Bu; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Beboid: Western; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 763: Language: Kinabe; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Beboid: Western; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 764: Language: Koshin; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Beboid: Western; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 765: Language: Bebe; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Beboid: Eastern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 766: Language: Dumbo Alternate Name: Kumaju; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Beboid: Eastern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 767: Language: Nchanti; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Beboid: Eastern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 768: Language: Noni; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Beboid: Eastern; Other Sources: Hyman, Larry M. 1980. "Noni (Misaje Group)," EXB 1, 259-74. WALS; Consonant system:; Tones: extreme-hi hi mid lo upstep downstep; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 769: Language: Akweto; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Beboid: Eastern; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 770: Language: Tikar; Location: E Cameroon; Population: 10,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Tikar Grammar: Hagège, Claude. 1969. Esquisse linguistique du tikar (Cameroun). Paris: Klincksieck.; Consonant system: p t c k kp ʔ b d ñɟ ɡ ɡb pf ɸ f s š ç χ (v) mv ž ʁ m n ñ ŋ l (ɾ) Stops: p b t d c ñ̃ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ Affricates: pf Fricatives: ɸ f (v) mv s š ž ç χ ʁ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: (ɾ) Modified Consonants: Nc b t d ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb v s ž Glides: j ɥ w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ æ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ã ũ õ ı̃̄ ẽ̄ ã̄ ũ̄ ȭ; Syllable: (C)(C)V(C) nˈ mˈ; Tones: hi lo ris fall; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 771: Language: Bandobo; Location: E Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Bane: Tikar; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 772: Language: Lundu Alternate Name: Londo; Location: Cameroon; Population: 24,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Lundu-Balong; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 773: Language: Lue; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Lundu-Balong; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 774: Language: Balong; Location: Cameroon; Population: 2,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Lundu-Balong; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 775: Language: Bonkeng; Location: Cameroon; Population: 1,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Lundu-Balong; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 776: Language: Bafo Alternate Name: Akoose; Location: SW Cameroon (South-West); Population: 60,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Lundu-Balong; Other Sources: Hedinger, Robert and Sylvia Hedinger. 1977. Phonology of Akɔ́ɔ̄sē (Bakossi). Yaoundé: SIL . Hedinger, Robert. 1977. The Noun Classes of Akɔɔse (Bakossi). Yaoundé: SIL .; Consonant system: ph th kh b d ɡ č (ɡ̌) s z h m n ñ l Stops: ph b th d kh ɡ Affricates: č (ɡ̌) Fricatives: s z h Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: c̄ m n l cj p b t d č s z h m n l cʷ p b t k ɡ č s h m l Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: (ṽ); Syllable: (C)VC) Nˈ; Tones: hi lo ris fall-to-low fall-to-mid downstep downdrift upstep; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 15 (human, liquids, paired body parts, abstract nouns, animals) Demonstratives: 3; Syntax: SVO NA NG DN/ND N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 777: Language: Mboko1; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Duala; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 778: Language: Kwiri Alternate Name: Bakueri; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Duala; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 779: Language: Su; Location: Cameroon; Population: 500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Duala; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 780: Language: Duala; Location: W Cameroon; Population: 23,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Duala Dictionary: Helmlinger, Paul. 1972. Dictionnaire duala-français. Paris: Klincksieck. Grammar: Ittmann, Johannes. 1939. Grammatik des Duala. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.; Other Sources: Paulian, Christiane. 1971. "Esquisse phonologique du duala, " Études bantoues I. Paris: SELAF.; Consonant system: p t k b d (ɡ) č ɡ̌ (f) s h (v) m n ñ ŋ l (r) Stops: p b t d k (ɡ) Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: (f) (v) s h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: (r) Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ ɡ̌ s Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ; Syllable: (C)V Nˈ; Tones: hi mid lo ris fall; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 13; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 781: Language: Wori; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Duala; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 782: Language: Pongo; Location: N Nigeria; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Duala; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 783: Language: Limba2 Alternate Name: Mulimba; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Duala; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 784: Language: Bubi; Location: Equatorial Guinea; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Bubi-Benga; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 785: Language: Noho; Location: Equatorial Guinea; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Bubi-Benga; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 786: Language: Yasa Dialect: Kombe; Location: Equatorial Guinea; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Bubi-Benga Dictionary: Fernandez, P. L. 1951. Diccionario español-kômbè. Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Africanos.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f s h v ž m n ñ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s ž h Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 787: Language: Benga; Location: Equatorial Guinea; Population: 3,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Bubi-Benga Dictionary: Dictonary of the English and Benga languages. 1879. New York: Mission House. Grammar: Nassau, R. H. 1892. Mackey's Grammar of the Benga-Bantu Language. New York: American Tract Society. Pérez, Gaspar and Lorenzo Sorinas. 1928. Gramatica de la lengua benga. Madrid: Editorial del Corazon de Marı́a.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ ɡ̌ f s h v m n l Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s h Nasals: m n Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc b bʷ ɡ ɡʷ ɡ̌ cʷ b mb k ŋɡ m Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Diphthongs: diphthonɡs Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 8 Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM/(NUM-N) N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 788: Language: Lombi; Location: Cameroon; Population: 1,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Basaa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 789: Language: Bankon; Location: Cameroon; Population: 10,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Basaa; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 790: Language: Basaa; Location: Cameroon; Population: 300,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Basaa Dictionary: Lemb, Pierre and François de Gastines. 1973. Dictionnaire basaà-français. Douala: Collège Libermann.; TextBooks: Koki Ndombo, P., Pierre Lemb and François de Gastines. 1971. Le basaà par la grammaire. Douala: Collège Libermann.; Consonant system: p t k b ɓ d ɡ č ɡ̌ (f) s h m n ŋ l Stops: p b ɓ t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: (f) s h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: cj h n cʷ k ɡ ŋɡ ŋ Nc b d ɡ ɡʷ ɡ̌ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)V(C); Tones: hi mid lo ris fall; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 18 Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Syntax: SVO NA NG DN N-NUM N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 791: Language: Tunen Alternate Name: Banen; Location: SW Cameroon; Population: 35,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Basaa Dictionary: Dugast, Idelettle. 1967. Lexique de la langue tunɛn. Paris: Klincksieck. Grammar: Dugast, Idelette. 1971. Grammaire du tùnɛn. Paris: Klincksieck.; Consonant system: (p) t k (ʔ) b mb nd ŋɡ ñɡ̌ f s ç x h m n ñ ŋ l (r) Stops: (p) b mb t nd k ŋɡ (ʔ) Affricates: ñɡ̌ Fricatives: f s ç x h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: (r) Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡ̌ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony Diphthongs: diphthonɡs; Tones: hi lo (ris) (fall); Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 10 Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SOV NA NG DN N-NUM POSS-N; Prep/Post: PREP/(POST)

~~Number:~~ 792: Language: Nyo'o; Location: Cameroon; Population: 3,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Basaa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 793: Language: Mande; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Basaa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 794: Language: Fa'; Location: Cameroon; Population: 4,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Bafia; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 795: Language: Mbong; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Bafia; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 796: Language: Kpa Alternate Name: Bafia; Location: SW Cameroon; Population: 23,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Bafia Dictionary: Guarisma, Gladys. 1969. Études bafia. Paris: SELAF.; TextBooks: Guarisma, Gladys. 1967. "Esquisse phonologique du bafia," BSELAF 1.; Other Sources: Guarisma, Gladys. 1973. Le nom en bafia. Paris: SELAF. Guarisma, Gladys. 1980. "Les voyelles centrales en bafia et dans d'autres parlers du groupe A50," EXB 2, 447-53.; Consonant system: p t c k kp ʔ b ɓ d ɗ ɟ ɡ (ɡb) f s v z ɣ m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ c ɟ k ɡ kp (ɡb) ʔ Fricatives: f v s z ɣ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ ɔ ʌ ɑ Long Vowels: v̄ all but ɑ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ; Tones: hi mid lo ris fall downdrift; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 6 (6 pl) Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 797: Language: Djanti; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Bafia; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 798: Language: Ki Alternate Name: Tuki; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Sanaga; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 799: Language: Yambasa; Location: Cameroon; Population: 27,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Sanaga; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 800: Language: Eton; Location: Cameroon; Population: 112,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Ewondo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 801: Language: Ewondo; Location: Cameroon; Population: 93,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Ewondo Dictionary: Abega, Prosper. n.d. Petit lexique ewondo. Yaoundé, Cameroon: Federal Univ of Cameroon. Grammar: Abega, Prosper. 1971. Grammaire ewondo. Yaoundé, Cameroon: Federal Univ of Cameroon.; Consonant system: t k kp b d ɡ ɡb ts dz f s v z m n ñ ŋ l Stops: b t d k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: ts dz Fricatives: f v s z Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡb dz v Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Tones: hi hi-mid lo-mid lo ris fall; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 6 (5 pl) Demonstratives: 3 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 802: Language: Bebele; Population: 24,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Ewondo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 803: Language: Bulu; Location: S Cameroon; Population: 170,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Ewondo Grammar: GD: Alexandre, P. 1955. Manuel élémentaire de langue bulu. Paris: Centre de Hautes Études Administratives sur l'Afrique et l'Asie Modernes.; Other Sources: Alexandre, P. 1962. "Sur la voyelle suffixielle du bulu," JAL 1, 243-52.; Consonant system: p t k ʔ b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f s (h) v z m n ŋ l Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z (h) Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ ɡ̌ kʷ ɡʷ ɡ̌ f v s z l cʷ k ɡ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: (ǝ) a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ; Tones: hi lo ris fall; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 6 Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 804: Language: Fang Dialect: Ntum; Location: Gabon; Population: 858,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Ewondo Dictionary: Galley, Samuel. 1964. Dictionnaire fang-français et français-fang. Neuchatel: Henri Messeiller.; Other Sources: Wolf P. de. 1972. "Notes sur la langue," in Un mvet, by Herbert Pepper, Paul and Paule de Wolf, Paris, Armand Colin, 441-76.; Consonant system: (p) t k kpʷ (ʔ) b d ɡ ɡbʷ ts dz f s h v z m n ñ ŋ l (r) Stops: (p) b t d k ɡ kpʷ ɡbʷ (ʔ) Affricates: ts dz Fricatives: f v s z h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: (r) Modified Consonants: Nc ? cʷ kp gb Glides: j ɥ w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄; Syllable: (C)(G)V(C) Nˈ; Tones: hi mid lo; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 11 Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS/(POSS-N); Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 805: Language: Ngumba Alternate Name: Mvumbo; Location: Equitorial Guinea; Population: 10,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Makaa-Njem Grammar: Gonzalez Echegaray, Carlos. 1960. Morfologia y sintaxis de la lengua bujeba. Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Africanos.; Consonant system: p t k kp (ʔ) b d ɡ ɡb pf č bv ɡ̌ f s š v z ž m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ l ɾ Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb (ʔ) Affricates: pf bv č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š ž Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: c̄ b m n l Nc b t d k ɡ z š ž cʷ ŋ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Modified Vowels: v̰̄ (velarized) all; Tones: hi mid lo; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 9 Demonstratives: 4 (3 + remote ); Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+D; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 806: Language: So1; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Makaa-Njem

~~Number:~~ 807: Language: Makaa; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Makaa-Njem; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 808: Language: Njem2; Location: Cameroon; Population: 20,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Makaa-Njem; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 809: Language: Konabem; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Makaa-Njem; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 810: Language: Mpiemo; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Makaa-Njem; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 811: Language: Bomwali; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Makaa-Njem; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 812: Language: Kwakum; Location: Cameroon; Population: 3,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Kako; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 813: Language: Pol; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Kako; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 814: Language: Yaka1; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone A: Kako

~~Number:~~ 815: Language: Myene; Location: Gabon; Population: 12,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Myene Dictionary: Walker, André Paponda. 1934. Dictionnaire mpongwe-français. Metz: La libre lorraine.; TextBooks: Teisseres, U. 1957. Méthode pratique pour apprendre l'omyene. Paris: Societé des Missions Évangéliques de Paris.; Other Sources: Jacquot, A. 1976. "Étude de phonologie et de morphologie myene," Études bantoues II, 13-78. Paris: SELAF.; Consonant system: p t k mb ɓ nd ɗ ŋɡ (č) ɡ̌ f s β z ɣ m n ñ ŋ l ɾ Stops: p mb ɓ t nd ɗ k ŋɡ Affricates: (č) ɡ̌ Fricatives: β f s z ɣ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ č ɡ̌ Glides: j w w̃; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ; Syllable: (C)(G)V(C); Tones: hi lo Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 7 (human, abstract, common, noble) Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+D+Num; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 816: Language: Sekyani; Location: Equitorial Guinea; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Kele; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 817: Language: Kele; Location: Gabon; Population: 15,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Kele; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 818: Language: Mbangwe; Location: Gabon; Population: 2,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Kele; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 819: Language: Wumvu; Location: Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Kele; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 820: Language: Kota; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Kele; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 821: Language: Ndasa; Location: Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Kele; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 822: Language: Sighu; Location: Gabon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Kele; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 823: Language: Tsogo; Location: Gabon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Tsogo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 824: Language: Kande; Location: Gabon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Tsogo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 825: Language: Pinji; Location: Gabon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Tsogo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 826: Language: Sira; Location: Gabon; Population: 17,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Sira; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 827: Language: Sangu; Location: Gabon; Population: 18,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Sira; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 828: Language: Punu; Location: Gabon; Population: 46,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Sira; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 829: Language: Lumbu; Location: Gabon; Population: 12,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Sira; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 830: Language: Mbwisi; Location: Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Sira; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 831: Language: Barama; Location: Gabon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Sira; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 832: Language: Duma; Location: Gabon; Population: 10,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Njebi; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 833: Language: Njebi Alternate Name: Nzebi; Location: Gabon; Population: 30,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Njebi; Other Sources: Guthrie, Malcolm. 1968. "Notes on Nzebi (Gabon)," JAL 7, 101-29.; Consonant system: p t k mb ɓ nd ɗ ŋɡ (pf) ts f s š x β mv nz m n ñ (ŋ) l ɾ Stops: p mb ɓ t nd ɗ k ŋɡ Affricates: (pf) ts Fricatives: β f mv s nz š x Nasals: m n ñ (ŋ) Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ v z Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all; Tones: hi lo ris fall; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 13; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 834: Language: Tsaangi; Location: Gabon; Population: 10,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Njebi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 835: Language: Mbede; Location: Gabon; Population: 60,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Mbede Dictionary: Biton, Alexandre. 1969. Dictionnaire ndumu-mbede-français et français-ndumu-mbede. Libreville, Gabon: Archéveché de Libreville.; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 836: Language: Mbede; Location: Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Mbede; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 837: Language: Mbama; Location: Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Mbede; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 838: Language: Ndumu; Location: Gabon; Population: 4,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Mbede Grammar: GD: Biton, Alexandre. 1969. Dictionnaire ndumu-mbede-français et français-ndumu-mbede. Libreville, Gabon: Archéveché de Libreville.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ ts č ɡ̌ f s š x v z ž m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: ts č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š ž x Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ ts dz č ɡ̌ f v Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i y e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 7 (people, animals, plants, measures, instruments, actions, abstractions) Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 3 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS/(POSS-N); Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 839: Language: Ngwii; Location: Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Mbede; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 840: Language: Ngul; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Mbede; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 841: Language: Kaningi; Location: Gabon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Mbede; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 842: Language: Ngu Ngwoni; Location: Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Teke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 843: Language: North Teke; Location: Congo; Population: 24,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Teke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 844: Language: Northeast Teke; Location: Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Teke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 845: Language: West Teke; Location: Congo; Population: 32,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Teke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 846: Language: Central Teke; Location: Congo; Population: 15,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Teke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 847: Language: Bali1; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Teke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 848: Language: East Teke; Location: Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Teke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 849: Language: South Teke; Location: Congo; Population: 14,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Teke Grammar: GD: Calloc'h, J. 1911. Vocabulaire français-ifumu (batéké). Paris: Paul Geuthner. Paulian, Christiane. 1975. Le kukuya. Paris: SELAF.; Consonant system: p t k b (d) pf ts bv dz f s (h) m (ɱ) n ñ ŋ l Stops: p b t (d) k Affricates: pf bv ts dz Fricatives: f s (h) Nasals: m (ɱ) n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ (f v) s z Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: I e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: ʋ o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: CV; Tones: hi lo; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 7 (humans, animals, things) Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 850: Language: Wuumu; Location: Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Teke; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 851: Language: Tiene; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Yanzi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 852: Language: Mfinu; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Yanzi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 853: Language: Mpuono; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Yanzi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 854: Language: Yanzi; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Yanzi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 855: Language: Di; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Yanzi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 856: Language: Mbuun; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone B: Yanzi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 857: Language: Ngando1; Location: Central African Republic; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Ngando; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 858: Language: Kota; Location: Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Ngando; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 859: Language: Kota; Location: Gabon; Population: 28,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Ngando; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 860: Language: Ngundi; Location: Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Ngundi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 861: Language: Pande; Location: Central African Republic; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Ngundi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 862: Language: Mbati; Location: S Central African Republic; Population: 15,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Ngundi; Other Sources: AGT; Consonant system: t k kp b ʔb d ʔd ɡ ɡb ɸ s z m n ñ l Stops: b ʔb t d ʔd k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: ɸ s z Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡb z Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ; Tones: extra-hi hi mid lo ris fall

~~Number:~~ 863: Language: Mbomotaba Alternate Name: Babole, Dibole; Location: Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Ngundi; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 864: Language: Bongili; Location: Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Ngundi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 865: Language: Lobala; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Ngundi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 866: Language: Mboko2; Location: Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Mboshi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 867: Language: Akwa; Location: NE Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Mboshi; Other Sources: AGT; Consonant system: p t k kp ɓ ɗ ɡ ɡb s v z m n ñ l Stops: p ɓ t ɗ k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: v s z Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡb z Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ; Tones: hi lo ris fall

~~Number:~~ 868: Language: Ngare; Location: Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Mboshi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 869: Language: Koyo; Location: Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Mboshi; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 870: Language: Mboshi; Location: Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Mboshi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 871: Language: Kwala; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Mboshi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 872: Language: Kuba; Location: Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Mboshi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 873: Language: Ngiri Alternate Name: Mabaale; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 6,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Bangi-Ntomba; Other Sources: Tanghe, J. 1929. "Mable Stories," BSOAS 5, 359-78 & 571-86.; Consonant system: p t k b (ɓ) d ɡ ɡ̌ f s ž m n ŋ l Stops: p b (ɓ) t d k ɡ Affricates: ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s ž Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ ɡ̌ s Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 14 Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 874: Language: Bobangi; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Bangi-Ntomba Grammar: GD: Whitehead, John. 1899. Grammar and Dictionary of the Bobangi Language. London. [Reprinted 1964 by Gregg Press, Ridgewood, NJ]; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ ts s z m n l Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: ts Fricatives: s z Nasals: m n Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i I e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ; Tones: hi lo Stress: initial; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 11 (kinship terms, names of foreign origin) Demonstratives: 3 this here, that yonder visible, that remote invisible (=ref); Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 875: Language: Sengele; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Bangi-Ntomba; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 876: Language: Sakata; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Bangi-Ntomba; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 877: Language: Ntomba Alternate Name: Bolia; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 45,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Bangi-Ntomba Grammar: GD: Mamet, M. 1955. La langue ntomba. Tervuren: Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge.; Consonant system: p t k b d (f) s h m n ŋ l Stops: p b t d k Fricatives: (f) s h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ s z ž Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Tones: hi lo ris fall Stress: root initial; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 9 Demonstratives: 3 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 878: Language: Losengo Dialect: Lingala; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 7 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Bangi-Ntomba Dictionary: Blavier, E. 1958. Dictionnaire-Woordenboeck: lingala-français-néerlandais. Leopoldville : La Librairie Congolaise. Grammar: GD: Guthrie, Malcolm. 1939. Grammaire et dictionnaire de lingala Cambridge, Eng: W. Heffer Sons. [Reprinted 1966 by Gregg Press, Farnborough, England]. Bwantsa-Kafungu, Pierre. 1970. Esquisse grammaticale de lingala. Kinshasa: Univ of Lovanium. Ellington, John. 1974. A Handbook of Kinshasa Lingala. n.p. Redden, James and F.Bongo. 1963. Lingala: Basic Course. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Service Institute.; TextBooks: Everbroeck, R. van. 1969. Le lingala: parlé et écrit. n.p.; Consonant system: p t k b (d) (ɡ) f s (h) v z m n l Stops: p b t (d) k (ɡ) Fricatives: f v s z (h) Nasals: m n Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ v z (p t k f s) cj b m n cʷ p b t k ɡ ts s z m n Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ; Syllable: (C)V Nˈ; Tones: hi lo ris fall (fall-ris) Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 8 (6 pl) Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3hH 6hH H=non-human; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP Comments: Lingala is used as a trade language along the Zaire River.

~~Number:~~ 879: Language: Buja; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 100,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Bangi-Ntomba; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 880: Language: Ngombe2; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 150,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Ngombe Dictionary: Rood, N. 1958. Ngombe-Nederlands-Frans Woordenboek. Tervuren: Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge. Grammar: GD: Ruskin, Edward Algernon. 1937. Notes on the Grammar of Lingombe. Bongandanga, Belgian Congo: CBM Press.; Consonant system: p t k kp b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡb ɡ̌ s h m n l Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ kp ɡb Affricates: ɡ̌ Fricatives: s h Nasals: m n Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡb ɡ̌ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all; Tones: hi lo ris fall; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 8 (persons) Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 881: Language: Ngombe2 Dialect: Ngiri Doko; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Ngombe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 882: Language: Ngombe2 Dialect: Doko; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Ngombe; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 883: Language: Bwela; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Ngombe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 884: Language: Bati2; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Ngombe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 885: Language: Bua2; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Ngombe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 886: Language: Beo Alternate Name: Lebeo; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Ngombe; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 887: Language: Mbesa; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Kele; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 888: Language: So2; Location: Cameroon; Population: 6,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Kele; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 889: Language: So2; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Kele; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 890: Language: Gesogo; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Kele

~~Number:~~ 891: Language: Lombo; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 10,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Kele; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 892: Language: Lokele; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 26,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Kele; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 893: Language: Foma; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Kele; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 894: Language: Mongo Dialect: Ekonda; Location: C Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 400,000 (80,000); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Mongo Dictionary: Hulstaert, G. 1952. Dictionnaire français-lomongo. Tervuren: Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge. Hulstaert, G. 1957. Dictionnaire lɔmɔ́ngɔ-français, 2 vols. Tervuren : Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge. Grammar: Rop, Albert de. 1958. Grammaire du lomongo. Leopoldville: Lovanium Univ. Hulstaert, G. 1961. Grammaire du lɔmɔ́ngɔ. Tervuren: Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale.; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system: (p) t k b d (ɡ) ts dz ɸ s (h) m n ñ ŋ l Stops: (p) b t d k (ɡ) Affricates: ts dz Fricatives: ɸ s (h) Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ ts dz s cj p mp b mb k ŋk ŋɡ m cʷ p mp b mb k ŋk ŋɡ ts nts dz ndz s ns m ñ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V Nˈ; Tones: hi lo ris fall Stress: stem initial; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 8 Demonstratives: 4 (3 + that invisible) + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 895: Language: Mongo Dialect: Oli; Location: SW Cameroon; Population: 200,000 (5,000); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Mongo; Other Sources: Hagège, Claude. 1967. "Description phonologique du parler wori," JWAL 4:2, 15-34.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ v s m n ñ ŋ l ɾ Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: v s Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡ̌; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Tones: hi lo ris fall

~~Number:~~ 896: Language: Lalia; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 30,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Mongo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 897: Language: Ngando2; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 121,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Mongo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 898: Language: Konda; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Mongo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 899: Language: Mbole; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 95,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Mongo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 900: Language: Ombo; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Mongo Grammar: Meeussen, A. E. 1952. Esquisse de la langue ombo. Tervuren: Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge.; Consonant system: (p) t k b (bv) č (bv) ɡ̌ (f) s m n ñ l (r) Stops: (p) b t k Affricates: (bv) č ɡ̌ Fricatives: (f) s Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Vibrants: (r) Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ č ɡ̌ s Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i I e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ o; Tones: hi lo (ris) (fall); Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 19 Demonstratives: 3 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 901: Language: Tetela; Location: C Democratic Republic of Congo (Eastern Kasai); Population: 30,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Tetela Dictionary: Hagendorens, J. 1957. Dictionnaire otɛtɛla-français. Tshumbɛ-Sainte-Marie. Grammar: Jacobs, John. 1962,1964. Tetela-Grammatica, 3 vols. Gent: Wetenschappelijke Uitgeverij en Boekhandel.; Other Sources: Jacobs, John. 1959. Tetela-Teksten. Tervuren: Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge. Labaera, Raphael. 1971. Orthographe de la langue tetela. Wezembeek-Oppem, Belgium.; Consonant system: p t k b d č ɡ̌ f s š h v m n ñ ŋ l Stops: p b t d k Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s š h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: c̄ all but l Nc Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: (ī) ē ɛ̄ ā ō ɔ̄ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V(C); Tones: hi lo (ris) (fall); Noun Classes: noun classes; Syntax: N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 902: Language: Kusu; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo (Maniema); Population: 26,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Tetela; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 903: Language: Nkutu; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Tetela; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 904: Language: Yela; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 33,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Tetela; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 905: Language: Kela; Location: C Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 90,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Tetela Grammar: Forges, Germaine. 1977. Le kela. Paris: SELAF.; Consonant system: p t̪ k b d̪ ɡ č ɡ̌ s̪ m n̪ ŋ Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: s̪ Nasals: m n̪ ŋ Modified Consonants: c̄ m n ŋ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ; Syllable: (C)(C)(G)V Nˈ; Tones: hi lo ris fall; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes Demonstratives: 3 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 906: Language: Ndengese; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 4,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Bushong; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 907: Language: Songomeno; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 35,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Bushong; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 908: Language: Bushong; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo (Kasai); Population: 29,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Northwest: Zone C: Bushong Grammar: GD: Vansina, J. 1959. Esquisse de grammaire bushong. Tervuren. Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge.; Consonant system: p t k b d č š m n ñ ŋ l Stops: p b t d k Affricates: č Fricatives: š Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: c̄ m n Nc p b t d k ɡ č š cj p b d k č m n ŋ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all; Tones: hi lo (ris) (fall); Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 15 Demonstratives: 3 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 909: Language: Lengola; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo (Maniema); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone D: Enya; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 910: Language: Mituku; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo (Orientale); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone D: Enya; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 911: Language: Enya; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone D: Enya; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 912: Language: Bali2; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo (Orientale); Population: 38,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone D: Lega-Kalanga; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 913: Language: North Binja Alternate Name: Songola; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone D: Lega-Kalanga; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 914: Language: Lega; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 33,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone D: Lega-Kalanga; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 915: Language: South Binja Alternate Name: Songola; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone D: Lega-Kalanga; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 916: Language: Holoholo; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 2,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone D: Lega-Kalanga Grammar: Coupez, A. 1955. Esquisse de la langue holoholo. Tervuren: Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge.; Consonant system: (p) t̪ k b (d̪) ɡ ɡ̌ (f) š h m n̪ ñ l̪ (r) Stops: (p) b t̪ (d̪) k ɡ Affricates: ɡ̌ Fricatives: (f) š h Nasals: m n̪ ñ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: (r) Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ ɡ̌ s Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i I e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: (u) ʋ o Long Vowels: v̄; Tones: hi lo ris fall; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 18; Syntax: SVO NA NG DN N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 917: Language: Piri; Location: Democratic Republic of the Congo (Nord-Kivu); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone D: Bira-Huku; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 918: Language: Bira; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 31,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone D: Bira-Huku; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 919: Language: Nyali Alternate Name: Huku; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 13,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone D: Bira-Huku; Other Sources: LSNBB IV; Consonant system:; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i I ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: v̄; Tones: hi lo; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 12 Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: NG

~~Number:~~ 920: Language: Bodo; Location: Sudan; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone D: Bira-Huku; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 921: Language: Komo Alternate Name: Kuumu; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone D: Bira-Huku; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 922: Language: Kare; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone D: Bira-Huku; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 923: Language: Nyanga1; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 25,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone D: Nyanga; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 924: Language: Bembe1; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone D: Bembe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 925: Language: Buyu; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone D: Bembe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 926: Language: Logoli; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone E: Logoli-Kuria; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 927: Language: Gusii; Location: SW Kenya (S Nyanza); Population: 700,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone E: Logoli-Kuria; Other Sources: Whiteley, W. H. 1960. The Tense System of Gusii. Kampala: East African Institute of Social Research.; Consonant system: (p) t k mb nd ŋɡ č ñɡ̌ s β ɣ m n ñ ŋ r Stops: (p) mb t nd k ŋɡ Affricates: č ñɡ̌ Fricatives: β s ɣ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc b t d k ɡ č ɡ̌ s cʷ b t k ɡ č s m n ñ ŋ r & all Nc except ñɡ̌ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)(w)V(C); Tones: hi mid lo ris fall; Syntax: SVO NA ND

~~Number:~~ 928: Language: Kuria; Population: 94,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone E: Logoli-Kuria; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 929: Language: Zanaki; Population: 23,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone E: Logoli-Kuria; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 930: Language: Nata; Population: 9,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone E: Logoli-Kuria; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 931: Language: Sonjo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone E: Logoli-Kuria; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 932: Language: Ngurimi; Population: 11,800; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone E: Logoli-Kuria; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 933: Language: Kikuyu; Location: Kenya; Population: 2 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone E: Kikuyu-Kamba Dictionary: Benson, T. G. 1964. Kikuyu-English Dictionary. London: Oxford Univ Press. Barlow, A. Ruffell. 1975. English-Kikuyu Dictionary. London: Oxford Univ Press.; TextBooks: Leakey, L. S. B. 1959. First Lessons in Kikuyu. Nairobi: The Eagle Press.; Other Sources: Armstrong, Lilias E. 1940. The Phonetic and Tonal Structure of Kikuyu. London: Oxford Univ Press.; Consonant system: t k (ʔ) mb nd ŋɡ č ñɡ̌ h β ð ɣ m n ñ ŋ ɹ Stops: mb t nd k ŋɡ (ʔ) Affricates: č ñɡ̌ Fricatives: β ð ɣ h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Vibrants: ɹ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all; Tones: hi mid lo ris fall Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 10 Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 934: Language: Embu; Population: 200,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone E: Kikuyu-Kamba; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 935: Language: Meru; Location: Kenya; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone E: Kikuyu-Kamba; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 936: Language: Tharaka; Location: Kenya; Population: 52,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone E: Kikuyu-Kamba Grammar: GD: Lindblom, Gerhard. 1914. Outlines of a Tharaka Grammar. Uppsala: Archives d'Études Orientales.; Consonant system: t k mb d ɡ G č ñɡ̌ θ s β ð m n ŋ (l) r Stops: mb t d k ɡ G Affricates: č ñɡ̌ Fricatives: β θ ð s Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: (l) Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc b t d ɡ ɡ̌ ð Glides: j w ɯ̯; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i I e ɛ Central Vowels: ǝ a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Diphthongs: ai au ao Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 9 Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA ND N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 937: Language: Kamba; Location: S Kenya; Population: 933,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone E: Kikuyu-Kamba Dictionary: Mbiti, John S. 1959. English-Kamba Vocabulary. Nairobi: The Eagle Press. A Kikamba-English Dictionary. 1970. Nairobi: Machakos. Grammar: Farnsworth, E. M. 1957. A Kamba Grammar. n.p. Africa Inland Mission. Lindblom, Gerhard. 1926. Notes on Kamba Grammar. Uppsala: Aktiebolag.; TextBooks: Whiteley, W. H and M. G. Muli. 1962. Practical Introduction to Kamba. London: Oxford Univ Press.; Other Sources: Ndumbu, J. M. G. and W. H. Whiteley. 1962. "Some Problems of Stability and Emphasis in Kamba One-Word Tenses," JAL 1, 167-80.; Consonant system: t̪ c k mb nd̪ ŋɡ č ɡ̌ s̪ š β ð nz ž ɣʷ m n̪ ñ ŋ l̪ ʎ Stops: mb t̪ nd̪ c k ŋɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: β ð s̪ nz š ž ɣʷ Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̪ ʎ Modified Consonants: Nc b t d ɡ ɡ̌ ð s z w cʷ t k ð β s m n ŋ l ɣ Glides: j ɥ w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i I ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all; Tones: hi mid lo hi-fall mid-fall Stress: root initial; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 10 Demonstratives: 2 + ref Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3* 6* 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+D+A; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 938: Language: Daiso; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone E: Kikuyu-Kamba; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 939: Language: Rwo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone E: Chaga; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 940: Language: Chaga; Location: Tanzania; Population: 237,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone E: Chaga; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 941: Language: Rusa; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone E: Chaga; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 942: Language: Kahe; Population: 1,800; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone E: Chaga; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 943: Language: Gweno; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone E: Chaga; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 944: Language: Pokomo; Population: 16,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone E: Nyika; Other Sources: WPF; Consonant system:; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3* 6*

~~Number:~~ 945: Language: Nyika; Population: 39,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone E: Nyika; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 946: Language: Digo; Population: 32,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone E: Nyika; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 947: Language: Taita; Location: Kenya; Population: 120,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone E: Nyika Grammar: Wray, J. Alfred. 1894. An Elementary Introduction to the Taita Language. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f s š h v z m n ŋ l ʎ r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l ʎ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: ? ʔc d ɡ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Diphthongs: ai au ei oi; Syllable: mˈ nˈ Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 9 Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 948: Language: Tongwe; Location: Tanzania; Population: 8,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone F: Tongwe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 949: Language: Bende; Location: Tanzania; Population: 7,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone F: Tongwe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 950: Language: Fipa; Location: Tanzania; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone F: Tongwe; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 951: Language: Sukuma; Location: N Tanzania (Lake); Population: 900,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone F: Sukuma-Nyamwezi Dictionary: Richardson, I. and W. M. Mann. 1966. "A Vocabulary of Sukuma," ALS 7, 1-79.; Other Sources: Batibo, Herman M. 1977. "La fonction expressive des phonèmes en kesukuma," Afrique et Language 8, 37-43. WALS; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f s h v z m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥ l Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z h Nasals: m m̥ n n̥ ñ ñ̥ ŋ ŋ̥ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ č ɡ f v s z Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all; Tones: hi mid lo ris; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 952: Language: Nyamwezi; Location: C Tanzania; Population: 365,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone F: Sukuma-Nyamwezi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 953: Language: Sumbwa; Location: Tanzania; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone F: Sukuma-Nyamwezi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 954: Language: Kimbu; Location: S Tanzania; Population: 9,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone F: Sukuma-Nyamwezi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 955: Language: Bungu; Location: Tanzania; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone F: Sukuma-Nyamwezi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 956: Language: Nyilamba; Location: Tanzania; Population: 170,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone F: Nyilamba-Langi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 957: Language: Rimi; Location: C Tanzania (Singida); Population: 180,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone F: Nyilamba-Langi Grammar: Olson, Howard Stanley. 1964 The Phonology and Morphology of Rimi. HSL 14.; Consonant system: t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ ɸ s x h β ɣ ʁ m n ñ ŋ l ɾ Stops: b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: ɸ β s x ɣ ʁ h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: Nc cʷ & cj are analysed as clusters Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i I e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: (ṽ) Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Tones: hi lo Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 958: Language: Langi; Location: Tanzania; Population: 95,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone F: Nyilamba-Langi; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 959: Language: Mbugwe; Location: Tanzania; Population: 7,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone F: Nyilamba-Langi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 960: Language: Mbugu; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone F: Nyilamba-Langi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 961: Language: Gogo; Location: EC Tanzania; Population: 270,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Gogo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 962: Language: Kaguru; Population: 60,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Gogo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 963: Language: Tubeta; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Shambala; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 964: Language: Casu Alternate Name: Asu; Location: Tanzania; Population: 99,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Shambala; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 965: Language: Shambala; Location: NE Tanzania; Population: 130,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Shambala; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 966: Language: Bondei; Location: NE Tanzania; Population: 30,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Shambala Grammar: GD: Woodward, H. W. 1882. Collections for a Handbook of the Boondéi Language. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f s š h v z m n ŋ l Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɔ Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 8 Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND/(DN) N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 967: Language: Zigula Alternate Name: Pare. Asu; Location: Tanzania; Population: 112,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Zigula-Zaramo; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 968: Language: Ngwele; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Zigula-Zaramo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 969: Language: Zaramo; Population: 180,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Zigula-Zaramo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 970: Language: Ngulu1; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Zigula-Zaramo

~~Number:~~ 971: Language: Ruguru; Population: 179,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Zigula-Zaramo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 972: Language: Kami; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Zigula-Zaramo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 973: Language: Kutu; Population: 15,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Zigula-Zaramo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 974: Language: Vidunda; Population: 10,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Zigula-Zaramo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 975: Language: Sagala; Population: 20,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Zigula-Zaramo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 976: Language: Tikuu; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Swahili; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 977: Language: Swahili; Location: E Tanzania; Population: 20 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Swahili Dictionary: Johnson, Frederick. 1971a. A Standard Swahili-English Dictionary. London: Oxford Univ Press. Johnson, Frederick. 1971b. A Standard English-Swahili Dictionary. London: Oxford Univ Press. Grammar: Polomé, Edgar C. 1967. Swahili Language Handbook. Washington, D.C.: CAL.; TextBooks: Ashton, E. O. 1947. Swahili Grammar. London: Longman. Haddon, Ernest B. 1955. Swahili Lessons. Cambridge, Eng: W. Heffer and Sons. Indakwa, John. 1975. Swahili: Conversation and Grammar. Houston: Gulf. Perrott, D. V. 1957. Teach Yourself Swahili. London: The English Universties Press.; Consonant system: p ph t th k kh b d ɡ č čh ɡ̌ f (θ) s š h v (ð) z (ɣ) m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ Affricates: č čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v (θ) (ð) s z š (ɣ) h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: (v̄); Syllable: (C)(C)V Nˈ Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 5 (human, body parts & plants & trees, natural phenomena, inanimate objects, abstract) Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3* 6* 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+D+NUM; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 978: Language: Pemba; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Swahili; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 979: Language: Komoro Dialect: Ngazija; Location: Comoro Is.; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Swahili; Other Sources: Tucker, A. N. and M. A. Bryan. 1970. "Tonal Classification of Nouns in Ngazija," ALS 11, 351-82.; Consonant system: p t̪ t k b ɓ d̪ d ɗ ɡ ts č dz ɡ̌ f s š h β v z m n ñ l r Stops: p b ɓ t̪ d̪ t d ɗ k ɡ Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌ Fricatives: β f v s z š h Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc all but β f s š h m n ñ l r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ ?; Tones: hi mid lo ris fall downstep Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes Demonstratives: 3; Syntax: NA NG ND N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 980: Language: Komoro Dialect: Kingwana; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Swahili Dictionary: Spinette, J. 1960. Vocabulaire kingwana-français. Brussels: Direction de l'Agriculture, des Forêts et de l'Élévage. Grammar: Whitehead, John and L. F. Whitehead. 1928. Manuel de kingwana. Belgian Congo.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č f s š h mv z m n l Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č Fricatives: f mv s z š h Nasals: m n Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ v z Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i I e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ o Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 9 Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 981: Language: Pogoro Alternate Name: Pogolo; Location: Tanzania; Population: 63,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Pogoro; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 982: Language: Ndamba; Population: 19,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Pogoro; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 983: Language: Sango2; Population: 23,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Bena-Kinga; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 984: Language: Sango2; Location: Central African Republic; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Bena-Kinga; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 985: Language: Sango2; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Bena-Kinga; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 986: Language: Sango2; Location: S Central African Republic; Population: 1.5 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Bena-Kinga Dictionary: Taber, Charles R. 1965. A Dictionary of Sango. Hartford: Hartford Seminary Foundation. Grammar: Samarin, William. 1967. A Grammar of Sango. The Hague: Mouton. Samarin, W. J. 1970. Sango: Langue de l'Afrique Centrale. Leiden: E. J. Brill.; TextBooks: Samarin, William J. 1967. Lessons in Sango, 2 vols. Hartford: Hartford Seminary Foundation.; Other Sources: Taber, Charles R. 1964. French Loan Words in Sango: A Statistical Analysis of Incidence. HSL 12.; Consonant system: p t k kp b ɓ d (ɗ) ɡ ɡb f s h v z m n l ɾ Stops: p b ɓ t d (ɗ) k ɡ kp ɡb Fricatives: f v s z h Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡb (v) z Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: ī ā ō Nasal Vowels: æ̃ ã ũ ɒ̃; Tones: hi mid lo (ris) (fall) Stress: non-phonemic; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 1 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 5=6; Syntax: SVO AN/NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP Comments: Sango is a lingua franca based on Ngbandi, with French and Bantu loans.

~~Number:~~ 987: Language: Hehe; Location: EC Tanzania; Population: 192,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Bena-Kinga; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 988: Language: Bena; Population: 158,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Bena-Kinga; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 989: Language: Pangwa; Location: Tanzania; Population: 38,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Bena-Kinga; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 990: Language: Kinga; Location: Tanzania; Population: 57,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Bena-Kinga; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 991: Language: Wanji; Population: 18,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Bena-Kinga; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 992: Language: Kisi2; Population: 4,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Bena-Kinga; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 993: Language: Kisi2; Location: Liberia; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone G: Bena-Kinga; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 994: Language: Bembe2; Location: Congo; Population: 35,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone H: Kongo; Other Sources: Jacquot, A. 1962. "Notes sur la phonologie du beembe (Congo)," JAL 1, 232-42.; Consonant system: ph th kh b d ɡ pfh tsh bv dz f s v z m n l Stops: ph b th d kh ɡ Affricates: pfh bv tsh dz Fricatives: f v s z Nasals: m n Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc ? Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all v̄̃ all; Tones: hi lo ris fall; Syntax: SVO NA

~~Number:~~ 995: Language: Yombe; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone H: Kongo Grammar: Clercq, L. de. 1921. Grammaire du kiyombe. Brussels: Goemaere.; Other Sources: Meeussen, A. E. and D. Ndembe. 1964. "Principes de tonologie yombe (Kongo Occidental)," JAL 3, 135-61.; Consonant system: p ph t th k kh b d ŋɡ (pf) ts f s v z m n ñ ŋ l Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ŋɡ Affricates: (pf) ts Fricatives: f v s z Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ v z Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: Nˈ; Tones: hi lo ris fall; Noun Classes: noun classes Demonstratives: 3 Articles: def; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 996: Language: Kunyi; Location: Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone H: Kongo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 997: Language: Ndingi; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone H: Kongo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 998: Language: Mboka; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone H: Kongo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 999: Language: Kongo Alternate Name: Fiote; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 1.5 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone H: Kongo Dictionary: Laman, K. E. and M. Westling. 1972. Vocabulaire kikongo-français - français-kikongo. Kinshasa: Leco. Grammar: GD: Bentley, W. Holman. 1887, 1895. Dictionary and Grammar of the Kongo language, 2 vols. London: Baptist Missionary Society. [Reprinted 1967 by Gregg Press, Farnborough, England]; TextBooks: Dereau, Léon. 1955. Cours de kikongo. Namur, Belgium: Wesmael-Charlier.; Other Sources: Lumwamu, François. 1973. Essai de morphosyntaxe systématique des parlers kongo. Paris: Klincksieck.; Consonant system: p t k b d ŋɡ pf ts dz f s (h) v z ɣ m n (ŋ) l Stops: p b t d k ŋɡ Affricates: pf ts dz Fricatives: f v s z ɣ (h) Nasals: m n (ŋ) Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ f v s z Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)V mˈ; Tones: hi lo; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 12 Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3* 6* 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+D+A; Prep/Post: PREP Comments: Widely used as a lingua franca.

~~Number:~~ 1000: Language: Dondo; Location: Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone H: Kongo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1001: Language: North Mbundu; Location: Angola; Population: 1.7 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone H: Mbundu Dictionary: Alves, Albino. 1951. Dicionário Etimológico Bundo-Português. Lisbon: Tipografia Silvas. Grammar: Chatelain, Heli. 1888-89. Grammatica Elementar do Kimbundu. Geneva. [Reprinted 1964 by Gregg Press, Ridgewood, NJ.; TextBooks: DT: Maia, António da Silva. 1964. Lições de Gramática de Quimbundo. Cucujães, Angola.; Consonant system: p t k mb nd ŋɡ f s š h v nz ñž m n l r Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ Fricatives: f v s nz š ñž h Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ z ž Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɔ Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 10 Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1002: Language: Sama; Population: 9,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone H: Mbundu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1003: Language: Bolo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone H: Mbundu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1004: Language: Songo; Population: 15,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone H: Mbundu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1005: Language: Yaka2; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone H: Yaka; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1006: Language: Yaka2; Location: Cameroon; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone H: Yaka; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1007: Language: Yaka2; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 37,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone H: Yaka Grammar: van den Eynde, Karel. 1968. Éléments de grammaire yaka. Kinshasa: Univ Lovanium.; Consonant system: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh b mb nd̪ ɡ ŋɡ pf t̪s mbv nd̪z f s̪ h v z̪ m n̪ l̪ (r) Stops: p ph b mb t̪ t̪h nd̪ k kh ɡ ŋɡ Affricates: pf mbv t̪s nd̪z Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ h Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: (r) Modified Consonants: Nc b d̪ ɡ bv dz Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Tones: hi lo fall; Syntax: SVO NA

~~Number:~~ 1008: Language: Yaka2; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone H: Yaka; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1009: Language: Suku; Population: 74,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone H: Yaka; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1010: Language: Hungu; Population: 66,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone H: Yaka; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1011: Language: Mbangala; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone H: Yaka; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1012: Language: Sinji Alternate Name: Shingi; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone H: Yaka; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1013: Language: Hungana; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone H: Hungana; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1014: Language: Nyoro Dialect: Nyankole, Runyankore, Gungu; Location: Uganda; Population: 810,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Nyoro-Luganda Dictionary: Taylor, C. 1959. A Simplified Runyankore-Rukiga-English and English-Runyankore-Rukiga Dictionary. Kampala: The Eagle Press.; TextBooks: Morris, H. F. and B. E. R. Kirwan. 1957. A Runyankore Grammar. Kampala: The Eagle Press.; Consonant system: (p) t̪ k ɡ mb nd ts č f s š h β v nz ž m n ñ r Stops: (p) mb t̪ nd k ɡ Affricates: ts č Fricatives: β f v s nz š ž h Nasals: m n ñ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc p b t̪ d k ɡ ts č f v s z š ž cj cʷ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: I ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō Diphthongs: ai ei oi; Syllable: (C)V Nˈ; Tones: hi lo; Noun Classes: 13 Demonstratives: 4: this near at hand-position known/that far away-position known/that some distance away-position unknown (=ref)/that neither present nor previously mentioned Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+D+A+Num; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1015: Language: Luganda Alternate Name: Ganda; Location: Uganda; Population: 1.6 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Nyoro-Luganda Dictionary: Snoxall, R. A., ed. 1967. Luganda-English Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Murphy, John D. 1972. Luganda-English Dictionary. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic Univ of America Press.; TextBooks: Ashton, E. O., et al. 1954. A Luganda Grammar. London: Longmans. Chesswas, J. D. 1963. The Essentials of Luganda. London: Oxford Univ Press. Kamoga, Frederick K. and Earl W. Stevick. 1968. Luganda Basic Course. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Service Institute.; Other Sources: Tucker, A. N. 1962. "The Syllable in Luganda: A Prosodic Approach," JAL 1, 122-66. Cole, Desmond T. 1967. Some Features of Ganda Linguistic Structure. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand Univ Press.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f s v z m n n ̃ ŋ l (r) Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: (r) Modified Consonants: c̄ all but l j w Nc p b t d k ɡ č ɡ̌ f v s z cj p b t d k ɡ m n l (r) cʷ p b t d k ɡ č ɡ̌ s z m n ñ ŋ l (r) Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ; Tones: hi-lev lo-lev hi-fall downdrift downstep; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 12 Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3* 6* 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND/(DN) N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1016: Language: Soga; Population: 745,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Nyoro-Luganda; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1017: Language: Gwere; Population: 162,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Nyoro-Luganda; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1018: Language: Nyala; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Nyoro-Luganda; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1019: Language: Karagwe Alternate Name: Nyambo; Location: Tanzania; Population: 4,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Haya-Kwaya; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1020: Language: Haya; Location: Tanzania; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Haya-Kwaya; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 1021: Language: Dzindza; Population: 67,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Haya-Kwaya; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1022: Language: Kerebe; Population: 31,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Haya-Kwaya; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1023: Language: Kwaya; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Haya-Kwaya; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1024: Language: Masaba; Location: E Uganda; Population: 510,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Masaba-Luyia; Other Sources: Brown, Gillian. 1972. Phonological Rules and Dialect Variation. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f s β z m n ŋ l Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: β f s z Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡ̌ z Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Tones: hi lo fall downstep; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 21 Demonstratives: 2; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND

~~Number:~~ 1025: Language: Luyia; Location: SW Kenya (Nyanza); Population: 1.5 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Masaba-Luyia; TextBooks: Appleby, L. L. 1961. A First Luyia Grammar. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ ts č dz ɡ̌ ɸ s š x β z ɦ m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌ Fricatives: ɸ β s z š x ɦ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡ̌ z Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i (y) e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 12 Demonstratives: 4 [3 + this near at hand, but not actually within reach); Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+D+A+Num/N+D+Num+A; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1026: Language: Nyole; Location: SE Uganda (Bukedi); Population: 140,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Masaba-Luyia; Other Sources: Eastman, Carol M. 1972. "Lunyole of the Bamenya," JAL 11:3, 63-78.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ fʷ s h vʷ m n ñ ŋ l (r) Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: fʷ vʷ s h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: (r) Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Tones: hi mid lo fall; Noun Classes: 15 Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA ND N-NUM N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 1027: Language: Nyole; Location: Uganda; Population: 620,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Masaba-Luyia Grammar: GD: Maddox, H. E. 1902. An Elementary Lunyoro Grammar. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.; Consonant system: p t k d ɡ č ɡ̌ fʷ s h β z m n ɾ r Stops: p t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: β fʷ s z h Nasals: m n Vibrants: ɾ r Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ č fʷ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄; Syllable: (C)V; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 10 (humans, trees, countries & places, abstract, diminutive) Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+D+A+Num; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1028: Language: Suamia; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Masaba-Luyia; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1029: Language: Nyuli; Population: 57,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Masaba-Luyia; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1030: Language: Syan; Location: E Uganda; Population: 10,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Masaba-Luyia; Other Sources: Huntingford, G. W. B. 1965. "The Orusyan Language of Uganda," JAL 4, 145-69.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f s h v z m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ f v s z cj t k č v s m n r cʷ p t k ɡ f v s m r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ɛ̃ ã; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 18 Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1031: Language: Konzo; Location: W Uganda; Population: 162,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Konzo; Other Sources: Tucker, A. N. 1960. "Notes on Konzo," ALS 1, 16-41.; Consonant system: t c k mb nd ŋɡ ts tr dr ɡ̌ ñ̃ɡ̌ f s h β nz ɣ m n l ḷ r Stops: mb t nd c k ŋɡ Affricates: ts tr dr ɡ̌ ñ̃ɡ̌ Fricatives: β f s nz ɣ h Nasals: m n Laterals: l ḷ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡ̌ z Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i I ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ; Tones: hi mid lo (ris) fall Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 15 Demonstratives: 3 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1032: Language: Nande; Population: 225,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Konzo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1033: Language: Hunde; Population: 33,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Shi-Havu; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 1034: Language: Havu; Population: 50,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Shi-Havu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1035: Language: Shi Alternate Name: Mashi; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 4,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Shi-Havu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1036: Language: Fuliru; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 56,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Shi-Havu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1037: Language: Vira; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Shi-Havu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1038: Language: Kabwari; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Shi-Havu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1039: Language: Tembo1 Alternate Name: Nyabungu; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 15,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Shi-Havu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1040: Language: Rwanda Alternate Name: Kinyarwanda; Location: Rwanda; Population: 5 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Rwanda-Rundi Dictionary: Schumacher, Pierre. 1956. Dictionnaire phonétique: français-runyarwanda - runyarwanda-français. Kabgayi: Vicariat Apostolique.; TextBooks: Hurel, Eugene. 1959. Grammaire kinyarwanda. Kabgayi. Overdulve, C. M. 1975. Apprendre la langue rwanda. The Hague: Mouton.; Consonant system: p t k d ɡ pf ts č f s š h β v z ž m n ñ r Stops: p t d k ɡ Affricates: pf ts č Fricatives: β f v s z š ž h Nasals: m n ñ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ f v s z š ž h r cj cʷ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V; Tones: hi lo; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 10 Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6 3, 6d & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG DN N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1041: Language: Rundi; Location: Burundi; Population: 3.7 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Rwanda-Rundi Dictionary: Bonneau, H. 1950. Dictionnaire français-kirundi, kirundi-français. Usumbura. Rodegem, F. M. 1970. Dictionnaire rundi-français. Tervuren: Annales du Musée Royal de L'Afrique Centrale. Cox, Elizabeth E. n.d. Dictionary Kirundi-English, English-Kirundi. Chicago: Irvin L. Young Foundation. Grammar: Meeussen, A. E. 1959. "Essai de grammaire rundi," Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge, Linguistique, vol 24, 9-15. Rodegem, F. M. 1967. Précis de grammaire rundi. Brussels: E. Story-Scientia.; Other Sources: Bouquiaux, Luc. 1973. "Quelques réflexions sur le système phonologique du rundi," in Problèmes de phonologie, Paris, SELAF, 113-9.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ pf ts č f s š h v z ž m n ñ r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: pf ts č Fricatives: f v s z š ž h Nasals: m n ñ Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ f v s z š šj ž žj pf ts č čj cj t č v š ž m n r cʷ b t d k ɡ ts č f s š h m n r ž Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Tones: hi lo hi-fall ris-fall; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 10 Demonstratives: 3 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6 3, 6d & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG DN N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1042: Language: Shubi; Population: 74,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Rwanda-Rundi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1043: Language: Hangaza; Population: 54,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Rwanda-Rundi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1044: Language: Vinza; Population: 3,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Rwanda-Rundi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1045: Language: Yeci; Location: Angola; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Holu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1046: Language: Holu; Location: Angola; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Holu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1047: Language: Chokwe Alternate Name: Guioca; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 1 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Chokwe-Luchazi Grammar: Santos, Eduardo dos. 1962. Elementos de Gramática Guioca. Lisbon: Agência Geral do Ultramar.; Other Sources: Martins, João Vicente. 1951. Subsı́dios Etnográficos para a História dos Povos de Angola. Lisbon: Agência Geral do Ultramar.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f s š h v z ž m n ñ l ɾ Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š ž h Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ v z ž; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 12 (rational beings, trees, abstract nouns, verbs used as nouns) Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1048: Language: Luimbi; Location: Angola; Population: 500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Chokwe-Luchazi Dictionary: Baião, Domingos Vieira. 1939. Dicionário Ganguela-Portugês. Lisbon: Centro de Estudos Filológicos. Grammar: Baião, Domingos Vieira. 1938. Elementos de Gramática Ganguela. Lisbon: Centro de Estudos Filológicos.; Consonant system: p t k mb nd ŋɡ ts č ndz ñɡ̌ (θ) s h v z m n ñ l Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ Affricates: ts ndz č ñɡ̌ Fricatives: v (θ) s z h Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ ts dz ɡ̌ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɔ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Noun; Number: s p Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1049: Language: Luchazi Alternate Name: Lucazi; Population: 60,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Chokwe-Luchazi; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 1050: Language: Lwena Alternate Name: Luvale; Location: E Angola (Moxico); Population: 90,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Chokwe-Luchazi Dictionary: Horton, A. E. 1953. A Dictionary of Luvale. El Monte, CA: Rahn Brothers Printing. Grammar: Horton, A. E. 1949. A Grammar of Luvale. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand Univ Press. White, C. M. N. 1949. A Short Lwena Grammar. London: Longmans.; Consonant system: p t̪ k mb nd̪ ŋɡ č ñɡ̌ f s̪ š h v z̪ ž m n̪ ñ ŋ ľ̪ Stops: p mb t̪ nd̪ k ŋɡ Affricates: č ñɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž h Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: ľ̪ Modified Consonants: cj p v h m l cʷ p mb t nd k ŋɡ f v s h m n ñ l Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)(G)V; Tones: hi hi-mid lo-mid lo Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 10 (persons, trees, liquids, body parts, inanimate) Demonstratives: 4 (3 + this here); Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND/DN N-NUM N-POSS N+A+Num; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1051: Language: Mbuunda; Population: 25,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Chokwe-Luchazi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1052: Language: Nyengo; Population: 5,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Chokwe-Luchazi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1053: Language: Mbwela; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Chokwe-Luchazi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1054: Language: Nkangala; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Chokwe-Luchazi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1055: Language: Ngangela; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Chokwe-Luchazi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1056: Language: Salampasu; Population: 60,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Salampasu-Ndembo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1057: Language: Ndembo; Location: Zambia; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Salampasu-Ndembo; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1058: Language: Ruund Alternate Name: Lunda; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 82,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Salampasu-Ndembo; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 1059: Language: Luyi Alternate Name: Luyana; Location: SW Zambia (Western); Population: 50,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Kwangwa Grammar: Jacottet, E. 1896. Études sur les langues du Haut-Zambèze. Paris: Ernest Leroux. Givón, Talmy. 1970. The Si-Luyana Language. Lusaka, Zambia: Insitute for Social Research, Univ of Zambia.; Consonant system: p t̪ k mb nd̪ ŋɡ č (ñɡ̌) f s̪ β m n̪ ñ ŋ l̪ Stops: p mb t̪ nd̪ k ŋɡ Affricates: č (ñɡ̌) Fricatives: β f s̪ Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Laterals: l̪ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)(G)V Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 9 (6 pl) Demonstratives: 4 (3 + close to both speaker & hearer); Syntax: SVO NA NG ND/DN N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1060: Language: Mbowe; Location: SW Zambia (Western); Population: 5,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Kwangwa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1061: Language: Kwangali; Location: Namibia; Population: 24,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Kwangwa Grammar: Westphal, E. O. J. 1958. Kwangari. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, Univ of London.; Consonant system: p mph t̪ t nth k ŋkh d̪ d ɡ č ñɡ̌ f s̪ x β v z̪ m n̪ n l r Stops: p mph t̪ d̪ t nth d k ŋkh ɡ Affricates: č ñɡ̌ Fricatives: β f v s̪ z̪ x Nasals: m n̪ n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc p ph b t̪ t th d k kh ɡ ɡ̌ f v s z x j Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o; Syllable: CV(C); Tones: hi lo downdrift; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: noun classes Demonstratives: 4 (3 + yonder far); Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1062: Language: Masi; Location: Zambia; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Kwangwa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1063: Language: Simaa; Location: Zambia (Western); Population: 9,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Kwangwa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1064: Language: Sanjo; Location: Zambia; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Kwangwa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1065: Language: Kwangwa; Location: Zambia (Western); Population: 26,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Kwangwa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1066: Language: Gova; Location: Namibia; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Kwangwa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1067: Language: Totela; Location: Zambia (Western); Population: 14,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Subia; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1068: Language: Subia; Location: Zambia; Population: 4,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Subia Grammar: Jacottet, E. 1896. Études sur les langues du Haut Zambèze. Paris: Ernest Leroux.; Consonant system: p t̪ k b (d̪) ɡ č ɡ̌ f s̪ š h v z̪ m n̪ ñ (ŋ) l̪ Stops: p b t̪ (d̪) k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š h Nasals: m n̪ ñ (ŋ) Laterals: l̪ Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ č ɡ̌ f v s z Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɔ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)(G)V Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 9 (6 pl) Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG DN/ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1069: Language: Mbala; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Mbala; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1070: Language: Diriku; Location: Namibia; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Diriku; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1071: Language: Bwile; Location: Zambia; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone L: Bwile; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1072: Language: Kete; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone L: Songye; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 1073: Language: Mbagani; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone L: Songye; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1074: Language: Songye; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 200,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone L: Songye; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1075: Language: Luna; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone L: Songye; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1076: Language: Budya; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone L: Songye; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1077: Language: Bangubangu; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone L: Songye Grammar: Meeussen, A. E. 1954. Linguistische Schets van het Bangubangu. Tervuren: Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge.; Consonant system: (p) t ʔ b mb nd ɡ ŋɡ (č) f s š h v z ž m n ñ ŋ l Stops: (p) b mb t nd ɡ ŋɡ ʔ Affricates: (č) Fricatives: f v s z š ž h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 9; Syntax: NA N-NUM

~~Number:~~ 1078: Language: Luba-Kasai; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 3.4 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone L: Luba Dictionary: Clercq, A. de. 1960. Dictionnaire tshiluba-français. Leopoldville: Société Missionnaire de St. Paul. Grammar: Coupez, A. 1954. Études sur la langue luba. Tervuren: Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge. Willems, P. E. 1955. Le tshiluba du Kasayi. Luluabourg: Mission de Scheut.; Consonant system: t k b d č f s š v z ž m n ñ ŋ l Stops: b t d k Affricates: č Fricatives: f v s z š ž Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ f v s z š ž Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: Nˈ; Tones: hi lo ris fall; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 8 (human, animals, objects, abstract) Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND/DN N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS N+A+D; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1079: Language: Kanyok; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone L: Luba; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1080: Language: Luba-Shaba Alternate Name: Kiluba; Location: SW Democratic Republic of Congo (Katanga); Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone L: Luba Dictionary: Avermaet, E. van. 1954. Dictionnaire kiluba-français. Tervuren: Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge. Grammar: Nkiko, Munya Rugero. 1975. Esquisse grammaticale de la langue luba-shaba. Lubumbashi: Univ Nationale du Zaı̈re; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ f s v z m n l Stops: p b t d k ɡ Fricatives: f v s z Nasals: m n Laterals: l Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony nasal harmony; Syllable: (N)(C)(G)V; Tones: hi lo ris fal; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 16 (human, kinship terms, animals, body parts) Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND/DN N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1081: Language: Hemba; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone L: Luba; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 1082: Language: Sanga; Location: Nigeria (Bauchi); Population: 15,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone L: Luba; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1083: Language: Kaonde; Population: 38,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone L: Kaonde; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1084: Language: Mbwera; Population: 36,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone L: Nkoya; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1085: Language: Nkoya; Population: 19,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone L: Nkoya; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1086: Language: Pimbwe; Population: 8,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Rungu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1087: Language: Rungwa; Location: Tanzania; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Rungu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1088: Language: Rungu; Population: 24,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Rungu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1089: Language: Mambwe; Location: Zambia; Population: 15,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Rungu Grammar: London Missionary Society. 1962. Cimambwe Grammar. Lusaka: Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland Publications Bureau.; Consonant system: p t k b nd ɡ č ɡ̌ f s v z m n ñ ŋ l Stops: p b t nd k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ ɡ̌ f s cʷ ? Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o; Tones: hi lo; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 8 Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+NUM+A; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1090: Language: Ndali; Location: Tanzania; Population: 57,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Nyika-Safwa; Other Sources: Vail, Leroy. 1972. "The Noun Classes of Ndali," JAL 11:3, 21-47.; Consonant system: p t k mb nd ŋɡ č ñɡ̌ f s š h β ɣ m n ñ ŋ l Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ Affricates: č ñɡ̌ Fricatives: β f s š ɣ h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: cj p β f m l cʷ p mb t k ŋɡ f s m l Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 21 Demonstratives: 3; Syntax: NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1091: Language: Mwanga; Population: 32,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Nyika-Safwa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1092: Language: Nyiha; Population: 59,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Nyika-Safwa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1093: Language: Malila; Population: 17,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Nyika-Safwa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1094: Language: Safwa; Population: 46,200; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Nyika-Safwa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1095: Language: Iwa; Population: 7,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Nyika-Safwa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1096: Language: Tembo2; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Nyika-Safwa; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1097: Language: Nyakyusa; Location: Tanzania; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Nyakyusa; Other Sources: Johnson, Frederick. 1921-23. "Notes on Kimakonde," BSOAS 2, 417-66.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ s h hʷ m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: s h hʷ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: cʷ h Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 8 Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: NA ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1098: Language: Taabwa; Location: Democratic Republic of Congo; Population: 13,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Bemba; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 1099: Language: Bemba; Population: 1 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Bemba; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 1100: Language: Aushi; Population: 29,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Bemba; Other Sources: E; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 1101: Language: Bisa; Population: 41,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Bisa-Lamba Grammar: GD: Madan, A.C. 1906. Wisa Handbook. Oxford: Clarendon Press.; Consonant system: p t k mb nd ŋɡ č ñ̃ɡ̌ f s βʷ v z m n ŋ l Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ Affricates: č ñ̃ɡ̌ Fricatives: βʷ f v s z Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡ̌ Glides: j; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 10 Demonstratives: 3 + ref Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 2=3; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1102: Language: Lala; Population: 64,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Bisa-Lamba; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1103: Language: Swaka; Population: 12,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Bisa-Lamba; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1104: Language: Lamba; Location: Togo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Bisa-Lamba; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1105: Language: Lamba; Population: 75,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Bisa-Lamba; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1106: Language: Seba; Population: 7,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Bisa-Lamba; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1107: Language: Lenje; Population: 33,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Lenje-Tonga; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1108: Language: Soli; Population: 13,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Lenje-Tonga; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1109: Language: Ila; Location: Zambia; Population: 130,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Lenje-Tonga Grammar: GD: Smith, Edwin W. 1907. A Handbook of the Ila Language. Oxford. [Reprinted 1964 by Gregg Press, Ridgewood, NJ]; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f s š h v vh z ž m n ŋ l (r) Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v vh s z š ž h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: (r) Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ č ɡ̌ f vh s z š cj cʷ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: I ɛ æ Back Vowels: ʋ o ɔ Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō Diphthongs: ai oi; Syllable: (C)V; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 9 Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 2=3 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1110: Language: Tonga1; Population: 90,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Lenje-Tonga; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1111: Language: Tonga1; Location: Zambia; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Lenje-Tonga; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1112: Language: Manda; Population: 10,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone N: Manda; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1113: Language: Matengo; Population: 58,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone N: Manda; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1114: Language: Mpoto; Population: 58,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone N: Manda; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1115: Language: Tonga2; Location: Malawi; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone N: Manda; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1116: Language: Tumbuka; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone N: Tumbuka; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1117: Language: Nyanja Alternate Name: Chichewa; Location: Malawi; Population: 1 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone N: Nyanja Dictionary: English-Cinyanja Dictionary. n.d. London: United Society for Christian Literature. Scott, David Clement. 1929. Dictionary of the Nyanja Language. London: United Society for Christian Literature. Dicionário Cinyanja-Português. 1963. Lisbon: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar. Dicionário Portugês-Cinyanja. 1964. Lisbon: Junta de Investigaçõs do Ultramar. Grammar: Elementos de Gramática Cinyanja. 1964. Lisbon: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar.; TextBooks: Thomoson, T. D. 1955. A practical Approach to Chinyanja. Zomba, Malawi: Government Printer. Price, Thomas. 1966. The Elements of Nyanja for English-Speaking Students. Blantyre, Malawi: The Synod Bookshop.; Consonant system: p ph t th k kh b d ɡ ts č dz ɡ̌ f s (h) v z m n ŋ l (r) Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ Affricates: ts dz č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z (h) Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: (r) Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ ts č ɡ̌ f v s z Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)(G) V Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 8 (personal, impersonal, abstract, diminutives) Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+NUM +D; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1118: Language: Senga Alternate Name: Nsenga; Location: Zambia; Population: 45,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone N: Senga-Sena; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 1119: Language: Kunda; Population: 73,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone N: Senga-Sena; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1120: Language: Nyungwe; Location: Mozambique; Population: 700,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone N: Senga-Sena Grammar: Courtois, Victor José. 1899. Elementos de Grammatica Tetense. Coimbra: Universidade de Coimbra.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f s š h v z m n l r Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š h Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 9 (persons, inanimate, abstract, diminutives) Demonstratives: 3 Articles: indef; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1121: Language: Sena; Location: Mozambique; Population: 200,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone N: Senga-Sena Dictionary: Alves, P. Albano. 1957. Dicionário Português-Chisena e Chisena-Português. Beira: Tipografia da Escola de Artes e Ofı́cios. Grammar: Torrend, J. 1900. Grammatica do Chisena. Chipanga, Zambia.; Consonant system: p ph t th k kh b d ɡ ts č čh dz ɡ̌ f fh s š h v z m n ñ l Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ Affricates: ts dz č čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: f fh v s z š h Nasals: m n ñ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ ts dz č ɡ̌ f v s z Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 10 Demonstratives: 4: near person speaking, in hands of or joined to person speaking, near person spoken to, remote from both speaker and person spoken to.; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1122: Language: Rue; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone N: Senga-Sena; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1123: Language: Podzo; Population: 5,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone N: Senga-Sena; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1124: Language: Ndengereko; Population: 53,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone P: Matumbi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1125: Language: Ruihi; Population: 71,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone P: Matumbi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1126: Language: Matumbi; Location: Tanzania; Population: 41,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone P: Matumbi; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 1127: Language: Ngindo; Population: 85,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone P: Matumbi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1128: Language: Mbunga; Population: 10,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone P: Matumbi; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1129: Language: Yao; Location: N Mozambique (Niassa); Population: 127,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone P: Yao Dictionary: Sanderson, G. Meredith. 1954. A Dictionary of the Yao Language. Zomba, Malawi: Government Printer. José Viana, Miguel. 1961. Dicionário de Portugês-Chi-Yao e Chi-Yao- Português. Memórias do Instituto de Investigação Cientı́fia de Moçambique 3, 1-172. Grammar: Sanderson, Meredith. 1922. A Yao Grammar. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.; Other Sources: Whiteley, W. H. 1966. A Study of Yao Sentences. Oxford: Charendon Press.; Consonant system: p t c k mb ɓ nd ɗ ñɟ ʄ ŋɡ ɠ č (f) v s š m n ñ ŋ l ʎ Stops: p mb ɓ t nd ɗ c ñɟ ʄ k ŋɡ ɠ Affricates: č Fricatives: (f) v s š Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l ʎ Modified Consonants: cj p mNc b d ɟ ɡ cj p m Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all; Tones: hi lo ris fall; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 15 (human, trees, fruits, inanimate, birds, animals, natural phenomena) Demonstratives: 2 + ref Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3* 6* 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1130: Language: Mwera; Location: S Tanzania; Population: 126,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone P: Yao Grammar: Harries, Lyndon. 1950. A Grammar of Mwera. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand Univ Press.; Consonant system: pʔ t̪ k mb nd̪ ŋɡ č ɡ̌ h β m n̪ n ñ ŋ l Stops: pʔ mb t̪ nd̪ k ŋɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: β h Nasals: m n̪ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ ɡ̌ cj many cʷ many Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)V Nˈ; Tones: hi mid lo Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 10 (persons, proper names, kinship terms, trees, body parts, fruits, animals) Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND/(DN) N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1131: Language: Makonde; Location: Mozambique; Population: 281,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone P: Yao; Other Sources: WALS; Consonant system:; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 1132: Language: Ndonde; Population: 12,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone P: Yao; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1133: Language: Mabiha; Population: 70,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone P: Yao; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1134: Language: Makua; Location: Mozambique; Population: 1 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone P: Makua Dictionary: Matos, Alexandre Valente de. 1974. Dicionário Português-Macua. Lisbon: Junta de Investigações Cientı́ficas do Ultramar. Grammar: Sacramento, José Vicente do. 1906. Apontamentos soltos da Lı́ngua Macúa. Lisbon: Typographia Universal.; Consonant system: p ph t th k kh (b) (d) ts č ɡ̌ (f) s š h m n ñ r Stops: p ph (b) t th (d) k kh Affricates: ts č ɡ̌ Fricatives: (f) s š h Nasals: m n ñ Vibrants: r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 6 (5 pl) Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1135: Language: Lomwe; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone P: Makua; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1136: Language: Ngulu2; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone P: Makua; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1137: Language: Ngulu2; Population: 65,500; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone P: Makua; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1138: Language: Ngulu2; Location: Tanzania; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone P: Makua; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1139: Language: Chuabo; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone P: Makua; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1140: Language: South Mbundu; Location: C Angola; Population: 1.7 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone R: South Mbundu Dictionary: Le Guennec, Grégoire and José Francisco Valente. 1972. Dicionário Português-Umbundu. Luanda: Instituto de Investigação Cientı́fica de Angola. Grammar: Valente, José Francisco. 1964. Gramática Umbundu. Lisbon: Junta de Investigacões do Ultramar.; Consonant system: p t k mb nd ŋɡ č ñ̃ɡ̌ f s h m n ñ ŋ l Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ Affricates: č ñ̃ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ṽ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: (C)(G)V Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 10 (12 pl) (human, animate, inanimate, instruments, abstract, diminutives, large objects) Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND NUM-N/N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1141: Language: Ndombe; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone R: South Mbundu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1142: Language: Nyaneka; Population: 40,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone R: South Mbundu; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1143: Language: Nkumbi; Location: Angola; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone R: South Mbundu; Other Sources: Westphal, E. O. J. 1961. "Oluŋhkumbi Vocabulary," ALS 2, 49-63.; Consonant system: p t k mb nd ŋɡ č ñɡ̌ f s h β m n ñ ŋ l Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ Affricates: č ñɡ̌ Fricatives: β f s h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ ɡ̌ f s h cj p t nd β s l cʷ p mb t nd k s š ç l Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 18 Demonstratives: 3; Syntax: N-NUM N-POSS

~~Number:~~ 1144: Language: Kwanyama; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone R: Ndonga; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1145: Language: Ndonga; Location: N Namibia; Population: 350,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone R: Ndonga; Other Sources: Baucom, Kenneth L. 1972. "The Wambo Languages of South West Africa and Angola," JAL 11, 45-73. WALS; Consonant system: p t k mb nd ŋɡ ts ñɡ̌ f θ s š x h v ð z ñz ̌ ɣ m n n̥ ñ l ʎ Stops: p mb t nd k ŋɡ Affricates: ts ñɡ̌ Fricatives: f v θ ð s z š ñž x ɣ h Nasals: m n n̥ ñ Laterals: l ʎ Modified Consonants: Nc p b d k ɡ ɡ̌ v ž Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɔ Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: Nˈ; Tones: hi lo downstep upstep; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 9 Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO

~~Number:~~ 1146: Language: Kwambi; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone R: Ndonga; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1147: Language: Ngandyera; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone R: Ndonga; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1148: Language: Herero; Location: Namibia; Population: 40,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone R: Herero Dictionary: Brincker, H. 1886. Wörterbuch und kurzgefasste Grammatik des Otji-Herero. Leipzig. [Reprinted 1964 by Gregg Press, Ridgewood, NJ] Grammar: Viehe, G. 1897. Grammatik des Otjiherero. Stuttgart: W. Spemann.; Other Sources: WPF; Consonant system:; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3* 6*

~~Number:~~ 1149: Language: Shona; Location: Zimbabwe; Population: 2 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Shona Dictionary: Hannan, M. 1974. Standard Shona Dictionary. Salisbury: Rhodesia Literature Bureau. Grammar: GD: Biehler, E. 1950. A Shona Dictionary. Salisbury: The Jesuit Fathers. Fortune, G. 1955. An Analytical Grammar of Shona. London: Longmans.; TextBooks: Fortune, G. 1967. Elements of Shona. Salisbury: Longmans.; Other Sources: Jones, Daniel. 1911. The Pronunciation and Orthography of the Chindau Language. London: Univ of London.; Consonant system: p t̪ k b ɓ d̪ ɗ ɡ pf t̪s č bv d̪z ɡ̌ f s̪ sʷ š β v z̪ zʷ ž ɦ m n̪ ñ ŋ (v̊) r Stops: p b ɓ t̪ d̪ ɗ k ɡ Affricates: pf bv t̪s d̪z č ɡ̌ Fricatives: β f v s̪ z̪ sʷ zʷ š ž ɦ Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ Vibrants: (v̊) r Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ ɡ̌ v z cʷ s z Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o; Syllable: (C)(C)V; Tones: hi lo downdrift Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 9 Demonstratives: 2 + ref; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3* 6* 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+Num+D+A; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1150: Language: Zezuru; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Shona; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1151: Language: Manyika; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Shona; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1152: Language: Karanga; Location: SE Zimbabwe (Victoria); Population: 750,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Shona Grammar: Marconnès, Francisque. 1931. A Grammar of Central Karanga. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand Univ Press.; Consonant system: p t k b ʔb d ʔd ɡ pf ts č bv dz ɡ̌ f s s ̌ x β v z ž ɣ ɦ m n ŋ (l) r Stops: p b ʔb t d ʔd k ɡ Affricates: pf bv ts dz č ɡ̌ Fricatives: β f v s z š ž x ɣ ɦ Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: (l) Vibrants: r Modified Consonants: Nc b d ɡ v z cʷ s z Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 7 Demonstratives: 2; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG DN/ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1153: Language: Ndau; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Shona; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1154: Language: Kalanga; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Shona; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1155: Language: Venda; Location: NE South Africa (Transvaal); Population: 150,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Venda Dictionary: Marole, L. T. and F. J. de Gama. 1954. English-Venda Vocabulary. Sibasa, South Africa: Marole Book Depot. Wentzel, P. J. and T. W. Muloiwa. 1976. Venda-Afrikaans-English. Pretoria: Univ of South Africa. Grammar: Ziervogel, D., P. J. Wentzel and T. N. Makuya, eds. 1972. A Handbook of the Venda Language. Pretoria: Univ of South Africa.; Consonant system: p ph t̪ t̪h t th k kh b d̪ d ɡ pf pfh ts tsh č čh bv dz ɡ̌ ɸ f s š x β v z ž ɣʷ ɦ m n̪ n ñ ŋ l̪ r ɹ̣ Stops: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ t th d k kh ɡ Affricates: pf pfh bv ts tsh dz č čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: ɸ β f v s z š ž x ɣʷ ɦ Nasals: m n̪ n ñ ŋ Laterals: l̪ Vibrants: r ɹ̣ Modified Consonants: cj d k cʷ p ph b č čh ɡ̌ s z ɣ ŋ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: I ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)(C)V Nˈ; Tones: hi lo; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 18 Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3* 6* 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND/(DN) N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1156: Language: Tswana; Location: N South Africa; Population: 852,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Sotho-Tswana Dictionary: Brown, J. Tom. 1962. Secwana Dictionary. Lobatsi, South Africa: Bechuanaland Book Centre. Grammar: Cole, Desmond T. 1955. An Introduction to Tswana Grammar. London: Longmans.; TextBooks: Cole, Desmond T. and Dingaan Mpho Mokaila. 1962. A Course in Tswana. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.; Consonant system: ph pʔ th tʔ kh kʔ b tsh tsʔ tlh tlʔ čh čʔ kxh ɡ̌ ɸ s š x h m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: ph pʔ b th tʔ kh kʔ Affricates: tsh tsʔ tlh tlʔ čh čʔ ɡ̌ kxh Fricatives: ɸ s š x h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Clicks: ʘ / n/ ! || n|| (clicks are all rarely used) Modified Consonants: cʷ many Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i I ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ; Syllable: (C)V Nˈ lˈ rˈ; Tones: hi lo Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 9 (persons,trees, animals) Demonstratives: 4 (3 + this here); Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3* 6* 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1157: Language: Northern Sotho Alternate Name: Ndebele; Location: NE South Africa (Transvaal); Population: 800,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Sotho-Tswana Dictionary: Ziervogel, D. and P. C. Mokgokong. 1975. Comprehensive Northern Sotho Dictionary. Pretoria: J. L. van Schaik. Grammar: Ziervogel, D. , D. P. Lombard and P. C. Mokgokong. 1969. A Handbook of the Northern Sotho Language. Pretoria: J. L. van Schaik.; Consonant system: ph pʔ th tʔ kh kʔ b d psh pšh pšʔ tsh tsʔ tlh tlʔ čh čʔ kxh bž ɸs f f š s š x β (v) (z) ž ɣ (ɦ) m n ñ ŋ l ɬ r Stops: ph pʔ b th tʔ d kh kʔ Affricates: psh pšh pšʔ bž tsh tsʔ tlh tlʔ čh čʔ kxh Fricatives: ɸs β f f š (v) s (z) š ž x ɣ (ɦ) Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Clicks: / ǂ || Modified Consonants: cʷ t th k kh ɡ ts tl čh s š x n ñ ŋ l ɬ r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i I ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: (C)V Nˈ lˈ; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 15 (persons, natural phenomena, trees, instruments, animals, fruits, abstract) Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3* 6* 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1158: Language: Southern Sotho Alternate Name: Sesotho; Location: Lesotho; Population: 3 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Sotho-Tswana Dictionary: Kriel, T. J. 1958. The New English-Sesotho Dictionary. Johannesburg: Afrikaanse Pers-Bookhandel. Mabille, A. and H. Dieterlen. 1961. Sourthern Sotho-English Dictionary. Morija: Morija Sesuto Book Depot. Grammar: Guma, Samson Mbizo. 1971. An Outline Structure of Southern Sotho. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter and shooter.; TextBooks: Doke, C. M. and S. M. Mofokeng. 1957. Textbook of Southern Sotho Grammar. London: Longmans. Demuth, Katherine and Tholoana Sekhesa. 1978. Basic Sesotho - An Oral Approach. Bloomington: African Studies Program, Indiana Univ.; Consonant system: ph pʔ th tʔ kh kʔ b d pšh pšʔ tsh tsʔ tlh tlʔ čh čʔ kxh bž ɡ̌ f f š s š x (v) ɦ m n ñ ŋ l ɬ r Stops: ph pʔ b th tʔ d kh kʔ Affricates: pšh pšʔ bž tsh tsʔ tlh tlʔ čh čʔ ɡ̌ kxh Fricatives: f f š (v) s š x ɦ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Clicks: ! !h n! (in interjections and ideophones also: / /h n/ || ||h n||) Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o ɔ; Syllable: (C)V Nˈ lˈ; Tones: hi lo Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 7 (persons, proper names, kinship terms, animals, trees, plants) Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3* 6* 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1159: Language: Lozi; Location: S Zambia; Population: 230,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Sotho-Tswana Dictionary: Jalla, A. 1936a. Dictionary of the Lozi Language. London: United Society for Christian Literature. Grammar: Jalla, A. 1936b. Elementary Grammar of the Lozi Language. London: United Society for Christian Literature.; Consonant system: p t k b č (ɡ̌) f s š (v) z m n ŋ l (r) Stops: p b t k Affricates: č (ɡ̌) Fricatives: f (v) s z š Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: (r) Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ ɡ̌ s Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɔ Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 9 (persons, trees, abstract, contempt, animals, diminutive, nouns derived from verbs) Demonstratives: 4 (3+ that over there); Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3* 6* 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1160: Language: Xhosa; Location: S South Africa; Population: 2.5 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Nguni Dictionary: McLaren, J. 1963. A New Concise Xhosa- English Dictionary. Cape Town: Longmans. Jennings, Lionel E. 1967. The Concise Trilingual Dictionary in English, Xhosa, Afrikaans. Lovedale, South Africa: The Lovedale Press. Grammar: Bennie, W. G. 1953. A Grammar of Xhosa. Lovedale, South Africa: The Lovedale Press. McLaren, J. 1955. A Xhosa Grammar. Cape Town: Longmans.; TextBooks: Jordan, A. C. 1966. A Practical Course in Xhosa. Capetown: Longmans.; Consonant system: ph pʔ th tʔ ch cʔ kh kʔ b ɓ d ɟ ɡ pfʔ tsh tsʔ č čh kxʔ bv dz ɡ̌ f s š x h v z ɣ (ɦ) m n ñ ŋ l ɬ ɮ r Stops: ph pʔ b ɓ th tʔ d ch cʔ ɟ kh kʔ ɡ Affricates: pfʔ bv tsh tsʔ dz č čh ɡ̌ kxʔ Fricatives: f v s z š x ɣ h (ɦ) Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l ɬ ɮ Vibrants: r Clicks: /h /ʔ ɡ/ n/ ŋ/ ŋ/ɡ ||h ||ʔ ɡ|| n|| ŋ|| ŋ||ɡ !h !ʔ ɡ! n! ŋ! ŋ!ɡ Modified Consonants: Nc pʔ b tʔ d cʔ ɟ kʔ ɡ tsh dz tl dl čh ɡ̌ f v Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all Modified Vowels: vowel harmony; Syllable: CV mˈ; Tones: hi lo fall Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 10 (persons trees plants) Demonstratives: 3 Articles: def; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3* 6* 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND/(DN) N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1161: Language: Zulu; Location: E South Africa; Population: 3 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Nguni Dictionary: Doke, C. M. and B. W. Vilakazi. 1953. Zulu-English Dictionary. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand Univ Press. Doke, C. M. , D. M. Malcolm and J. M. A. Sikakana. 1958. English- Zulu Dictionary. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand Univ Press. Grammar: Malcolm, D. M. 1966. A New Zulu Manual. Johannesburg: Longmans.; TextBooks: Doke, Clement M. 1961. Textbook of Zulu Grammar. Cape Town: Longmans. Ziervogel, D., J. A. Louw and P. C. Taljaard. 1976. A Handbook of the Zulu Language. Pretoria: J. L. van Schaik.; Consonant system: ph pʔ th tʔ k kh kʔ b ɓ d ɡ mpfʔ tsʔ ntlʔ (č) čʔ klʔ mbv ndl ɡ̌ f s š (x) h v z ɦ m n ñ ŋ l ɬ ɮ (r) Stops: ph pʔ b ɓ th tʔ d k kh kʔ ɡ Affricates: mpfʔ mbv tsʔ ntlʔ ndl (č) čʔ ɡ̌ klʔ Fricatives: f v s z š (x) h ɦ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l ɬ ɮ Vibrants: (r) Clicks: / /h ɡ/ n/ ŋ/ɡ || ||h ɡ|| n|| ŋ||ɡ ! !h ɡ! n! ŋ!ɡ Modified Consonants: Nc pfʔ bv tsʔ dz tlʔ dl čʔ ɡ̌ klʔ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɔ Long Vowels: v̄ all; Syllable: mˈ rˈ; Tones: hi lo fall Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 8 Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3* 6* 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND/DN N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1162: Language: Swati; Location: Swaziland; Population: 1.3 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Nguni Grammar: Ziervogel, D. 1976. A Grammar of the Swati Language. Pretoria: J. L. van Schaik.; Consonant system: ph pʔ th tʔ kh kʔ b ɓ d ɡ tsh tɸh č kxʔ dz dl dβ ɡ̌ f s š x v z ž ɦ m n ñ ŋ l ɬ r Stops: ph pʔ b ɓ th tʔ d kh kʔ ɡ Affricates: tsh dz dl tɸh dβ č ɡ̌ kxʔ Fricatives: f v s z š ž x ɦ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Clicks: / /h n/ n/h ɡ/ ŋ/ ŋ/ɡ (|| and ! are used only in foreiɡn words) Modified Consonants: Nc ph pʔ b t d kh kʔ ɡ dl ts dz tɸ dβ č ɡ̌ kxʔ f v s z š ɬ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɔ; Tones: hi lo fall Stress: on root & penult syllable; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 13 (6 pl) (persons, relatives, natural phenomena, fruit, birds, foodstuffs, flat objects) Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3* 6* 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND/DN N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1163: Language: Ndebele; Location: S Zimbabwe; Population: 700,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Nguni Dictionary: Pelling, J. N. 1966. A Pratical Ndebele Dictionary. Bulawayo, Zimbabwe: Daystar. Grammar: Ziervogel, D. 1959. A Grammar of Northern Transvaal Ndebele. Pretoria: J. L. van Schaik.; Consonant system: p ph t th k kh b ɓ d ɡ ts tsh kl dl ɡ̌ f s h v z m n ŋ l ɬ (r) Stops: p ph b ɓ t th d k kh ɡ Affricates: ts tsh dl ɡ̌ kl Fricatives: f v s z h Nasals: m n ŋ Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: (r) Clicks: / /h ɡ/ n/ n/h || ||h ɡ|| n|| n||h ! !h ɡ! n! n! n!h Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u ɔ; Syllable: Nˈ; Tones: hi lo Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 8 (persons, names, natural phenomena, instruments) Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND/DN N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1164: Language: Ngoni; Population: 103,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Nguni; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1165: Language: Tswa; Population: 500,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Tswa-Ronga; Consonant system:

~~Number:~~ 1166: Language: Tonga3; Location: Zambia; Population: 450,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Tswa-Ronga Grammar: Hapgood, C. R. 1940. Tonga Grammar. London: Longmans. Collins, B. 1962. Tonga Grammar. London: Longmans.; TextBooks: Hapgood, C. R. 1953. A Practical Introduction to Tonga. London: Longmans.; Consonant system: p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f s β v z m n ñ ŋ l Stops: p b t d k ɡ Affricates: č ɡ̌ Fricatives: β f v s z Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ č ɡ̌ f vʷ sʷ z zj cʷ many cj b t s z nz m l Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄; Syllable: (C)(C)V Nˈ; Tones: hi lo Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 9 (men & animals, abstract, nouns derived from infinitives, small thin objects, nouns derived from verbs) Demonstratives: 4 (3+ near both speaker and person spoken to); Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND/(DN) N-NUM/(NUM-N) N-POSS N+D+A; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1167: Language: Tsonga; Location: NE South Africa (Transvaal); Population: 1.5 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Tswa-Ronga Dictionary: Cuenod, R. 1967. Tsonga-English Dictionary. Johannesburg: Swiss Mission in South Africa. Grammar: Ribeiro, Armando. 1965. Gramática Changana (Tsonga). Caniçado: Editorial Evangelizar.; TextBooks: Ouwehand, M. 1964. Everday Tsonga. Johannesburg: Swiss Mission in South Africa.; Other Sources: Baumbach, E. J. M. 1974. Introduction to the Speech Sounds and Speech Sound Changes of Tsonga. Pretoria: J. L. van Schaik.; Consonant system: p ph t th k kh b d ɡ pf ts tsh ṭs ṭsh tl tlh č čh bv dz ḍz dl ɡ̌ f s š v z ɦ m n ñ ŋ l ɬ r Stops: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ Affricates: pf bv ts tsh dz ṭs ṭsh ḍz tl tlh dl č čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: f v s z š ɦ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Clicks: (/ n/ g/) Modified Consonants: Nc ? cj ? cʷ k kh ɡ ṭs n ñ ŋ l c̤ (aspirated) b d ɡ ɡ̌ m n r Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o; Tones: hi lo Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 8 (people, plants, animals, fruit, abstract, instruments) Demonstratives: 3; Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3* 6* 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND/(DN) N-NUM/NUM-N N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1168: Language: Ronga; Location: Mozambique; Population: 1 million; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Tswa-Ronga Dictionary: Quintão, José Luı́s. 1951a. Dicionários Xironga-Português e Português-Xironga. Lisbon: Agência Geral das Colónias. Sá Nogueira, Rodrigo de. 1960. Dicionário Ronga-Português. Lisbon: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar. Grammar: Junod, Henri A. 1896. Grammaire ronga. Lausanne: Georges Bridel. Quintão, José Luı́s. 1951b. Gramática de Xironga (Landim). Lisbon: Agência Geral das Colónias.; Consonant system: p t̪ ṭ k b d̪ ḍ ɡ ps t̪s tl č (bz) d̪z dl ɡ̌ f s̪ š h (β) v z̪ ž m n̪ ŋ l̪ ɬ̪ ṛ Stops: p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ Affricates: ps (bz) t̪s d̪z tl dl č ɡ̌ Fricatives: (β) f v s̪ z̪ š ž h Nasals: m n̪ ŋ Laterals: l̪ ɬ̪ Vibrants: ṛ Modified Consonants: Nc cj cʷ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 8 Demonstratives: 5 (3 + that further on, that very far); Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1169: Language: Chopi; Location: Mozambique; Population: 200,000; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Chopi Dictionary: Santos, Luı́s Feliciano dos. 1950. Dicionário Português-Chope e Chope-Português. Lourenço Marques: Imprensa Nacional. Grammar: Santos, Luiz Feliciano dos. 1941. Gramática da Lı́ngua Chope. Lourenço Marques: Imprensa Nacional. Junod, Henri Philippe. n.d. Éléments de grammaire tchopi. Lisbon: Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa.; Consonant system: p ph t th k kh b ɓ (d) ɗ ɡ pf ts tsh č (bv) dz ɡ̌ s š h m n ñ ŋ l r Stops: p ph b ɓ t th (d) ɗ k kh ɡ Affricates: pf (bv) ts tsh dz č ɡ̌ Fricatives: s š h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: r Clicks: || ! Modified Consonants: Nc p b t d k ɡ pf ts dz č ɡ̌ s cj cʷ Glides: j w; Vowel system: Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o; Syllable: Nˈ; Tones: hi mid lo Stress: penult; Noun; Number: s p; Noun Classes: 8 Demonstratives: 4 (3 + very far); Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class; Syntax: SVO NA NG ND/(DN) N-NUM N-POSS; Prep/Post: PREP

~~Number:~~ 1170: Language: Tonga-Inhambane; Location: Mozambique; Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Chopi; Consonant system:

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