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Типологии койсанских (палеоафриканских) языков

Домой:	Рус	Анг	Ита	Исп	Эсп

Здесь представлены краткие справки по фонетике и грамматике языков Койсанской макросемьи, взятые с проекта глобальной этимологической базы данных "Вавилонская башня" Сергея Старостина. Эти сведения будут затем размещаться в каждом родственном праязыковом этимологическом словнике.

База койсанской этимологии была составлена Г. С. Старостиным. Это сложная система, достаточно условно объединенная базой по "Макро-койсанской" этимологии, в которой собран предварительный сравнительный материал по периферийно-койсанским и центрально-койсанским языкам (две основные койсанские группы, по-видимому, связанные дальним родством), а также по языкам-изолятам сандаве (скорее всего, также койсанский язык) и хадза (по-видимому, либо язык, не относящийся к койсанским, либо "смешанный" койсанско-афразийский язык). Подавляющее большинство всех реконструированных форм принадлежит Г. С. Старостину, за исключением центрально-койсанских, отражающих систему, реконструированную Р. Фоссеном.

Всего здесь представлено 42 (№№ 1-42) палеоафриканских языковых систем, распределённых по семьям:

1. Северо-койсанская
2. Центрально-койсанская
3. Южно-койсанская

Number: 1

Language: Hadza

Location: N Tanzania (Kondoa)

Population: 1,000

Classification: Khoisan

TextBooks: Bleek, D. F. 1931. "The Hadzapi or Watindega of Tanganyika Territory," Africa 4, ??

Other Sources: Sands, Bonny, Ian Maddieson and Peter Ladefoged. 1996. "The Phonetic Structures of Hadza," Studies in African Linguistics 25: 171-?. Sands, Bonny. 1998. Eastern and Southern African Khoisan. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. Tucker, A. N., M. A. Bryan and James Woodburn. 1977. "The East African Click Languages: A Phonetic Comparison," in Zur Sprachgeschicte und Ethnohistorie in Africa, ed. by W. Möhlig, F. Rottland and B. Heine, Berlin, Dietrich Reimer, 300-22.

Consonant system: p ph (pʔ) mph t th nth k kh kʔ ŋkh kʷ khʷ kʔʷ ʔ b mb d nd ɡ ŋɡ ɡʷ ts tsʔ nts tl tlʔ č čʔ dz ndz ɡ̌ ñɡ̌ f s š ɦ m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ l ɬ Stops: p ph (pʔ) mph b mb t th nth d nd k kh kʔ ŋkh ɡ ŋɡ kʷ khʷ kʔʷ ɡʷ ʔ Affricates: ts tsʔ nts dz ndz tl tlʔ č čʔ ɡ̌ ñɡ̌ Fricatives: f s š ɦ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ Laterals: l ɬ Clicks: (ʘʔ) / /ʔ /h n/ n̥/ || ||ʔ ||h n|| n̥|| ! !ʔ !h n! n̥! Woodburn describes (ʘʔ) as "archaic, very rare and replaceable by /." Glides: j w

Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: ē ō

Syllable: (C)V

Tones: hi mid lo fall ris

Noun

Number: s p

Gender: m f

Pronouns: 1 4mfc 2mfc 5mf 3mf 6mf c=common

Syntax: VSO

Number: 2

Language: Sandawe

Location: N Tanzania (Kondoa)

Population: 40,000

Classification: Khoisan

Other Sources: Dempwolff, Otto. 1916. Die Sandawe, linguistisches und ethnographisches Material aus Deutsch-Ostafrika. Hamburg. Tucker, A. N., M. A. Bryan and James Woodburn. 1977. "The East African Click Languages: A Phonetic Comparison," in Zur Sprachgeschicte und Ethnohistorie in Africa, ed. by W. Möhlig, F. Rottland and B. Heine, Berlin, Dietrich Reimer, 300-22. Kagaya, Ryohei. 1993. A Classified Vocabulary of the Sandawe Language. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. Sands, Bonny. 1998. Eastern and Southern African Khoisan. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.

Consonant system: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ tsʔ tl tlʔ č čh dl ɡ̌ f s̪ x h m n̪ ŋ l ɬ r Stops: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh kʔ ɡ ʔ Affricates: tsʔ tl tlʔ dl č čh ɡ̌ Fricatives: f s̪ x h Nasals: m n̪ ŋ Laterals: l ɬ Vibrants: r Clicks: / /h /ʔ n/ ɡ/ || ||h ||ʔ n|| ɡ|| ! !h !ʔ n! ɡ! Glides: j w

Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: v̄̃ all Modified Vowels: i̥ u̥

Syllable: (C)V(C) [no VC]

Tones: hi lo ris fall Stress: usually root initial

Noun

Number: s p

Gender: m f n Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3mf 6

Syntax: SOV NA GN DN POSS-N

Prep/Post: POSTn\n

Краткие типологические обзоры языков северо-койсанской семьи

Number: 3

Language: Qxû Alternate Name: !Kung

Location: NE Namibia

Population: 30,000

Classification: Khoisan: Northern Grammar: Snyman, J. W. and ||Wãnasi /X'aeše. 1969. !Xʋ̃. Namibia: Admistration of South West Africa. Snyman, J. W. 1970. An Introduction to the !Xũ (!Kung) Language. Cape Town: A. A. Balkema.

Consonant system: p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ b d ɡ ts tsh tsx tsʔ tx txʔ č čh čx kxʔ dzɣ dɣ ɡɣ s š x ɦ β z ž m mʔ n ŋ ɾ̣ Stops: p ph pʔ b t th tʔ d k kh kʔ ɡ Affricates: ts tsh tsx tsʔ dzɣ tx txʔ dɣ č čh čx ɡɣ kxʔ Fricatives: β s z š ž x ɦ Nasals: m mʔ n ŋ Vibrants: ɾ̣ Clicks: / /h /ʔ /ʔh ɡ/ ɡ/x ɡ/kxʔ ɡ/ʔh /x /xʔ n/ n̥/h n/ʔh ǂ ǂh ǂʔ ǂʔh ɡǂ ǂx ɡǂkxʔ ɡǂʔh ǂx ǂxʔ nǂ n̥ǂh nǂʔh || ||h ||ʔ ||ʔh ɡ|| ɡ||x ɡ||kxʔ ɡ||ʔh ||x ||xʔ n|| n̥||h n||ʔh ! !h !ʔ !ʔh ɡ! ɡ!x ɡ!kxʔ ɡ!ʔh !x !xʔ n! n̥!h n!ʔh Glides: j w

Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all but e Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but e (v̄̃) Modified Vowels: v̰ æ ɔ v̰̄ æ ɔ ṽ̰ æ ɔ (ṽ̰̄) (v̰ are 'pressed' vowels produced with pharyngeal friction.) Diphthongs: diphthongs

Tones: hi-lev mid-lev lo-lev ris fall Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3mfn 6dmfn 6mfn

Syntax: SVO NA

Number: 4

Language: Qxû Alternate Name: !Kung Dialect: Dz̪u/'oãsi

Location: NE Namibia

Population: 30,000 (400)

Classification: Khoisan: Northern

TextBooks: Maingard, L. F. 1958. "Three Bushman Languages," African Studies 16: 37-71 & 17: 100-15.

Other Sources: NBL

Consonant system: t k kh ʔ b d ɡ tsʔ čʔ kxʔ dzʔ β s š x h z ž m n ñ ŋ ɾ̣ Stops: b t d k kh ɡ ʔ Affricates: tsʔ dzʔ čʔ kxʔ Fricatives: β s z š ž x h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Vibrants: ɾ̣ Clicks: / /h /ʔ ɡ/ /x /xʔ n/ ǂ ǂh ǂʔ ɡǂ ǂx ǂxʔ nǂ || ||h ||ʔ ɡ|| ||x ||xʔ n|| ! !h !ʔ ɡ! !x !xʔ n! Glides: j w

Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ Nasal Vowels: ṽ

Tones: tones

Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6

Syntax: SVO

Number: 5

Language: Qxû Alternate Name: !Kung Dialect: Ju/'hoan

Location: NE Namibia

Population: 30,000

Classification: Khoisan: Northern Dictionary: Dickens, Patrick. 1994. English-Ju/'hoan Ju/'hoan-English Dictionary. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.

Consonant system: p ph bph t th tx txʔ dth k kh kxʔ ɡkh ʔ b d ɡ ts tsh tsx dtsh dtsʔ č čh čx čʔ dčʔ ɟčʔ ɟčh f s š x v z dzx ž džh džx ɦ m n l r Stops: p ph b bph t th tx txʔ dth d k kh kxʔ ɡkh ɡ ʔ Affricates: ts tsh tsx dtsh dtsʔ č čh čx čʔ dčʔ ɟčʔ ɟčh Fricatives: f v s z dzx š ž džh džx x ɦ Nasals: m n Laterals: l Vibrants: r Clicks: / /h /x ɡ/ ɡ/x ɡ/kxʔ /xʔ n/ n̥/h /ʔ ǂ ǂh ǂx ɡǂ ɡǂx ɡǂkxʔ ǂxʔ nǂ n̥ǂh ǂʔ ! !h !x ɡ! ɡ!x ɡ!kxʔ !xʔ n! n̥!h !ʔ || ||h ||x ɡ|| ɡ||x ɡ||kxʔ ||xʔ n|| n̥||h ||ʔ Glides: j w

Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all Nasal Vowels: ṽ all Modified Vowels: v̤ (breathy) all v̰ (creaky) all ṽ̤ all ṽ̰ all

Syllable: Nˈ

Tones: (very-hi) hi lo very-lo

Noun Classes: 5

Syntax: SVO

Number: 6

Language: Qxû Alternate Name: !Kung Dialect: Dikundu

Location: NE Namibia

Population: 30,000

Classification: Khoisan: Northern Grammar: Köhler, Oswin. 1981. "Les langues khoisan," in Les langues dans le monde ancien et moderne, ed. by Jean Perrot, Paris, Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 455-615.

Consonant system: p ph pɦ t th tɦ tx txʔ k kh ʔ b d ɡ ts tsh tsɦ tsx tsʔ č čh čx čʔ kxʔ dz dzɦ s sh š šh x h β z zɦ ž žɦ ɦ m mɦ mɒ ʔm mb n nɦ ñ ŋ ʔŋ ṛ Stops: p ph pɦ b t th tɦ tx txʔ d k kh ɡ ʔ Affricates: ts tsh tsɦ tsx tsʔ dz dzɦ č čh čx čʔ kxʔ Fricatives: β s sh z zɦ š šh ž žɦ x h ɦ Nasals: m mɦ mɒ ʔm mb n nɦ ñ ŋ ʔŋ Vibrants: ṛ Clicks: / /ʔ /ɦ /h /x /xʔ ɡ/ n/ɦ ɡ/n ǂ ǂʔ ǂɦ ǂh ǂx ǂxʔ ɡǂ nǂɦ ɡǂn ! !ʔ !ɦ !h !x !xʔ ɡ! n!ɦ ɡ!n || ||ʔ ||ɦ ||h ||x ||xʔ ɡ|| n||ɦ ɡ||n Glides: j w

Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ã ũ Modified Vowels: ḭ ḛ a̰ ṵ o̰ i̤ a̤ ṳ o̤ aɒ oɒ ãɒ õɒ ã̰ õ̰ Diphthongs: ia ei au ao ai ae oi oe oa ui ua ḛḭ a̰ṵ a̰o̰ a̰ḛ o̰ḛ o̰a̰ ṵḭ aoɒ aeɒ oiɒ ãũ ãı̃ õã ũã ũı̃ ã̰ṵ̃ ã̰ı̰̃ õ̰ã̰ ãũɒ ãı̃ɒ õı̃ɒ

Syllable: (C)V(N)

Tones: hi mid lo lo-ris mid-ris mid-fall

Noun

Number: s p

Noun Classes: 4 Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns: 1 4die 4mie 4fie 4cie 2 5d 5mfc 3 6dmfc 6mfc

Syntax: SVO NA GN(inalienable)/NG(alienable) ND POSS-N(inalienable)/N-POSS(alienable)

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 7

Language: ǂAu.||eı̂ Alternate Name: Auen

Location: Namibia

Population: 5,000

Classification: Khoisan: Northern

Other Sources: NBL

Consonant system:

Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3fc 6dfc 6fc c=common

Syntax: SVO

Number: 8

Language: Maligo

Location: South Angola

Classification: Khoisan: Northern

Consonant system:

Syntax: SVO

Number: 9

Language: Ekoka

Location: Namibia

Population: 5,000

Classification: Khoisan: Northern

Consonant system:

Syntax: SVO

Краткие типологические обзоры языков центрально-койсанской семьи

Number: 10

Language: Proto-Central Khoisan

Location: Southern Africa

Classification: Khoisan: Central

Other Sources: Baucom, Kenneth L. 1974. "Proto-Central Khoisan," in Third Annual Conference on African Linguistics, ed. by E. Voeltz, Bloomington, Indiana University Publications, pp. 3-37.

Consonant system: p t th k kh b d ɡ ts dz s x h m n r Stops: p b t th d k kh ɡ Affricates: ts dz Fricatives: s x h Nasals: m n Vibrants: r Clicks: / /ʔ /x /h /kxʔ n/ ! !ʔ !x !kxʔ n! + +ʔ +x +kxʔ n+ || ||ʔ ||x ||kxʔ n|| ǂ ǂʔ ǂx ǂkxʔ nǂ + is a front lateral click; || is a back lateral click. According to Baucom, "it should be noted that the distinction between front lateral and back lateral clicks does not occur in any modern Central languae. But the evidence demands a fifth click position in the proto-language. The Southern languages have a fifth labial position, and a few of the Northern languages appear to have the front lateral/back lateral contrast given here. The choice of a front lateral position over a labial position is somewhat arbitrary. It might well be that the empty front lateral with pharyngeal release will prove to be filled by the aspirated dental click." (pp. 4-5) There is no IPA symbol for a front lateral click. Modified Consonants: cɒ t d h kx m

Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ all ṽ all

Syntax: SOV

Number: 11

Language: Nama Alternate Name: Khoekhoe

Location: South Africa

Population: 234,000

Classification: Khoisan: Central: Nama Grammar: Hagman, R. 1977. Nama Hottentot Grammar. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.

Other Sources: Beach, D. M. 1938. The Phonetics of Hottentot Language. Cambridge: W. Heffer and Sons. DKS

Consonant system: p t̪ (c) k ʔ t̪sh kxh (f) s x h (v) m n̪ (l) r Stops: p t̪ (c) k ʔ Affricates: t̪sh kxh Fricatives: (f) (v) s x h Nasals: m n̪ Laterals: (l) Vibrants: r Clicks: / /h /ʔ /x n/ ǂ ǂh ǂʔ ǂx nǂ ! !h !ʔ !x n! || ||h ||ʔ ||x n||

Vowel system: i u e (ǝ) o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: (ǝ) a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ã ũ Diphthongs: ai ae ao au oe oa ui ãı̃ ãũ õã ũı̃

Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ

Tones: hi-ris hi-fall mid-ris mid-fall lo-mid-lev lo-ris

Pronouns: 1 4dmie 4dfie 4dcie 4mie 4fie 4cie 2mf 5dmfc 5mfc 3mfc 6dmfc 6mfc c=common

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 12

Language: Dama Alternate Name: Damara

Location: Namibia

Population: 105,000

Classification: Khoisan: Central: Nama

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Number: 13

Language: !Ora Alternate Name: Korana

Location: S South Africa

Population: extinct

Classification: Khoisan: Central: Nama Grammar: Maingard, L. F. 1962. Korana Folktales. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand Univ. Press.

TextBooks: Beach, D. M. 1938. The Phonetics of the Hottentot Language. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons.

Other Sources: DKS

Consonant system: p t̪ t̪h k kh ʔ b d̪ ɡ (tsʔ) kxʔ s x h m n̪ ɾ Stops: p b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ ʔ Affricates: (tsʔ) kxʔ Fricatives: s x h Nasals: m n̪ Vibrants: ɾ Clicks: / /h /ʔ /x n/ ǂ ǂh ǂʔ ǂx nǂ ! !h !ʔ !x n! || ||h ||ʔ ||x n|| Glides: j w

Vowel system: i u e (ǝ) o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: (ǝ) a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: Ĩ ã ʋ̃ õ Diphthongs: ai ei au oa ou oe ue

Syllable: (C)V(C) Nˈ

Tones: hi-lev hi-ris mid-lev lo-mid-fall

Noun

Number: s d p

Gender: m f c (common) Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns: 1mf 4dmie 4dfie 4dcie 4mie 4fie 4cie 2mf 5dmfc 5mfc 3mfc 6dmfc 6mfc

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D-Num+A+N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 14

Language: Xiri

Location: South Africa

Population: extinct

Classification: Khoisan: Central: Nama

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Number: 15

Language: Hai.n||um

Location: Namibia

Population: 16,000

Classification: Khoisan: Central: Hai.n||um

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Number: 16

Language: Kwadi

Location: South Angola

Population: 15,000

Classification: Khoisan: Central: Kwadi

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Number: 17

Language: G||abake Dialect: Kua

Location: EC Botswana

Population: 9,360

Classification: cKhoisan: Central: Tshu-Khwe: Northeast Grammar: DKS

Other Sources: CTIL 7, 404. CBH

Consonant system: p t th tʔ tx c ch cʔ cx k kh kʔ kj q ʔ b d dj ɟ ɡ ŋɡ ts tsh tsʔ tsx dz s x h m n ñ ŋ Stops: p b t th tʔ tx d dj c ch cʔ cx ɟ k kh kʔ kj ɡ ŋɡ q ʔ Affricates: ts tsh tsʔ tsx dz Fricatives: s x h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Clicks: / ɡ/ n/ ɡ/n /x ɡ/x /h /ʔ n/x ǂ ɡǂ ǂh ! n! !x !h !ʔ || ɡ|| n|| ɡ||n ||x ɡ||x ||h ||ʔ n||x [n/x is prenasalized] Glides: j ʔj w

Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ã ũ Diphthongs: ai ae ao au oi oe oa ui ue ua ãı̃ãũ õã ũı̃

Tones: hi-lev lo-lev hi-fall lo-ris

Pronouns: 1 4dmfc 4mfc 2mf 5dmfc 5mfc 3mfc 6dmfc 6mfc

Syntax: SOV

Number: 18

Language: G||abake Dialect: Tsua

Location: EC Botswana

Population: 9,360

Classification: Khoisan: Central: Tshu-Khwe: Northeast Grammar: DKS

Other Sources: CTIL 7, 404. CBH

Consonant system: p t th tʔ tx c cʔ cx k kh kʔ kj q ʔ b d dj ɟ ɡ ts tsh tsʔ tsx dz s x h m n ñ ŋ Stops: p b t th tʔ tx d dj c ch cʔ cx ɟ k kh kʔ kj ɡ ŋɡ q ʔ Affricates: ts tsh tsʔ tsx dz Fricatives: s x h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Clicks: / ɡ/ ɡ/n q/ /x ɡ/x /h /ʔ ǂ ǂx ǂh ! !x !h !ʔ || ɡ|| n|| ɡ||n ||x ɡ||x ||h ||ʔ Glides: j ʔj w

Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ã ũ Diphthongs: ai ae ao au oi oe oa ui ue ua ãı̃ãũ õã ũı̃

Tones: hi-lev lo-lev hi-fall lo-ris

Pronouns: 1 4dmfc 4mfc 2mf 5dmfc 5mfc 3mf 6dmfc 6mfc

Syntax: SOV

Number: 19

Language: G||abake Dialect: Cua

Location: EC Botswana

Population: 9,360

Classification: Khoisan: Central: Tshu-Khwe: Northeast Grammar: DKS

Other Sources: CTIL 7, 404. CBH

Consonant system: t c ch cʔ cx k kh kʔ b d ɡ ts tsʔ tsx s h z m n nj ŋ r Stops: b t d c ch cʔ cx k kh kʔ ɡ Affricates: ts tsʔ tsx Fricatives: s z h Nasals: m n nj ŋ Vibrants: r Clicks: / ɡ/ /x /ʔ || ||x ||ʔ Glides: j

Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ã ũ Diphthongs: ai ao au oe ui õã ũı̃

Tones: hi-lev lo-lev hi-fall lo-ris

Pronouns: 1 4dmfc 4mfc 2mf 5dmfc 5mfc 3mf 6dmfc 6mfc

Syntax: SOV

Number: 20

Language: Kwee

Location: South Africa

Classification: Khoisan: Central: Tshu-Khwe: Northeast

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Number: 21

Language: Ganade

Location: South Africa

Classification: Khoisan: Central: Tshu-Khwe: North-Central

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Number: 22

Language: Shua Dialect: Cara

Location: NE Botswana

Population: 6,000

Classification: Khoisan: Central: Tshu-Khwe: North-Central Grammar: DKS

Other Sources: CBH

Consonant system: p t th tʔ tx c ch cʔ cx k kh kʔ q ʔ b d ɟ ɡ ŋɡ ts tsh tsʔ tsx dz s x h m n ñ ŋ Stops: p b t th tʔ tx d c ch cʔ cx ɟ k kh kʔ ɡ ŋɡ q ʔ Affricates: ts tsh tsʔ tsx dz Fricatives: s x h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Clicks: / ɡ/ n/ ɡ/n q/ /x /h /ʔ ǂʔ ! ɡ!n !h || ɡ|| n|| ɡ||n ||x ||h ||ʔ Glides: j ʔj (w)

Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ã ũ Diphthongs: ai ae ao au oe oa ui ue ua ãı̃ ãũ õã ũı̃

Tones: hi-lev lo-lev hi-fall lo-ris

Pronouns: 1 4dmfc 4mfc 2mf 5dmfc 5mfc 3mfn 6dmfc 6mfc

Syntax: SOV

Number: 23

Language: Shua Dialect: /Xaise

Location: NE Botswana

Population: 6,000

Classification: Khoisan: Central: Tshu-Khwe: North-Central Grammar: DKS

Other Sources: CBH

Consonant system: p t th tʔ c ch cʔ cx k kh kʔ ʔ b d dj ɟ ñɟ ɡ ŋɡ ts tsh tsʔ tsx dz s x h m n ñ ŋ Stops: p b t th tʔ d c ch cʔ cx ɟ k kh kʔ ɡ ŋɡ ʔ Affricates: ts tsh tsʔ tsx dz Fricatives: s x h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Clicks: / ɡ/ n/ ɡ/n /x /h /ʔ !h !ʔ || ɡ|| n|| ɡ||n ||x ||h ||ʔ Glides: j ʔj

Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ã ũ Diphthongs: ai ae ao au oi oe oa ui ua ãı̃ ãũ õã ũı̃

Tones: hi-lev lo-lev hi-fall lo-ris

Pronouns: 1 4dmfc 4mfc 2mf 5dmfc 5mfc 3mf 6dmfc 6mfc

Syntax: SOV

Number: 24

Language: Danisin Alternate Name: Danisi

Location: NE Botswana

Population: 100

Classification: Khoisan: Central: Tshu-Khwe: North-Central Grammar: DKS

Other Sources: CBH

Consonant system: p t th tʔ tx c ch cʔ cx k kh q ʔ b d dj ndj ɡ ŋɡ ts tsh tsʔ tsx kxʔ dz s x h ɣ m n ñ ŋ Stops: p b t th tʔ tx d dj ndj c ch cʔ cx k kh ɡ ŋɡ q ʔ Affricates: ts tsh tsʔ tsx dz kxʔ Fricatives: s x ɣ h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Clicks: / ɡ/ n/ ɡ/n q/ /x /xʔ /h /ʔ n/x qǂ ! ɡ! !x !ʔ || ɡ|| n|| ɡ||n q|| ||x ɡ||x ||xʔ ||h ||ʔ n||x [n/x = prenasalized] Glides: j ʔj w

Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ã ũ Diphthongs: ai ae ao au oe oa ui ue ua ãı̃ ãũ õã ũı̃

Tones: hi-lev lo-lev hi-fall lo-ris

Pronouns: 1 4dmfc 4mfc 2mf 5dmfc 5mfc 3mf 6dmfc 6mfc

Syntax: SOV

Number: 25

Language: Deti

Location: NE Botswana

Population: 6,000

Classification: Khoisan: Central: Tshu-Khwe: Central Grammar: DKS

Other Sources: CBH

Consonant system: p t th c ch cʔ cx k kh kʔ ʔ b d ɡ ŋɡ ts tsh tsʔ tsx dz s x h m n ñ ŋ Stops: p b t th d c ch cʔ cx k kh kʔ ɡ ŋɡ ʔ Affricates: ts tsh tsʔ tsx dz Fricatives: s x h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Clicks: / ɡ/ n/ ɡ/n /x /h /ʔ || ɡ|| n|| ɡ||n ||x ||h ||ʔ Glides: j ʔj (w)

Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ã ũ Diphthongs: ai ae ao au oe oa ui ue ua ãı̃ ãũ õã ũı̃

Tones: hi-lev lo-lev hi-fall lo-ris Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns: 1 4dmfc 4mfc 2mf 5dmfc 5mfc 3mf 6dmfc 6mfc c=common

Syntax: SOV

Number: 26

Language: Kxoe

Location: NE Namibia

Population: 10,000

Classification: Khoisan: Central: Tshu-Khwe: Central Grammar: Köhler, Oswin. 1981. "Les langues khoisan," in Les langues dans le monde ancien et moderne, ed. by Jean Perrot, Paris, Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 455-615. DKS

Consonant system: p ph t th tʔ k q ʔ b d ɡ ŋɡ tsʔ tx č čx kx kxʔ ɡ̌ ç h m n ñ ŋ Stops: p ph b t th tʔ d k ɡ ŋɡ q ʔ Affricates: tsʔ tx č čx ɡ̌ kx kxʔ Fricatives: ç h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Clicks: / /h /x ɡ/ ɡ/n /xʔ n/ /ʔ q/ ǂ ǂh ǂx ɡǂ ɡǂn ǂxʔ nǂ ǂʔ qǂ ! !h !x ɡ! ɡ!n !xʔ n! !ʔ q! || ||h ||x ɡ|| ɡ||n ||xʔ n|| ||ʔ q||

Vowel system: i u e o ɛ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ã ũ Diphthongs: ei eu ae ao oe oɛ oa ui ue uɛ ua ãı̃ ãũ õã ũı̃

Syllable: (C)V(N)

Tones: hi hi-fall-mid hi-fall-lo mid-ris-hi1 mid-ris-hi2 lo-ris1 lo-ris2

Noun

Number: s d p

Gender: m f n

Pronouns: 1 4dmfc 4mfc 2mf 5dmfc 5mfc 3mfn 6dmfc 6mfc

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 27

Language: Buka Alternate Name: Buga Dialect: ?dialect of Kxoe

Location: NE Namibia

Classification: Khoisan: Central: Tshu-Khwe: Northwest Grammar: DKS

Other Sources: CBH WPF

Consonant system: p t th tʔ tx k kh b (mb) d (nd) ɡ ŋɡ ts tsh tsʔ tsx kxʔ dz s x h m (n) (ñ) ŋ Stops: p b (mb) t th tʔ tx d (nd) k kh ɡ ŋɡ Affricates: ts tsh tsʔ tsx dz kxʔ Fricatives: s x h Nasals: m (n) (ñ) ŋ Clicks: / /h /x ɡ/ n/n /xʔ n/ /ʔ q/ ǂ ǂh ǂx ɡǂ nǂn ǂxʔ nǂ ǂʔ qǂ ! !h !x ɡ! n!n !xʔ n! !ʔ q! || ||h ||x ɡ|| n||n ||xʔ n|| ||ʔ q|| n/n = voiced nasal Glides: j w

Vowel system: i u e o ɛ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ã ũ Diphthongs: ai ae ao au oe oɛ oa ui ue uɛ ua uo ãı̃ ãũ õã ũı̃

Tones: hi-lev hi-fall lo-ris lo-lev

Pronouns: 1mf 4dmfc 4mfc 2mf 5dmfc 5mfc 3mf 6dmfc 6mfc

Syntax: SOV

Number: 28

Language: Handa Alternate Name: /Anda

Location: NE Namibia

Classification: Khoisan: Central: Tshu-Khwe: Northwest Grammar: DKS

Other Sources: CBH

Consonant system: p (mph) t th tʔ tx k kh b (mb) d (nd) ɡ ŋɡ ts tsh tsʔ tsx kxʔ dz s x h m (n) (ñ) ŋ Stops: p (mph) b (mb) t th tʔ tx d (nd) k kh ɡ ŋɡ Affricates: ts tsh tsʔ tsx dz kxʔ Fricatives: s x h Nasals: m (n) (ñ) ŋ Clicks: / ɡ/ n / n/n q/ /x /xʔ /h /ʔ ! ɡ! n! n!n q! !x !xʔ !h !ʔ || ɡ|| n|| n||n q|| ||x ||xʔ ||h ||ʔ ǂ ɡǂ nǂ nǂn qǂ ǂx ǂxʔ ǂh ǂʔ Glides: j w

Vowel system: i u e o ɛ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ã ũ Diphthongs: ai ae ao au ɛu oe oɛ oa ui ue uɛ ãı̃ ãũ õã ũı̃ ũã

Tones: hi-lev hi-fall lo-ris lo-lev

Pronouns: 1 4dmfc 4mfc 2mf 5dmfc 5mfc 3mf 6dmfc 6mfc c=common

Syntax: SOV

Number: 29

Language: Xû Alternate Name: Kxoe Dialect: ||Ani

Location: Angola

Classification: Khoisan: Central: Tshu-Khwe: Northwest Grammar: DKS

Other Sources: Vossen, Rainer. 1986. "Zur Phonologie der ||Ani-Sprache," in Contemporary Studies on Khoisan 2, ed. by Rainer Vossen and Klaus Keuthmann, Hamburg, Helmut Buske, 321-45. CBH

Consonant system: p t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ t̪x k kh q ʔ b d̪ d̪x ɡ ts tsh tsʔ tsx kxʔ dz dzx s x h ɣ m n ŋ Stops: p b t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ t̪x d̪ dx k kh ɡ q ʔ Affricates: ts tsh tsʔ tsx dz dzx kxʔ Fricatives: s x ɣ h Nasals: m n ŋ Clicks: / ɡ/ n/ ɡ/n q/ /x /xʔ /h /ʔ n/x ! ɡ! n! ɡ!n q! !x !xʔ !h !ʔ n!x || ɡ|| n|| ɡ||n q|| ||x ɡ||x ||xʔ ||h ||ʔ n||x ǂ ɡǂ nǂ ɡǂn qǂ ǂx ǂxʔ ǂh ǂʔ nǂx Glides: j w

Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ã ũ Diphthongs: ae ai ao au oa oe oɛ ua ue uɛ ãı̃ ãũ õã ũã ũı̃

Tones: hi-lev hi-fall lo-ris lo-lev Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns: 1 4dmfc 4mfc 2mf 5dmfc 5mfc 3mf 6dmfc 6mfc

Syntax: SOV POSS-N

Number: 30

Language: G||ana Alternate Name: ||Ana

Location: W Botswana

Population: 2,000

Classification: Khoisan: Central: Tshu-Khwe: Northwest Dictionary: Tanaka, Jiro. 1978. A San Vocabulary of the Central Kalahari. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. Grammar: DKS

Consonant system: p t th tʔ k kh kʔ q ʔ b d ɡ ts tsh tsx tsʔ kx kxʔ dz s x h m n Stops: p b t th tʔ d k kh kʔ ɡ q ʔ Affricates: ts tsh tsx tsʔ dz kx kxʔ Fricatives: s x h Nasals: m n Clicks: / ɡ/ n/ ɡ/n q/ /x /xʔ /h /ʔ ǂ ɡǂ nǂ ɡǂn qǂ ǂx ǂxʔ ǂh ǂʔ ! ɡ! n! ɡ!n q! !x !xʔ !h !ʔ || ɡ|| n|| ɡ||n q|| ||x ||xʔ ||h ||ʔ Glides: j w

Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ã ũ Modified Vowels: aɒ oɒ Diphthongs: ai ae ao au oe ui ue ua ãı̃ ãũ õã ũı̃ aiɒ oaɒ aɒo oɒi oɒa [oaɒ=pharyngealized; oɒa=partially pharyngealized]

Tones: hi-lev lo-lev hi-fall lo-ris

Noun

Number: s p

Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns: 1 4dmfc 4mfc 2mf 5dmfc 5mfc 3mf 6dmfc 6mfc c=common

Syntax: SOV AN

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 31

Language: G||ana Alternate Name: ǂHaba

Location: W Botswana

Classification: Khoisan: Central: Tshu-Khwe: Northwest Dictionary: Tanaka, Jiro. 1978. A San Vocabulary of the Central Kalahari. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. Grammar: DKS

Consonant system: p t th tx k kh kʔ q ʔ b d ɡ ŋɡ ts tsh tsx tsʔ kxʔ dz s x h m n ñ ŋ Stops: p b t th tx d k kh kʔ ɡ ŋɡ q ʔ Affricates: ts tsh tsx tsʔ dz kxʔ Fricatives: s x h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Clicks: / ɡ/ n/ ɡ/n /x /xʔ /h /ʔ ǂ ɡǂ nǂ ɡǂn ǂx ǂxʔ ǂh ǂʔ ! ɡ! n! ɡ!n !x !xʔ !h !ʔ || ɡ|| n|| ɡ||n ||x ||xʔ ||h ||ʔ Glides: j w

Vowel system: i u e o ɛ a Front Vowels: i e ɛ Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ã ũ Modified Vowels: iɒ aɒ uɒ oɒ ãɒ ũɒ Diphthongs: ai ae ao au oe oɛ oa ui ue ua ãı̃ ãũ õã ũı̃ aiɒ aeɒ auɒ oaɒ uiɒ ueɒ ãı̃ɒ ũı̃ɒ

Tones: hi-lev lo-lev hi-fall lo-ris

Noun

Number: s p

Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns: 1 4dmfc 4mfc 2mf 5dmfc 5mfc 3mf 6dmfc 6mfc c=common

Syntax: SOV AN

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 32

Language: G/wi

Location: W Botswana

Population: 2,500

Classification: Khoisan: Central: Tshu-Khwe: Southwest Dictionary: Tanaka, Jiro. 1978. A San Vocabulary of the Central Kalahari. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. Grammar: DKS

Consonant system: p t th tx tʔ k kh kʔ q ʔ b d ɡ ts tsh tsx tsʔ kx kxʔ dz s x h m n ŋ Stops: p b t th tx tʔ d k kh kʔ ɡ q ʔ Affricates: ts tsh tsx tsʔ dz kx kxʔ Fricatives: s x h Nasals: m n ŋ Clicks: / ɡ/ n/ ɡ/n q/ /x /xʔ /h /ʔ ǂ ɡǂ nǂ ɡǂn qǂ ǂx ǂxʔ ǂh ǂʔ ! ɡ! n! ɡ!n q! !x !xʔ !h !ʔ || ɡ|| n|| ɡ||n q|| ||x ||xʔ ||h ||ʔ Glides: j w

Vowel system: i u e o ɛ a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ã ũ Modified Vowels: eɒ aɒ oɒ Diphthongs: ai ae ao au ei oe oa ui ue ua ãı̃ ãũ õã ũı̃ oɒi õãɒ [oaɒ=pharyngealized; oɒa=partially pharyngealized]

Tones: hi-lev lo-lev hi-fall lo-ris

Noun

Number: s p

Gender: m f Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns: 1 4dmfc 4mfc 2mf 5dmfc 5mfc 3mf 6dmfc 6mfc c=common

Syntax: SOV AN

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 33

Language: Naron Alternate Name: Naro

Location: W Botswana

Population: 14,000

Classification: Khoisan: Central: Tshu-Khwe: Southwest Grammar: DKS

Other Sources: CBH NBL

Consonant system: p t th tx k kh q ʔ b d ɡ ts tsh tsʔ tsx kxʔ dz s x h m (n) Stops: p b t th tx d k kh ɡ q ʔ Affricates: ts tsh tsʔ tsx dz kxʔ Fricatives: s x h Nasals: m (n) Clicks: / ɡ/ n/ ɡ/n /x /xʔ /h /ʔ ! ɡ! n! ɡ!n !x !xʔ !h !ʔ || ɡ|| n|| ɡ||n ||x ||xʔ ||h ||ʔ ǂ ɡǂ nǂ ɡǂn ǂx ǂxʔ ǂh ǂʔ Glides: j w

Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ã ũ ãɒ ũɒ Modified Vowels: vɒ (pharynɡealized) all Diphthongs: ai ae ao au (ei) ɛi oe oa ui ue ãı̃ ãũ õã aiɒ aeɒ auɒ oaɒ uiɒ uaɒ aɒo (partially pharyngealized) oɒa ãı̃ɒ ãũɒ

Tones: lo-lev hi-lev hi-fall lo-ris

Pronouns: 1 4dmfc 4mfc 2mf 5dmfc 5mfc 3mf 6dmfc 6mfc

Syntax: SOV

Number: 34

Language: G||ani

Location: Namibia

Classification: Khoisan: Central: Tshu-Khwe: Southwest

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Number: 35

Language: N/hain.tse

Location: Botswana

Classification: Khoisan: Central: Tshu-Khwe: Southwest

Other Sources: CBH

Consonant system:

Pronouns: 1mf 4dmfc 4mfc 2mf 5dmfc 5mfc 3mfn 6dmfc 6mfc

Syntax: SOV

Краткие типологические обзоры языков южно-койсанской семьи

Number: 36

Language: !Ô

Location: Botswana

Classification: Khoisan: Southern: Ta'a

Consonant system:

Syntax: SVO

Number: 37

Language: ǂHû Alternate Name: ǂHua

Location: W Botswana

Population: 1,000

Classification: Khoisan: Southern: Ta'a

TextBooks: Maingard, L. F. 1958. "Three Bushman Languages," African Studies 16: 37-71.

Other Sources: Traill, A. 1974. "Agreement Systems in !xõ," Limi 2:2, 12-27. CBH

Consonant system: (p) t k ʔ b d ɡ tsʔ čʔ kxʔ dz s š x h β m n ñ ŋ l ɾ̣ Stops: (p) b t d k ɡ ʔ Affricates: tsʔ dz čʔ kxʔ Fricatives: β s š x h Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l Vibrants: ɾ̣ Clicks: ʘ ʘh ʘʔ ɡʘ ʘx nʘ / /h /ʔ ɡ/ /x /xʔ n/ ! !h !ʔ ɡ! !x !xʔ n! || ||h ||ʔ ɡ|| ||x ||xʔ n|| ǂ ǂh ǂʔ ɡǂ nǂ Glides: j w

Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Long Vowels: v̄ Nasal Vowels: ṽ v̄̃

Tones: tones

Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6

Syntax: SVO NA GN ND POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 38

Language: N/amani Alternate Name: !Xóõ

Location: SW Botswana

Population: 4,200

Classification: Khoisan: Southern: Ta'a Dictionary: Traill, Anthony. 1994. A !Xóo Dictionary. Köln: Rudiger Köppe Verlag.

Consonant system: p ph pʔkxʔ t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ t̪x dt̪h dt̪x k kh kʔ kxʔ ɡkh q qh qʔ Gqh ʔ b d̪ ɟ ɡ G ts dtsh tsx tsʔt̪ʔkxʔ dt̪ʔkxʔ dtsx tsʔ kxʔ dtsʔ kxʔ dz f s x h m ʔm n̪ ʔn̪ ñ l Stops: p ph pʔkxʔ b t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ t̪x dt̪h dt̪x d̪ ɟ k kh kʔ kxʔ ɡkh ɡ q qh qʔ Gqh G ʔ Affricates: t̪ʔ kxʔ dt̪ʔ kxʔ ts dtsh tsx tsʔ dtsx tsʔ kxʔ dtsʔ kxʔ dz Fricatives: f s x h Nasals: m ʔm n̪ ʔn̪ ñ Laterals: l Clicks: ʘ ɡʘ ʘx ɡʘx ʘkxʔ ɡʘkxʔ qʘ Gʘ qʘh Gʘh qʘʔ ʘh n̥ʘ nʘ ʔnʘ ʘʔ / ɡ/ /x ɡ/x /kxʔ ɡ/kxʔ q/ G/ q/h G/h q/ʔ /h n̥/ n/ ʔn/ /ʔ ! ɡ! !x ɡ!x !kxʔ ɡ!kxʔ q! G! q!h G!h q!ʔ !h n̥! n! ʔn! !ʔ || ɡ|| ||x ɡ||x ||kxʔ ɡ||kxʔ q|| G|| q||h G||h q||ʔ ||h n̥|| n|| ʔn|| ||ʔ ǂ ɡǂ ǂx ɡǂx ǂkxʔ ɡǂkxʔ qǂ Gǂ qǂh Gǂh qǂʔ ǂh n̥ǂ nǂ ʔnǂ ǂʔ Glides: (w)

Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ṽ all Modified Vowels: v̰ (pharyngealized) all v̤ (breathy voice) all vʔ (laryngealized) all

Tones: lev fall

Noun

Number: s p

Noun Classes: 5

Pronouns: 1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3ai 6ai

Syntax: SVO NA GN ND POSS-N N-D-A

Number: 39

Language: ||Ng.!'e

Location: South Africa

Classification: Khoisan: Southern: Ta'a

Consonant system:

Syntax: SVO

Number: 40

Language: N/huki

Location: South Africa

Population: 20

Classification: Khoisan: Southern: !Wi Grammar: Lanham, L. W. and D. P. Hallowes, 1956. "An Outline of the Structure of Eastern Bushman," African Studies 15, 97-118.

Other Sources: Maingard, L. F. ????. "The ǂKhomani Dialect of Bushman: Its Morphology and Other Characteristics," in Bushman of the Southern Kalahari, 237-75. CTIL 7, 414. CBH

Consonant system: t c ch k b ɟ ɡ tsʔ kxʔ s š x β m ʔm n ŋ ʔŋ l Stops: b t c ch ɟ k ɡ Affricates: tsʔ kxʔ Fricatives: β s š x Nasals: m ʔm n ŋ ʔŋ Laterals: l Clicks: ʘ ʘh ʘɦ ʘʔ ɡʘ ʘx ʘxʔ nʘ nʘɦ / /h /ɦ /ʔ ɡ/ /x /xʔ n/ n/ɦ ǂ ǂh ǂɦ ǂʔ ɡǂ ǂx ǂxʔ nǂ nǂɦ || ||h ||ɦ ||ʔ ɡ|| ||x ||xʔ n|| n||ɦ ! !h !ɦ !ʔ ɡ! !x !xʔ n! n!ɦ Glides: j w

Vowel system: i u e o a Front Vowels: i e Central Vowels: a Back Vowels: u o Nasal Vowels: ṽ all

Tones: tones

Noun

Number: s p

Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6

Syntax: SVO AN GN N-NUM POSS-N

Number: 41

Language: ||Xekwi

Location: Namibia

Population: extinct

Classification: Khoisan: Southern: !Wi

Other Sources: CTIL 7, 415.

Consonant system: ph t th tʔ ch cʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ b d ɟ ɡ G ts tsʔ tl tlh tlʔ č čʔ kxʔ dz ɡ̌ β s š h z ž ɦ m n ñ ŋ l ɬ ɮ r ɹ Stops: ph b t th tʔ d ch cʔ ɟ k kh kʔ ɡ q qh qʔ G Affricates: ts tsʔ dz tl tlh tlʔ č čʔ ɡ̌ kxʔ Fricatives: β s z š ž h ɦ Nasals: m n ñ ŋ Laterals: l ɬ ɮ Vibrants: r ɹ Clicks: ʘ ʘh ʘʔ ɡʘ nʘ nʘɦ / /h /ʔ ɡ/ n/ n/ɦ ǂ ǂh ǂʔ ɡǂ nǂ nǂɦ || ||h ||ʔ ɡ|| n|| n||ɦ ! !h !ʔ ɡ! n! n!ɦ Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 3 6

Syntax: SVO

Number: 42

Language: /Xam

Location: South Africa

Population: extinct

Classification: Khoisan: Southern: !Wi

Consonant system:

Syntax: SVO

© «lexicons.ru», 2012. Автор и владелец - Игорь Константинович Гаршин (см. резюме).
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